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Liu C, Qian X, Yu C, Xia X, Li J, Li Y, Xie Y, Gao G, Song Y, Zhang M, Xue H, Wang X, Sun H, Liu J, Deng W, Guo X. Inhibition of ATM promotes PD-L1 expression by activating JNK/c-Jun/TNF-α signaling axis in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 586:216642. [PMID: 38278470 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment for advanced TNBC is still limited to PD-L1-positive patients. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a switch molecule for homologous recombination and repair. In this study, we found a significant negative correlation between ATM and PD-L1 in 4 TNBC clinical specimens by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), which was confirmed by immunochemical staining in 86 TNBC specimens. We then established ATM knockdown TNBC stable cell lines to perform in vitro studies and animal experiments, proving the negative regulation of PD-L1 by ATM via suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which was confirmed by cytokine array analysis of TNBC cell line and analysis of clinical specimens. We further found that ATM inhibits TNF-α via inactivating JNK/c-Jun by scRNA-seq, Western blot and luciferase reporter assays. Finally, we identified a negative correlation between changes in phospho-ATMS1981 and PD-L1 levels in TNBC post- and pre-neoadjuvant therapy. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which ATM negatively regulates PD-L1 by downregulating JNK/c-Jun/TNF-α in TNBC, shedding light on the wide application of immune checkpoint blockade therapy for treating multi-line-resistant TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaolong Qian
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xia
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jiazhen Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yongjie Xie
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangshen Gao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yuanming Song
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Huiqin Xue
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaozi Wang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Breast Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Weimin Deng
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Yamasaki N, Miura K, Ogata S, Miura S, Uchimura A, Satoh Y, Toshishige M, Hosomi N, Gamboa M, Kitamura N, Kaminuma O. Generation of reporter mice for detecting the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells. Exp Anim 2023; 72:454-459. [PMID: 37100620 PMCID: PMC10658084 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor essential for immunological and other biological responses. To develop analyzing system for NFAT activity in vitro and in vivo, we generated reporter mouse lines introduced with NFAT-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expressing gene construct. Six tandem repeats of -286 to -265 of the human IL2 gene to which NFAT binds in association with its co-transcription factor, activator protein (AP)-1, was conjunct with thymidine kinase minimum promoter and following EGFP coding sequence. Upon introduction of the resulting reporter cassette into C57BL/6 fertilized eggs, the transgenic mice were obtained. Among 7 transgene-positive mice in 110 mice bone, 2 mice showed the designated reporter mouse character. Thus, the EGFP fluorescence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in these mice was enhanced by stimulation through CD3 and CD28. Each of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (IOM) stimulation weakly but their combined stimulation strongly enhanced EGFP expression. The stimulation-induced EGFP upregulation was also observed following T cell subset differentiation in a different manner. The EGFP induction by PMA + IOM stimulation was more potent than that by CD3/CD28 stimulation in helper T (Th)1, Th2, Th9, and regulatory T cells, while both stimulation conditions displayed the equivalent EGFP induction in Th17 cells. Our NFAT reporter mouse lines are useful for analyzing stimulation-induced transcriptional activation mediated by NFAT in cooperation with AP-1 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Yamasaki
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kento Miura
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Sawako Ogata
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shuka Miura
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Arikuni Uchimura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Yasunari Satoh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toshishige
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Naohisa Hosomi
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Maribet Gamboa
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Avenue. Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Bío Bío 4090541, Chile
| | - Noriko Kitamura
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Takahashi S, Takada I, Hashimoto K, Yokoyama A, Nakagawa T, Makishima M, Kume H. ESS2 controls prostate cancer progression through recruitment of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12355. [PMID: 37524814 PMCID: PMC10390525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy using poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors has improved survival in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, this approach is only effective in patients with specific genetic mutations, and additional drug discovery targeting epigenetic modulators is required. Here, we evaluated the involvement of the transcriptional coregulator ESS2 in prostate cancer. ESS2-knockdown PC3 cells dramatically inhibited proliferation in tumor xenografts in nude mice. Microarray analysis revealed that ESS2 regulated mRNA levels of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1 (CHD1)-related genes and other cancer-related genes, such as PPAR-γ, WNT5A, and TGF-β, in prostate cancer. ESS2 knockdown reduced nuclear factor (NF)-κB/CHD1 recruitment and histone H3K36me3 levels on the promoters of target genes (TNF and CCL2). In addition, we found that the transcriptional activities of NF-κB, NFAT and SMAD2/3 were enhanced by ESS2. Tamoxifen-inducible Ess2-knockout mice showed delayed prostate development with hypoplasia and disruption of luminal cells in the ventral prostate. Overall, these findings identified ESS2 acts as a transcriptional coregulator in prostate cancer and ESS2 can be novel epigenetic therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Takahashi
- Department of Urology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Department of Urology, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Takada
- Department of Urology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Urology, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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TNF-α is produced by but not limited to T helper 1, 2, and 17 in breast tumor-draining lymph nodes. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen M, Liu Y, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang W. Emerging roles of activating transcription factor (ATF) family members in tumourigenesis and immunity: Implications in cancer immunotherapy. Genes Dis 2022; 9:981-999. [PMID: 35685455 PMCID: PMC9170601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factors, ATFs, are a group of bZIP transcription factors that act as homodimers or heterodimers with a range of other bZIP factors. In general, ATFs respond to extracellular signals, indicating their important roles in maintaining homeostasis. The ATF family includes ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7. Consistent with the diversity of cellular processes reported to be regulated by ATFs, the functions of ATFs are also diverse. ATFs play an important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and inflammation-related pathological processes. The expression and phosphorylation status of ATFs are also related to neurodegenerative diseases and polycystic kidney disease. Various miRNAs target ATFs to regulate cancer proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, sensitivity and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATFs are necessary to maintain cell redox homeostasis. Therefore, deepening our understanding of the regulation and function of ATFs will provide insights into the basic regulatory mechanisms that influence how cells integrate extracellular and intracellular signals into genomic responses through transcription factors. Under pathological conditions, especially in cancer biology and response to treatment, the characterization of ATF dysfunction is important for understanding how to therapeutically utilize ATF2 or other pathways controlled by transcription factors. In this review, we will demonstrate how ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7 function in promoting or suppressing cancer development and identify their roles in tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenling Zhang
- Corresponding author. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China.
