1
|
Lev R, Bar-Am O, Saar G, Guardiola O, Minchiotti G, Peled E, Seliktar D. Development of a local controlled release system for therapeutic proteins in the treatment of skeletal muscle injuries and diseases. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:470. [PMID: 38956034 PMCID: PMC11219926 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to develop and characterize a controlled-release delivery system for protein therapeutics in skeletal muscle regeneration following an acute injury. The therapeutic protein, a membrane-GPI anchored protein called Cripto, was immobilized in an injectable hydrogel delivery vehicle for local administration and sustained release. The hydrogel was made of poly(ethylene glycol)-fibrinogen (PEG-Fibrinogen, PF), in the form of injectable microspheres. The PF microspheres exhibited a spherical morphology with an average diameter of approximately 100 micrometers, and the Cripto protein was uniformly entrapped within them. The release rate of Cripto from the PF microspheres was controlled by tuning the crosslinking density of the hydrogel, which was varied by changing the concentration of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) crosslinker. In vitro experiments confirmed a sustained-release profile of Cripto from the PF microspheres for up to 27 days. The released Cripto was biologically active and promoted the in vitro proliferation of mouse myoblasts. The therapeutic effect of PF-mediated delivery of Cripto in vivo was tested in a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle injury model in mice. The Cripto caused an increase in the in vivo expression of the myogenic markers Pax7, the differentiation makers eMHC and Desmin, higher numbers of centro-nucleated myofibers and greater areas of regenerated muscle tissue. Collectively, these results establish the PF microspheres as a potential delivery system for the localized, sustained release of therapeutic proteins toward the accelerated repair of damaged muscle tissue following acute injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lev
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Galit Saar
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ombretta Guardiola
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Eli Peled
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaburagi K, Hagiwara Y, Tachikawa K, Miyake N, Akiyama H, Kawai Y, Omae Y, Tokunaga K, Yamano Y, Shimizu T, Mitsuhashi S. A novel NODAL variant in a young embolic stroke patient with visceral heterotaxy. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:119. [PMID: 38605286 PMCID: PMC11007883 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke in young adults can be caused by a variety of etiologies including the monogenic disorders. Visceral heterotaxy is a condition caused by abnormal left-right determinations during embryonic development. We aimed to determine the cause of a young ischemic stroke patient with visceral heterotaxy. CASE PRESENTATION We performed neurological, radiological, and genetic evaluations in a 17-year-old male patient presenting ischemic stroke and visceral heterotaxy to determine the underlying cause of this rare disease combination. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed evidence of embolic stroke, abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed visceral heterotaxy, and echocardiogram showed cardiac anomaly with right-to-left-shunt (RLS). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed a heterozygous missense variant (NM_018055.5: c.1016 T > C, p.(Met339Val)) in the NODAL gene, which is essential to the determination of the left-right body axis. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of evaluating genetic etiology in young ischemic stroke and the need for stroke risk management in visceral heterotaxy patients with RLS. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first genetically-confirmed case of visceral heterotaxy with young embolic stroke reported to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kaburagi
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan
| | - Yuta Hagiwara
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan
| | - Keiji Tachikawa
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanao Akiyama
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Omae
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan.
| | - Satomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2168511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhat GR, Sethi I, Sadida HQ, Rah B, Mir R, Algehainy N, Albalawi IA, Masoodi T, Subbaraj GK, Jamal F, Singh M, Kumar R, Macha MA, Uddin S, Akil ASAS, Haris M, Bhat AA. Cancer cell plasticity: from cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:197-228. [PMID: 38329598 PMCID: PMC11016008 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease displaying a variety of cell states and phenotypes. This diversity, known as cancer cell plasticity, confers cancer cells the ability to change in response to their environment, leading to increased tumor diversity and drug resistance. This review explores the intricate landscape of cancer cell plasticity, offering a deep dive into the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. Cancer cell plasticity is intertwined with processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the acquisition of stem cell-like features. These processes are pivotal in the development and progression of tumors, contributing to the multifaceted nature of cancer and the challenges associated with its treatment. Despite significant advancements in targeted therapies, cancer cell adaptability and subsequent therapy-induced resistance remain persistent obstacles in achieving consistent, successful cancer treatment outcomes. Our review delves into the array of mechanisms cancer cells exploit to maintain plasticity, including epigenetic modifications, alterations in signaling pathways, and environmental interactions. We discuss strategies to counteract cancer cell plasticity, such as targeting specific cellular pathways and employing combination therapies. These strategies promise to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments and mitigate therapy resistance. In conclusion, this review offers a holistic, detailed exploration of cancer cell plasticity, aiming to bolster the understanding and approach toward tackling the challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. As articulated in this review, the delineation of cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms underlying tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance seeks to contribute substantially to the progress in cancer therapeutics and the advancement of precision medicine, ultimately enhancing the prospects for effective cancer treatment and patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gh Rasool Bhat
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Itty Sethi
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bilal Rah
- Iron Biology Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Farrukh Jamal
- Dr. Rammanohar, Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, India
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory Animal Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sivaccumar JP, Iaccarino E, Oliver A, Cantile M, Olimpieri P, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Sandomenico A. Production in Bacteria and Characterization of Engineered Humanized Fab Fragment against the Nodal Protein. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1130. [PMID: 37631045 PMCID: PMC10459755 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development in recent years is increasingly focused on developing personalized treatments based on blocking molecules selective for therapeutic targets specifically present in individual patients. In this perspective, the specificity of therapeutic targets and blocking agents plays a crucial role. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their surrogates are increasingly used in this context thanks to their ability to bind therapeutic targets and to inhibit their activity or to transport bioactive molecules into the compartments in which the targets are expressed. Small antibody-like molecules, such as Fabs, are often used in certain clinical settings where small size and better tissue penetration are required. In the wake of this research trend, we developed a murine mAb (3D1) neutralizing the activity of Nodal, an oncofetal protein that is attracting an ever-increasing interest as a selective therapeutic target for several cancer types. Here, we report the preparation of a recombinant Fab of 3D1 that has been humanized through a computational approach starting from the sequence of the murine antibody. The Fab has been expressed in bacterial cells (1 mg/L bacterial culture), biochemically characterized in terms of stability and binding properties by circular dichroism and bio-layer interferometry techniques and tested in vitro on Nodal-positive cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jwala P. Sivaccumar
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Angela Oliver
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
- Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy (E.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Angrisano T, Varrone F, Ragozzino E, Fico A, Minchiotti G, Brancaccio M. Cripto Is Targeted by miR-1a-3p in a Mouse Model of Heart Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12251. [PMID: 37569627 PMCID: PMC10419258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During cardiac differentiation, numerous factors contribute to the development of the heart. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac development will help combat cardiovascular disorders, among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the main mechanisms, we indeed find Cripto. Cripto is found in both the syncytiotrophoblast of ampullary pregnancies and the inner cell mass along the primitive streak as the second epithelial-mesenchymal transformation event occurs to form the mesoderm and the developing myocardium. At the same time, it is now known that cardiac signaling pathways are intimately intertwined with the expression of myomiRNAs, including miR-1. This miR-1 is one of the muscle-specific miRs; aberrant expression of miR-1 plays an essential role in cardiac diseases. Given this scenario, our study aimed to evaluate the inverse correlation between Cripto and miR-1 during heart development. We used in vitro models of the heart, represented by embryoid bodies (EBs) and embryonic carcinoma cell lines derived from an embryo-derived teratocarcinoma in mice (P19 cells), respectively. First, through a luciferase assay, we demonstrated that Cripto is a target of miR-1. Following this result, we observed that as the days of differentiation increased, the Cripto gene expression decreased, while the level of miR-1 increased; furthermore, after silencing miR-1 in P19 cells, there was an increase in Cripto expression. Moreover, inducing damage with a cobra cardiotoxin (CTX) in post-differentiation cells, we noted a decreased miR-1 expression and increased Cripto. Finally, in mouse cardiac biopsies, we observed by monitoring gene expression the distribution of Cripto and miR-1 in the right and left ventricles. These results allowed us to detect an inverse correlation between miR-1 and Cripto that could represent a new pharmacological target for identifying new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elvira Ragozzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 26100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Fico
