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García-López D, Zaragoza-Ojeda M, Eguía-Aguilar P, Arenas-Huertero F. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Gliomas: Exploiting a Dual-Effect Dysfunction through Chemical Pharmaceutical Compounds and Natural Derivatives for Therapeutical Uses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4078. [PMID: 38612890 PMCID: PMC11012637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum maintains proteostasis, which can be disrupted by oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, lack of ATP, and toxicity caused by xenobiotic compounds, all of which can result in the accumulation of misfolded proteins. These stressors activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims to restore proteostasis and avoid cell death. However, endoplasmic response-associated degradation (ERAD) is sometimes triggered to degrade the misfolded and unassembled proteins instead. If stress persists, cells activate three sensors: PERK, IRE-1, and ATF6. Glioma cells can use these sensors to remain unresponsive to chemotherapeutic treatments. In such cases, the activation of ATF4 via PERK and some proteins via IRE-1 can promote several types of cell death. The search for new antitumor compounds that can successfully and directly induce an endoplasmic reticulum stress response ranges from ligands to oxygen-dependent metabolic pathways in the cell capable of activating cell death pathways. Herein, we discuss the importance of the ER stress mechanism in glioma and likely therapeutic targets within the UPR pathway, as well as chemicals, pharmaceutical compounds, and natural derivatives of potential use against gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.G.-L.); (M.Z.-O.); (P.E.-A.)
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Mexico City 03920, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Zaragoza-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.G.-L.); (M.Z.-O.); (P.E.-A.)
| | - Pilar Eguía-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.G.-L.); (M.Z.-O.); (P.E.-A.)
- Departamento de Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.G.-L.); (M.Z.-O.); (P.E.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación en Biomedicina y Bioseguridad, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Santinelli R, Benz N, Guellec J, Quinquis F, Kocas E, Thomas J, Montier T, Ka C, Luczka-Majérus E, Sage E, Férec C, Coraux C, Trouvé P. The Inhibition of the Membrane-Bound Transcription Factor Site-1 Protease (MBTP1) Alleviates the p.Phe508del-Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Defects in Cystic Fibrosis Cells. Cells 2024; 13:185. [PMID: 38247876 PMCID: PMC10814821 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is present due to mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, the most frequent variant being p.phe508del. The CFTR protein is a chloride (Cl-) channel which is defective and almost absent of cell membranes when the p.Phe508del mutation is present. The p.Phe508del-CFTR protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and together with inflammation and infection triggers the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). During the UPR, the Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) is activated with cleavage and then decreases the expression of p.Phe508del-CFTR. We have previously shown that the inhibition of the activation of ATF6 alleviates the p.Phe508del-CFTR defects in cells overexpressing the mutated protein. In the present paper, our aim was to inhibit the cleavage of ATF6, and thus its activation in a human bronchial cell line with endogenous p.Phe508del-CFTR expression and in bronchial cells from patients, to be more relevant to CF. This was achieved by inhibiting the protease MBTP1 which is responsible for the cleavage of ATF6. We show here that this inhibition leads to increased mRNA and p.Phe508del-CFTR expression and, consequently, to increased Cl-efflux. We also explain the mechanisms linked to these increases with the modulation of genes when MBTP1 is inhibited. Indeed, RT-qPCR assays show that genes such as HSPA1B, CEBPB, VIMP, PFND2, MAPK8, XBP1, INSIG1, and CALR are modulated. In conclusion, we show that the inhibition of MBTP1 has a beneficial effect in relevant models to CF and that this is due to the modulation of genes involved in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Santinelli
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Nathalie Benz
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Julie Guellec
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Fabien Quinquis
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Ervin Kocas
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Johan Thomas
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Chandran Ka
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Emilie Luczka-Majérus
- Inserm UMR-S 1250, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, F-51100 Reims, France; (E.L.-M.); (C.C.)
| | - Edouard Sage
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Claude Férec
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Christelle Coraux
- Inserm UMR-S 1250, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), SFR Cap-Santé, F-51100 Reims, France; (E.L.-M.); (C.C.)
| | - Pascal Trouvé
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.S.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (F.Q.); (E.K.); (J.T.); (T.M.); (C.K.); (C.F.)
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Takasugi M, Ohtani N, Takemura K, Emmrich S, Zakusilo FT, Yoshida Y, Kutsukake N, Mariani JN, Windrem MS, Chandler-Militello D, Goldman SA, Satoh J, Ito S, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. CD44 correlates with longevity and enhances basal ATF6 activity and ER stress resistance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113130. [PMID: 37708026 PMCID: PMC10591879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The naked mole rat (NMR) is the longest-lived rodent, resistant to multiple age-related diseases including neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying the NMR's resistance to neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. Here, we isolated oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from NMRs and compared their transcriptome with that of other mammals. Extracellular matrix (ECM) genes best distinguish OPCs of long- and short-lived species. Notably, expression levels of CD44, an ECM-binding protein that has been suggested to contribute to NMR longevity by mediating the effect of hyaluronan (HA), are not only high in OPCs of long-lived species but also positively correlate with longevity in multiple cell types/tissues. We found that CD44 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and enhances basal ATF6 activity. CD44 modifies proteome and membrane properties of the ER and enhances ER stress resistance in a manner dependent on unfolded protein response regulators without the requirement of HA. HA-independent role of CD44 in proteostasis regulation may contribute to mammalian longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takasugi
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Pathophysiology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Takemura
- Department of Pathophysiology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Stephan Emmrich
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Frances T Zakusilo
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Yuya Yoshida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kutsukake
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - John N Mariani
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Martha S Windrem
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Devin Chandler-Militello
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Junko Satoh
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Murase R, Yamamoto A, Hirata Y, Oh-Hashi K. Expression analysis and functional characterization of thioredoxin domain-containing protein 11. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10541-10556. [PMID: 36152228 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial organelle that regulates both the folding, modification and transport of many proteins and senses certain stimuli inside and outside of cells. ER-associated degradation (ERAD), including SEL1L is a crucial mechanism to maintain homeostasis. In this study, we performed comparative proteome analysis in wild-type (wt) and SEL1L-deficient cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We found constitutively high expression of thioredoxin domain-containing protein 11 (TXNDC11) mRNA and protein in our SEL1L-deficient HEK293 cells by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The TXNDC11 gene possesses a well-conserved unfolded protein response element (UPRE) around its transcription start site, and ER stress increased TXNDC11 mRNA and luciferase reporter activity via this putative UPRE in HEK293 cells. The amounts of TXNDC11 protein in wild-type and SEL1L-deficient cells with or without thapsigargin (Tg) treatment were parallel to their mRNAs in these cells, which was almost proportional to spliced XBP1 (sXBP1) mRNA expression. The establishment and characterization of TXNDC11-deficient HEK293 cells revealed that the expression of three different ER resident stress sensors, ATF6α, CREB3 and CREB3L2, is regulated by TXNDC11. The rate of disappearance of the three proteins by CHX treatment in wt cells was remarkably different, and the full-length CREB3L2 protein was almost completely degraded within 15 min after CHX treatment. TXNDC11 deficiency increased the expression of each full-length form under resting conditions and delayed their disappearance by CHX treatment. Interestingly, the degree of increase in full-length CREB3/CREB3L2 by TXNDC11 deficiency was apparently higher than that in full-length ATF6α. The increase in these proteins by TXNDC11 deficiency was hardly correlated with the expression of each mRNA. Treatment with ER stress inducers influenced each full-length mature form, and the difference in each full-length form observed in wt and TXNDC11-deficient cells was smaller. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that TXNDC11 is an ER stress-inducible gene regulated by the IRE1-sXBP1 pathway. In addition, TXNDC11 is involved in the regulation of ATF6α, CREB3 and CREB3L2 protein expression, although the contribution to the stability of these proteins is quite variable. Therefore, its further characterization will provide new insights for understanding protein homeostasis in ER physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Murase
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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6
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Evaluation of aminopyrrolidine amide to improve chloride transport in CFTR-defective cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128866. [PMID: 35752380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aminopyrrolidine amide PF-429242 is a specific inhibitor of the Site-1 Protease which is responsible for the cleavage, and thus the activation of the Activating Transcription Factor6 that down regulates many genes, during the Unfolded Protein Response. We hypothesized that PF-429242 could be used to prevent the ATF6-dependent down regulation of some genes. We chose the CFTR gene encoding the CFTR chloride channel as a model because it is down-regulated by ATF6 in Cystic Fibrosis. We evaluated the action of PF-429242 in human bronchial cells expressing the most frequent mutation of CFTR (p.Phe508del) found in patients. We observed that PF-429242 increases the synthesis of the mRNA and the protein encoded by the CFTR gene harbouring the mutation. We also observed that PF-429242 alleviates the defects of the p.Phe508del-CFTR channel in human Cystic Fibrosis cells. Our results suggest that aminopyrrolidine amide is a potential therapeutic target for Cystic Fibrosis that could also have beneficial effects in other diseases involving CFTR, such as the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
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7
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Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang X, Ye Y, Xiong X, Zhang S, Gu L, Jian Z, Wang H. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:864426. [PMID: 35602556 PMCID: PMC9114642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.864426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease characterized by sudden interruption of blood flow in a certain part of the brain, leading to serious disability and death. At present, treatment methods for ischemic stroke are limited to thrombolysis or thrombus removal, but the treatment window is very narrow. However, recovery of cerebral blood circulation further causes cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in protein secretion, membrane protein folding, transportation, and maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemia pathophysiology. Mild ERS helps improve cell tolerance and restore cell homeostasis; however, excessive or long-term ERS causes apoptotic pathway activation. Specifically, the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathways are significantly activated following initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). CIRI-induced apoptosis leads to nerve cell death, which ultimately aggravates neurological deficits in patients. Therefore, it is necessary and important to comprehensively explore the mechanism of ERS in CIRI to identify methods for preserving brain cells and neuronal function after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shudi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Zhihong Jian,
| | - Hongfa Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongfa Wang,
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8