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Kim W, Kim HJ, Trinh NT, Yeon HR, Kim JH, Choi IA, Kim HA, Jung JY, Lee KE. Association between nuclear factor of activated T cells C2 polymorphisms and treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:10-15. [PMID: 34320607 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nuclear factor of activated T cells C2 (NFATC2) is known as a member of the transcription family and enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) synthesis in human T cells at the gene transcription level. Although NFATC2 has a potential role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression and treatment, no study has investigated the association between NFATC2 gene polymorphisms and response status in RA patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors. This study aimed to examine the effects of polymorphisms in NFATC2, a TNF-α transcription factor, on response to TNF-α inhibitors. METHODS This prospective observational study was performed in two centers. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated. Good responders were defined as patients with disease activity score (DAS)28 ≤3.2 after 6 months of treatment. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms and response to the treatment. To test the model's goodness of fit, a Hosmer-Lemeshow test was performed. RESULTS This study included 98 patients, among whom 46 showed favorable responses to the treatment. Patients with hypertension revealed an approximately three-fold lower response to TNF-α inhibitors compared to those without hypertension (23.5 vs. 76.5%; P = 0.049). After adjusting for covariates, C allele carriers of NFATC2 rs3787186 exhibited approximately three-fold lower rates of treatment response compared to those with TT genotype (P = 0.037). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the fitness of the multivariable analysis model was satisfactory (χ2 = 9.745; 8 degrees of freedom; P = 0.283). CONCLUSION This study suggested an association between the C allele of rs3787186 and treatment response in RA patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woorim Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Yeonje-ri, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Yeonje-ri, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si
| | - Nga Thi Trinh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Yeonje-ri, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si
| | - Ha Rim Yeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Yeonje-ri, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si
| | - Joo Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon
| | - In Ah Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 1sunhwan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Fixed-Combination Halobetasol Propionate and Tazarotene in the Treatment of Psoriasis: Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Benefits. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1157-1174. [PMID: 34106439 PMCID: PMC8322240 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a lifelong disease associated with cycles of remission and relapse. Topical treatments are the front line of psoriasis therapy for most patients and have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive mechanisms of action. Novel fixed-dose combinations of topical therapeutic agents are becoming increasingly available, leveraging multiple mechanisms of action to improve safety and efficacy with formulations that are easier to use and may allow for the use of lower doses of active ingredients. A fixed-combination lotion containing the potent-to-superpotent corticosteroid halobetasol propionate (HP) and the retinoid tazarotene (HP 0.01%/TAZ 0.045%) was recently developed using polymeric emulsion technology. This new formulation technology allows for more uniform and efficient delivery of the active ingredients at lower doses than conventional monotherapy formulations of either ingredient while providing enhanced hydration and moisturization. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the therapeutic mechanisms of action of HP and TAZ, the rationale behind the development of HP 0.01%/TAZ 0.045% lotion, and clinical trials data on the efficacy, safety and tolerability, and maintenance of therapeutic effect with HP 0.01%/TAZ 0.045% lotion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
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Kitamura N, Kaminuma O. Isoform-Selective NFAT Inhibitor: Potential Usefulness and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052725. [PMID: 33800389 PMCID: PMC7962815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which is the pharmacological target of immunosuppressants cyclosporine and tacrolimus, has been shown to play an important role not only in T cells (immune system), from which their name is derived, but also in many biological events. Therefore, functional and/or structural abnormalities of NFAT are linked to the pathogenesis of diseases in various organs. The NFAT protein family consists of five isoforms, and each isoform performs diverse functions and has unique expression patterns in the target tissues. This diversity has made it difficult to obtain ideal pharmacological output for immunosuppressants that inhibit the activity of almost all NFAT family members, causing serious and wide-ranging side effects. Moreover, it remains unclear whether isoform-selective NFAT regulation can be achieved by targeting the structural differences among NFAT isoforms and whether this strategy can lead to the development of better drugs than the existing ones. This review summarizes the role of the NFAT family members in biological events, including the development of various diseases, as well as the usefulness of and problems associated with NFAT-targeting therapies, including those dependent on current immunosuppressants. Finally, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy based on the molecular mechanisms that enable selective regulation of specific NFAT isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kitamura
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5819
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Dai X, Cao X, Wang K, Huang X, Ren Q. Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) negatively regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes through tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:26-35. [PMID: 33011434 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a member of the bZIP transcription factor family, is involved in multiple physiological and developmental processes, yet its role in the innate immunity remains unclear. In this study, two isoforms (named as MnATF2a and MnATF2b) of ATF2 gene were identified in Macrobrachium nipponense and were produced by exon skipping. The full length of MnATF2a is 2328 bp with an open reading frame of 2079 bp that encode 692 amino acids. MnATF2a has 237 bp nucleotides more than MnATF2b and the extra 237 bp is a complete exon. MnATF2a and MnATF2b proteins contain the same conserved and typical bZIP domain at the C-terminus. MnATF2a has 79 amino acids more than MnATF2b. MnATF2a and MnATF2b are widely distributed in a variety of immune tissues. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus infection, the expression levels of MnATF2a and MnATF2b were significant up-regulated in the gills and stomach at 12 h. RNA interference analysis showed that knockdown of the total MnATF2 gene significantly inhibits the transcription of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and promotes the expression of crustins (including Cru3, Cru4, and Cru7). Further study showed that knockdown of MnTNF evidently increase the expression of Cru3, Cru4, and Cru7. Our research indicates that ATF2 negatively regulate the expression of AMPs by regulating the transcription of TNF in M. nipponense. This study provides valuable information about the function of ATF2 family in the innate immunity in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Xueying Cao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong province, 250014, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, 222005, China.
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Papavassiliou AG, Musti AM. The Multifaceted Output of c-Jun Biological Activity: Focus at the Junction of CD8 T Cell Activation and Exhaustion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112470. [PMID: 33202877 PMCID: PMC7697663 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun is a major component of the dimeric transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), a paradigm for transcriptional response to extracellular signaling, whose components are basic-Leucine Zipper (bZIP) transcription factors of the Jun, Fos, activating transcription factor (ATF), ATF-like (BATF) and Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) gene families. Extracellular signals regulate c-Jun/AP-1 activity at multiple levels, including transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of c-Jun expression and transactivity, in turn, establishing the magnitude and the duration of c-Jun/AP-1 activation. Another important level of c-Jun/AP-1 regulation is due to the capability of Jun family members to bind DNA as a heterodimer with every other member of the AP-1 family, and to interact with other classes of transcription factors, thereby acquiring the potential to integrate diverse extrinsic and intrinsic signals into combinatorial regulation of gene expression. Here, we review how these features of c-Jun/AP-1 regulation underlie the multifaceted output of c-Jun biological activity, eliciting quite distinct cellular responses, such as neoplastic transformation, differentiation and apoptosis, in different cell types. In particular, we focus on the current understanding of the role of c-Jun/AP-1 in the response of CD8 T cells to acute infection and cancer. We highlight the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms through which c-Jun/AP-1 participates in the productive immune response of CD8 T cells, and how its downregulation may contribute to the dysfunctional state of tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells. Additionally, we discuss recent insights pointing at c-Jun as a suitable target for immunotherapy-based combination approaches to reinvigorate anti-tumor immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anna Maria Musti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3337543732
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11
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Jasenosky LD, Nambu A, Tsytsykova AV, Ranjbar S, Haridas V, Kruidenier L, Tough DF, Goldfeld AE. Identification of a Distal Locus Enhancer Element That Controls Cell Type-Specific TNF and LTA Gene Expression in Human T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2479-2488. [PMID: 32978279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human TNF/LT locus genes TNF, LTA, and LTB are expressed in a cell type-specific manner. In this study, we show that a highly conserved NFAT binding site within the distal noncoding element hHS-8 coordinately controls TNF and LTA gene expression in human T cells. Upon activation of primary human CD4+ T cells, hHS-8 and the TNF and LTA promoters display increased H3K27 acetylation and nuclease sensitivity and coordinate induction of TNF, LTA, and hHS-8 enhancer RNA transcription occurs. Functional analyses using CRISPR/dead(d)Cas9 targeting of the hHS-8-NFAT site in the human T cell line CEM demonstrate significant reduction of TNF and LTA mRNA synthesis and of RNA polymerase II recruitment to their promoters. These studies elucidate how a distal element regulates the inducible cell type-specific gene expression program of the human TNF/LT locus and provide an approach for modulation of TNF and LTA transcription in human disease using CRISPR/dCas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Jasenosky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aya Nambu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alla V Tsytsykova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Program in Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shahin Ranjbar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - David F Tough