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Truchado-García M, Perry KJ, Cavodeassi F, Kenny NJ, Henry JQ, Grande C. A Small Change With a Twist Ending: A Single Residue in EGF-CFC Drives Bilaterian Asymmetry. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 40:6947033. [PMID: 36537201 PMCID: PMC9907556 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetries are essential for proper organization and function of organ systems. Genetic studies in bilaterians have shown signaling through the Nodal/Smad2 pathway plays a key, conserved role in the establishment of body asymmetries. Although the main molecular players in the network for the establishment of left-right asymmetry (LRA) have been deeply described in deuterostomes, little is known about the regulation of Nodal signaling in spiralians. Here, we identified orthologs of the egf-cfc gene, a master regulator of the Nodal pathway in vertebrates, in several invertebrate species, which includes the first evidence of its presence in non-deuterostomes. Our functional experiments indicate that despite being present, egf-cfc does not play a role in the establishment of LRA in gastropods. However, experiments in zebrafish suggest that a single amino acid mutation in the egf-cfc gene in at least the common ancestor of chordates was the necessary step to induce a gain of function in LRA regulation. This study shows that the egf-cfc gene likely appeared in the ancestors of deuterostomes and "protostomes", before being adopted as a mechanism to regulate the Nodal pathway and the establishment of LRA in some lineages of deuterostomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom,Department of Biochemistry (Te Tari Matū Koiora), University of Otago, Dunedin, (Aotearoa) New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ganapathi M, Buchovecky CM, Cristo F, Ahimaz P, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Wou K, Inácio JM, Iglesias A, Belo JA, Jobanputra V. A novel biallelic loss-of-function variant in DAND5 causes heterotaxy syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2022; 8:mcs.a006248. [PMID: 36316122 PMCID: PMC9808554 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of heterotaxy cases do not obtain a molecular diagnosis, although pathogenic variants in more than 50 genes are known to cause heterotaxy. A heterozygous missense variant in DAND5, a nodal inhibitor, which functions in early development for establishment of right-left patterning, has been implicated in heterotaxy. Recently, the first case was reported of a DAND5 biallelic loss-of-function (LoF) variant in an individual with heterotaxy. Here, we describe a second unrelated individual with heterotaxy syndrome and a homozygous frameshift variant in DAND5 (NM_152654.2:c.197del [p.Leu66ArgfsTer22]). Using an in vitro assay, we demonstrate that the DAND5 c.197del variant is unable to inhibit nodal signaling when compared with the wild-type expression construct. This work strengthens the genetic and functional evidence for biallelic LoF variants in DAND5 causing an autosomal recessive heterotaxy syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Ganapathi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Christie M Buchovecky
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Fernando Cristo
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Priyanka Ahimaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Carrie Ruzal-Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karen Wou
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - José M Inácio
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Iglesias
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - José A Belo
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuhn T, Landge AN, Mörsdorf D, Coßmann J, Gerstenecker J, Čapek D, Müller P, Gebhardt JCM. Single-molecule tracking of Nodal and Lefty in live zebrafish embryos supports hindered diffusion model. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6101. [PMID: 36243734 PMCID: PMC9569377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hindered diffusion model postulates that the movement of a signaling molecule through an embryo is affected by tissue geometry and binding-mediated hindrance, but these effects have not been directly demonstrated in vivo. Here, we visualize extracellular movement and binding of individual molecules of the activator-inhibitor signaling pair Nodal and Lefty in live developing zebrafish embryos using reflected light-sheet microscopy. We observe that diffusion coefficients of molecules are high in extracellular cavities, whereas mobility is reduced and bound fractions are high within cell-cell interfaces. Counterintuitively, molecules nevertheless accumulate in cavities, which we attribute to the geometry of the extracellular space by agent-based simulations. We further find that Nodal has a larger bound fraction than Lefty and shows a binding time of tens of seconds. Together, our measurements and simulations provide direct support for the hindered diffusion model and yield insights into the nanometer-to-micrometer-scale mechanisms that lead to macroscopic signal dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kuhn
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Amit N. Landge
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Mörsdorf
- grid.418026.90000 0004 0492 0357Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Coßmann
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Gerstenecker
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Čapek
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany ,grid.418026.90000 0004 0492 0357Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. Christof M. Gebhardt
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The a subunit isoforms of vacuolar-type proton ATPase exhibit differential distribution in mouse perigastrulation embryos. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13590. [PMID: 35948619 PMCID: PMC9365772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are large multi-subunit complexes that play critical roles in the acidification of a variety of intracellular or extracellular compartments. Mammalian cells contain four isoforms of the membrane integral subunit a (a1–a4); these isoforms contain the information necessary to target the enzyme to different cellular destinations. They are also involved in regulating the efficiency of ATP hydrolysis and proton transport. Previously, we showed that early embryogenesis requires V-ATPase function, and the luminal acidic endocytic and lysosomal compartments in the visceral endoderm of mouse embryos at the pre-gastrulation stage (E6.5) are essential for both nutrition and signal transduction during early embryogenesis. In this study, we examined the expression and distribution of a subunit isoforms in mouse embryos at E6.5. We found that all four isoforms expressed and exhibited differential distribution in the E6.5 embryo. At this developmental stage, the embryos establish highly elaborate endocytic compartments called apical vacuoles, on which the a3 isoform specifically accumulated.
Collapse
|
10
|
Knowles H, Santucci N, Studdert J, Goh HN, Kaufman-Francis K, Salehin N, Tam PPL, Osteil P. Differential impact of TGFβ/SMAD signaling activity elicited by Activin A and Nodal on endoderm differentiation of epiblast stem cells. Genesis 2022; 60:e23466. [PMID: 35104045 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Allocation of cells to an endodermal fate in the gastrulating embryo is driven by Nodal signaling and consequent activation of TGFβ pathway. In vitro methodologies striving to recapitulate the process of endoderm differentiation, however, use TGFβ family member Activin in place of Nodal. This is despite Activin not known to have an in vivo role in endoderm differentiation. In this study, five epiblast stem cell lines were subjected to directed differentiation using both Activin A and Nodal to induce endodermal fate. A reporter line harboring endoderm markers FoxA2 and Sox17 was further analyzed for TGFβ pathway activation and WNT response. We demonstrated that Activin A-treated cells remain more primitive streak-like when compared to Nodal-treated cells that have a molecular profile suggestive of more advanced differentiation. Activin A elicited a robust TGFβ/SMAD activity, enhanced WNT signaling activity and promoted the generation of DE precursors. Nodal treatment resulted in lower TGFβ/SMAD activity, and a weaker, sustained WNT response, and ultimately failed to upregulate endoderm markers. This is despite signaling response resembling more closely the activity seen in vivo. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the downstream activities of Activin A and Nodal signaling in directing in vitro endoderm differentiation of primed-state epiblast stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Knowles
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Santucci
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Studdert
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hwee Ngee Goh
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nazmus Salehin
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Swiss Cancer Research Institute (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arboretto P, Cillo M, Leonardi A. New Insights into Cancer Targeted Therapy: Nodal and Cripto-1 as Attractive Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157838. [PMID: 34360603 PMCID: PMC8345935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is fundamental for correct embryonic development. However, alterations of this pathway have been correlated with oncogenesis, tumor progression and sustaining of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cripto-1 (CR-1) and Nodal are two embryonic proteins involved in TGF-β signaling. Their expression is almost undetectable in terminally differentiated cells, but they are often re-expressed in tumor cells, especially in CSCs. Moreover, cancer cells that show high levels of CR-1 and/or Nodal display more aggressive phenotypes in vitro, while in vivo their expression correlates with a worse prognosis in several human cancers. The ability to target CSCs still represents an unmet medical need for the complete eradication of certain types of tumors. Given the prognostic role and the selective expression of CR-1 and Nodal on cancer cells, they represent archetypes for targeted therapy. The aim of this review is to clarify the role of CR-1 and Nodal in cancer stem populations and to summarize the current therapeutic strategy to target CSCs using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or other molecular tools to interfere with these two proteins.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tzavlaki K, Moustakas A. TGF-β Signaling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030487. [PMID: 32210029 PMCID: PMC7175140 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) represents an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors that regulate many aspects of physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. The TGF-β family members are also involved in pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie many diseases. Although the family comprises many factors, which exhibit cell type-specific and developmental stage-dependent biological actions, they all signal via conserved signaling pathways. The signaling mechanisms of the TGF-β family are controlled at the extracellular level, where ligand secretion, deposition to the extracellular matrix and activation prior to signaling play important roles. At the plasma membrane level, TGF-βs associate with receptor kinases that mediate phosphorylation-dependent signaling to downstream mediators, mainly the SMAD proteins, and mediate oligomerization-dependent signaling to ubiquitin ligases and intracellular protein kinases. The interplay between SMADs and other signaling proteins mediate regulatory signals that control expression of target genes, RNA processing at multiple levels, mRNA translation and nuclear or cytoplasmic protein regulation. This article emphasizes signaling mechanisms and the importance of biochemical control in executing biological functions by the prototype member of the family, TGF-β.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sandomenico A, Ruvo M. Targeting Nodal and Cripto-1: Perspectives Inside Dual Potential Theranostic Cancer Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1994-2050. [PMID: 30207211 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180912104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the mechanisms of recurrence of embryonic signaling pathways in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of onco-fetal players which have physiological roles during normal development but result aberrantly re-activated in tumors. In this context, Nodal and Cripto-1 are recognized as onco-developmental factors, which are absent in normal tissues but are overexpressed in several solid tumors where they can serve as theranostic agents. OBJECTIVE To collect, review and discuss the most relevant papers related to the involvement of Nodal and Cripto-1 in the development, progression, recurrence and metastasis of several tumors where they are over-expressed, with a particular attention to their occurrence on the surface of the corresponding sub-populations of cancer stem cells (CSC). RESULTS We have gathered, rationalized and discussed the most interesting findings extracted from some 370 papers related to the involvement of Cripto-1 and Nodal in all tumor types where they have been detected. Data demonstrate the clear connection between Nodal and Cripto-1 presence and their multiple oncogenic activities across different tumors. We have also reviewed and highlighted the potential of targeting Nodal, Cripto-1 and the complexes that they form on the surface of tumor cells, especially of CSC, as an innovative approach to detect and suppress tumors with molecules that block one or more mechanisms that they regulate. CONCLUSION Overall, Nodal and Cripto-1 represent two innovative and effective biomarkers for developing potential theranostic anti-tumor agents that target normal as well as CSC subpopulations and overcome both pharmacological resistance and tumor relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gudbergsson JM, Duroux M. An evaluation of different Cripto-1 antibodies and their variable results. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:545-556. [PMID: 31310365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cripto-1 is a protein expressed during embryonal development and has been linked to several malignant processes in cancer. Since the discovery of cripto-1 in the late 1980s, it has become a subject of biomarker investigation in several types of cancer which in many cases relies on immunolocalization of cripto-1 using antibodies. Investigating cripto-1 expression and localization in primary glioblastoma cells, we discovered nonspecific binding of cripto-1 antibody to the extracellular matrix Geltrex. A panel of four cripto-1 antibodies was investigated with respect to their binding to the Geltrex matrix and to the cripto-1 positive control cells NTERA2. The cripto-1 expression was varied for the different antibodies with respect to cellular localization and fixation methods. To further elaborate on these findings, we present a systematic review of cripto-1 antibodies found in the literature and highlight some possible cross reactants with data on sequence alignments and structural comparison of EGF domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mar Gudbergsson