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Ramdas Nair A, Lakhiani P, Zhang C, Macchi F, Sadler KC. A permissive epigenetic landscape facilitates distinct transcriptional signatures of activating transcription factor 6 in the liver. Genomics 2021; 114:107-124. [PMID: 34863900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Restoring homeostasis following proteostatic stress hinges on a stress-specific transcriptional signature. How these signatures are regulated is unknown. We use functional genomics to uncover how activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a central factor in the unfolded protein response, regulates its target genes in response to toxicant induced and physiological stress in the liver. We identified 652 conserved putative ATF6 targets (CPATs), which functioned in metabolism, development and proteostasis. Strikingly, Atf6 activation in the zebrafish liver by transgenic nAtf6 overexpression, ethanol and arsenic exposure resulted in a distinct CPAT signature for each; with only 34 CPATs differentially expressed in all conditions. In contrast, during liver regeneration in mice resulted in a dynamic differential expression pattern of 53% of CPATs. These CPATs were distinguished by residing in open chromatin, H3K4me3 occupancy and the absence of H3K27me3 on their promoters. This suggests that a permissive epigenetic landscape allows stress-specific Atf6 target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Ramdas Nair
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Priyanka Lakhiani
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chi Zhang
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Filippo Macchi
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box. 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Oh-Hashi K, Hasegawa T, Mizutani Y, Takahashi K, Hirata Y. Elucidation of brefeldin A-induced ER and Golgi stress responses in Neuro2a cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3869-3877. [PMID: 34129155 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brefeldin A (BFA) disrupts the structure of the Golgi apparatus to trigger ER stress signaling pathways. On the other hand, treatment with BFA induces the activation of CREB3, the protein structure of which is similar to that of ATF6. In this study, we established Neuro2a cells in which three different transcription factors, namely, ATF4, ATF3 and CREB3, were deficient using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach, and we investigated the BFA-induced ER and Golgi stress response in these cells. BFA treatment rapidly induced ATF4, ATF3, Herp and GADD153 protein expression in Neuro2a cells. ATF4-deficient Neuro2a cells exhibited significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of ATF3 and Herp but not GADD153; however, cells deficient in ATF3 exhibited minimal effects on GADD34, GADD153 and Herp expression. The cleavage of CREB3 in Neuro2a cells was triggered by BFA; however, the expression of several ER and Golgi stress-related factors was hardly influenced by the CREB3 deficiency in these Neuro2a cells. This study shows that CREB3 minimally associates with typical ER stress-inducible responses in Neuro2a cells. Therefore, identification and characterization of the downstream transcriptional targets of CREB3 is required to clarify not only Golgi stress response but also its relationship with ER stress signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuri Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kanto Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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10
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ER Stress-Induced Secretion of Proteins and Their Extracellular Functions in the Heart. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092066. [PMID: 32927693 PMCID: PMC7563782 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a result of conditions that imbalance protein homeostasis or proteostasis at the ER, for example ischemia, and is a common event in various human pathologies, including the diseased heart. Cardiac integrity and function depend on the active secretion of mature proteins from a variety of cell types in the heart, a process that requires an intact ER environment for efficient protein folding and trafficking to the secretory pathway. As a consequence of ER stress, most protein secretion by the ER secretory pathway is decreased. Strikingly, there is a select group of proteins that are secreted in greater quantities during ER stress. ER stress resulting from the dysregulation of ER Ca2+ levels, for instance, stimulates the secretion of Ca2+-binding ER chaperones, especially GRP78, GRP94, calreticulin, and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), which play a multitude of roles outside the cell, strongly depending on the cell type and tissue. Here we review current insights in ER stress-induced secretion of proteins, particularly from the heart, and highlight the extracellular functions of these proteins, ranging from the augmentation of cardiac cell viability to the modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic, oncogenic, and immune-stimulatory cell signaling, cell invasion, extracellular proteostasis, and more. Many of the roles of ER stress-induced protein secretion remain to be explored in the heart. This article is part of a special issue entitled “The Role of Proteostasis Derailment in Cardiac Diseases.”
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11
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Transcriptional regulation of the ER stress-inducible gene Sec16B in Neuro2a cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:35-44. [PMID: 32815086 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses have been demonstrated to play important roles in maintaining various cellular functions and to underlie many tissue dysfunctions. In this study, we identified Sec16B as an ER stress-inducible gene by microarray analysis of brefeldin A (BFA)-inducible genes in a mouse neuroblastoma cell-line, Neuro2a. Sec16B mRNA was induced by treatment with the ER stress-inducing reagents thapsigargin (Tg) and brefeldin A in a time-dependent manner. In the genomic sequence of the mouse Sec16B gene, we found an unfolded protein response element (UPRE), which is well conserved between humans and mice. Using luciferase reporter analyses, we showed that the UPRE in the mouse Sec16B gene was functional and responded well to ER stress-inducing stimuli and spliced XBP1 (sXBP1)-overexpression. In addition, a unique ATF4-responsive sequence within the first intron of the mouse Sec16B gene was characterized. Our study may help to elucidate the regulation of trafficking through the ER-Golgi apparatus and the biogenesis of ER-derived intracellular organelles.
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12
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Kubra KT, Akhter MS, Uddin MA, Barabutis N. Unfolded protein response in cardiovascular disease. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109699. [PMID: 32592779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved molecular machinery, which protects the cells against a diverse variety of stimuli. Activation of this element has been associated with both human health and disease. The purpose of the current manuscript is to provide the most updated information on the involvement of UPR towards the improvement; or deterioration of cardiovascular functions. Since UPR is consisted of three distinct elements, namely the activating transcription factor 6, the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; and the inositol-requiring enzyme-1α, a highly orchestrated manipulation of those molecular branches may provide new therapeutic possibilities against the severe outcomes of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Background A growing body of literature suggests the cell–intrinsic activity of Atf6α during ER stress responses has implications for tissue cell number during growth and development, as well as in adult biology and tumorigenesis [1]. This concept is important, linking the cellular processes of secretory protein synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress response with functional tissue capacity and organ size. However, the field contains conflicting observations, especially notable in secretory cell types like the pancreatic beta cell. Scope of review Here we summarize current knowledge of the basic biology of Atf6α, along with the pleiotropic roles Atf6α plays in cell life and death decisions and possible explanations for conflicting observations. We include studies investigating the roles of Atf6α in cell survival, death and proliferation using well-controlled methodology and specific validated outcome measures, with a focus on endocrine and metabolic tissues when information was available. Major conclusions The net outcome of Atf6α on cell survival and cell death depends on cell type and growth conditions, the presence and degree of ER stress, and the duration and intensity of Atf6α activation. It is unquestioned that Atf6α activity influences the cell fate decision between survival and death, although opposite directions of this outcome are reported in different contexts. Atf6α can also trigger cell cycle activity to expand tissue cell number through proliferation. Much work remains to be done to clarify the many gaps in understanding in this important emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jarin T Snyder
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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14
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Arrieta A, Blackwood EA, Stauffer WT, Santo Domingo M, Bilal AS, Thuerauf DJ, Pentoney AN, Aivati C, Sarakki AV, Doroudgar S, Glembotski CC. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor is an ER-resident chaperone that protects against reductive stress in the heart. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7566-7583. [PMID: 32327487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) impairs endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based protein folding in the heart and thereby activates an unfolded protein response sensor and effector, activated transcription factor 6α (ATF6). ATF6 then induces mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), an ER-resident protein with no known structural homologs and unclear ER function. To determine MANF's function in the heart in vivo, here we developed a cardiomyocyte-specific MANF-knockdown mouse model. MANF knockdown increased cardiac damage after I/R, which was reversed by AAV9-mediated ectopic MANF expression. Mechanistically, MANF knockdown in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) impaired protein folding in the ER and cardiomyocyte viability during simulated I/R. However, this was not due to MANF-mediated protection from reactive oxygen species generated during reperfusion. Because I/R impairs oxygen-dependent ER protein disulfide formation and such impairment can be caused by reductive stress in the ER, we examined the effects of the reductive ER stressor DTT. MANF knockdown in NRVMs increased cell death from DTT-mediated reductive ER stress, but not from nonreductive ER stresses caused by thapsigargin-mediated ER Ca2+ depletion or tunicamycin-mediated inhibition of ER protein glycosylation. In vitro, recombinant MANF exhibited chaperone activity that depended on its conserved cysteine residues. Moreover, in cells, MANF bound to a model ER protein exhibiting improper disulfide bond formation during reductive ER stress but did not bind to this protein during nonreductive ER stress. We conclude that MANF is an ER chaperone that enhances protein folding and myocyte viability during reductive ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arrieta
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erik A Blackwood
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Winston T Stauffer
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michelle Santo Domingo
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alina S Bilal
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Donna J Thuerauf
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amber N Pentoney
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cathrine Aivati
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anup V Sarakki
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Glembotski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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15
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Sledgehammer to Scalpel: Broad Challenges to the Heart and Other Tissues Yield Specific Cellular Responses via Transcriptional Regulation of the ER-Stress Master Regulator ATF6α. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031134. [PMID: 32046286 PMCID: PMC7037772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 2000 transcription factors in eukaryotes, many of which are subject to complex mechanisms fine-tuning their activity and their transcriptional programs to meet the vast array of conditions under which cells must adapt to thrive and survive. For example, conditions that impair protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), sometimes called ER stress, elicit the relocation of the ER-transmembrane protein, activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), to the Golgi, where it is proteolytically cleaved. This generates a fragment of ATF6α that translocates to the nucleus, where it regulates numerous genes that restore ER protein-folding capacity but is degraded soon after. Thus, upon ER stress, ATF6α is converted from a stable, transmembrane protein, to a rapidly degraded, nuclear protein that is a potent transcription factor. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms governing ATF6α location, activity, and stability, as well as the transcriptional programs ATF6α regulates, whether canonical genes that restore ER protein-folding or unexpected, non-canonical genes affecting cellular functions beyond the ER. Moreover, we will review fascinating roles for an ATF6α isoform, ATF6β, which has a similar mode of activation but, unlike ATF6α, is a long-lived, weak transcription factor that may moderate the genetic effects of ATF6α.