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
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12
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Kitanaka N, Nakano R, Sakai M, Kitanaka T, Namba S, Konno T, Nakayama T, Sugiya H. ERK1/ATF-2 signaling axis contributes to interleukin-1β-induced MMP-3 expression in dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222869. [PMID: 31536594 PMCID: PMC6752866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a pivotal role in tissue remodeling by degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM) components. This mechanism is implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological cellular processes including wound healing. One of the key proteins involved in this process is the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β, which induces the expression of MMP-3 mRNA and the secretion of MMP-3 protein by dermal fibroblasts. In this study, we first investigated the contribution of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) to IL-1β-induced MMP-3 expression in dermal fibroblasts. Our results showed that in cells transfected with ATF-2 siRNA or treated with the ATF-2 inhibitor SBI-0087702, IL-1β-induced MMP-3 mRNA expression was reduced. We also demonstrated that IL-1β stimulates the phosphorylation of ATF-2. These observations suggest that ATF-2 plays an important role in IL-1β-induced MMP-3 expression. Next, we investigated the role of MAPK signaling in ATF-2 activation. In cells treated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor FR180240, as well as in cells transfected with ERK1 and ERK2 siRNAs, IL-1β-induced MMP-3 mRNA expression was reduced. In addition, we showed that IL-1β induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These observations suggest that ERK1 and ERK2 are involved in IL-1β-induced MMP-3 expression. However, ERK1 and ERK2 do seem to play different roles. While the ERK inhibitor FR180204 inhibited IL-1β-induced ATF-2 phosphorylation, only in cells transfected with ERK1 siRNA, but not ERK2 siRNA, IL-1β-induced ATF-2 phosphorylation was reduced. These findings suggest that the ERK1/ATF-2 signaling axis contributes to IL-1β-induced MMP-3 expression in dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kitanaka
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, 3 Veterinary Internal Medicine, and 4Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, 3 Veterinary Internal Medicine, and 4Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Sakai
- Laboratories of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Kitanaka
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, 3 Veterinary Internal Medicine, and 4Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, 3 Veterinary Internal Medicine, and 4Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Konno
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, 3 Veterinary Internal Medicine, and 4Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratories of Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratories of Veterinary Biochemistry, 3 Veterinary Internal Medicine, and 4Veterinary Radiotherapy, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dihydrotestosterone activates AP-1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 110:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Becker C, Barbulescu K, Wirtz S, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Pettersson S, Neurath MF. Constitutive and inducible in vivo protein-DNA interactions at the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter in primary human T lymphocytes. Gene Expr 2018; 8:115-27. [PMID: 10551799 PMCID: PMC6157389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key cytokine of lymphocytes with major regulatory functions in immunomodulation, chronic inflammation, and septic shock. However, only limited information on TNF promoter regulation in vivo in primary lymphocytes is available. To determine and compare protein-DNA interactions at the native TNF locus in primary lymphocytes, we analyzed the human TNF-alpha promoter by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR) techniques. Accordingly, primary CD4+ T lymphocytes from peripheral blood were cultured in the presence of various stimuli and analyzed by LM-PCR. Inducible in vivo protein-DNA interactions at the TNF promoter were detected between -120 and -70 bp of the human TNF promoter relative to the transcriptional start site. This area includes binding sites for transcription factors such as ETS-1, NFAT, ATF-2/c-jun, SP-1/Egr-1, and NF-kappaB. In contrast, no protein-DNA interactions were observed at various binding sites with reported regulatory function in tumor cell lines such as the k2 element, the NFAT site at -160, the AP1 site at -50, and the SP1 site at -65. Additional mutagenesis and transfection studies demonstrated that NF-kappaB and CREB/AP-1 are important regulators of inducible TNF promoter activity in primary human T lymphocytes. These results provide novel insights into the complex regulation of TNF gene transcription in primary T lymphocytes in vivo by constitutive and inducible protein-DNA interactions that appear to be at least partially different compared to previously characterized tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Becker
- Laboratory of Immunology, I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany
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15
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Yoshimatsu G, Kunnathodi F, Saravanan PB, Shahbazov R, Chang C, Darden CM, Zurawski S, Boyuk G, Kanak MA, Levy MF, Naziruddin B, Lawrence MC. Pancreatic β-Cell-Derived IP-10/CXCL10 Isletokine Mediates Early Loss of Graft Function in Islet Cell Transplantation. Diabetes 2017; 66:2857-2867. [PMID: 28855240 PMCID: PMC5652609 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets produce and secrete cytokines and chemokines in response to inflammatory and metabolic stress. The physiological role of these "isletokines" in health and disease is largely unknown. We observed that islets release multiple inflammatory mediators in patients undergoing islet transplants within hours of infusion. The proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) was among the highest released, and high levels correlated with poor islet transplant outcomes. Transgenic mouse studies confirmed that donor islet-specific expression of IP-10 contributed to islet inflammation and loss of β-cell function in islet grafts. The effects of islet-derived IP-10 could be blocked by treatment of donor islets and recipient mice with anti-IP-10 neutralizing monoclonal antibody. In vitro studies showed induction of the IP-10 gene was mediated by calcineurin-dependent NFAT signaling in pancreatic β-cells in response to oxidative or inflammatory stress. Sustained association of NFAT and p300 histone acetyltransferase with the IP-10 gene required p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, which differentially regulated IP-10 expression and subsequent protein release. Overall, these findings elucidate an NFAT-MAPK signaling paradigm for induction of isletokine expression in β-cells and reveal IP-10 as a primary therapeutic target to prevent β-cell-induced inflammatory loss of graft function after islet cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rauf Shahbazov
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Charles Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Carly M Darden
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | | | - Gulbahar Boyuk
- Adacell Medical Research Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mazhar A Kanak
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Marlon F Levy
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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16
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Polymorphism and Association With Its Serum Level in Iranian Population with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Rheumatol 2016; 31:306-313. [PMID: 30375554 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2016.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to determine whether promoter -238 G/A polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Iranian population and serum level of TNF-a. Patients and methods This case-controlled study was performed on two groups including 90 RA patients (20 males, 70 females; mean age 50.3 years; range 26 to 65 years) and 90 healthy controls (21 males, 69 females; mean age 48.6 years; range 27 to 63 years). We determined the frequency of -238 G/A TNF-a gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. We measured the serum level of TNF-a using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Also, we determined the association of serum TNF-a level with the polymorphism in RA patients. Results There was no significant difference in terms of sex and age in the two groups. In the RA group, the genotype frequency of -238 G/A polymorphism was GG (76.6%), GA (17.8%), and AA (5.6%). In the control group, the genotype frequency of -238 G/A polymorphism was GG (83.5%), GA (8.8%), and AA (7.7%). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the genotype frequency of this polymorphism between two groups (p=0.07). The serum level of TNF-a were 5.21±1.69 Pg/mL (range 0 to 11.6) in the control group and 62.4±27.1 Pg/mL (range 0 to 117.22) in the RA group (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in terms of serum TNF-a level and different genotypes in the RA group (p=0.5). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the TNF-a -238 G/A gene polymorphism may not represent a significant risk factor for RA in Iranian population and there is no association between the polymorphism and serum TNF-a level in RA patients.
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17
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Cell cycle and apoptosis regulation by NFAT transcription factors: new roles for an old player. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2199. [PMID: 27100893 PMCID: PMC4855676 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family of transcription factors consists of four Ca2+-regulated members (NFAT1–NFAT4), which were first described in T lymphocytes. In addition to their well-documented role in T lymphocytes, where they control gene expression during cell activation and differentiation, NFAT proteins are also expressed in a wide range of cells and tissue types and regulate genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. The NFAT proteins share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), which allows all NFAT members to bind to the same DNA sequence in enhancers or promoter regions. The same DNA-binding specificity suggests redundant roles for the NFAT proteins, which is true during the regulation of some genes such as IL-2 and p21. However, it has become increasingly clear that different NFAT proteins and even isoforms can have unique functions. In this review, we address the possible reasons for these distinct roles, particularly regarding N- and C-terminal transactivation regions (TADs) and the partner proteins that interact with these TADs. We also discuss the genes regulated by NFAT during cell cycle regulation and apoptosis and the role of NFAT during tumorigenesis.
