1
|
p50 mono-ubiquitination and interaction with BARD1 regulates cell cycle progression and maintains genome stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5007. [PMID: 33024116 PMCID: PMC7538584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
p50, the mature product of NFKB1, is constitutively produced from its precursor, p105. Here, we identify BARD1 as a p50-interacting factor. p50 directly associates with the BARD1 BRCT domains via a C-terminal phospho-serine motif. This interaction is induced by ATR and results in mono-ubiquitination of p50 by the BARD1/BRCA1 complex. During the cell cycle, p50 is mono-ubiquitinated in S phase and loss of this post-translational modification increases S phase progression and chromosomal breakage. Genome-wide studies reveal a substantial decrease in p50 chromatin enrichment in S phase and Cycln E is identified as a factor regulated by p50 during the G1 to S transition. Functionally, interaction with BARD1 promotes p50 protein stability and consistent with this, in human cancer specimens, low nuclear BARD1 protein strongly correlates with low nuclear p50. These data indicate that p50 mono-ubiquitination by BARD1/BRCA1 during the cell cycle regulates S phase progression to maintain genome integrity. p50 is a constitutively produced NF-κB subunit that modulates the response to DNA damage. Here, the authors show that activation of ATR during S phase induces p50 interaction with BARD1 resulting in p50 mono-ubiquitination, facilitating cell cycle progression and promoting chromosome integrity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Chen C, Zhang P, Xie H, Hou L, Hui Z, Xu Y, Du Q, Zhou X, Su B, Gao W. Reduced miR-3127-5p expression promotes NSCLC proliferation/invasion and contributes to dasatinib sensitivity via the c-Abl/Ras/ERK pathway. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6527. [PMID: 25284075 PMCID: PMC5377463 DOI: 10.1038/srep06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-3127-5p is a primate-specific miRNA which is down-regulated in recurrent NSCLC tissue vs. matched primary tumor tissue (N = 15) and in tumor tissue vs. normal lung tissue (N = 177). Reduced miR-3127-5p expression is associated with a higher Ki-67 proliferation index and unfavorable prognosis in NSCLC. Overexpression of miR-3127-5p significantly reduced NSCLC cells proliferation, migration, and motility in vitro and in vivo. The oncogene ABL1 was a direct miR-3127-5p target, and miR-3127-5p regulated the activation of the Abl/Ras/ERK pathway and transactivated downstream proliferation/metastasis-associated molecules. Overexpression of miR-3127-5p in A549 or H292 cells resulted in enhanced resistance to dasatinib, an Abl/src tyrosine kinase inhibitor. miR-3127-5p expression levels were correlated with dasatinib sensitivity in NSCLC cell lines without K-Ras G12 mutation. In conclusion, miR-3127-5p acts as a tumor suppressor gene and is a potential biomarker for dasatinib sensitivity in the non-mutated Ras subset of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Sun
- 1] Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China [2] Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 241, Huaihaixi Road, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China [3]
| | - Chang Chen
- 1] Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China [2]
| | - Peng Zhang
- 1] Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China [2]
| | - Huikang Xie
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Likun Hou
- Department of pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Hui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoling Du
- Departments of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital. Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 536, Changle Road, Shanghai, 200126, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Bo Su
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.507, Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 241, Huaihaixi Road, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Plasmacytomagenesis in Eμ-v-abl transgenic mice is accelerated when apoptosis is restrained. Blood 2014; 124:1099-109. [PMID: 24986687 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice susceptible to plasma cell tumors provide a useful model for human multiple myeloma. We previously showed that mice expressing an Eµ-v-abl oncogene solely develop plasmacytomas. Here we show that loss of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim or, to a lesser extent, overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 or Mcl-1, significantly accelerated the development of plasmacytomas and increased their incidence. Disease was preceded by an increased abundance of plasma cells, presumably reflecting their enhanced survival capacity in vivo. Plasmacytomas of each genotype expressed high levels of v-abl and frequently harbored a rearranged c-myc gene, probably as a result of chromosome translocation. As in human multiple myelomas, elevated expression of cyclin D genes was common, and p53 deregulation was rare. Our results for plasmacytomas highlight the significance of antiapoptotic changes in multiple myeloma, which include elevated expression of Mcl-1 and, less frequently, Bcl-2, and suggest that closer attention to defects in Bim expression is warranted.