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Meg Duroux
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Institute of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sempou E, Khokha MK. Genes and mechanisms of heterotaxy: patients drive the search. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:34-40. [PMID: 31234044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotaxy, a disorder in which visceral organs, including the heart, are mispatterned along the left-right body axis, contributes to particularly severe forms of congenital heart disease that are difficult to mitigate even despite surgical advances. A higher incidence of heterotaxy among individuals with blood kinship and the existence of rare monogenic disease forms suggest the existence of a genetic component, but the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease have rendered gene discovery challenging. Next generation genomics in patients with syndromic, but also non-syndromic and sporadic heterotaxy, have recently helped to uncover new candidate disease genes, expanding the pool of genes already identified via traditional animal studies. Further characterization of these new genes in animal models has uncovered fascinating mechanisms of left-right axis development. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the functions of heterotaxy genes with identified patient alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sempou
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Osório L, Wu X, Wang L, Jiang Z, Neideck C, Sheng G, Zhou Z. ISM1 regulates NODAL signaling and asymmetric organ morphogenesis during development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2388-2402. [PMID: 31171630 PMCID: PMC6605798 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isthmin1 (ISM1) was originally identified as a fibroblast group factor expressed in Xenopus laevis embryonic brain, but its biological functions remain unclear. The spatiotemporal distribution of ISM1, with high expression in the anterior primitive streak of the chick embryo and the anterior mesendoderm of the mouse embryo, suggested that ISM1 may regulate signaling by the NODAL subfamily of TGB-β cytokines that control embryo patterning. We report that ISM1 is an inhibitor of NODAL signaling. ISM1 has little effect on TGF-β1, ACTIVIN-A, or BMP4 signaling but specifically inhibits NODAL-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2. In line with this observation, ectopic ISM1 causes defective left-right asymmetry and abnormal heart positioning in chick embryos. Mechanistically, ISM1 interacts with NODAL ligand and type I receptor ACVR1B through its AMOP domain, which compromises the NODAL-ACVR1B interaction and down-regulates phosphorylation of SMAD2. Therefore, we identify ISM1 as an extracellular antagonist of NODAL and reveal a negative regulatory mechanism that provides greater plasticity for the fine-tuning of NODAL signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Osório
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuewei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linsheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Carlos Neideck
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .,Shenzhen Institute of Innovation and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Derynck R, Budi EH. Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-β family signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/570/eaav5183. [PMID: 30808818 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if not all, cell lineages and many aspects of cell and tissue physiology in multicellular eukaryotes. Deregulation of TGF-β family signaling leads to developmental anomalies and disease, whereas enhanced TGF-β signaling contributes to cancer and fibrosis. Here, we review the fundamentals of the signaling mechanisms that are initiated upon TGF-β ligand binding to its cell surface receptors and the dependence of the signaling responses on input from and cooperation with other signaling pathways. We discuss how cells exquisitely control the functional presentation and activation of heteromeric receptor complexes of transmembrane, dual-specificity kinases and, thus, define their context-dependent responsiveness to ligands. We also introduce the mechanisms through which proteins called Smads act as intracellular effectors of ligand-induced gene expression responses and show that the specificity and impressive versatility of Smad signaling depend on cross-talk from other pathways. Last, we discuss how non-Smad signaling mechanisms, initiated by distinct ligand-activated receptor complexes, complement Smad signaling and thus contribute to cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Focà G, Iaccarino E, Focà A, Sanguigno L, Untiveros G, Cuevas-Nunez M, Strizzi L, Leonardi A, Ruvo M, Sandomenico A. Development of conformational antibodies targeting Cripto-1 with neutralizing effects in vitro. Biochimie 2019; 158:246-256. [PMID: 30703478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human Cripto-1 (Cripto-1), the founding member of the EGF-CFC superfamily, is a key regulator of many processes during embryonic development and oncogenesis. Cripto-1 is barely present or even absent in normal adult tissues while it is aberrantly re-expressed in various tumors. Blockade of the CFC domain-mediated Cripto-1 functions is acknowledged as a promising therapeutic intervention point to inhibit the tumorigenic activity of the protein. In this work, we report the generation and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies raised against the synthetic folded CFC [112-150] domain of the human protein. Through subtractive ELISA assays clones were screened for the ability to specifically recognize "hot spot" residues on the CFC domain, which are crucial for the interaction with Activin Type I receptor (ALK4) and GRP78. On selected antibodies, SPR and epitope mapping studies have confirmed their specificity and have revealed that recognition occurs only on a conformational epitope. Furthermore, FACS analyses have confirmed the ability of 1B4 antibody to recognize the membrane-anchored and soluble native Cripto-1 protein in a panel of human cancer cells. Finally, we have evaluated its functional effects through in vitro cellular signaling assays and cell cycle analysis. These findings suggest that the selected anti-CFC mAbs have the potential to neutralize the protein oncogenic activity and may be used as theranostic molecules suitable as tumor homing agents for Cripto-1-overexpressing cancer cells and tissues and to overcome drug-resistance in routine cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Focà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Annalia Focà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Untiveros
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Cuevas-Nunez
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Midwestern University, Colleges of Graduate Studies, Dwners Grove, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sekine R, Shibata T, Ebisuya M. Synthetic mammalian pattern formation driven by differential diffusivity of Nodal and Lefty. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5456. [PMID: 30575724 PMCID: PMC6303393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic mammalian reaction-diffusion pattern has yet to be created, and Nodal-Lefty signaling has been proposed to meet conditions for pattern formation: Nodal is a short-range activator whereas Lefty is a long-range inhibitor. However, this pattern forming possibility has never been directly tested, and the underlying mechanisms of differential diffusivity of Nodal and Lefty remain unclear. Here, through a combination of synthetic and theoretical approaches, we show that a reconstituted Nodal-Lefty network in mammalian cells spontaneously gives rise to a pattern. Surprisingly, extracellular Nodal is confined underneath the cells, resulting in a narrow distribution compared with Lefty. The short-range distribution requires the finger 1 domain of Nodal, and transplantation of the finger 1 domain into Lefty shortens the distribution of Lefty, successfully preventing pattern formation. These results indicate that the differences in localization and domain structures between Nodal and Lefty, combined with the activator-inhibitor topology, are sufficient for reaction-diffusion patterning. Nodal-Lefty signaling combines a short-range activator and a long-range inhibitor for axis formation and left-right patterning. Here the authors reconstitute a synthetic biology activator-inhibitor circuit of Nodal-Lefty to drive pattern formation in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Sekine
- Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, 650-0047, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, 650-0047, Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- Laboratory for Reconstitutive Developmental Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, 650-0047, Kobe, Japan. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Exogenous Cripto-1 Suppresses Self-Renewal of Cancer Stem Cell Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113345. [PMID: 30373174 PMCID: PMC6274844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cripto-1 is a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored signaling protein of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-Cripto-1-FRL1-Cryptic (CFC) family and plays a significant role in the early developmental stages and in the different types of cancer cells, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and tumor angiogenesis. Previously, we have developed cancer stem cells (miPS-LLCcm) from mouse iPSCs by culturing them in the presence of conditioned medium of Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells for four weeks. Nodal and Cripto-1 were confirmed to be expressed in miPS-LLCcm cells by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (rt-qPCR) implying that Cr-1 was required in maintaining stemness. To investigate the biological effect of adding exogenous soluble CR-1 to the cancer stem cells, we have prepared a C-terminally truncated soluble form of recombinant human CR-1 protein (rhsfCR-1), in which the GPI anchored moiety was removed by substitution of a stop codon through site-directed mutagenesis. rhsfCR-1 effectively suppressed the proliferation and sphere forming ability of miPS-LLCcm cells in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 0 to 5 µg/mL, due to the suppression of Nodal-Cripto-1/ALK4/Smad2 signaling pathway. Frequency of sphere-forming cells was dropped from 1/40 to 1/69 by rhsfCR-1 at 1 µg/mL. Moreover, rhsfCR-1 in the range of 0 to 1 µg/mL also limited the differentiation of miPS-LLCcm cells into vascular endothelial cells probably due to the suppression of self-renewal, which should reduce the number of cells with stemness property. As demonstrated by a soluble form of exogenous Cripto-1 in this study, the efficient blockade would be an attractive way to study Cripto-1 dependent cancer stem cell properties for therapeutic application.