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18
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Juilland M, Gonzalez M, Erdmann T, Banz Y, Jevnikar Z, Hailfinger S, Tzankov A, Grau M, Lenz G, Novak U, Thome M. CARMA1- and MyD88-dependent activation of Jun/ATF-type AP-1 complexes is a hallmark of ABC diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2016; 127:1780-9. [PMID: 26747248 PMCID: PMC4863344 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-655647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the activated B-cell (ABC) type, a molecular subtype characterized by adverse outcome, is constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which controls expression of genes promoting cellular survival and proliferation. Much less, however, is known about the role of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) in ABC DLBCL. Here, we show that AP-1, like NF-κB, was controlled by constitutive activation of the B-cell receptor signaling component caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase 1 (CARMA1) and/or the Toll-like receptor signaling component myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) in ABC DLBCL cell lines. In contrast to germinal center (GC) B-cell (GCB) DLBCL, ABC DLBCL cell lines expressed high levels of the AP-1 family members c-Jun, JunB, and JunD, which formed heterodimeric complexes with the AP-1 family members activating transcription factor (ATF) 2, ATF3, and ATF7. Inhibition of these complexes by a dominant-negative approach led to impaired growth of a majority of ABC DLBCL cell lines. Individual silencing of c-Jun, ATF2, or ATF3 decreased cellular survival and revealed c-Jun/ATF2-dependent control of ATF3 expression. As a consequence, ATF3 expression was much higher in ABC vs GCB DLBCL cell lines. Samples derived from DLBCL patients showed a clear trend toward high and nuclear ATF3 expression in nodal DLBCL of the non-GC or ABC subtype. These findings identify the activation of AP-1 complexes of the Jun/ATF-type as an important element controlling the growth of ABC DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Juilland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Tabea Erdmann
- Translational Oncology, Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Yara Banz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zala Jevnikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grau
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; and
| | - Georg Lenz
- Translational Oncology, Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Urban Novak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Widespread JNK-dependent alternative splicing induces a positive feedback loop through CELF2-mediated regulation of MKK7 during T-cell activation. Genes Dev 2016; 29:2054-66. [PMID: 26443849 PMCID: PMC4604346 DOI: 10.1101/gad.267245.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Martinez et al. find a positive feedback loop in the JNK signaling pathway through the alternative splicing of MKK7, identify the RNA-binding protein CELF2 as a major regulator of MKK7 splicing, and show that ∼25% of T-cell receptor-mediated alternative splicing events are dependent on JNK signaling. This study provides insight into a novel paradigm for the reciprocal interplay of signaling and splicing. Alternative splicing is prevalent among genes encoding signaling molecules; however, the functional consequence of differential isoform expression remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that, in response to T-cell activation, the Jun kinase (JNK) kinase MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) is alternatively spliced to favor an isoform that lacks exon 2. This isoform restores a JNK-docking site within MKK7 that is disrupted in the larger isoform. Consistently, we show that skipping of MKK7 exon 2 enhances JNK pathway activity, as indicated by c-Jun phosphorylation and up-regulation of TNF-α. Moreover, this splicing event is itself dependent on JNK signaling. Thus, MKK7 alternative splicing represents a positive feedback loop through which JNK promotes its own signaling. We further show that repression of MKK7 exon 2 is dependent on the presence of flanking sequences and the JNK-induced expression of the RNA-binding protein CELF2, which binds to these regulatory elements. Finally, we found that ∼25% of T-cell receptor-mediated alternative splicing events are dependent on JNK signaling. Strikingly, these JNK-dependent events are also significantly enriched for responsiveness to CELF2. Together, our data demonstrate a widespread role for the JNK–CELF2 axis in controlling splicing during T-cell activation, including a specific role in propagating JNK signaling.
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20
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NFAT2 Isoforms Differentially Regulate Gene Expression, Cell Death, and Transformation through Alternative N-Terminal Domains. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:119-31. [PMID: 26483414 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00501-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family of transcription factors is composed of four calcium-responsive proteins (NFAT1 to -4). The NFAT2 (also called NFATc1) gene encodes the isoforms NFAT2α and NFAT2β that result mainly from alternative initiation exons that provide two different N-terminal transactivation domains. However, the specific roles of the NFAT2 isoforms in cell physiology remain unclear. Because previous studies have shown oncogenic potential for NFAT2, this study emphasized the role of the NFAT2 isoforms in cell transformation. Here, we show that a constitutively active form of NFAT2α (CA-NFAT2α) and CA-NFAT2β distinctly control death and transformation in NIH 3T3 cells. While CA-NFAT2α strongly induces cell transformation, CA-NFAT2β leads to reduced cell proliferation and intense cell death through the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). CA-NFAT2β also increases cell death and upregulates Fas ligand (FasL) and TNF-α in CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that differential roles of NFAT2 isoforms in NIH 3T3 cells depend on the N-terminal domain, where the NFAT2β-specific N-terminal acidic motif is necessary to induce cell death. Interestingly, the NFAT2α isoform is upregulated in Burkitt lymphomas, suggesting an isoform-specific involvement of NFAT2 in cancer development. Finally, our data suggest that alternative N-terminal domains of NFAT2 could provide differential mechanisms for the control of cellular functions.
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21
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Zhang G, Zhang J, Shang D, Qi B, Chen H. Deoxycholic acid inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis and necrosis by regulating the activity of transcription factors in rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR42J. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:851-6. [PMID: 25990271 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR42J and the functional mechanisms of DCA on AR42J cells. AR42J cells were treated with various concentrations of DCA for 24 h and also treated with 0.4 mmol/L DCA for multiple times, and then, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to detect the AR42J cell survival rate. Flow cytometric was used to detect the cell apoptosis and necrosis in AR42J cells treated with 0.4 mmol/L and 0.8 mmol/L DCA. The cells treated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were served as control. In addition, the DNA-binding activity assays of transcription factors (TFs) in nuclear proteins of cells treated with DCA were determined using Panomics Procarta Transcription Factor Assay Kit. The relative survival rates were markedly decreased (P < 0.05) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compared with control group, the cell apoptosis and necrosis ratio were both significantly elevated in 0.4 mmol/L DCA and 0.8 mmol/L DCA groups (P < 0.01). A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the activity of transcription factor 2 (ATF2), interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), NKX-2.5, androgen receptor (AR), p53, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) was observed, and the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), activator protein 1 (AP1), and E2F1 was reduced (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DCA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis and necrosis in AR42J cells. The expression changes of related genes regulated by TFs might be the molecular mechanism of AR42J cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 222, Dalian, China, 116011.
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 222, Dalian, China, 116011. .,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, 116044.
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 222, Dalian, China, 116011.
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 222, Dalian, China, 116011.
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 222, Dalian, China, 116011.