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16
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Johnston BP, McCormick C. Herpesviruses and the Unfolded Protein Response. Viruses 2019; 12:E17. [PMID: 31877732 PMCID: PMC7019427 DOI: 10.3390/v12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses usurp cellular stress responses to promote viral replication and avoid immune surveillance. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress response that is activated when the protein load in the ER exceeds folding capacity and misfolded proteins accumulate. The UPR aims to restore protein homeostasis through translational and transcriptional reprogramming; if homeostasis cannot be restored, the UPR switches from "helper" to "executioner", triggering apoptosis. It is thought that the burst of herpesvirus glycoprotein synthesis during lytic replication causes ER stress, and that these viruses may have evolved mechanisms to manage UPR signaling to create an optimal niche for replication. The past decade has seen considerable progress in understanding how herpesviruses reprogram the UPR. Here we provide an overview of the molecular events of UPR activation, signaling and transcriptional outputs, and highlight key evidence that herpesviruses hijack the UPR to aid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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17
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Oh-Hashi K, Kohno H, Kandeel M, Hirata Y. Characterization of IRE1α in Neuro2a cells by pharmacological and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 465:53-64. [PMID: 31834612 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IRE1 is the most conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident stress sensor. Its activation not only splices XBP1 but also participates in a variety of cell signaling. We elucidated the role of IRE1α in Neuro2a cells by establishing IRE1α-deficient cells and applying four IRE1 inhibitors. IRE1α deficiency prevented almost all spliced XBP1 (sXBP1) protein expression by treatment with thapsigargin (Tg) and tunicamycin (Tm); these phenomena paralleled the values measured by our two Nanoluciferase-based IRE1 assays. However, cell viability and protein expression of other ER stress-responsive factors in the IRE1α-deficient cells were comparable to those in the parental wild-type cells with or without Tm treatment. Next, we elucidated the IRE1 inhibitory actions and cytotoxicity of four compounds: STF083010, KIRA6, 4μ8C, and toyocamycin. KIRA6 attenuated IRE1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, but it showed severe cytotoxicity even in the IRE1α-deficient cells at a low concentration. The IRE1α-deficient cells were slightly resistant to KIRA6 at 0.1 μM in both the presence and absence of ER stress; however, resistance was not observed at 0.02 μM. Treatment with only KIRA6 at 0.1 μM for 12 h remarkably induced LC3 II, an autophagic marker, in both parental and IRE1α-deficient cells. Co-treatment with KIRA6 and Tm induced LC3 II, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3; however, IRE1α-deficiency did not abolish the expression of these two cleaved caspases. On the other hand, KIRA6 prohibited Tm-induced ATF4 induction in an IRE1-independent manner; however, co-treatment with KIRA6 and Tm also induced LC3 II and two cleaved caspases in the ATF4-deficient Neuro2a cells. Thus, we demonstrate that IRE1α deficiency has little impact on cell viability and expression of ER stress-responsive factors in Neuro2a cells, and the pharmacological actions of KIRA6 include IRE1-independent ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kohno
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Alahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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18
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Kim JI, Kaufman RJ, Back SH, Moon JY. Development of a Reporter System Monitoring Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of the Transmembrane bZIP Transcription Factor ATF6α. Mol Cells 2019; 42:783-793. [PMID: 31707777 PMCID: PMC6883980 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions are perturbed, the ER induces several signaling pathways called unfolded protein response to reestablish ER homeostasis through three ER transmembrane proteins: inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Although it is important to measure the activity of ATF6 that can indicate the status of the ER, no specific cell-based reporter assay is currently available. Here, we report a new cell-based method for monitoring ER stress based on the cleavage of ATF6α by sequential actions of proteases at the Golgi apparatus during ER stress. A new expressing vector was constructed by using fusion gene of GAL4 DNA binding domain (GAL4DBD) and activation domain derived from herpes simplex virus VP16 protein (VP16AD) followed by a human ATF6α N-terminal deletion variant. During ER stress, the GAL4DBD-VP16AD(GV)-hATF6α deletion variant was cleaved to liberate active transcription activator encompassing GV-hATF6α fragment which could translocate into the nucleus. The translocated GV-hATF6α fragment strongly induced the expression of firefly luciferase in HeLa Luciferase Reporter cell line containing a stably integrated 5X GAL4 site-luciferase gene. The established double stable reporter cell line HLR-GV-hATF6α(333) represents an innovative tool to investigate regulated intramembrane proteolysis of ATF6α. It can substitute active pATF6(N) binding motif-based reporter cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140,
Korea
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,
USA
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Ja-Young Moon
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140,
Korea
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19
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Sicari D, Delaunay‐Moisan A, Combettes L, Chevet E, Igbaria A. A guide to assessing endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and stress in mammalian systems. FEBS J 2019; 287:27-42. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sicari
- Inserm U1242 University of Rennes France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis Rennes France
| | - Agnès Delaunay‐Moisan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA‐Saclay CNRS ISVJC/SBIGEM Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Cancer Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Laurent Combettes
- UMRS1174 Université Paris Sud Orsay France
- UMRS1174 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) Orsay France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242 University of Rennes France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis Rennes France
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Inserm U1242 University of Rennes France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis Rennes France
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20
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Blackwood EA, Hofmann C, Santo Domingo M, Bilal AS, Sarakki A, Stauffer W, Arrieta A, Thuerauf DJ, Kolkhorst FW, Müller OJ, Jakobi T, Dieterich C, Katus HA, Doroudgar S, Glembotski CC. ATF6 Regulates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Transcriptional Induction of the mTORC1 Activator, Rheb. Circ Res 2019; 124:79-93. [PMID: 30582446 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress dysregulates ER proteostasis, which activates the transcription factor, ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6α), an inducer of genes that enhance protein folding and restore ER proteostasis. Because of increased protein synthesis, it is possible that protein folding and ER proteostasis are challenged during cardiac myocyte growth. However, it is not known whether ATF6 is activated, and if so, what its function is during hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes. OBJECTIVE To examine the activity and function of ATF6 during cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that ER stress and ATF6 were activated and ATF6 target genes were induced in mice subjected to an acute model of transverse aortic constriction, or to free-wheel exercise, both of which promote adaptive cardiac myocyte hypertrophy with preserved cardiac function. Cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of Atf6 (ATF6 cKO [conditional knockout]) blunted transverse aortic constriction and exercise-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and impaired cardiac function, demonstrating a role for ATF6 in compensatory myocyte growth. Transcript profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified RHEB (Ras homologue enriched in brain) as an ATF6 target gene in the heart. RHEB is an activator of mTORC1 (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1), a major inducer of protein synthesis and subsequent cell growth. Both transverse aortic constriction and exercise upregulated RHEB, activated mTORC1, and induced cardiac hypertrophy in wild type mouse hearts but not in ATF6 cKO hearts. Mechanistically, knockdown of ATF6 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes blocked phenylephrine- and IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1)-mediated RHEB induction, mTORC1 activation, and myocyte growth, all of which were restored by ectopic RHEB expression. Moreover, adeno-associated virus 9- RHEB restored cardiac growth to ATF6 cKO mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction. Finally, ATF6 induced RHEB in response to growth factors, but not in response to other activators of ATF6 that do not induce growth, indicating that ATF6 target gene induction is stress specific. CONCLUSIONS Compensatory cardiac hypertrophy activates ER stress and ATF6, which induces RHEB and activates mTORC1. Thus, ATF6 is a previously unrecognized link between growth stimuli and mTORC1-mediated cardiac growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Blackwood
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Christoph Hofmann
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., O.J.M., H.A.K., S.D.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg (C.H., O.J.M., T.J., C.D., H.A.K., S.D.)
| | - Michelle Santo Domingo
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Alina S Bilal
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Anup Sarakki
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Winston Stauffer
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Adrian Arrieta
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Donna J Thuerauf
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Fred W Kolkhorst
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., O.J.M., H.A.K., S.D.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg (C.H., O.J.M., T.J., C.D., H.A.K., S.D.).,Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Germany, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany (O.J.M.)
| | - Tobias Jakobi
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., O.J.M., H.A.K., S.D.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg (C.H., O.J.M., T.J., C.D., H.A.K., S.D.).,Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (T.J., C.D.)