Collapse
|
21
|
Porokh V, Vaňhara P, Bárta T, Jurečková L, Bohačiaková D, Pospíšilová V, Mináriková D, Holubcová Z, Pelková V, Souček K, Hampl A. Soluble Cripto-1 Induces Accumulation of Supernumerary Centrosomes and Formation of Aberrant Mitoses in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1077-1084. [PMID: 29882484 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability evoked by abnormalities in centrosome numbers has been traditionally considered as a hallmark of aberrant, typically cancerous or senescent cells. We have reported previously that pristine human embryonic stem cells (hESC) suffer from high frequency of supernumerary centrosomes and hence may be prone to undergo abnormal mitotic divisions. We have also unraveled that this phenomenon of multicentrosomal mitoses vanishes with prolonged time in culture and with initiation of differentiation, and it is strongly affected by the culture substratum. In this study, we report for the first time that Cripto-1 protein (teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor-Cripto/FRL-1/Cryptic) produced by hESC represents a factor capable of inducing formation of supernumerary centrosomes in cultured hESC. Elimination of Cripto-1 signaling on the other hand restores the normal number of centrosomes in hESC. Linking the secretory phenotype of hESC to the centrosomal metabolism may help to develop better strategies for propagation of stable and safe bioindustrial and clinical grade cultures of hESC. From a broader point of view, it may lead to unravelling Cripto-1 as a micro-environmental factor contributing to adverse cell behaviors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Porokh
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vaňhara
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
- 2 Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering (CBCE), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bárta
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jurečková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dáša Bohačiaková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospíšilová
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Mináriková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Holubcová
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Pelková
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- 2 Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering (CBCE), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- 3 Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University , Brno, Czech Republic
- 2 Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering (CBCE), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cripto-1 promotes resistance to drug-induced apoptosis by activating the TAK-1/NF-κB/survivin signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:729-737. [PMID: 29807222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cripto-1 is an oncogenic protein that belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-cripto-1/FRL1/cryptic (CFC) family. It has been shown to stimulate tumorigenesis and metastasis by promoting cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor angiogenesis. However, the role of Cripto-1 in cell survival and apoptosis remains largely undefined. In the present study, we found that Cripto-1 is significantly upregulated in a number of human cancer cell lines. The membrane-associated but not the soluble form of Cripto-1 promotes resistance to drug-induced caspase-3 cleavage, an indicator of apoptosis. Consequently, Cripto-1 silencing sensitizes human cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs including cytarabine, cisplatin and taxol. Our mechanistic studies revealed that Cripto-1 promotes apoptosis resistance by inducing NF-κB-mediated Survivin expression through activation of TAK-1. We also found that Cripto-1 silencing does not affect growth of un-treated cancer cells, and Cripto-1 forms self-assembled punctiforms and changes its subcellular distribution upon cytarabine treatment. Thus, the anti-apoptotic activity of Cripto-1 could be an inducible function that can be activated by external stimuli such as drug stimulation. Our findings suggested that targeting the Cripto-1/TAK-1/NF-κB/Survivin pathway may be an effective approach to combat apoptosis resistance in cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhao M, Walton K, Harrison C, Nie G. Multiple Soluble TGF-β Receptors in Addition to Soluble Endoglin Are Elevated in Preeclamptic Serum and They Synergistically Inhibit TGF-β Signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102. [PMID: 28633389 PMCID: PMC5546862 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Preeclampsia (PE) can be classified into early-onset (<34 weeks of gestation) and late-onset (>34 weeks of gestation) subtypes. Soluble endoglin, an auxiliary receptor for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β ligands, is increased in PE circulation and believed to inhibit TGF-β action by sequestering the ligands. However, soluble endoglin, with a low affinity to TGF-β ligands, has been demonstrated to have little effect by itself on TGF-β action. OBJECTIVES We examined whether multiple soluble TGF-β receptors are elevated in PE circulation and whether they synergistically block TGF-β signaling. DESIGN TGF-β receptors were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera collected from preeclamptic pregnancies and gestation-age-matched controls. TGF-β signaling was assessed using an in vitro bioassay and a tube formation assay. RESULTS TGF-β type I, II, and III receptors were all identified in pregnant serum; all were substantially elevated in early-onset but not late-onset PE. Endoglin was increased in both subtypes. At the greatest concentrations detected in PE, none of these soluble TGF-β receptors alone, including endoglin, inhibited TGF-β signaling. However, when all four soluble receptors were present, signaling of both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 was substantially reduced. Removal of any one of these soluble receptors alleviated TGF-β1 inhibition; however, removal of soluble TGFβRIII was necessary to relieve TGF-β2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Multiple soluble TGF-β receptors are present in pregnant circulation and elevated in early-onset PE; they synergistically inhibit TGF-β signaling, which might be more likely to occur in early-onset than late-onset PE. Reducing soluble TGFβRIII, rather than endoglin, would be more effective in alleviating the inhibition of both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 signaling in PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Min Zhao
- Wuxi Maternity and Children’s Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 214002, China
| | - Kelly Walton
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Craig Harrison
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guiying Nie
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aykul S, Parenti A, Chu KY, Reske J, Floer M, Ralston A, Martinez-Hackert E. Biochemical and Cellular Analysis Reveals Ligand Binding Specificities, a Molecular Basis for Ligand Recognition, and Membrane Association-dependent Activities of Cripto-1 and Cryptic. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4138-4151. [PMID: 28126904 PMCID: PMC5354514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways are key determinants of cell fate in animals. Their basic mechanism of action is simple. However, to produce cell-specific responses, TGF-β pathways are heavily regulated by secondary factors, such as membrane-associated EGF-CFC family proteins. Cellular activities of EGF-CFC proteins have been described, but their molecular functions, including how the mammalian homologs Cripto-1 and Cryptic recognize and regulate TGF-β family ligands, are less clear. Here we use purified human Cripto-1 and mouse Cryptic produced in mammalian cells to show that these two EGF-CFC homologs have distinct, highly specific ligand binding activities. Cripto-1 interacts with BMP-4 in addition to its known partner Nodal, whereas Cryptic interacts only with Activin B. These interactions depend on the integrity of the protein, as truncated or deglycosylated Cripto-1 lacked BMP-4 binding activity. Significantly, Cripto-1 and Cryptic blocked binding of their cognate ligands to type I and type II TGF-β receptors, indicating that Cripto-1 and Cryptic contact ligands at their receptor interaction surfaces and, thus, that they could inhibit their ligands. Indeed, soluble Cripto-1 and Cryptic inhibited ligand signaling in various cell-based assays, including SMAD-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression, and differentiation of a multipotent stem cell line. But in agreement with previous work, the membrane bound form of Cripto-1 potentiated signaling, revealing a critical role of membrane association for its established cellular activity. Thus, our studies provide new insights into the mechanism of ligand recognition by this enigmatic family of membrane-anchored TGF-β family signaling regulators and link membrane association with their signal potentiating activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Anthony Parenti
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Kit Yee Chu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Jake Reske
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Monique Floer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Amy Ralston
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zou XZ, Liu T, Gong ZC, Hu CP, Zhang Z. MicroRNAs-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in fibrotic diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:190-206. [PMID: 27916556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a large family of small and highly conserved non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression through translational repression or mRNA degradation. Aberrant expression of miRNAs underlies a spectrum of diseases including organ fibrosis. Recent evidence suggests that miRNAs contribute to organ fibrosis through mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Alleviation of EMT has been proposed as a promising strategy against fibrotic diseases given the key role of EMT in fibrosis. miRNAs impact the expression of specific ligands, receptors, and signaling pathways, thus modulating EMT and consequently influencing fibrosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning how miRNAs regulate EMT and highlights the specific roles that miRNAs-regulated EMT plays in fibrotic diseases as diverse as pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, renal fibrosis and cardiac fibrosis. It is desirable that a more comprehensive understanding of the functions of miRNAs-regulated EMT will facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various debilitating organ fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhou Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee GH, Fujita M, Takaoka K, Murakami Y, Fujihara Y, Kanzawa N, Murakami KI, Kajikawa E, Takada Y, Saito K, Ikawa M, Hamada H, Maeda Y, Kinoshita T. A GPI processing phospholipase A2, PGAP6, modulates Nodal signaling in embryos by shedding CRIPTO. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:705-718. [PMID: 27881714 PMCID: PMC5147002 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lee et al. show that PGAP6 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase A2 expressed on the cell surface. PGAP6 selectively acts on a GPI anchor of CRIPTO, but not its close homologue CRYPTIC, and modulates Nodal signaling during embryonic development. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) can be shed from the cell membrane by GPI cleavage. In this study, we report a novel GPI-processing enzyme, termed post-glycosylphosphatidylinositol attachment to proteins 6 (PGAP6), which is a GPI-specific phospholipase A2 mainly localized at the cell surface. CRIPTO, a GPI-AP, which plays critical roles in early embryonic development by acting as a Nodal coreceptor, is a highly sensitive substrate of PGAP6, whereas CRYPTIC, a close homologue of CRIPTO, is not sensitive. CRIPTO processed by PGAP6 was released as a lysophosphatidylinositol-bearing form, which is further cleaved by phospholipase D. CRIPTO shed by PGAP6 was active as a coreceptor in Nodal signaling, whereas cell-associated CRIPTO activity was reduced when PGAP6 was expressed. Homozygous Pgap6 knockout mice showed defects in early embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the anterior–posterior axis, which are common features with Cripto knockout embryos. These results suggest PGAP6 plays a critical role in Nodal signaling modulation through CRIPTO shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hee Lee