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Park HJ, Baek K, Baek JH, Kim HR. The cooperation of CREB and NFAT is required for PTHrP-induced RANKL expression in mouse osteoblastic cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:667-79. [PMID: 25187507 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is known to induce the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in stromal cells/osteoblasts. However, the signaling pathways involved remain controversial. In the present study, we investigated the role of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and calcineurin/NFAT pathways in PTHrP-induced RANKL expression in C2C12 and primary cultured mouse calvarial cells. PTHrP-mediated induction of RANKL expression was significantly inhibited by H89 and FK506, an inhibitor of PKA and calcineurin, respectively. PTHrP upregulated CREB phosphorylation and the transcriptional activity of NFAT. Knockdown of CREB or NFATc1 blocked PTHrP-induced RANKL expression. PTHrP increased the activity of the RANKL promoter reporter that contains approximately 2 kb mouse RANKL promoter DNA sequences. Insertions of mutations in CRE-like element or in NFAT-binding element abrogated PTHrP-induced RANKL promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that PTHrP increased the binding of CREB and NFATc1/NFATc3 to their cognate binding elements in the RANKL promoter. Inhibition of cAMP/PKA and its downstream ERK activity suppressed PTHrP-induced expression and transcriptional activity of NFATc1. CREB knockdown prevented PTHrP induction of NFATc1 expression. Furthermore, NFATc1 and CREB were co-immunoprecipitated. Mutations in CRE-like element completely blocked NFATc1-induced transactivation of the RANKL promoter reporter; however, mutations in NFAT-binding element partially suppressed CREB-induced RANKL promoter activity. Overexpression of CREB increased NFATc1 binding to the RANKL promoter and vice versa. These results suggest that PTHrP-induced RANKL expression depends on the activation of both cAMP/PKA and calcineurin/NFAT pathways, and subsequently, CREB and NFAT cooperate to transactivate the mouse RANKL gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Mognol GP, de Araujo-Souza PS, Robbs BK, Teixeira LK, Viola JP. Transcriptional regulation of thec-Mycpromoter by NFAT1 involves negative and positive NFAT-responsive elements. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1014-28. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Pękalski J, Zuk PJ, Kochańczyk M, Junkin M, Kellogg R, Tay S, Lipniacki T. Spontaneous NF-κB activation by autocrine TNFα signaling: a computational analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78887. [PMID: 24324544 PMCID: PMC3855823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a key transcription factor that regulates innate immune response. Its activity is tightly controlled by numerous feedback loops, including two negative loops mediated by NF-κB inducible inhibitors, IκBα and A20, which assure oscillatory responses, and by positive feedback loops arising due to the paracrine and autocrine regulation via TNFα, IL-1 and other cytokines. We study the NF-κB system of interlinked negative and positive feedback loops, combining bifurcation analysis of the deterministic approximation with stochastic numerical modeling. Positive feedback assures the existence of limit cycle oscillations in unstimulated wild-type cells and introduces bistability in A20-deficient cells. We demonstrated that cells of significant autocrine potential, i.e., cells characterized by high secretion of TNFα and its receptor TNFR1, may exhibit sustained cytoplasmic-nuclear NF-κB oscillations which start spontaneously due to stochastic fluctuations. In A20-deficient cells even a small TNFα expression rate qualitatively influences system kinetics, leading to long-lasting NF-κB activation in response to a short-pulsed TNFα stimulation. As a consequence, cells with impaired A20 expression or increased TNFα secretion rate are expected to have elevated NF-κB activity even in the absence of stimulation. This may lead to chronic inflammation and promote cancer due to the persistent activation of antiapoptotic genes induced by NF-κB. There is growing evidence that A20 mutations correlate with several types of lymphomas and elevated TNFα secretion is characteristic of many cancers. Interestingly, A20 loss or dysfunction also leaves the organism vulnerable to septic shock and massive apoptosis triggered by the uncontrolled TNFα secretion, which at high levels overcomes the antiapoptotic action of NF-κB. It is thus tempting to speculate that some cancers of deregulated NF-κB signaling may be prone to the pathogen-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pękalski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J. Zuk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kochańczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Junkin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Kellogg
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Savaş Tay
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Lipniacki
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shebzukhov YV, Horn K, Brazhnik KI, Drutskaya MS, Kuchmiy AA, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA. Dynamic changes in chromatin conformation at the TNF transcription start site in T helper lymphocyte subsets. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:251-64. [PMID: 24009130 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the key primary response genes in the immune system that can be activated by a variety of stimuli. Previous analysis of chromatin accessibility to DNaseI demonstrated open chromatin conformation of the TNF proximal promoter in T cells. Here, using chromatin probing with restriction enzyme EcoNI and micrococcal nuclease we show that in contrast to the proximal promoter, the TNF transcription start site remains in a closed chromatin configuration in primary T helper (Th) cells, but acquires an open state after activation or polarization under Th1 and Th17 conditions. We further demonstrate that transcription factor c-Jun plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of open chromatin conformation at the transcription start site of the TNF gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Shebzukhov
- German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Epigenetic control of cytokine gene expression: regulation of the TNF/LT locus and T helper cell differentiation. Adv Immunol 2013; 118:37-128. [PMID: 23683942 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407708-9.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics encompasses transient and heritable modifications to DNA and nucleosomes in the native chromatin context. For example, enzymatic addition of chemical moieties to the N-terminal "tails" of histones, particularly acetylation and methylation of lysine residues in the histone tails of H3 and H4, plays a key role in regulation of gene transcription. The modified histones, which are physically associated with gene regulatory regions that typically occur within conserved noncoding sequences, play a functional role in active, poised, or repressed gene transcription. The "histone code" defined by these modifications, along with the chromatin-binding acetylases, deacetylases, methylases, demethylases, and other enzymes that direct modifications resulting in specific patterns of histone modification, shows considerable evolutionary conservation from yeast to humans. Direct modifications at the DNA level, such as cytosine methylation at CpG motifs that represses promoter activity, are another highly conserved epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications at the nucleosome or DNA level can also be coupled with higher-order intra- or interchromosomal interactions that influence the location of regulatory elements and that can place them in an environment of specific nucleoprotein complexes associated with transcription. In the mammalian immune system, epigenetic gene regulation is a crucial mechanism for a range of physiological processes, including the innate host immune response to pathogens and T cell differentiation driven by specific patterns of cytokine gene expression. Here, we will review current findings regarding epigenetic regulation of cytokine genes important in innate and/or adaptive immune responses, with a special focus upon the tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin locus and cytokine-driven CD4+ T cell differentiation into the Th1, Th2, and Th17 lineages.
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The transcription factor NFAT1 induces apoptosis through cooperation with Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and upregulation of TNF-α expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2016-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Aggarwal BB, Gupta SC, Sung B. Curcumin: an orally bioavailable blocker of TNF and other pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 169:1672-92. [PMID: 23425071 PMCID: PMC3753829 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED TNFs are major mediators of inflammation and inflammation-related diseases, hence, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of blockers of the cytokine, TNF-α, for the treatment of osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and ankylosis. These drugs include the chimeric TNF antibody (infliximab), humanized TNF-α antibody (Humira) and soluble TNF receptor-II (Enbrel) and are associated with a total cumulative market value of more than $20 billion a year. As well as being expensive ($15 000-20 000 per person per year), these drugs have to be injected and have enough adverse effects to be given a black label warning by the FDA. In the current report, we describe an alternative, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of turmeric (Curcuma longa) that is very inexpensive, orally bioavailable and highly safe in humans, yet can block TNF-α action and production in in vitro models, in animal models and in humans. In addition, we provide evidence for curcumin's activities against all of the diseases for which TNF blockers are currently being used. Mechanisms by which curcumin inhibits the production and the cell signalling pathways activated by this cytokine are also discussed. With health-care costs and safety being major issues today, this golden spice may help provide the solution. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Therapeutic Aspects in Oncology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.169.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Schmeits PCJ, Volger OL, Zandvliet ET, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg AACM, Hendriksen PJM. Assessment of the usefulness of the murine cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2 for immunotoxicity screening by transcriptomics. Toxicol Lett 2012; 217:1-13. [PMID: 23253260 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A toxicogenomics approach was applied to assess the usefulness of the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2 for in vitro immunotoxicity testing. CTLL-2 cells were exposed for 6 h to two model immunotoxic compounds: (1) the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON, 1 and 2 μM), a ribotoxic stress inducer, and (2) the organotin compound tributyltin oxide (TBTO, 100 and 200 nM), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer. Effects on whole-genome mRNA expression were assessed by microarray analysis. The biological interpretation of the microarray data indicated that TBTO (200 nM) induced genes involved in T cell activation, ER stress, NFκB activation and apoptosis, which agreed very well with results obtained before on TBTO exposed Jurkat cells and mouse primary thymocytes. Remarkably, DON (2 μM) downregulated genes involved in T cell activation, ER stress and apoptosis, which is opposite to results obtained before for DON-exposed Jurkat cells and mouse primary thymocytes. Furthermore, the results for DON in CTLL-2 cells are also opposite to the results obtained for TBTO in CTLL-2 cells. In agreement with the lack of induction of ER stress and apoptosis, viability assays showed that CTLL-2 cells are much more resistant to the toxicity of DON than Jurkat cells and primary thymocytes. We propose that CTLL-2 cells lack the signal transduction that induces ER stress and apoptosis in response to ribotoxic stress. Based on the results for TBTO and DON, the CTLL-2 cell line does not yield an added value for immunotoxicity compared to the human Jurkat T cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C J Schmeits