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., O.J.M., H.A.K., S.D.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg (C.H., O.J.M., T.J., C.D., H.A.K., S.D.).,Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (T.J., C.D.)
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., O.J.M., H.A.K., S.D.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg (C.H., O.J.M., T.J., C.D., H.A.K., S.D.)
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., O.J.M., H.A.K., S.D.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg (C.H., O.J.M., T.J., C.D., H.A.K., S.D.)
| | - Christopher C Glembotski
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, CA (E.A.B., C.H., M.S.D., A.S.B., A.S., W.S., A.A., D.J.T., F.W.K., C.C.G.)
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21
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Oka OB, van Lith M, Rudolf J, Tungkum W, Pringle MA, Bulleid NJ. ERp18 regulates activation of ATF6α during unfolded protein response. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100990. [PMID: 31368601 PMCID: PMC6670016 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the ATF6α signaling pathway is initiated by trafficking of ATF6α from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Its subsequent proteolysis releases a transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus causing downstream gene activation. How ER retention, Golgi trafficking, and proteolysis of ATF6α are regulated and whether additional protein partners are required for its localization and processing remain unresolved. Here, we show that ER-resident oxidoreductase ERp18 associates with ATF6α following ER stress and plays a key role in both trafficking and activation of ATF6α. We find that ERp18 depletion attenuates the ATF6α stress response. Paradoxically, ER stress accelerates trafficking of ATF6α to the Golgi in ERp18-depleted cells. However, the translocated ATF6α becomes aberrantly processed preventing release of the soluble transcription factor. Hence, we demonstrate that ERp18 monitors ATF6α ER quality control to ensure optimal processing following trafficking to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojore Bv Oka
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcel van Lith
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jana Rudolf
- Inserm U1035/BMGIC, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wanida Tungkum
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie Anne Pringle
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil J Bulleid
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Oh-Hashi K, Matsumoto S, Sakai T, Hirata Y, Okuda K, Nagasawa H. Effects of 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide on ERAD Component Expression in HT-29 Cells Under a Serum- and Glucose-Deprived Condition. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:1009-1021. [PMID: 30783947 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently characterized the cytotoxic action of a novel phenformin derivative, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition and found that 2-Cl-Phen attenuated ATF4 and GRP78, typical downstream targets of the unfolded protein response (UPR), together with c-Myc protein expression in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner. In the current study, we focused on the expression of ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) components after treatment with 2-Cl-Phen under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. Among nine ER-localizing factors regulating protein quality control within the ER, the amounts of Herp, GRP78, GRP94, and OS9 proteins were significantly downregulated by treatment with 2-Cl-Phen. In particular, replacement of the culture medium with the serum- and glucose-deprived medium induced the expression of Herp protein at the early phase. This increase in Herp protein was accompanied by an increase in its mRNA, and its induction was significantly dampened by 2-Cl-Phen. However, cotreatment with a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, restored Herp expression only to a limited extent. Taken together, these results show that 2-Cl-Phen changed the expression of several ERAD components, especially by transcriptional inhibition of Herp induction by 2-Cl-Phen when it occurred at an early phase, and this finding provides new insights into understanding the mechanisms of 2-Cl-Phen-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Shiori Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okuda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-kita, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
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23
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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Seo HG. Mutual interaction between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of diseases specifically focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Biol Chem 2018; 9:1-15. [PMID: 30364769 PMCID: PMC6198288 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal physiologic processes with the consumption of oxygen. While ROS play signaling roles, when they are produced in excess beyond normal antioxidative capacity this can cause pathogenic damage to cells. The majority of such oxidation occurs in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sulfhydryl group in proteins, resulting in lipid peroxidation and protein misfolding, respectively. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is enhanced under conditions of oxidative stress and results in ER stress, which, together, leads to the malfunction of cellular homeostasis. Multiple types of defensive machinery are activated in unfolded protein response under ER stress to resolve this unfavorable situation. ER stress triggers the malfunction of protein secretion and is associated with a variety of pathogenic conditions including defective insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and accelerated lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes. Herein we use nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an illustration of such pathological liver conditions that result from ER stress in association with oxidative stress. Protecting the ER by eliminating excessive ROS via the administration of antioxidants or by enhancing lipid-metabolizing capacity via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors represent promising therapeutics for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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24
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Oh-Hashi K, Fujimura K, Norisada J, Hirata Y. Expression analysis and functional characterization of the mouse cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12236. [PMID: 30111858 PMCID: PMC6093884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducible protein, namely, cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (CRELD2), which is predominantly regulated by ATF6. However, few studies on intrinsic CRELD2 have been published. In the present study, we elucidated the expression of intrinsic CRELD2 in mouse tissues and ER stress- treated Neuro2a cells. Among nine tissues we tested, CRELD2 protein in the heart and skeletal muscles was negligible. CRELD2 expression in Neuro2a cells was induced at the late phase after treatment with tunicamycin (Tm) compared with rapid induction of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene 153 (GADD153). On the other hand, another ER stress inducer, thapsigargin, increased the intrinsic CRELD2 secretion from Neuro2a cells. We furthermore established CRELD2-deficient Neuro2a cells to evaluate their features. In combination with the NanoLuc complementary reporter system, which was designed to detect protein-protein interaction in living cells, CRELD2 interacted with not only CRELD2 itself but also with ER localizing proteins in Neuro2a cells. Finally, we investigated the responsiveness of CRELD2-deficient cells against Tm-treatment and found that CRELD2 deficiency did not affect the expression of genes triggered by three canonical ER stress sensors but rendered Neuro2a cells vulnerable to Tm-stimulation. Taken together, these findings provide the novel molecular features of CRELD2, and its further characterization would give new insights into understanding the ER homeostasis and ER stress-induced cellular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Keito Fujimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Junpei Norisada
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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25
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Almanza A, Carlesso A, Chintha C, Creedican S, Doultsinos D, Leuzzi B, Luís A, McCarthy N, Montibeller L, More S, Papaioannou A, Püschel F, Sassano ML, Skoko J, Agostinis P, de Belleroche J, Eriksson LA, Fulda S, Gorman AM, Healy S, Kozlov A, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Rehm M, Chevet E, Samali A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling - from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. FEBS J 2018; 286:241-278. [PMID: 30027602 PMCID: PMC7379631 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first compartment of the secretory pathway. As such, the ER contributes to the production and folding of approximately one‐third of cellular proteins, and is thus inextricably linked to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the fine balance between health and disease. Specific ER stress signalling pathways, collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), are required for maintaining ER homeostasis. The UPR is triggered when ER protein folding capacity is overwhelmed by cellular demand and the UPR initially aims to restore ER homeostasis and normal cellular functions. However, if this fails, then the UPR triggers cell death. In this review, we provide a UPR signalling‐centric view of ER functions, from the ER's discovery to the latest advancements in the understanding of ER and UPR biology. Our review provides a synthesis of intracellular ER signalling revolving around proteostasis and the UPR, its impact on other organelles and cellular behaviour, its multifaceted and dynamic response to stress and its role in physiology, before finally exploring the potential exploitation of this knowledge to tackle unresolved biological questions and address unmet biomedical needs. Thus, we provide an integrated and global view of existing literature on ER signalling pathways and their use for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Almanza
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio Carlesso
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Chetan Chintha
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Dimitrios Doultsinos
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Brian Leuzzi
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luigi Montibeller
- Neurogenetics Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Sanket More
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Franziska Püschel
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Livia Sassano
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Josip Skoko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jackie de Belleroche
- Neurogenetics Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sandra Healy
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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26
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Norisada J, Fujimura K, Amaya F, Kohno H, Hirata Y, Oh-hashi K. Application of NanoBiT for Monitoring Dimerization of the Null Hong Kong Variant of α-1-Antitrypsin, NHK, in Living Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:539-549. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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27