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kanzawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Murakami
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoko Takada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Saito
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan .,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II dual specificity kinase receptors. The activation and stability of the receptors are controlled by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and neddylation, as well as by interaction with other proteins at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Activation of TGF-β receptors induces signaling via formation of Smad complexes that are translocated to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors, as well as via non-Smad pathways, including the Erk1/2, JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways, and the Src tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and Rho GTPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, Wang X, Wohland T, Sampath K. Extracellular interactions and ligand degradation shape the nodal morphogen gradient. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27101364 PMCID: PMC4887204 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct distribution and activity of secreted signaling proteins called morphogens is required for many developmental processes. Nodal morphogens play critical roles in embryonic axis formation in many organisms. Models proposed to generate the Nodal gradient include diffusivity, ligand processing, and a temporal activation window. But how the Nodal morphogen gradient forms in vivo remains unclear. Here, we have measured in vivo for the first time, the binding affinity of Nodal ligands to their major cell surface receptor, Acvr2b, and to the Nodal inhibitor, Lefty, by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. We examined the diffusion coefficient of Nodal ligands and Lefty inhibitors in live zebrafish embryos by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We also investigated the contribution of ligand degradation to the Nodal gradient. We show that ligand clearance via degradation shapes the Nodal gradient and correlates with its signaling range. By computational simulations of gradient formation, we demonstrate that diffusivity, extra-cellular interactions, and selective ligand destruction collectively shape the Nodal morphogen gradient. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13879.001 Animals develop from a single fertilized egg cell into multicellular organisms. This process requires chemical signals called “morphogens” that instruct the cells how to behave during development. The morphogens move across cells and tissues to form gradients of the signal. Cells then respond in different ways depending on how much of the signal they receive. This, in turn, depends on several factors: first, how quickly or slowly the signal moves; second, how well the morphogen binds to responding cells and other molecules in its path; and third, how much signal is lost or destroyed during the movement. Many researchers study morphogen gradients in the transparent zebrafish, since it grows quickly and it is easy to see developmental changes. However, until now it was not fully clear how the well-known morphogen called Nodal moves in live zebrafish as they develop. Wang, Wang et al. have now investigated how well Nodal signals bind to the surface of cells that receive the signal and to a molecule called “Lefty”, which is present in the same path and interferes with Nodal signals. Advanced techniques called fluorescence correlation and cross-correlation spectroscopy were used to measure Nodal signals at the level of single molecules in growing zebrafish. The experiments gave insights into how far Nodal signals move and remain active. The results showed that, in addition to Nodal diffusing and binding to receiving cells, one of the most important factors determining how far and quickly Nodal moves is its inactivation and destruction. Lastly, Wang, Wang et al. built computational models to test their observations from live zebrafish. The current work was based on forcing zebrafish to produce molecules including Nodal at locations within the fish that normally do not make them. Therefore future experiments will aim to examine these molecules and their interactions when they are produced at their normal locations in the animal over time. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13879.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karuna Sampath
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barnes RM, Harris IS, Jaehnig EJ, Sauls K, Sinha T, Rojas A, Schachterle W, McCulley DJ, Norris RA, Black BL. MEF2C regulates outflow tract alignment and transcriptional control of Tdgf1. Development 2016; 143:774-9. [PMID: 26811383 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects in humans, and those that affect the proper alignment of the outflow tracts and septation of the ventricles are a highly significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. A late differentiating population of cardiac progenitors, referred to as the anterior second heart field (AHF), gives rise to the outflow tract and the majority of the right ventricle and provides an embryological context for understanding cardiac outflow tract alignment and membranous ventricular septal defects. However, the transcriptional pathways controlling AHF development and their roles in congenital heart defects remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we inactivated the gene encoding the transcription factor MEF2C in the AHF in mice. Loss of Mef2c function in the AHF results in a spectrum of outflow tract alignment defects ranging from overriding aorta to double-outlet right ventricle and dextro-transposition of the great arteries. We identify Tdgf1, which encodes a Nodal co-receptor (also known as Cripto), as a direct transcriptional target of MEF2C in the outflow tract via an AHF-restricted Tdgf1 enhancer. Importantly, both the MEF2C and TDGF1 genes are associated with congenital heart defects in humans. Thus, these studies establish a direct transcriptional pathway between the core cardiac transcription factor MEF2C and the human congenital heart disease gene TDGF1. Moreover, we found a range of outflow tract alignment defects resulting from a single genetic lesion, supporting the idea that AHF-derived outflow tract alignment defects may constitute an embryological spectrum rather than distinct anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralston M Barnes
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Ian S Harris
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Jaehnig
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Kimberly Sauls
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tanvi Sinha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - William Schachterle
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fujihara Y, Ikawa M. GPI-AP release in cellular, developmental, and reproductive biology. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:538-45. [PMID: 26593072 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r063032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) contain a covalently linked GPI anchor located on outer cell membranes. GPI-APs are ubiquitously conserved from protozoa to vertebrates and are critical for physiological events such as development, immunity, and neurogenesis in vertebrates. Both membrane-anchored and soluble GPI-APs play a role in regulating their protein conformation and functional properties. Several pathways mediate the release of GPI-APs from the plasma membrane by vesiculation or cleavage. Phospholipases and putative substrate-specific GPI-AP-releasing enzymes, such as NOTUM, glycerophosphodiesterase 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, have been characterized in mammals. Here, the protein modifications resulting from the cleavage of the GPI anchor are discussed in the context of its physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ellis PS, Burbridge S, Soubes S, Ohyama K, Ben-Haim N, Chen C, Dale K, Shen MM, Constam D, Placzek M. ProNodal acts via FGFR3 to govern duration of Shh expression in the prechordal mesoderm. Development 2015; 142:3821-32. [PMID: 26417042 PMCID: PMC4712875 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the prechordal mesoderm, where it plays a crucial role in induction and patterning of the ventral forebrain. Currently little is known about how Shh is regulated in prechordal tissue. Here we show that in the embryonic chick, Shh is expressed transiently in prechordal mesoderm, and is governed by unprocessed Nodal. Exposure of prechordal mesoderm microcultures to Nodal-conditioned medium, the Nodal inhibitor CerS, or to an ALK4/5/7 inhibitor reveals that Nodal is required to maintain both Shh and Gsc expression, but whereas Gsc is largely maintained through canonical signalling, Nodal signals through a non-canonical route to maintain Shh. Further, Shh expression can be maintained by a recombinant Nodal cleavage mutant, proNodal, but not by purified mature Nodal. A number of lines of evidence suggest that proNodal acts via FGFR3. ProNodal and FGFR3 co-immunoprecipitate and proNodal increases FGFR3 tyrosine phosphorylation. In microcultures, soluble FGFR3 abolishes Shh without affecting Gsc expression. Further, prechordal mesoderm cells in which Fgfr3 expression is reduced by Fgfr3 siRNA fail to bind to proNodal. Finally, targeted electroporation of Fgfr3 siRNA to prechordal mesoderm in vivo results in premature Shh downregulation without affecting Gsc. We report an inverse correlation between proNodal-FGFR3 signalling and pSmad1/5/8, and show that proNodal-FGFR3 signalling antagonises BMP-mediated pSmad1/5/8 signalling, which is poised to downregulate Shh. Our studies suggest that proNodal/FGFR3 signalling governs Shh duration by repressing canonical BMP signalling, and that local BMPs rapidly silence Shh once endogenous Nodal-FGFR3 signalling is downregulated. Highlighted article: In the chick prechordal mesoderm, the Nodal precursor proNodal acts via a non-canonical route to inhibit BMP signalling and thus maintain Shh expression
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Ellis
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sarah Burbridge
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sandrine Soubes
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kyoji Ohyama
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nadav Ben-Haim
- ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Epalinges CH 1066, Switzerland