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Via LE, Tsytsykova AV, Rajsbaum R, Falvo JV, Goldfeld AE. The transcription factor NFATp plays a key role in susceptibility to TB in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41427. [PMID: 22844476 PMCID: PMC3402414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In T cells, the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells p (NFATp) is a key regulator of the cytokine genes tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Here, we show that NFATp-deficient (NFATp(-/-)) mice have a dramatic and highly significant increase in mortality after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) infection as compared to mortality of control animals after MTb infection. Animals deficient in NFATp have significantly impaired levels of TNF and IFN-γ transcription and protein expression in naïve or total CD4(+) T cells, but display wild-type levels of TNF mRNA or protein from MTb-stimulated dendritic cells (DC). The rapid mortality and disease severity observed in MTb-infected NFATp(-/-) mice is associated with dysregulated production of TNF and IFN-γ in the lungs, as well as with increased levels of TNF, in their serum. Furthermore, global blocking of TNF production by injection of a TNF neutralizaing agent at 6 weeks, but not 12 weeks, post-MTb-infection further decreased the survival rate of both wild-type and NFATp(-/-) mice, indicating an early role for TNF derived from cells from the monocyte lineage in containment of infection. These results thus demonstrate that NFATp plays a critical role in immune containment of TB disease in vivo, through the NFATp-dependent expression of TNF and IFN-γ in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alla V. Tsytsykova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James V. Falvo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Elloumi HZ, Maharshak N, Rao KN, Kobayashi T, Ryu HS, Mühlbauer M, Li F, Jobin C, Plevy SE. A cell permeable peptide inhibitor of NFAT inhibits macrophage cytokine expression and ameliorates experimental colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34172. [PMID: 22479554 PMCID: PMC3313977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays a critical role in the development and function of immune and non-immune cells. Although NFAT is a central transcriptional regulator of T cell cytokines, its role in macrophage specific gene expression is less defined. Previous work from our group demonstrated that NFAT regulates Il12b gene expression in macrophages. Here, we further investigate NFAT function in murine macrophages and determined the effects of a cell permeable NFAT inhibitor peptide 11R-VIVIT on experimental colitis in mice. Treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with tacrolimus or 11R-VIVIT significantly inhibited LPS and LPS plus IFN-γ induced IL-12 p40 mRNA and protein expression. IL-12 p70 and IL-23 secretion were also decreased. NFAT nuclear translocation and binding to the IL-12 p40 promoter was reduced by NFAT inhibition. Experiments in BMDMs from IL-10 deficient (Il10−/−) mice demonstrate that inhibition of IL-12 expression by 11R-VIVIT was independent of IL-10 expression. To test its therapeutic potential, 11R-VIVIT was administered systemically to Il10−/− mice with piroxicam-induced colitis. 11R-VIVIT treated mice demonstrated significant improvement in colitis compared to mice treated with an inactive peptide. Moreover, decreased spontaneous secretion of IL-12 p40 and TNF in supernatants from colon explant cultures was demonstrated. In summary, NFAT, widely recognized for its role in T cell biology, also regulates important innate inflammatory pathways in macrophages. Selective blocking of NFAT via a cell permeable inhibitory peptide is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Z. Elloumi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nitsan Maharshak
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kavitha N. Rao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hyungjin S. Ryu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fengling Li
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christian Jobin
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Plevy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Induction of group IVC phospholipase A2 in allergic asthma: transcriptional regulation by TNFα in bronchoepithelial cells. Biochem J 2012; 442:127-37. [PMID: 22082005 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation in allergen-induced asthma is associated with eicosanoid release. These bioactive lipids exhibit anti- and pro-inflammatory activities with relevance to pulmonary pathophysiology. We hypothesized that sensitization/challenge using an extract from the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in a mouse model of allergic asthma would result in altered phospholipase gene expression, thus modulating the downstream eicosanoid pathway. We observed the most significant induction in the group IVC PLA2 (phospholipase A2) [also known as cPLA2γ (cytosolic PLA2γ) or PLA2G4C]. Our results infer that A. fumigatus extract can induce cPLA2γ levels directly in eosinophils, whereas induction in lung epithelial cells is most likely to be a consequence of TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) secretion by A. fumigatus-activated macrophages. The mechanism of TNFα-dependent induction of cPLA2γ gene expression was elucidated through a combination of promoter deletions, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) and overexpression studies in human bronchoepithelial cells, leading to the identification of functionally relevant CRE (cAMP-response element), NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and E-box promoter elements. ChIP analysis demonstrated that RNA polymerase II, ATF-2 (activating transcription factor 2)-c-Jun, p65-p65 and USF (upstream stimulating factor) 1-USF2 complexes are recruited to the cPLA2γ enhancer/promoter in response to TNFα, with overexpression and dominant-negative studies implying a strong level of co-operation and interplay between these factors. Overall, our results link cytokine-mediated alterations in cPLA2γ gene expression with allergic asthma and outline a complex regulatory mechanism.
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Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), an important proinflammatory cytokine, plays a role in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and also implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variations in regulatory region might interfere with transcription of TNF gene, influencing the circulating level of TNF and thus increases the susceptibility to human diseases (infectious, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and other diseases). In this review, we have comprehensively analysed various published case-control studies of different types of human diseases, in which TNF gene polymorphism played a role, and computationally predicted several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lie in transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) of transcription factors (TFs). It has been observed that TNF enhancer polymorphism is implicated in several diseases, and TNF rs1800629 and rs361525 SNPs are the most important in human disease susceptibility as these might influence the transcription of TNF gene. Thirty-two SNPs lies in TFBS of 20 TFs have been detected in the TNF upstream region. It has been found that TNF enhancer polymorphism influences the serum level of TNF in different human diseases and thus affects the susceptibility to diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variation in TNF gene causes the modification of transcriptional regulation and thus responsible for association of susceptibility/resistance with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Qidwai
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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35
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van den Berk LCJ, Jansen BJH, Siebers-Vermeulen KGC, Netea MG, Latuhihin T, Bergevoet S, Raymakers RA, Kögler G, Figdor CC, Adema GJ, Torensma R. Toll-like receptor triggering in cord blood mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 13:3415-26. [PMID: 20196781 PMCID: PMC4516497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the antagonizing effect on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, was described. Our study shows that on more primitive cord blood derived MSCs, the expression of TLRs and ligand-induced triggering differs from that of bone marrow derived MSCs. At the RNA level, cord blood MSCs (unrestricted somatic stem cells; USSCs) express low levels of TLR1,3,5,9 and high levels of TLR4 and TLR6. At the protein level expression of TLR5 and very low expression of TLR4 was observed. NF-κB translocation studies revealed that both TLR4 and TLR5 are functional, although signalling kinetics induced by the individual ligands differed. Stimulation of USSCs with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or flagellin resulted in a marked increase of interleukin (IL)-6 and/or IL-8 production although levels differed significantly between both stimuli. Interestingly, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α was undetectable after TLR stimulation, which appeared to be due to an inactivated TNF-α promoter in USSCs. Moreover, osteoblastic differentiation was enhanced after triggering USSCs with LPS and flagellin. In summary, TLR4 and 5 signalling in USSCs is slow and results in the up-regulation of a restricted number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced osteoblastic differentiation. Apparently, the outcome of TLR signalling depends on the cell type that expresses them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke C J van den Berk