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Xu S, Liu WY, Zhao FF, Li YJ, Yue Z, Jiao F, Xie SY. Identification and functional characterization of unfolded protein response transcription factor ATF6 gene in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:223-230. [PMID: 29427718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathway is the key branch of unfolded protein response (UPR). In this study, a homolog of ATFα from Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjATF6) was identified using genome sequencing and characterized, so as to investigate the role of ATF6 pathway in anti-viral immunity of M. japonicus. The cDNA of MjATF6 obtained was 1008 bp in length, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 849bp, which had encoded a putative of 283 amino acid proteins. Results of qRT-PCR showed that MjATF6 was distributed in all the six tested tissues, with the higher expression level being seen in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. Furthermore, MjATF6 expression would be up-regulated from 1 day to 7 day under white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. In comparison, RNA interference-induced MjATF6 knockdown had resulted in a lower 7-day cumulative mortality of M. japonicus in the presence of WSSV infection. Additionally, our results also revealed that less VP28 mRNA was extracted from hemocytes or hepatopancreas of MjATF6 knockdown shrimp than that from the control. Taken together, these results have confirmed that ATF6 pathway is vital for WSSV replication, and that UPR in M. japonicus may facilitate WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhen Yue
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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28
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Oh-Hashi K, Matsumoto S, Sakai T, Nomura Y, Okuda K, Nagasawa H, Hirata Y. Elucidating the rapid action of 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:279-290. [PMID: 28871429 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the cytotoxic action of a novel phenformin derivative, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. In that study, we showed that the ATF6 arm of the ER stress pathway and c-Myc expression were downregulated 12 h after the treatment with 2-Cl-Phen. Through characterization of intracellular events at the early phase of the 2-Cl-Phen treatment before noticeable morphological changes, we found rapid fluctuations in the c-Myc and ATF4 proteins but not in their mRNAs in 2-Cl-Phen-treated HT-29 cells under the serum- and glucose-deprived condition. The 2-Cl-Phen-mediated downregulation of ATF4 protein was not paralleled by the phosphorylation status of PERK and eIF2α. Reduction of c-Myc expression by 2-Cl-Phen was more profound than that of ATF4 expression, and phosphorylated c-Myc was downregulated within 2 h. Pharmacological studies on the expression of c-Myc and ATF4 proteins showed that this decrease was mediated through proteasomal degradation but not by autophagy. Interestingly, treatment with lithium chloride, which is a well-known inhibitor of GSK3β, partially recovered the expression of ATF4 protein, but its effect on the level of total c-Myc protein was negligible. Treatment with 2-Cl-Phen increased the expression of phosphorylated AMPK, but Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, did not influence the expression of c-Myc protein in HT-29 cells. Finally, we observed that 2-Cl-Phen partially attenuated the gene expression of integrin subunit α1 (ITGA1), a downstream target of c-Myc. Taken together, these results show that 2-Cl-Phen rapidly downregulated the expression of c-Myc in addition to ER stress responses in a post-translational manner. Further elucidation and improvement of this multi-target-directed compound will provide new insights for developing therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Shiori Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuki Nomura
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okuda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-kita, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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29
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Functional validation of ATF4 and GADD34 in Neuro2a cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 440:65-75. [PMID: 28825160 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which is ubiquitously expressed, plays a crucial role in regulating various stress-responsive genes under pathophysiological conditions. Further, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 34 (GADD34), a downstream target of ATF4, has been reported to negatively regulate ATF4 expression. To understand the relationship between intrinsic ATF4 and GADD34 under resting and ER stress conditions, we used a novel gene editing approach, CRISPR/Cas9, to integrate antibiotic-resistant genes into the target genes, ATF4 and GADD34. First, we manipulated the ATF4 gene in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro2a, and compared the ER stress responses between parental and ATF4-edited Neuro2a cells. Next, we established Neuro2a cells with edited GADD34 and ATF4/GADD34 genes and found that ATF4 acts as a proapoptotic factor, but GADD34 depletion did not attenuate the expression of cleaved caspase-3 induced by tunicamycin treatment. These findings provide new insights into the ATF4 signaling cascades. Additionally, the rapid establishment of cells lacking multiple genes using this CRISPR/Cas9 system will be a powerful tool for exploring various cellular issues under pathophysiological conditions.
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30
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Lu R, Mucaki EJ, Rogan PK. Discovery and validation of information theory-based transcription factor and cofactor binding site motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e27. [PMID: 27899659 PMCID: PMC5389469 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from ChIP-seq experiments can derive the genome-wide binding specificities of transcription factors (TFs) and other regulatory proteins. We analyzed 765 ENCODE ChIP-seq peak datasets of 207 human TFs with a novel motif discovery pipeline based on recursive, thresholded entropy minimization. This approach, while obviating the need to compensate for skewed nucleotide composition, distinguishes true binding motifs from noise, quantifies the strengths of individual binding sites based on computed affinity and detects adjacent cofactor binding sites that coordinate with the targets of primary, immunoprecipitated TFs. We obtained contiguous and bipartite information theory-based position weight matrices (iPWMs) for 93 sequence-specific TFs, discovered 23 cofactor motifs for 127 TFs and revealed six high-confidence novel motifs. The reliability and accuracy of these iPWMs were determined via four independent validation methods, including the detection of experimentally proven binding sites, explanation of effects of characterized SNPs, comparison with previously published motifs and statistical analyses. We also predict previously unreported TF coregulatory interactions (e.g. TF complexes). These iPWMs constitute a powerful tool for predicting the effects of sequence variants in known binding sites, performing mutation analysis on regulatory SNPs and predicting previously unrecognized binding sites and target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada.,Cytognomix Inc., London, Ontario, N5X 3X5, Canada
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31
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Yoo JY, Ahn JI, Kim TH, Yu S, Ahn JY, Lim JM, Jeong JW. G-protein coupled receptor 64 is required for decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5021. [PMID: 28694502 PMCID: PMC5503986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although GPR64 has an important role for male fertility, its physiological roles in the female reproductive system are still unknown. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis reveals a spatiotemporal expression of GPR64 in the uterus during early pregnancy. Observation of remarkable induction of GPR64 expression in uterine decidual cells points to its potential physiological significance on decidualization. The decidualization of uterine stromal cells is a key event in implantation. Progesterone (P4) signaling is crucial for the decidualization of the endometrial stromal cells for successful pregnancy. Therefore, we examined ovarian steroid hormone regulation of GPR64 expression in the murine uterus. P4 induced GPR64 expression in the epithelial and stromal cells of the uterus in ovariectomized wild-type mice, but not in PRKO mice. ChIP analysis confirmed that PGR proteins were recruited on progesterone response element of Gpr64 gene in the uteri of wild-type mice treated with P4. Furthermore, the expression of GPR64 was increased in human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) during in vitro decidualization. Interestingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of GPR64 in hESCs remarkably reduced decidualization. These results suggest that Gpr64 has a crucial role in the decidualization of endometrial stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapid, MI, 49503, United States
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Research Institutes of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapid, MI, 49503, United States
| | - Sungryul Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Research Institutes of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapid, MI, 49503, United States.
- Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, 49341, United States.
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Jin JK, Blackwood EA, Azizi K, Thuerauf DJ, Fahem AG, Hofmann C, Kaufman RJ, Doroudgar S, Glembotski CC. ATF6 Decreases Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage and Links ER Stress and Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways in the Heart. Circ Res 2016; 120:862-875. [PMID: 27932512 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER, activating the transcription factor, ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6 alpha), which induces ER stress response genes. Myocardial ischemia induces the ER stress response; however, neither the function of this response nor whether it is mediated by ATF6 is known. OBJECTIVE Here, we examined the effects of blocking the ATF6-mediated ER stress response on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in cardiac myocytes and mouse hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Knockdown of ATF6 in cardiac myocytes subjected to I/R increased reactive oxygen species and necrotic cell death, both of which were mitigated by ATF6 overexpression. Under nonstressed conditions, wild-type and ATF6 knockout mouse hearts were similar. However, compared with wild-type, ATF6 knockout hearts showed increased damage and decreased function after I/R. Mechanistically, gene array analysis showed that ATF6, which is known to induce genes encoding ER proteins that augment ER protein folding, induced numerous oxidative stress response genes not previously known to be ATF6-inducible. Many of the proteins encoded by the ATF6-induced oxidative stress genes identified here reside outside the ER, including catalase, which is known to decrease damaging reactive oxygen species in the heart. Catalase was induced by the canonical ER stressor, tunicamycin, and by I/R in cardiac myocytes from wild-type but not in cardiac myocytes from ATF6 knockout mice. ER stress response elements were identified in the catalase gene and were shown to bind ATF6 in cardiac myocytes, which increased catalase promoter activity. Overexpression of catalase, in vivo, restored ATF6 knockout mouse heart function to wild-type levels in a mouse model of I/R, as did adeno-associated virus 9-mediated ATF6 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS ATF6 serves an important role as a previously unappreciated link between the ER stress and oxidative stress gene programs, supporting a novel mechanism by which ATF6 decreases myocardial I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kang Jin
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Erik A Blackwood
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Khalid Azizi
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Donna J Thuerauf
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Asal G Fahem
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Christoph Hofmann
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.)
| | - Christopher C Glembotski
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (J.-K.J., E.A.B., K.A., D.J.T., A.G.F., C.H., S.D., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (C.H., S.D.); and Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (R.J.K.).