| | - Canhe Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Kim Dale
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Constam
- ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Epalinges CH 1066, Switzerland
| | - Marysia Placzek
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pilli VS, Gupta K, Kotha BP, Aradhyam GK. Snail-mediated Cripto-1 repression regulates the cell cycle and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related gene expression. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1249-56. [PMID: 25889638 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Snail mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) by coordinate repression of epithelial markers, facilitating mass cell movement during germ layer formation. Aberrant reprogramming in its signaling pathways causes metastatic cancer. Snail's involvement in "fate-changing" decisions is however not understood. Cripto-1 shares a common temporal expression pattern with Snail during development. While Cripto-1 is required for mammary morphogenesis and hematopoietic stem cell renewal, its unregulated expression causes metastatic cancers. Therefore, we suspected that Snail regulates the expression of Cripto-1 controlling decisions such as motility, transformation and differentiation. We demonstrate that Snail represses Cripto-1 gene by direct transcriptional interaction and propose a novel mechanism by which it co-ordinately regulates cell fate decisions during development and could be causal of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya S Pilli
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - K Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Bhanu P Kotha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Gopala Krishna Aradhyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ruggiero D, Nappo S, Nutile T, Sorice R, Talotta F, Giorgio E, Bellenguez C, Leutenegger AL, Liguori GL, Ciullo M. Genetic variants modulating CRIPTO serum levels identified by genome-wide association study in Cilento isolates. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004976. [PMID: 25629528 PMCID: PMC4309561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cripto, the founding member of the EGF-CFC genes, plays an essential role in embryo development and is involved in cancer progression. Cripto is a GPI-anchored protein that can interact with various components of multiple signaling pathways, such as TGF-β, Wnt and MAPK, driving different processes, among them epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell proliferation, and stem cell renewal. Cripto protein can also be cleaved and released outside the cell in a soluble and still active form. Cripto is not significantly expressed in adult somatic tissues and its re-expression has been observed associated to pathological conditions, mainly cancer. Accordingly, CRIPTO has been detected at very low levels in the plasma of healthy volunteers, whereas its levels are significantly higher in patients with breast, colon or glioblastoma tumors. These data suggest that CRIPTO levels in human plasma or serum may have clinical significance. However, very little is known about the variability of serum levels of CRIPTO at a population level and the genetic contribution underlying this variability remains unknown. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study of CRIPTO serum levels in isolated populations (n = 1,054) from Cilento area in South Italy. The most associated SNPs (p-value<5*10-8) were all located on chromosome 3p22.1-3p21.3, in the CRIPTO gene region. Overall six CRIPTO associated loci were replicated in an independent sample (n = 535). Pathway analysis identified a main network including two other genes, besides CRIPTO, in the associated regions, involved in cell movement and proliferation. The replicated loci explain more than 87% of the CRIPTO variance, with 85% explained by the most associated SNP. Moreover, the functional analysis of the main associated locus identified a causal variant in the 5’UTR of CRIPTO gene which is able to strongly modulate CRIPTO expression through an AP-1-mediate transcriptional regulation. Cripto gene has a fundamental role in embryo development and is also involved in cancer. The protein is bound to the cell membrane through an anchor, that can be cleaved, causing the secretion of the protein, in a still active form. In the adult, CRIPTO is detected at very low levels in normal tissues and in the blood, while its increase in both tissues and blood is associated to pathological conditions, mainly cancer. As other GPI linked proteins such as the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of the most used tumor markers, CRIPTO is able to reach the bloodstream. Therefore, CRIPTO represents a new promising biomarker and potential therapeutic target, and blood CRIPTO levels might be associated to clinical features. Here we examined the variability of blood CRIPTO levels at a population level (population isolates from the Cilento region in South Italy) and we investigated the genetic architecture underlying this variability. We reported the association of common genetic variants with the levels of CRIPTO protein in the blood and we identified a main locus on chromosome 3 and additional five associated loci. Moreover, through functional analyses, we were able to uncover the mechanism responsible for the variation in CRIPTO levels, which is a regulation mediated by the transcriptional factor AP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Nappo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Talotta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Giorgio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Celine Bellenguez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U744, Lille, France
- Université Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Louise Leutenegger
- Inserm, U946, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IUH, UMR-S 946, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna L. Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Human Cerberus prevents nodal-receptor binding, inhibits nodal signaling, and suppresses nodal-mediated phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114954. [PMID: 25603319 PMCID: PMC4300205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGFß) family ligand Nodal is an essential embryonic morphogen that is associated with progression of breast and other cancers. It has therefore been suggested that Nodal inhibitors could be used to treat breast cancers where Nodal plays a defined role. As secreted antagonists, such as Cerberus, tightly regulate Nodal signaling during embryonic development, we undertook to produce human Cerberus, characterize its biochemical activities, and determine its effect on human breast cancer cells. Using quantitative methods, we investigated the mechanism of Nodal signaling, we evaluated binding of human Cerberus to Nodal and other TGFß family ligands, and we characterized the mechanism of Nodal inhibition by Cerberus. Using cancer cell assays, we examined the ability of Cerberus to suppress aggressive breast cancer cell phenotypes. We found that human Cerberus binds Nodal with high affinity and specificity, blocks binding of Nodal to its signaling partners, and inhibits Nodal signaling. Moreover, we showed that Cerberus profoundly suppresses migration, invasion, and colony forming ability of Nodal expressing and Nodal supplemented breast cancer cells. Taken together, our studies provide mechanistic insights into Nodal signaling and Nodal inhibition with Cerberus and highlight the potential value of Cerberus as anti-Nodal therapeutic.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cao R, Long F, Wang L, Xu Y, Guo Y, Li F, Chen S, Sun K, Xu R. Duplication and deletion of CFC1 associated with heterotaxy syndrome. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 34:101-6. [PMID: 25423076 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy syndrome, which causes significant morbidity and mortality, is a class of congenital disorders, in which normal left-right asymmetry cannot be properly established. To explore the role of copy number variants (CNVs) in the occurrence of heterotaxy syndrome, we recruited 93 heterotaxy patients and studied 12 of them by the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array. The results were confirmed in the remaining 81 patients and 500 healthy children by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The analysis of the SNP6.0 array showed a duplication of chromosome 2q21.1, which was verified by qPCR. The result of qPCR in the other 81 patients showed that 8/81 patients had the CNVs of 2q21.1 and the only overlapping gene in these patients is CFC1. However, in the 500 healthy children, only one carried the duplication of CFC1 (p=3.5×10(-7)). The duplication and deletion of CFC1 may play key roles in the occurrence of heterotaxy syndrome. Moreover, the transposed great arteries, double outlet right ventricle, single atrium, and single ventricle may share a common genetic etiology with the heterotaxy syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Cao
- 1 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Kirschmann DA, Seftor EA, Gilgur A, Bodenstine TM, Hinck AP, Hendrix MJC. Divergence(s) in nodal signaling between aggressive melanoma and embryonic stem cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E242-51. [PMID: 25204799 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The significant role of the embryonic morphogen Nodal in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells is well documented. Interestingly, the recent discovery of Nodal's re-expression in several aggressive and metastatic cancers has highlighted its critical role in self renewal and maintenance of the stem cell-like characteristics of tumor cells, such as melanoma. However, the key TGFβ/Nodal signaling component(s) governing Nodal's effects in metastatic melanoma remain mostly unknown. By employing receptor profiling at the mRNA and protein level(s), we made the novel discovery that embryonic stem cells and metastatic melanoma cells share a similar repertoire of Type I serine/threonine kinase receptors, but diverge in their Type II receptor expression. Ligand:receptor crosslinking and native gel binding assays indicate that metastatic melanoma cells employ the heterodimeric TGFβ receptor I/TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRI/TGFβRII) for signal transduction, whereas embryonic stem cells use the Activin receptors I and II (ACTRI/ACTRII). This unexpected receptor usage by tumor cells was tested by: neutralizing antibody to block its function; and transfecting the dominant negative receptor to compete with the endogenous receptor for ligand binding. Furthermore, a direct biological role for TGFβRII was found to underlie vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an endothelial phenotype contributing to vascular perfusion and associated with the functional plasticity of aggressive melanoma. Collectively, these findings reveal the divergence in Nodal signaling between embryonic stem cells and metastatic melanoma that can impact new therapeutic strategies targeting the re-emergence of embryonic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential mechanism in embryonic development and tissue repair. EMT also contributes to the progression of disease, including organ fibrosis and cancer. EMT, as well as a similar transition occurring in vascular endothelial cells called endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), results from the induction of transcription factors that alter gene expression to promote loss of cell-cell adhesion, leading to a shift in cytoskeletal dynamics and a change from epithelial morphology and physiology to the mesenchymal phenotype. Transcription program switching in EMT is induced by signaling pathways mediated by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt-β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and receptor tyrosine kinases. These pathways are activated by various dynamic stimuli from the local microenvironment, including growth factors and cytokines, hypoxia, and contact with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). We discuss how these pathways crosstalk and respond to signals from the microenvironment to regulate the expression and function of EMT-inducing transcription factors in development, physiology, and disease. Understanding these mechanisms will enable the therapeutic control of EMT to promote tissue regeneration, treat fibrosis, and prevent cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Gonzalez