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Takahashi K, Sugiyama T, Tokoro S, Neri P, Mori H. Inhibition of interferon-γ-induced nitric oxide production by 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid through inhibition of interferon regulatory factor-8 induction. Cell Immunol 2011; 273:73-8. [PMID: 22177846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
10-Hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) is a major lipid component of royal jelly, a honey bee secretion used to nourish the queen bee and young larvae. In this study, we examined the effect of 10H2DA on interferon (IFN)-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. IFN-γ-induced NO production and activation of the inducible NO synthase promoter were significantly inhibited by 10H2DA. IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 was not affected by 10H2DA. In contrast, IFN-γ-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were inhibited by 10H2DA. IFN-γ-mediated induction of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-8, but not IRF-1, was also inhibited by 10H2DA. IFN-γ-induced TNF-α production followed by activation of NF-κB is known to be essential for NO production. Together, 10H2DA inhibited IFN-γ-induced NO production by inhibiting IRF-8 induction and TNF-α production. 10H2DA might modulate IFN-γ-mediated cellular responses by inhibiting the induction of IRF-8 and IRF-8-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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37
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Lee NY, Lee HY, Lee KH, Han SH, Park SJ. Vibrio vulnificus IlpA induces MAPK-mediated cytokine production via TLR1/2 activation in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:143-54. [PMID: 21903273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a pathogenic bacterium causing primary septicemia, which is followed by a classical septic shock pathway including an overwhelming inflammatory cytokine response. V. vulnificus IlpA is a potent immunogenic lipoprotein that triggers cytokine production in human monocytes by activating the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In this study, we further defined the IlpA signaling pathways involved in cytokine production in the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. TLR2 was involved in cytokine production by complexing with TLR1, but not with TLR6. MyD88 was necessary for IlpA-induced cytokine expression through TLR1/TLR2. Three mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, were activated in THP-1 cells stimulated with recombinant IlpA (rIlpA). Selective inhibition of each MAPK resulted in significant decrease of rIlpA-induced cytokine production. Especially, functional TLR2 was necessary for IlpA-induced activation of p38 and JNK. IlpA augmented the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional factors to their recognition sites in THP-1 cells. These results suggest that serial activation of TLR1/TLR2, MyD88, the three MAPKs, and NF-κB/AP-1 comprises the signaling pathway responsible for proinflammatory cytokine production by V. vulnificus IlpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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38
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Carneiro FRG, Ramalho-Oliveira R, Mognol GP, Viola JPB. Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 is a new NFAT1 partner and represses its transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2889-901. [PMID: 21576369 PMCID: PMC3133407 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00974-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors is expressed in a wide range of cell types and regulates genes involved in cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. NFAT proteins share two well-conserved regions, the regulatory domain and the DNA binding domain. The N- and C-terminal ends are transactivation sites and show less sequence similarity, whereas their molecular functions remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a transcriptional repressor, interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 (IRF-2BP2), which specifically interacts with the C-terminal domain of NFAT1 among the NFAT family members. IRF-2BP2 was described as a corepressor by inhibiting both enhancer-activated and basal transcription. Gene reporter assays demonstrated that IRF-2BP2 represses the NFAT1-dependent transactivation of NFAT-responsive promoters. The ectopic expression of IRF-2BP2 in CD4 T cells resulted in decreased interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 production, supporting a repressive function of IRF-2BP2 for NFAT target genes. Furthermore, NFAT1 and IRF-2BP2 colocalized in the nucleus in activated cells, and the mutation of a newly identified nuclear localization signal in the IRF-2BP2 rendered it cytoplasmic, abolishing its repressive effect on NFAT1 activity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IRF-2BP2 is a negative regulator of the NFAT1 transcription factor and suggest that NFAT1 repression occurs at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Ramalho-Oliveira
- Division of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuliana P. Mognol
- Division of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João P. B. Viola
- Division of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ding X, Yang W, Shi X, Du P, Su L, Qin Z, Chen J, Deng H. TNF receptor 1 mediates dendritic cell maturation and CD8 T cell response through two distinct mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1184-91. [PMID: 21709152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α and its two receptors (TNFR1 and 2) are known to stimulate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and T cell response. However, the specific receptor and mechanisms involved in vivo are still controversial. In this study, we show that in response to an attenuated mouse hepatitis virus infection, DCs fail to mobilize and up-regulate CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I in TNFR1(-/-) mice as compared with the wild-type and TNFR2(-/-) mice. Correspondingly, virus-specific CD8 T cell response was dramatically diminished in TNFR1(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of TNFR1-expressing DCs into TNFR1(-/-) mice rescues CD8 T cell response. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of TNFR1-expressing naive T cells also restores DC mobilization and maturation and endogenous CD8 T cell response. These results show that TNFR1, not TNFR2, mediates TNF-α stimulation of DC maturation and T cell response to mouse hepatitis virus in vivo. They also suggest two mechanisms by which TNFR1 mediates TNF-α-driven DC maturation, as follows: a direct effect through TNFR1 expressed on immature DCs and an indirect effect through TNFR1 expressed on naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilai Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Duffey D, Dolgilevich S, Razzouk S, Li L, Green R, Gorti GK. Activating transcription factor-2 in survival mechanisms in head and neck carcinoma cells. Head Neck 2010; 33:1586-99. [PMID: 21990224 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) is associated with tumor progression but is not well studied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Its effects in stress and its importance in other survival mechanisms were studied. METHODS ATF2 expression and nuclear activation were confirmed in HNSCC. After modulation of ATF2, in vitro effects on proliferation and chemosensitivity were studied. Effects on in vivo tumor growth and interleukin 8 (IL-8) expression were determined. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) treatment was used to further evaluate cytokine production and chemosensitivity. RESULTS Reductions of ATF2 resulted in significant nuclear p-ATF2 activation, cisplatin resistance, and augmented IL-8 expression without affecting in vivo tumor growth. In this setting, TNF increases p-p38 phosphorylation and chemosensitivity while further enhancing IL-8 production. CONCLUSION Our data suggest regulatory roles for ATF2 in TNF-related mechanisms of HNSCC. Its perturbation and nuclear activation are associated with significant effects on survival and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Duffey
- Yale University School of Medicine Section of Otolaryngology, 333 Cedar St, Box 208041, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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41
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Lawrence MC, Naziruddin B, Levy MF, Jackson A, McGlynn K. Calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells and MAPK signaling induce TNF-{alpha} gene expression in pancreatic islet endocrine cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1025-36. [PMID: 21059644 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines contribute to pancreatic islet inflammation, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetic diseases. A plethora of data shows that proinflammatory cytokines are produced in pancreatic islets by infiltrating mononuclear immune cells. Here, we show that pancreatic islet α cells and β cells express tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other cytokines capable of promoting islet inflammation when exposed to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Cytokine expression by β cells was dependent on calcineurin (CN)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and MAPK signaling. NFAT associated with the TNF-α promoter in response to stimuli and synergistically activated promoter activity with ATF2 and c-Jun. In contrast, the β-cell-specific transcriptional activator MafA could repress NFAT-mediated TNF-α gene expression whenever C/EBP-β was bound to the promoter. NFAT differentially regulated the TNF-α gene depending upon the expression and MAPK-dependent activation of interacting basic leucine zipper partners in β cells. Both p38 and JNK were required for induction of TNF-α mRNA and protein expression. Collectively, the data show that glucose and IL-1β can activate signaling pathways, which control induction and repression of cytokines in pancreatic endocrine cells. Thus, by these mechanisms, pancreatic β cells themselves may contribute to islet inflammation and their own immunological destruction in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Transcriptional regulation during CD8 T-cell immune responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:11-27. [PMID: 20795537 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Naïve CD8 T cells differentiate in response to antigen stimulation. They acquire the capacity to express multiple effector molecules and mediate effector functions that contribute to infection control. Once antigen loads are reduced they revert progressively to a less activated status and eventually reach a steady-state referred to as "memory" that is very different from that of naive cells. Indeed, these "memory" cells are "ready-to-go" populations that acquired the capacity to respond more efficiently to antigen stimulation. They modify their cell cycle machinery in order to divide faster; they likely improve DNA repair and other cell survival mechanisms in order to survive during division and thus to generate much larger clones of effector cells; finally, they also mediate effector functions much faster. These modifications are the consequence of changes in the expression of multiple genes, i.e., on the utilization of a new transcription program.