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Xiong Y, Li W, Lin P, Wang L, Wang N, Chen F, Li X, Wang A, Jin Y. Expression and regulation of ATF6α in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:65. [PMID: 27717400 PMCID: PMC5055674 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATF6α, one of the sensor proteins in the stress signaling pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum, is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. To date, the physiological function of ATF6α in the process of embryo implantation has not been reported. METHODS In this study, the expression pattern of ATF6α in the mouse uterus during peri-implantation and the estrous cycle was detected by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ATF6α mRNA and protein levels were higher in the uterus near the implantation site on day 5 and were intensely expressed in the secondary decidual zone (SDZ) on days 7-8. In the uteri of pseudopregnant mice, ATF6α mRNA and protein levels were lower on day 5 than on other days. The activating blastocyst and artificial decidualization had an obvious effect of increasing the expression of ATF6α. In addition, the expression of ATF6α was affected by progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) in ovariectomized mice. This finding is further supported by evidence from mice during the estrous cycle. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we have concluded that ATF6α may play an important role during embryo implantation and decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Fenglei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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Oh-Hashi K, Furuta E, Norisada J, Amaya F, Hirata Y, Kiuchi K. Application of NanoLuc to monitor the intrinsic promoter activity of GRP78 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Genes Cells 2016; 21:1137-1143. [PMID: 27515429 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we applied a highly sensitive small luciferase, NanoLuc, to establish a knock-in cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and characterized the endogenous promoter activity of the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) gene. The N-terminal region of the human GRP78 gene was fused to the NanoLuc gene and aligned with the puromycin-resistant gene through the 2A peptide sequence and used as a knock-in vector. The selected cells responded to both pharmacological and genetic ER stress and show NanoLuc-based CRISPR/Cas9 system is a very useful tool to isolate gene-edited cells and to characterize the endogenous promoter activity for genes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Eri Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Junpei Norisada
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Amaya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kiuchi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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Krawczyk KK, Ekman M, Rippe C, Grossi M, Nilsson BO, Albinsson S, Uvelius B, Swärd K. Assessing the contribution of thrombospondin-4 induction and ATF6α activation to endoplasmic reticulum expansion and phenotypic modulation in bladder outlet obstruction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32449. [PMID: 27581066 PMCID: PMC5007532 DOI: 10.1038/srep32449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells is a hallmark of disease. The associated expansion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) volume remains unexplained. Thrombospondin-4 was recently found to promote ATF6α activation leading to ER expansion. Using bladder outlet obstruction as a paradigm for phenotypic modulation, we tested if thrombospondin-4 is induced in association with ATF6α activation and ER expansion. Thrombospondin-4 was induced and ATF6α was activated after outlet obstruction in rodents. Increased abundance of spliced of Xbp1, another ER-stress sensor, and induction of Atf4 and Creb3l2 was also seen. Downstream of ATF6α, Calr, Manf, Sdf2l1 and Pdi increased as did ER size, whereas contractile markers were reduced. Overexpression of ATF6α, but not of thrombospondin-4, increased Calr, Manf, Sdf2l1 and Pdi and caused ER expansion, but the contractile markers were inert. Knockout of thrombospondin-4 neither affected bladder growth nor expression of ATF6α target genes, and repression of contractile markers was the same, even if ATF6α activation was curtailed. Increases of Xbp1s, Atf4 and Creb3l2 were similar. Our findings demonstrate reciprocal regulation of the unfolded protein response, including ATF6α activation and ER expansion, and reduced contractile differentiation in bladder outlet obstruction occurring independently of thrombospondin-4, which however is a sensitive indicator of obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Ekman
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mario Grossi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Uvelius
- Department of Urology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Elucidation of a novel phenformin derivative on glucose-deprived stress responses in HT-29 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 419:29-40. [PMID: 27392906 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a variety of phenformin derivatives as selective antitumor agents. Based on previous findings, this study evaluated a promising compound, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on the basis of stress responses in the human colon cancer cell line HT-29 under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. 2-Cl-Phen triggered morphological changes such as shrinkage and plasma membrane disintegration, as well as a decrease in mitochondrial activity and an increase in LDH leakage. To understand intracellular issues relating to 2-Cl-Phen, this study focused on the expression levels of ER stress-inducible genes and several oncogenic genes. Serum and glucose deprivation significantly induced a variety of ER stress-inducible genes, but a 12-h treatment of 2-Cl-Phen down-regulated expression of several ER stress-related genes, with the exception of GADD153. Interestingly, the expression levels of ATF6α, GRP78, MANF, and CRELD2 mRNA were almost completely decreased by 2-Cl-Phen. This study also observed that a 24-h treatment of 2-Cl-Phen attenuated the expression levels of GRP78, GADD153, and c-Myc protein. The decrease in c-Myc protein occurred before the fluctuation of GRP78 protein, while the expression of c-Myc mRNA showed little change with cotreatment of serum and glucose deprivation with 2-Cl-Phen. To further understand the 2-Cl-Phen-induced down-regulation of ATF6-related genes, this study investigated the stability of ATF6α and GRP78 proteins using NanoLuc-tagged constructs. The expression levels of NanoLuc-tagged ATF6α and GRP78 were significantly down-regulated by 2-Cl-Phen in the presence or absence of the translation inhibitor cycloheximide. Taken together, our novel phenformin derivative 2-Cl-Phen has the unique characteristic of diminishing tumor adaptive responses, especially the expression of ATF6-related genes, as well as that of c-Myc protein, in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional manner under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. Further characterization of cytotoxic mechanisms related to phenformin derivatives may give new insights into developing additional promising anticancer agents.
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Inaba H, Kai D, Kida S. N-glycosylation in the hippocampus is required for the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 135:57-65. [PMID: 27343988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Memory consolidation and reconsolidation have been shown to require new gene expression. N-glycosylation, one of the major post-translational modifications, is known to play essential or regulatory roles in protein function. A previous study suggested that N-glycosylation is required for the maintenance of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. However, the role of de novo N-glycosylation in learning and memory, such as memory consolidation and reconsolidation, still remains unclear. Here, we show critical roles for N-glycosylation in the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory in mice. We examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of N-glycosylation in the hippocampus on these memory processes using three different inhibitors (tunicamycin, 1-deoxynojirimycin, and swainsonine) that block the enzymatic activity required for N-glycosylation at different steps. Microinfusions of the N-glycosylation inhibitors into the dorsal hippocampus impaired long-term memory (LTM) formation without affecting short-term memory (STM). Similarly, this pharmacological blockade of N-glycosylation in the dorsal hippocampus also disrupted post-reactivation LTM after retrieval without affecting post-reactivation STM. Additionally, a microinfusion of swainsonine blocked c-fos induction in the hippocampus, which is observed when memory is consolidated. Our observations showed that N-glycosylation is required for the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory and suggested that N-glycosylation contributes to the new gene expression necessary for these memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Inaba
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kai
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kida
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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Oh-hashi K, Norisada J, Hirata Y, Kiuchi K. Characterization of the Role of MANF in Regulating the Secretion of CRELD2. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:722-31. [PMID: 25947918 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the secretion of two novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducible proteins, cysteine-rich with epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains 2 (CRELD2) and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), are oppositely regulated by the overexpression of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78). In the present study, we found that the co-transfection of CRELD2 and MANF remarkably enhanced the secretion of CRELD2 without affecting the expression level of GRP78. To identify the structural features of CRELD2 and MANF involved in this process, we generated several CRELD2 and MANF expression constructs. The deletion of the four C-terminal amino acids, either REDL in CRELD2 or RTDL in MANF, abolished the increased secretion of CRELD2 induced by the co-expression of MANF. The deleted mutation of MANF partially abolished the increased secretion of wild type CRELD2 (wtCRELD2) as a positive action of wild type MANF (wtMANF), even when we added the amino acid sequence RTDL at the C-terminus of each mutated MANF construct. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), which was tagged with the signal peptide sequence at the N-terminus and four C-terminal amino acids (KEDL, REDL or RTDL), were retained intracellularly, but they did not enhance the secretion of wtCRELD2. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MANF is a factor in regulating the secretion of CRELD2 through four C-terminal amino acids, RTDL and REDL, and the fluctuation of intracellular MANF seems to potentiate the secretion of CRELD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University; 1–1 Yanagido, 2. United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University