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Damian Medici
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cruz CD, Del Puerto HL, Rocha ALL, Cavallo IK, Clarizia AD, Petraglia F, Reis FM. Expression of Nodal, Cripto, SMAD3, phosphorylated SMAD3, and SMAD4 in the proliferative endometrium of women with endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:527-33. [PMID: 25228630 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114549855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal is a growth factor of the transforming growth factor β superfamily that is expressed in high turnover tissues, such as the human endometrium, and in several malignancies. The effects of Nodal are modulated by the coreceptor Cripto and mediated by SMAD proteins. This study evaluated the gene and protein expression of Nodal, Cripto, total and phosphorylated (p) SMAD3, and SMAD4 in the proliferative endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. METHOD Total RNA was isolated and complementary DNA synthesized from eutopic endometrium of women with (n = 15) and without (n = 12) endometriosis, followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the gene expression of Nodal, Cripto, SMAD3, and SMAD4. Western blot was used to evaluate the protein levels of Nodal and Cripto, and immunohistochemistry was performed to localize SMAD3, pSMAD3, and SMAD4. RESULTS Although Nodal expression was unchanged in women with endometriosis, real-time PCR indicated lower gene expression of Cripto (fold change 0.27, P < .05) in the endometriosis group. This difference, however, was not maintained at protein expression level as assessed by Western blot. The immunostaining of total SMAD3 was reduced in the endometriosis group (P < .01), but the localization of pSMAD3 and the nuclear staining of SMAD4 were unchanged. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the Nodal signaling pathway has subtle changes in the endometrium of women with endometriosis, but this imbalance may not cause functional damage as it seems not to affect the nuclear expression of SMAD4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza L Rocha
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Inês K Cavallo
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandra D Clarizia
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
The multifaceted role of the embryonic gene Cripto-1 in cancer, stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:51-8. [PMID: 25153355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cripto-1 (CR-1)/Teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor1 (TDGF-1) is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein that can function either in cis (autocrine) or in trans (paracrine). The cell membrane cis form is found in lipid rafts and endosomes while the trans acting form lacking the GPI anchor is soluble. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/Cripto-1-FRL-1-Cryptic (CFC) family, CR-1 functions as an obligatory co-receptor for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, Nodal and growth and differentiation factors 1 and 3 (GDF1/3) by activating Alk4/Alk7 signaling pathways that involve Smads 2, 3 and 4. In addition, CR-1 can activate non-Smad-dependent signaling elements such as PI3K, Akt and MAPK. Both of these pathways depend upon the 78kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78). Finally, CR-1 can facilitate signaling through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Notch/Cbf-1 pathways by functioning as a chaperone protein for LRP5/6 and Notch, respectively. CR-1 is essential for early embryonic development and maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotentiality. CR-1 performs an essential role in the etiology and progression of several types of human tumors where it is expressed in a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this context, CR-1 can significantly enhance tumor cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Collectively, these facts suggest that CR-1 may be an attractive target in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of several types of human cancer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lauc G, Krištić J, Zoldoš V. Glycans - the third revolution in evolution. Front Genet 2014; 5:145. [PMID: 24904645 PMCID: PMC4033155 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maintenance of a complex organism composed of trillions of cells is an extremely complex task. At the molecular level every process requires a specific molecular structures to perform it, thus it is difficult to imagine how less than tenfold increase in the number of genes between simple bacteria and higher eukaryotes enabled this quantum leap in complexity. In this perspective article we present the hypothesis that the invention of glycans was the third revolution in evolution (the appearance of nucleic acids and proteins being the first two), which enabled the creation of novel molecular entities that do not require a direct genetic template. Contrary to proteins and nucleic acids, which are made from a direct DNA template, glycans are product of a complex biosynthetic pathway affected by hundreds of genetic and environmental factors. Therefore glycans enable adaptive response to environmental changes and, unlike other epiproteomic modifications, which act as off/on switches, glycosylation significantly contributes to protein structure and enables novel functions. The importance of glycosylation is evident from the fact that nearly all proteins invented after the appearance of multicellular life are composed of both polypeptide and glycan parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Lauc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia ; Genos Glycoscience Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fuerer C, Nostro MC, Constam DB. Nodal·Gdf1 heterodimers with bound prodomains enable serum-independent nodal signaling and endoderm differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17854-71. [PMID: 24798330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGFβ family member Nodal is central to control pluripotent stem cell fate, but its use as a stem cell differentiation factor is limited by low specific activity. During development, Nodal depends on growth and differentiation factor (Gdf)-1 and on the shared co-receptor Cryptic to specify visceral left-right axis asymmetry. We therefore asked whether the functionality of Nodal can be augmented by Gdf1. Because Nodal and Gdf1 coimmunoprecipitate each other, they were predicted to form heterodimers, possibly to facilitate diffusion or to increase the affinity for signaling receptors. Here, we report that Gdf1 suppresses an unexpected dependence of Nodal on serum proteins and that it is critically required for non-autonomous signaling in cells expressing Cryptic. Nodal, Gdf1, and their cleaved propeptides copurified as a heterodimeric low molecular weight complex that stimulated Activin receptor (Acvr) signaling far more potently than Nodal alone. Although heterodimerization with Gdf1 did not increase binding of Nodal to Fc fusions of co-receptors or Acvr extracellular domains, it was essential for soluble Acvr2 to inhibit Nodal signaling. This implies that Gdf1 potentiates Nodal activity by stabilizing a low molecular weight fraction that is susceptible to neutralization by soluble Acvr2. Finally, in differentiating human ES cells, endodermal markers were more efficiently induced by Nodal·Gdf1 than by Nodal, suggesting that Nodal·Gdf1 is an attractive new reagent to direct stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Fuerer
- From the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - M Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Daniel B Constam
- From the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Müller J, Rana NA, Serth K, Kakuda S, Haltiwanger RS, Gossler A. O-fucosylation of the notch ligand mDLL1 by POFUT1 is dispensable for ligand function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88571. [PMID: 24533113 PMCID: PMC3922938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucosylation of Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF) repeats by protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1 in vertebrates, OFUT1 in Drosophila) is pivotal for NOTCH function. In Drosophila OFUT1 also acts as chaperone for Notch independent from its enzymatic activity. NOTCH ligands are also substrates for POFUT1, but in Drosophila OFUT1 is not essential for ligand function. In vertebrates the significance of POFUT1 for ligand function and subcellular localization is unclear. Here, we analyze the importance of O-fucosylation and POFUT1 for the mouse NOTCH ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1). We show by mass spectral glycoproteomic analyses that DLL1 is O-fucosylated at the consensus motif C²XXXX(S/T)C³ (where C² and C³ are the second and third conserved cysteines within the EGF repeats) found in EGF repeats 3, 4, 7 and 8. A putative site with only three amino acids between the second cysteine and the hydroxy amino acid within EGF repeat 2 is not modified. DLL1 proteins with mutated O-fucosylation sites reach the cell surface and accumulate intracellularly. Likewise, in presomitic mesoderm cells of POFUT1 deficient embryos DLL1 is present on the cell surface, and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking POFUT1 the same relative amount of overexpressed wild type DLL1 reaches the cell surface as in wild type embryonic fibroblasts. DLL1 expressed in POFUT1 mutant cells can activate NOTCH, indicating that POFUT1 is not required for DLL1 function as a Notch ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Müller
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadia A. Rana
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Katrin Serth
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shinako Kakuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RSH); (AG)
| | - Achim Gossler