Collapse
|
4
|
c-Abl tyrosine kinase interacts with MAVS and regulates innate immune response. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
5
|
Huang HJ, Gao QS, Tao BF, Jiang SW. Long-term culture of keratinocyte-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 44:193-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
6
|
Yang DT, Young KH, Kahl BS, Markovina S, Miyamoto S. Prevalence of bortezomib-resistant constitutive NF-kappaB activity in mantle cell lymphoma. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:40. [PMID: 18489772 PMCID: PMC2408930 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib can inhibit activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, a mechanism implicated in its anti-neoplastic effects observed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). However, NF-κB can be activated through many distinct mechanisms, including proteasome independent pathways. While MCL cells have been shown to harbor constitutive NF-κB activity, what fraction of this activity in primary MCL samples is sensitive or resistant to inhibition by bortezomib remains unclear. Results Proteasome activity in the EBV-negative MCL cell lines Jeko-1 and Rec-1 is inhibited by greater than 80% after exposure to 20 nM bortezomib for 4 hours. This treatment decreased NF-κB activity in Jeko-1 cells, but failed to do so in Rec-1 cells when assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Concurrently, Rec-1 cells were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of bortezomib than Jeko-1 cells. Consistent with a proteasome inhibitor resistant pathway of activation described in mouse B-lymphoma cells (WEHI231) and a breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-468), the bortezomib-resistant NF-κB activity in Rec-1 cells is inhibited by calcium chelators, calmodulin inhibitors, and perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene capable of blocking L-type calcium channels. Importantly, the combination of perillyl alcohol and bortezomib is synergistic in eliciting Rec-1 cell cytotoxicity. The relevance of these results is illuminated by the additional finding that a considerable fraction of primary MCL samples (8 out of 10) displayed bortezomib-resistant constitutive NF-κB activity. Conclusion Our findings show that bortezomib-resistant NF-κB activity is frequently observed in MCL samples and suggest that this activity may be relevant to MCL biology as well as serve as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gourzi P, Leonova T, Papavasiliou FN. Viral induction of AID is independent of the interferon and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways but requires NF-kappaB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:259-65. [PMID: 17242162 PMCID: PMC2118730 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in germinal centers of lymphoid organs during immunoglobulin diversification, in bone marrow B cells after infection with Abelson murine leukemia retrovirus (Ab-MLV), and in human B cells after infection by hepatitis C virus. To understand how viruses signal AID induction in the host we asked whether the AID response was abrogated in cells deficient in the interferon pathway or in signaling via the Toll-like receptors. Here we show that AID is not an interferon responsive gene and abrogation of Toll-like receptor signaling does not diminish the AID response. However, we found that NF-κB was required for expression of virally induced AID. Since NF-κB binds and activates the AID promoter, these results mechanistically link viral infection with AID transcription. Thus, induction of AID by viruses could be the result of several signaling pathways that culminate in NF-κB activation, underscoring the versatility of this host defense program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Gourzi
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jacobsen EA, Ananieva O, Brown ML, Chang Y. Growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation of pre-B cells mediated by inducible activation of v-Abl oncogene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6831-8. [PMID: 16709843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, encoded by the v-Abl oncogene of Abelson murine leukemia virus induces transformation of progenitor B cells. The v-Abl oncogene promotes cell cycle progression and inhibits pre-B cell differentiation. The temperature-sensitive form of Abelson murine leukemia virus offers a reversible model to study the role of v-Abl in regulating growth and differentiation. Inactivation of v-Abl elevates p27 and Foxo3a levels and activates NF-kappaB/Rel, which leads to G1 arrest and induction of Ig L chain gene rearrangement, respectively. In turn, v-Abl reactivation reduces p27 and Foxo3a levels, thus permitting G1-arrested cells to reenter the cell cycle. However, the cell lines derived from SCID mice that are defective in the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase retain elevated levels of p27 and Foxo3a proteins despite reactivation of