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Norisada J, Hirata Y, Amaya F, Kiuchi K, Oh-hashi K. A Comparative Analysis of the Molecular Features of MANF and CDNF. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146923. [PMID: 26820513 PMCID: PMC4731063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a paralogous protein of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF). Both proteins have been reported to show a common cytoprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons as a secretory protein containing the KDEL-like motif of the ER retrieval signal at the C-terminus, RTDL in MANF and [Q/K]TEL in CDNF among many species, although functions of paralogous proteins tend to differ from each other. In this study, we focused on post-translational regulations of their retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and secretion and performed comparative experiments on characterization of mouse MANF and mouse CDNF according to our previous report about biosynthesis and secretion of mouse MANF using a NanoLuc system. In this study, co-expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), KDEL receptor 1 or mutant Sar1 into HEK293 cells similarly decreased MANF and CDNF secretion with some degree of variation. Next, we investigated whether CDNF affects the secretion of mouse cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (CRELD2) because mouse wild-type (wt) MANF but not its KDEL-like motif deleted mutant (ΔCMANF) was found to promote the CRELD2 release from the transfected cells. Co-expressing CRELD2 with wt or ΔC CDNF, we found that CDNF and ΔCMANF hardly elevated the CRELD2 secretion. We then investigated effects of the four or six C-terminal amino acids of MANF and CDNF on the CRELD2 secretion. As a result, co-transfection of mouse CDNF having the mouse MANF-type C-terminal amino acids (CDNFRTDL and CDNFSARTDL) increased the CRELD2 secretion to a small extent, but mouse CDNF having human CDNF-type ones (CDNFKTEL and CDNFHPKTEL) well increased the CRELD2 secretion. On the other hand, the replacement of C-terminal motifs of mouse MANF with those of mouse CDNF (MANFQTEL and MANFYPQTEL) enhanced the CRELD2 secretion, and the mouse MANF having human CDNF-type ones (MANFKTEL and MANFHPKTEL) dramatically potentiated the CRELD2 secretion. These results indicate that the secretion of mouse MANF and mouse CDNF is fundamentally regulated in the same manner and that the variation of four C-terminal amino acids in the MANF and CDNF among species might influence their intracellular functions. This finding could be a hint to identify physiological functions of MANF and CDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Norisada
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Amaya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602–0841, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kiuchi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-hashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cui M, Kanemoto S, Cui X, Kaneko M, Asada R, Matsuhisa K, Tanimoto K, Yoshimoto Y, Shukunami C, Imaizumi K. OASIS modulates hypoxia pathway activity to regulate bone angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16455. [PMID: 26558437 PMCID: PMC4642342 DOI: 10.1038/srep16455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OASIS/CREB3L1, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transcription factor, plays important roles in osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we identified new crosstalk between OASIS and the hypoxia signaling pathway, which regulates vascularization during bone development. RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses revealed significant decreases in the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) target genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in OASIS-deficient (Oasis−/−) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In coimmunoprecipitation experiments, the N-terminal fragment of OASIS (OASIS-N; activated form of OASIS) bound to HIF-1α through the bZIP domain. Luciferase assays showed that OASIS-N promoted the transcription activities of a reporter gene via a hypoxia-response element (HRE). Furthermore, the expression levels of an angiogenic factor Vegfa was decreased in Oasis−/− osteoblasts. Immunostaining and metatarsal angiogenesis assay showed retarded vascularization in bone tissue of Oasis−/− mice. These results suggest that OASIS affects the expression of HIF-1α target genes through the protein interaction with HIF-1α, and that OASIS-HIF-1α complexes may play essential roles in angiogenesis during bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Soshi Kanemoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanimoto
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Doroudgar S, Völkers M, Thuerauf DJ, Khan M, Mohsin S, Respress JL, Wang W, Gude N, Müller OJ, Wehrens XHT, Sussman MA, Glembotski CC. Hrd1 and ER-Associated Protein Degradation, ERAD, are Critical Elements of the Adaptive ER Stress Response in Cardiac Myocytes. Circ Res 2015; 117:536-46. [PMID: 26137860 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been studied in yeast, where it contributes to ER protein quality control by ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of misfolded proteins that accumulate during ER stress. Neither Hrd1 nor ERAD has been studied in the heart, or in cardiac myocytes, where protein quality control is critical for proper heart function. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study were to elucidate roles for Hrd1 in ER stress, ERAD, and viability in cultured cardiac myocytes and in the mouse heart, in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of small interfering RNA-mediated Hrd1 knockdown were examined in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. The effects of adeno-associated virus-mediated Hrd1 knockdown and overexpression were examined in the hearts of mice subjected to pressure overload-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy, which challenges protein-folding capacity. In cardiac myocytes, the ER stressors, thapsigargin and tunicamycin increased ERAD, as well as adaptive ER stress proteins, and minimally affected cell death. However, when Hrd1 was knocked down, thapsigargin and tunicamycin dramatically decreased ERAD, while increasing maladaptive ER stress proteins and cell death. In vivo, Hrd1 knockdown exacerbated cardiac dysfunction and increased apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy, whereas Hrd1 overexpression preserved cardiac function and decreased apoptosis and attenuated cardiac hypertrophy in the hearts of mice subjected to pressure overload. CONCLUSIONS Hrd1 and ERAD are essential components of the adaptive ER stress response in cardiac myocytes. Hrd1 contributes to preserving heart structure and function in a mouse model of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Doroudgar
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Mirko Völkers
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Donna J Thuerauf
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Mohsin Khan
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Jonathan L Respress
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Natalie Gude
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Oliver J Müller
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Christopher C Glembotski
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, CA (S.D., M.V., D.J.T., M.K., S.M., N.G., M.A.S., C.C.G.); Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); DZKH (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (M.V.); Department of Internal Medicine III (O.J.M.), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (M.K., S.M.); and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.L.R., W.W., X.H.T.W.).
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Hikiji T, Norisada J, Hirata Y, Okuda K, Nagasawa H, Ishigaki S, Sobue G, Kiuchi K, Oh-hashi K. A highly sensitive assay of IRE1 activity using the small luciferase NanoLuc: Evaluation of ALS-related genetic and pathological factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:881-7. [PMID: 26056941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) due to abnormal conditions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the cleavage of an unspliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (uXBP1), producing its spliced form (sXBP1). To estimate IRE1 activation, several analytical procedures using green fluorescence protein and firefly luciferase have been developed and applied to clarify the roles of IRE1-XBP1 signaling pathways during development and disease progression. In this study, we established a highly sensitive assay of IRE1 activity using a small luciferase, NanoLuc, which has approximately 100-fold higher activity than firefly luciferase. The NanoLuc reporter, which contained a portion of the spliced region of XBP1 upstream of NanoLuc, was highly sensitive and compatible with several types of cell lines. We found that NanoLuc was secreted into the extracellular space independent of the ER-Golgi pathway. The NanoLuc activity of an aliquot of culture medium from the neuroblastoma-spinal neuron hybrid cell line NSC-34 reflected the toxic stimuli-induced elevation of intracellular activity well. Using this technique, we evaluated the effects of several genetic and pathological factors associated with the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on NanoLuc reporter activity. Under our experimental conditions, inhibition of ER-Golgi transport by the overexpression of mutant Sar1 activated luciferase activity, whereas the co-expression of mutant SOD1 or the C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 (TDP-25) did not. The addition of homocysteine elevated the reporter activity; however, we did not observe any synergistic effect due to the overexpression of the mutant genes described above. Taken together, these data show that our analytical procedure is highly sensitive and convenient for screening useful compounds that modulate IRE1-XBP1 signaling pathways as well as for estimating IRE1 activation in several pathophysiological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hikiji
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Japan
| | - Junpei Norisada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okuda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishigaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kiuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Kohl S, Zobor D, Chiang WC, Weisschuh N, Staller J, Gonzalez Menendez I, Chang S, Beck SC, Garcia Garrido M, Sothilingam V, Seeliger MW, Stanzial F, Benedicenti F, Inzana F, Héon E, Vincent A, Beis J, Strom TM, Rudolph G, Roosing S, Hollander AID, Cremers FPM, Lopez I, Ren H, Moore AT, Webster AR, Michaelides M, Koenekoop RK, Zrenner E, Kaufman RJ, Tsang SH, Wissinger B, Lin JH. Mutations in the unfolded protein response regulator ATF6 cause the cone dysfunction disorder achromatopsia. Nat Genet 2015; 47:757-65. [PMID: 26029869 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Achromatopsia (ACHM) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by color blindness, photophobia, nystagmus and severely reduced visual acuity. Using homozygosity mapping and whole-exome and candidate gene sequencing, we identified ten families carrying six homozygous and two compound-heterozygous mutations in the ATF6 gene (encoding activating transcription factor 6A), a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Patients had evidence of foveal hypoplasia and disruption of the cone photoreceptor layer. The ACHM-associated ATF6 mutations attenuate ATF6 transcriptional activity in response to ER stress. Atf6(-/-) mice have normal retinal morphology and function at a young age but develop rod and cone dysfunction with increasing age. This new ACHM-related gene suggests a crucial and unexpected role for ATF6A in human foveal development and cone function and adds to the list of genes that, despite ubiquitous expression, when mutated can result in an isolated retinal photoreceptor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ditta Zobor
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei-Chieh Chiang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Staller
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez Menendez
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stanley Chang
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Edward Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susanne C Beck
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Garcia Garrido
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vithiyanjali Sothilingam
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias W Seeliger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franco Stanzial
- Clinical Genetics Service, Regional Hospital Bozen, Bozen, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Inzana
- Clinical Genetics Service, Regional Hospital Bozen, Bozen, Italy