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (RSH); (AG)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Constam DB. Regulation of TGFβ and related signals by precursor processing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:85-97. [PMID: 24508081 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Secreted cytokines of the TGFβ family are found in all multicellular organisms and implicated in regulating fundamental cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Signal transduction involves complexes of specific type I and II receptor kinases that induce the nuclear translocation of Smad transcription factors to regulate target genes. Ligands of the BMP and Nodal subgroups act at a distance to specify distinct cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner. These signaling gradients are shaped by multiple factors, including proteases of the proprotein convertase (PC) family that hydrolyze one or several peptide bonds between an N-terminal prodomain and the C-terminal domain that forms the mature ligand. This review summarizes information on the proteolytic processing of TGFβ and related precursors, and its spatiotemporal regulation by PCs during development and various diseases, including cancer. Available evidence suggests that the unmasking of receptor binding epitopes of TGFβ is only one (and in some cases a non-essential) function of precursor processing. Future studies should consider the impact of proteolytic maturation on protein localization, trafficking and turnover in cells and in the extracellular space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jin JZ, Ding J. Cripto is required for mesoderm and endoderm cell allocation during mouse gastrulation. Dev Biol 2013; 381:170-8. [PMID: 23747598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During mouse gastrulation, cells in the primitive streak undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and the resulting mesenchymal cells migrate out laterally to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm across the entire embryonic cylinder. The mechanisms underlying mesoderm and endoderm specification, migration, and allocation are poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the function of mouse Cripto, a member of the EGF-CFC gene family that is highly expressed in the primitive streak and migrating mesoderm cells on embryonic day 6.5. Conditional inactivation of Cripto during gastrulation leads to varied defects in mesoderm and endoderm development. Mutant embryos display accumulation of mesenchymal cells around the shortened primitive streak indicating a functional requirement of Cripto during the formation of mesoderm layer in gastrulation. In addition, some mutant embryos showed poor formation and abnormal allocation of definitive endoderm cells on embryonic day 7.5. Consistently, many mutant embryos that survived to embryonic day 8.5 displayed defects in ventral closure of the gut endoderm causing cardia bifida. Detailed analyses revealed that both the Fgf8-Fgfr1 pathway and p38 MAP kinase activation are partially affected by the loss of Cripto function. These results demonstrate a critical role for Cripto during mouse gastrulation, especially in mesoderm and endoderm formation and allocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Zhen Jin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fleming BM, Yelin R, James RG, Schultheiss TM. A role for Vg1/Nodal signaling in specification of the intermediate mesoderm. Development 2013; 140:1819-29. [PMID: 23533180 PMCID: PMC3621495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate mesoderm (IM) is the embryonic source of all kidney tissue in vertebrates. The factors that regulate the formation of the IM are not yet well understood. Through investigations in the chick embryo, the current study identifies and characterizes Vg1/Nodal signaling (henceforth referred to as 'Nodal-like signaling') as a novel regulator of IM formation. Excess Nodal-like signaling at gastrulation stages resulted in expansion of the IM at the expense of the adjacent paraxial mesoderm, whereas inhibition of Nodal-like signaling caused repression of IM gene expression. IM formation was sensitive to levels of the Nodal-like pathway co-receptor Cripto and was inhibited by a truncated form of the secreted molecule cerberus, which specifically blocks Nodal, indicating that the observed effects are specific to the Nodal-like branch of the TGFβ signaling pathway. The IM-promoting effects of Nodal-like signaling were distinct from the known effects of this pathway on mesoderm formation and left-right patterning, a finding that can be attributed to specific time windows for the activities of these Nodal-like functions. Finally, a link was observed between Nodal-like and BMP signaling in the induction of IM. Activation of IM genes by Nodal-like signaling required an active BMP signaling pathway, and Nodal-like signals induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, which is normally associated with activation of BMP signaling pathways. We postulate that Nodal-like signaling regulates IM formation by modulating the IM-inducing effects of BMP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britannia M. Fleming
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronit Yelin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Richard G. James
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Thomas M. Schultheiss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Inácio JM, Marques S, Nakamura T, Shinohara K, Meno C, Hamada H, Belo JA. The dynamic right-to-left translocation of Cerl2 is involved in the regulation and termination of Nodal activity in the mouse node. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60406. [PMID: 23544137 PMCID: PMC3609817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of left-right body asymmetry in mouse embryos depends on the interplay of molecules in a highly sensitive structure, the node. Here, we show that the localization of Cerl2 protein does not correlate to its mRNA expression pattern, from 3-somite stage onwards. Instead, Cerl2 protein displays a nodal flow-dependent dynamic behavior that controls the activity of Nodal in the node, and the transmission of the laterality information to the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Our results indicate that Cerl2 initially localizes and prevents the activation of Nodal genetic circuitry on the right side of the embryo, and later its right-to-left translocation shutdowns Nodal activity in the node. The consequent prolonged Nodal activity in the node by the absence of Cerl2 affects local Nodal expression and prolongs its expression in the LPM. Simultaneous genetic removal of both Nodal node inhibitors, Cerl2 and Lefty1, sustains even longer and bilateral this LPM expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Inácio
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Shinohara
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikara Meno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Dept Dev Biol, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - José António Belo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Biomedicina Molecular e Estrutural, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Torricelli M, Voltolini C, Novembri R, Bocchi C, Di Tommaso M, Severi FM, Petraglia F. Activin A and its Regulatory Molecules in Placenta and Fetal Membranes of Women with Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes Associated with Acute Chorioamnionitis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 68:392-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Torricelli
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - Chiara Voltolini
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - Romina Novembri
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - Caterina Bocchi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Di Tommaso
- Department of Gynecology, Perinatology and Human Reproduction; University of Florence; Florence; Italy
| | - Filiberto M. Severi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine; University of Siena; Siena; Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
McKean DM, Niswander L. Defects in GPI biosynthesis perturb Cripto signaling during forebrain development in two new mouse models of holoprosencephaly. Biol Open 2012; 1:874-83. [PMID: 23213481 PMCID: PMC3507239 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is the most common forebrain defect in humans. We describe two novel mouse mutants that display a holoprosencephaly-like phenotype. Both mutations disrupt genes in the glycerophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) biosynthesis pathway: gonzo disrupts Pign and beaker disrupts Pgap1. GPI anchors normally target and anchor a diverse group of proteins to lipid raft domains. Mechanistically we show that GPI anchored proteins are mislocalized in GPI biosynthesis mutants. Disruption of the GPI-anchored protein Cripto (mouse) and TDGF1 (human ortholog) have been shown to result in holoprosencephaly, leading to our hypothesis that Cripto is the key GPI anchored protein whose altered function results in an HPE-like phenotype. Cripto is an obligate Nodal co-factor involved in TGFβ signaling, and we show that TGFβ signaling is reduced both in vitro and in vivo. This work demonstrates the importance of the GPI anchor in normal forebrain development and suggests that GPI biosynthesis genes should be screened for association with human holoprosencephaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M McKean
- HHMI, Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora , CO 80045 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gray PC, Vale W. Cripto/GRP78 modulation of the TGF-β pathway in development and oncogenesis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1836-45. [PMID: 22306319 PMCID: PMC3723343 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cripto is a small, GPI-anchored signaling protein that regulates cellular survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration during normal developmental processes and tumorigenesis. Cripto functions as an obligatory co-receptor for the TGF-β ligands Nodal, GDF1 and GDF3 but attenuates signaling of others such as activin-A, activin-B and TGF-β1. Soluble, secreted forms of Cripto also activate Src, ras/raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways via a mechanism that remains largely obscure. This review describes the biological roles and signaling mechanisms of Cripto, highlighting our identification of the 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) as a cell surface receptor/co-factor required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and Src/MAPK/PI3K pathways. We discuss emerging evidence indicating that Cripto/GRP78 signaling regulates normal somatic stem cells and their tumorigenic counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nagaoka T, Karasawa H, Castro NP, Rangel MC, Salomon DS, Bianco C. An evolving web of signaling networks regulated by Cripto-1. Growth Factors 2012; 30:13-21. [PMID: 22149969 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.641962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, our understanding of the embryonic gene Cripto-1 has considerably advanced through biochemical, cell biology, and animal studies. Cripto-1 performs key functions during embryonic development, while it dramatically disappears in adult tissues, except possibly in adult tissue stem cells. Cripto-1 is re-expressed in human tumors promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tumor angiogenesis. This diversity of biological effects is dependent upon interaction of Cripto-1 with an extensive array of signaling molecules. In fact, Cripto-1 modulates signaling of transforming growth factor-β family members, including Nodal, GDF-1/-3, Activin, and TGF-β1, activates c-src/MAPK/Protein Kinase B (AKT) pathway in a Glypican-1 and GRP78-dependent manner, and cross-talks with erbB4, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Caveolin-1, and Apelin/putative receptor protein related to Angiotensin-type I receptor (APJ) pathways. This article provides an updated survey of the various signaling pathways modulated by Cripto-1 with a focus on mechanistic insights in our understanding of the biological function of Cripto-1 in eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Nagaoka
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|