v-Abl. Consequently, these cells are locked in the G1 phase for an extended period of time. The few cells that manage to bypass the G1 arrest become tumorigenic and fail to undergo pre-B cell differentiation induced by v-Abl inactivation. Deregulation of p27, Foxo3a, c-myc, and NF-kappaB/Rel was found to be associated with the malignant transformation of SCID temperature-sensitive form of Abelson murine leukemia virus pre-B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, School of Life Sciences, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hiroyama T, Miharada K, Aoki N, Fujioka T, Sudo K, Danjo I, Nagasawa T, Nakamura Y. Long-lasting in vitro hematopoiesis derived from primate embryonic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:760-9. [PMID: 16728281 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Induction of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic stem (ES) cells has been reported recently. However, before cells derived from human ES cells can be used in the clinic, preclinical studies using these cells in experimental primates will be necessary. Therefore, we attempted to establish a method to induce hematopoietic cells robustly and abundantly from primate ES cells. METHODS A primate ES cell line, CMK-6, derived from the cynomolgus monkey was used in this study. We adapted a method to induce hematopoiesis from CMK-6 cells on feeder cells, and tested the effectiveness of three kinds of feeder cell lines (OP9, C2C12, and C3H10T1/2). In addition, we tested the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) on hematopoiesis induction from CMK-6 cells. RESULTS VEGF and IGF-II showed an extremely strong synergistic effect to induce hematopoiesis from CMK-6 cells. C3H10T1/2 cells proved to be very useful for the induction of hematopoiesis from CMK-6 cells, and the production of blood cells on C3H10T1/2 cells has been maintained as long as 5 months. During this long period, ES cell derivatives continuously produced mature blood cells, including terminally differentiated cells. CONCLUSION We have developed an original method to produce enriched blood cells abundantly from primate ES cells for an extremely long period. This method may represent a good in vitro model for studying primate hematopoiesis and related diseases. Furthermore, our method may be useful for preclinical studies of transfusion therapy using blood cells derived from ES cells in experimental primate systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hiroyama
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miharada KI, Hiroyama T, Sudo K, Nagasawa T, Nakamura Y. Lipocalin 2 functions as a negative regulator of red blood cell production in an autocrine fashion. FASEB J 2005; 19:1881-3. [PMID: 16157692 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3809fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the lipocalin protein family are typically small, secreted proteins that possess a variety of functions. Although the physiological role of lipocalin 2 remains to be fully elucidated, a few pivotal functions have recently been reported, e.g., regulation of the apoptosis of leukocytes. Unexpectedly, lipocalin 2 is abundantly expressed in erythroid progenitor cells. An in vitro culture experiment demonstrated that lipocalin 2 induces apoptosis and inhibits differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. During acute anemia the expression of lipocalin 2 was reduced in erythroid cells by a feedback system. Furthermore, injection of recombinant lipocalin 2 into mice suffering from acute anemia retarded the recovery of red blood cell (RBC) numbers, suggesting the importance of reduced expression of lipocalin 2 for the efficient recovery of RBC numbers. These results indicate that lipocalin 2 suppresses RBC production in an autocrine fashion. Hence, anemia arising from pathological conditions, such as chronic inflammation, might be partly due to increased levels of lipocalin 2 secreted from expanded leukocytes and/or macrophages. Also, anemia arising from malignancies might be partly due to the abundant secretion of lipocalin 2 from tumor cells. Thus, lipocalin 2 may represent an attractive therapeutic target for anemia under certain pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Miharada
- Cell Engineering Division, BioResource Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tong X, Yin L, Washington R, Rosenberg DW, Giardina C. The p50-p50 NF-kappaB complex as a stimulus-specific repressor of gene activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 265:171-83. [PMID: 15543947 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000044394.66951.