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Khalaf H, Jass J, Olsson PE. Differential cytokine regulation by NF-kappaB and AP-1 in Jurkat T-cells. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:26. [PMID: 20507572 PMCID: PMC2889865 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB largely control T-cell activation, following binding of foreign antigens to the T-cell receptor leading to cytokine secretion. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF, IL-6 and CXCL8 are associated with several human diseases including cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and AIDS. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the transcription factors, AP-1 and NF-κB, in IL-6 and CXCL8 regulation in Jurkat T-cells. Results Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) exposure resulted in an up-regulation of AP-1 and down-regulation of NF-κB activity, however, exposure to heat killed (HK) Escherichia. coli MG1655 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in NF-κB activity without affecting AP-1. The cytokine profile revealed an up-regulation of the chemokine CXCL8 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-2 and IL-6 following treatment with both PMA and HK E. coli, while the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were not affected by PMA but were significantly down-regulated by HK E. coli. AP-1 activation was significantly increased 2 h after PMA exposure and continued to increase thereafter. In contrast, NF-κB responded to PMA exposure by a rapid up-regulation followed by a subsequent down-regulation. Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations countered the down-regulation of NF-κB by PMA, while similar treatment with calcium ionophore resulted in a reduced NF-κB activity following induction with HK E. coli. In order to further study NF-κB activation, we considered two up-stream signalling proteins, PKC and Bcl10. Phosphorylated-PKC levels increased in response to PMA and HK E. coli, while Bcl10 levels significantly decreased following PMA treatment. Using an NF-κB activation inhibitor, we observed complete inhibition of IL-6 expression while CXCL8 levels only decreased by 40% at the highest concentration. Treatment of Jurkat T-cells with PMA in the presence of JNK-inhibitor suppressed both CXCL8 and IL-6 while PKC-inhibitor primarily decreased CXCL8 expression. Conclusion The present study shows that NF-κB regulated IL-6 but not CXCL8. This complex regulation of CXCL8 suggests that there is a need to further evaluate the signalling pathways in order to develop new treatment for diseases with elevated CXCL8 levels, such as AIDS and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Khalaf
- Biology, Orebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
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Whiteman M, Li L, Rose P, Tan CH, Parkinson DB, Moore PK. The effect of hydrogen sulfide donors on lipopolysaccharide-induced formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1147-54. [PMID: 19769459 PMCID: PMC2875982 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in inflammation is controversial, with both pro- and antiinflammatory effects documented. Many studies have used simple sulfide salts as the source of H(2)S, which give a rapid bolus of H(2)S in aqueous solutions and thus do not accurately reflect the enzymatic generation of H(2)S. We therefore compared the effects of sodium hydrosulfide and a novel slow-releasing H(2)S donor (GYY4137) on the release of pro- and antiinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine RAW264.7 macrophages. For the first time, we show that GYY4137 significantly and concentration-dependently inhibits LPS-induced release of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide (*NO), and PGE(2) but increased the synthesis of the antiinflammatory chemokine IL-10 through NF-kappaB/ATF-2/HSP-27-dependent pathways. In contrast, NaHS elicited a biphasic effect on proinflammatory mediators and, at high concentrations, increased the synthesis of IL-1beta, IL-6, NO, PGE(2) and TNF-alpha. This study clearly shows that the effects of H(2)S on the inflammatory process are complex and dependent not only on H(2)S concentration but also on the rate of H(2)S generation. This study may also explain some of the apparent discrepancies in the literature regarding the pro- versus antiinflammatory role of H(2)S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whiteman
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon, England
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Tse AKW, Zhu GY, Wan CK, Shen XL, Yu ZL, Fong WF. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits transcriptional potential of nuclear factor kappa B in breast cancer cells. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1728-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Falvo JV, Tsytsykova AV, Goldfeld AE. Transcriptional control of the TNF gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:27-60. [PMID: 20173386 DOI: 10.1159/000289196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine TNF is a critical mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. The TNF gene is an immediate early gene, rapidly transcribed in a variety of cell types following exposure to a broad range of pathogens and signals of inflammation and stress. Regulation of TNF gene expression at the transcriptional level is cell type- and stimulus-specific, involving the recruitment of distinct sets of transcription factors to a compact and modular promoter region. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms through which TNF transcription is specifically activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli in multiple cell types, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts. We discuss the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells and other transcription factors and coactivators in enhanceosome formation, as well as the contradictory evidence for a role for nuclear factor kappaB as a classical activator of the TNF gene. We describe the impact of evolutionarily conserved cis-regulatory DNA motifs in the TNF locus upon TNF gene transcription, in contrast to the neutral effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms. We also assess the regulatory role of chromatin organization, epigenetic modifications, and long-range chromosomal interactions at the TNF locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Falvo
- Immune Disease Institute and Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Berk LCVD, Jansen BJ, Siebers-Vermeulen KG, Netea MG, Latuhihin T, Bergevoet S, Raymakers RA, Kögler G, Figdor CC, Adema GJ, Torensma R. Toll-like receptor triggering in cord blood mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Altmayr F, Jusek G, Holzmann B. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide causes repression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha transcription and suppression of ATF-2 promoter recruitment in Toll-like receptor-stimulated dendritic cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3525-3531. [PMID: 20018859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory nerves may dampen inflammatory processes through the release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP mediates immunosuppressive activities through up-regulation of interleukin-10 or, alternatively, through an interleukin-10-independent pathway that is associated with rapid induction of the transcriptional inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER). In this work, we further investigated the molecular mechanisms of immune modulation by CGRP. Using TLR2-stimulated dendritic cells, we show that inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by CGRP is dependent on up-regulation of endogenous ICER. Dendritic cell expression of ICER was selectively induced by CGRP and elevation of cellular cAMP levels but not by numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Treatment of dendritic cells with CGRP did not interfere with the induction of Tnfa gene expression but caused premature repression of TLR2-induced transcriptional activity. ATF-2 was rapidly phosphorylated and recruited to the Tnfa promoter following ligation of TLR2. Concomitant administration of CGRP completely prevented binding of ATF-2 to the Tnfa promoter, whereas recruitment of ICER was markedly elevated. In contrast, CGRP did not influence TLR2-stimulated binding of NF-kappaB p65. Together, these results are consistent with a model suggesting that CGRP causes rapid up-regulation of ICER, which in turn competes with ATF-2 for binding to the Tnfa promoter, leading to repression of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Altmayr
- From the Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Jusek
- From the Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- From the Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Gray SB, Howard TD, Langefeld CD, Hawkins GA, Diallo AF, Wagner JD. Comparative analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the TNF promoter region provide further validation for the vervet monkey model of obesity. Comp Med 2009; 59:580-588. [PMID: 20034434 PMCID: PMC2798838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine that plays critical roles in inflammation, the innate immune response, and a variety of other physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. In addition, TNF has recently been shown to mediate an intersection of chronic, low-grade inflammation and concurrent metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity and its comorbidities. As part of an ongoing initiative to further characterize vervet monkeys originating from St Kitts as an animal model of obesity and inflammation, we sequenced and genotyped the human ortholog vervet TNF gene and approximately 1 kb of the flanking 3' and 5' regions from 265 monkeys in a closed, pedigreed colony. This process revealed a total of 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a single 4-bp insertion-deletion, with minor allele frequencies of 0.08 to 0.39. Many of these polymorphisms were in strong or complete linkage disequilibrium with each other, and all but 1 were contained within a single haplotype block, comprising 5 haplotypes with frequencies of 0.075 to 0.298. Using sequences from humans, chimpanzees, vervets, baboons, and rhesus macaques, phylogenetic shadowing of the TNF promoter region revealed that vervet SNPs, like the SNPs in related species, were clustered nonrandomly and nonuniformly around conserved transcription factor binding sites. These data, combined with previously defined heritable phenotypes, permit future association analyses in this nonhuman primate model and have great potential to help dissect the genetic and nongenetic contributions to complex diseases like obesity. More broadly, the sequence data and comparative analyses reported herein facilitates study of the evolution of regulatory sequences of inflammatory and immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gray
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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50
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van den Berk LCJ, Jansen BJH, Siebers-Vermeulen KGC, Roelofs H, Figdor CG, Adema GJ, Torensma R. Mesenchymal stem cells respond to TNF but do not produce TNF. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:283-9. [PMID: 19897767 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0709467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that several TLRs are expressed on cord blood-derived USSC. Stimulation of USSC with TLR agonists resulted in a marked increase of IL-6 and IL-8 production. Interestingly, TNF was undetectable after TLR stimulation, which appeared to be a result of an inactivated TNF promoter in USSC. Here, we elaborate this study by demonstrating that although USSC do not produce TNF, they are susceptible to TNF stimulation, resulting in NF-kappaB translocation and cytokine production. Additionally, we compared different stem cell sources for their ability to produce TNF. Interestingly, we found that the TNF promoter in BM-MSC is inactivated as well. Like USSC, they are able to respond to TNF stimulation, but they are not able to produce TNF, even not after LPS stimulation. This limited cytokine response in combination with the well-studied immunosuppressive properties of MSC makes these cells ideal for immune-suppressive treatment modalities such as graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke C J van den Berk
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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