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Programme of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Programme of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Beis
- Medical Genetics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tim M Strom
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Günther Rudolph
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Lopez
- McGill Ocular Genetics Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huanan Ren
- McGill Ocular Genetics Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anthony T Moore
- 1] University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. [2] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK. [3] Ophthalmology Department, University of California San Francisco Medical School, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew R Webster
- 1] University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. [2] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- 1] University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. [2] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- 1] Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [2] Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [3] Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [4] Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [5] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan H Lin
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Norisada J, Hirata Y, Amaya F, Kiuchi K, Oh-hashi K. A sensitive assay for the biosynthesis and secretion of MANF using NanoLuc activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oh-hashi K, Kanamori Y, Hirata Y, Kiuchi K. Characterization of V-ATPase inhibitor-induced secretion of cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2014; 30:127-36. [PMID: 24687431 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (CRELD2), a novel ER stress-inducible factor, is a secretory glycoprotein; however, the stimuli that induce CRELD2 secretion have not yet been characterized. In this study, we found that the perturbation of intravesicular acidification of cytoplasmic organelles in HEK293 cells stably expressing wild-type (wt) CRELD2 induced its secretion. In particular, Concanamycin A (CMA) and Bafilomycin A1 (Baf), inhibitors of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), increased the secretion of CRELD2 without relying on its C-terminal structure. The levels of secretion of EGFP-fused CRELD2 (SP-EGFP-CRELD2), which consists of EGFP following the putative signal peptide (SP) sequence of CRELD2, from COS7 cells transiently transfected with this construct were also increased after each of the treatments, but their intracellular localization was barely affected by CMA treatment. Transient overexpression of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) also increased the secretion of CRELD2 from HEK293 cells expressing wt CRELD2, whereas the perturbation of intravesicular acidification did not alter the expression of GRP78 and PDI in the HEK293 cells. We further studied the roles of intracellular calcium ions and the Golgi apparatus in the secretion of CRELD2 from HEK293 cells in which intravesicular acidification was perturbed. The treatment with calcium ionophore increased the secretion of wt CRELD2, while that with BAPTA-AM, an intracellular calcium chelator, did not reduce the CMA-induced CRELD2 secretion. By contrast, treatment with brefeldin A (BFA), which inhibits the transportation of proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, almost completely abolished the secretion of wt CRELD2 from the HEK293 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the intravesicular acidification by V-ATPase regulates the secretion of CRELD2 without relying on the balance of intracellular calcium ions and the expression of ER chaperones such as GRP78 and PDI. These findings concerning the role of V-ATPases in modulating the secretion of CRELD2, a novel ER stress-inducible secretory factor, may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of certain ER stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan,
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Endres K, Reinhardt S. ER-stress in Alzheimer's disease: turning the scale? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2013; 2:247-265. [PMID: 24319643 PMCID: PMC3852565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are intensely investigated as it is the most common form of dementia and burdens society by its costs and social demands. While key molecules such as A-beta peptides and tau have been identified decades ago, it is still enigmatic what drives the disease in its sporadic manifestation. Synthesis of A-beta peptides as well as phosphorylation of tau proteins comprise normal cellular functions and occur in principle in the healthy as well as in dementia-affected persons. Dyshomeostasis of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) cleavage, energy metabolism or kinase/phosphatase activity due to stressors has been suggested as a trigger of the disease. One way for cells to escape stress based on dysfunction of ER is the unfolded protein response - the UPR. This pathway is composed out of three different routes that differ in proteins involved, targets and consequences for cell fate: activation of transmembrane ER resident kinases IRE1-alpha and PERK or monomerization of membrane-anchored activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) induce activation of versatile transcription factors (XBP-1, eIF2-alpha/ATF4 and ATF6 P50). These bind to specific DNA sequences on target gene promoters and on one hand attenuate general ER-prone protein synthesis and on the other equip the cell with tools to de-stress. If cells fail in stress compensation, this signaling also is able to evoke apoptosis. In this review we summarized knowledge on how APP processing and phosphorylation of tau might be influenced by ER-stress signaling. In addition, we depicted the effects UPR itself seems to have on molecules closely related to AD and describe what is known about UPR in AD animal models as well as in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Transcriptional regulation of mouse mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor in Neuro2a cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:398-415. [PMID: 23864333 PMCID: PMC6275609 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a novel type of trophic factor. Recent studies indicate that the MANF gene is induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through ER stress response element II (ERSE-II) in its 5'-flanking region. In this study, we evaluated the roles of six ER stress response transcription factors in the regulation of the promoter activities of the mouse MANF gene via ERSE-II using various types of mutant MANF luciferase reporter constructs. Treatment with thapsigargin (Tg) induced MANF mRNA generation in parallel with the elevation of ATF6α, sXBP and Luman mRNA levels in Neuro2a cells. Of the six transcription factors, ATF6β most strongly increased the MANF promoter activity via ERSE-II, while the effects of ATF6β and sXBP1 were moderate. However, overexpression of Luman or OASIS did not enhance ERSE-II-dependent MANF promoter activity in Neuro2a cells. To evaluate the relationships between transcription factors in the regulation of ERSE-II-dependent MANF promoter activity, we transfected two effective transcription factor constructs chosen from ATF6α, ATF6β, uXBP1 and sXBP1 into Neuro2a cells with the MANF reporter construct. The MANF promoter activity induced by co-transfection of ATF6α with ATF6β was significantly lower than that induced by ATF6α alone, while other combinations did not show any effect on the ERSE-II-dependent MANF promoter activity in Neuro2a cells. Our study is the first to show the efficiency of ER stress-related transcription factors for ERSE-II in activating the transcription of the mouse MANF gene in Neuro2a cells.
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Characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse asparagine-linked glycosylation 12 homolog gene. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:315-27. [PMID: 23818223 PMCID: PMC6275931 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we characterized multiple roles of the endoplasmic reticulum stress responsive element (ERSE) in the promotion of a unique headto-head gene pair: mammalian asparagine-linked glycosylation 12 homolog (ALG12) and cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 (CRELD2). This bidirectional promoter, which consists of fewer than 400 base pairs, separates the two genes. It has been demonstrated that the ALG12 promoter shows less transcriptional activity through ERSE, but its basic regulatory mechanism has not been characterized. In this study, we focused on well-conserved binding elements for the transcription factors for ATF6, NF-Y and YY1 and the Sp1 and Ets families in the 5’-flanking region of the mouse ALG12 gene. We characterized their dominant roles in regulating ALG12 promoter activities using several deletion and mutation luciferase reporter constructs. The ALG12 gene is expressed in three distinct cell lines: Neuro2a, C6 glioma and HeLa cells. The reporter activity in each cell line decreased similarly with serial deletions of the mouse ALG12 promoter. Mutations in the ERSE and adjacent NF-Y-binding element slightly affected reporter activity. Each of the mutations in the GC-rich sequence and YY1-binding element reduced ALG12 promoter activity, and the combination of these mutations additively decreased reporter activity. Each mutation in the tandem-arranged Ets-family consensus sequences partially attenuated ALG12 promoter activity, and mutations of all three Ets-binding elements decreased promoter activity by approximately 40%. Mutation of the three conserved regulatory elements (GC-rich, YY1 and Ets) in the ALG12 promoter decreased reporter activity by more than 90%. Our results suggest that the promoter activity of the mouse ALG12 gene is regulated in a similar manner in the three cell lines tested in this study. The well-conserved consensus sequences in the promoter of this gene synergistically contribute to maintaining basal gene expression.
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Misra J, Kim DK, Choi W, Koo SH, Lee CH, Back SH, Kaufman RJ, Choi HS. Transcriptional cross talk between orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ and transmembrane transcription factor ATF6α coordinates endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6960-74. [PMID: 23716639 PMCID: PMC3737538 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ is a member of nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates several important cellular processes including hepatic glucose and alcohol metabolism. However, mechanistic understanding of transcriptional regulation of the ERRγ gene remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane–bound basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor, directly regulates ERRγ gene expression in response to ER stress. ATF6α binds to ATF6α responsive element in the ERRγ promoter. The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) is required for this transactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed the binding of both ATF6α and PGC1α on the ERRγ promoter. ChIP assay demonstrated histone H3 and H4 acetylation occurs at the ATF6α and PGC1α binding site. Of interest, ERRγ along with PGC1α induce ATF6α gene transcription upon ER stress. ERRγ binds to an ERRγ responsive element in the ATF6α promoter. ChIP assay confirmed that both ERRγ and PGC1α bind to a site in the ATF6α promoter that exhibits histone H3 and H4 acetylation. Overall, for the first time our data show a novel pathway of cross talk between nuclear receptors and ER-membrane–bound transcription factors and suggest a positive feed-forward loop regulates ERRγ and ATF6α gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Misra
- Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of mouse cation transport regulator homolog 1. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:97-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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