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB can be activated in different forms, including transcriptional activating and repressing forms. Intestinal epithelial cells have been found to modulate the relative levels of the p65-p50 and p50-p50 NF-kappaB complexes in a number of instances, and here we show that this ratio was altered in response to dietary fiber (wheat bran) and carcinogen exposure (azoxymethane). The influence of these complexes on gene regulation was examined in more detail in cell culture models. The colon-derived HT-29 cell line likewise activated both p65-p50 and p50-p50 NF-kappaB complexes: TNF-alpha triggered a strong, sustained p65-p50 activation with lower relative levels of p50-p50, whereas IL-1beta transiently activated p65-p50 with higher relative levels of p50-p50. Transfection experiments with an NF-kappaB reporter plasmid indicated that p50 was a repressor in HT-29 cells. Increased expression of the p50-p50 dimer by an adenovirus showed that the p50-p50 dimer suppressed IL-1beta activation of endogenous genes more than 5-fold (TNF-alpha, Cox-2 and IL-8), whereas gene activation by TNF-alpha was not significantly affected. DNA binding analyses showed a number of strong p50-p50 binding sites on these promoters. The selective p50-p50 suppression of IL-1beta gene activation corresponded to the transient nature of p65-p50 activation induced by IL-1beta (in both HT-29 and Caco-2 cells). Our findings demonstrate a novel gene regulatory mechanism for the NF-kappaB p50-p50 complex: a signal-specific transcriptional repression that appears to selectively inhibit stimuli that transiently activate p65-p50 complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park SW, Huq MDM, Hu X, Wei LN. Tyrosine nitration on p65: a novel mechanism to rapidly inactivate nuclear factor-kappaB. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:300-9. [PMID: 15657065 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m400195-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NO is an important factor that induces post-translational modifications of proteins by cellular reduction and oxidation mechanism: cysteinyl-nitrosylation or Tyr nitration. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity can be rapidly suppressed by sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor. This effect was effectively reversed by peroxynitrite scavenger deferoxamine, suggesting a Tyr nitration-mediated mechanism. Western blot with nitrotyrosine-specific antibody demonstrated that the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB was predominantly nitrated on Tyr residues. Tyr nitration of p65 induced its dissociation from p50, its association with IkappaBalpha, and subsequent sequestration of p65 in the cytoplasm by IkappaBalpha-mediated export. Liquid chromatography-coupled nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry revealed specific nitration on Tyr-66 and Tyr-152 residues of p65. Mutation studies confirmed that both Tyr-66 and Tyr-152 residues were important for the direct effects of NO on p65, which resulted in more p65 export and inactivation of NF-kappaB activity. This study identified a novel and efficient pathway where NO rapidly inactivated NF-kappaB activity by inducing Tyr nitration on p65.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Park
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kawakubo H, Carey JL, Brachtel E, Gupta V, Green JE, Walden PD, Maheswaran S. Expression of the NF-kappaB-responsive gene BTG2 is aberrantly regulated in breast cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:8310-9. [PMID: 15378000 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BTG2, a p53-inducible antiproliferative gene, is stimulated in breast cancer cells by activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). In rat mammary glands, BTG2 is expressed in epithelial cells and levels decreased during pregnancy and lactation but recovered during involution. Estrogen and progestin suppress BTG2 expression, suggesting that these steroids, which stimulate proliferation and lobuloalveolar development of mammary epithelial cells, may downregulate BTG2 in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Consistent with the report that BTG2 inhibits cyclin D1 expression, suppression of BTG2 mRNA in the mammary gland during gestation, and by estrogen and progestin, correlated with stimulation of cyclin D1. Ectopic expression of BTG2 inhibited breast cancer cell growth by arresting cells in the G1 phase, an effect reversed by cyclin D1. BTG2 expression was very low or undetectable in human breast cancer cell lines compared with nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells, and nuclear expression of BTG2 was absent in 65% of human breast tumors compared with adjacent matched normal glands. Spontaneous mammary tumors arising in a mouse model with targeted expression of the early region of the SV40 large tumor Ag demonstrated loss of BTG2 protein very early during the tumorigenic process. Thus deregulation of BTG2 may be an important step in the development of mammary tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gugasyan R, Voss A, Varigos G, Thomas T, Grumont RJ, Kaur P, Grigoriadis G, Gerondakis S. The transcription factors c-rel and RelA control epidermal development and homeostasis in embryonic and adult skin via distinct mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5733-45. [PMID: 15199130 PMCID: PMC480872 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.13.5733-5745.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the roles of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors in mouse skin development with loss-of-function mutants has been limited by redundancy among these proteins and by embryonic lethality associated with the absence of RelA. Using mice lacking RelA and c-rel, which survive throughout embryogenesis on a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-deficient background (rela(-/-) c-rel(-/-) tnfalpha(-/-)), we show that c-rel and RelA are required for normal epidermal development. Although mutant fetuses fail to form tylotrich hair and have a thinner epidermis, mutant keratinocyte progenitors undergo terminal differentiation to form an outer cornified layer. Mutant basal keratinocytes are abnormally small, exhibit a delay in G(1) progression, and fail to form keratinocyte colonies in culture. In contrast to the reduced proliferation of mutant keratinocytes during embryogenesis, skin grafting experiments revealed that the mutant epidermis develops a TNF-alpha-dependent hyperproliferative condition. Collectively, our findings indicate that RelA and c-rel control the development of the epidermis and associated appendages during embryogenesis and regulate epidermal homeostasis in a postnatal environment through the suppression of innate immune-mediated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Gugasyan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kucharczak J, Simmons MJ, Fan Y, Gélinas C. To be, or not to be: NF-kappaB is the answer--role of Rel/NF-kappaB in the regulation of apoptosis. Oncogene 2004; 22:8961-82. [PMID: 14663476 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During their lifetime, cells encounter many life or death situations that challenge their very own existence. Their survival depends on the interplay within a complex yet precisely orchestrated network of proteins. The Rel/NF-kappaB signaling pathway and the transcription factors that it activates have emerged as critical regulators of the apoptotic response. These proteins are best known for the key roles that they play in normal immune and inflammatory responses, but they are also implicated in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and oncogenesis. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in understanding the pathways that activate the Rel/NF-kappaB factors and their role in the cell's decision to either fight or surrender to apoptotic challenge. Whereas NF-kappaB is most commonly involved in suppressing apoptosis by transactivating the expression of antiapoptotic genes, it can promote programmed cell death in response to certain death-inducing signals and in certain cell types. This review surveys our current understanding of the role of NF-kappaB in the apoptotic response and focuses on many developments since this topic was last reviewed in Oncogene 4 years ago. These recent findings shed new light on the activity of NF-kappaB as a critical regulator of apoptosis in the immune, hepatic, epidermal and nervous systems, on the mechanisms through which it operates and on its role in tissue development, homoeostasis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kucharczak
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheng S, Hsia CY, Leone G, Liou HC. Cyclin E and Bcl-xL cooperatively induce cell cycle progression in c-Rel−/− B cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:8472-86. [PMID: 14627988 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant overexpression of the c-rel protooncogene is associated with lymphoid malignancy, while c-rel deletion produces severe lymphoproliferative defects and immunodeficiency. To investigate the mechanism of c-rel-induced proliferation and cell cycle progression in B lymphocytes, we have compared signaling events elicited through the BCR in c-rel-/- and wild-type B cells. BCR stimulation of c-rel-/- B cells fails to induce proper cyclin expression, resulting in G1 phase arrest, but it is unclear whether these defects are in fact secondary events of decreased B-cell survival, since c-rel deletion also affects the expression of antiapoptotic genes such as bcl-xL. Here, we use the bcl-xL transgene to correct the viability of c-rel-deficient B cells, and show that the inhibition of apoptosis does not necessarily confer hyperproliferation of B cells activated through the BCR. c-rel-/- B cells still fail to enter the S phase despite improved survival by bcl-xL overexpression, suggesting that c-Rel-associated cell cycle progression is dependent on more than just enhanced cell viability. Overexpression of cyclin E protein, however, can cooperate with Bcl-xL to restore cell cycle progression to c-rel-/- B cells via induction of the cyclin-CDK/Rb-E2F pathway. Furthermore, we show that c-Rel can directly regulate transcription of the e2f3a promoter/enhancer, which is then likely to lead to transcriptional activation of the cyclin E promoter by E2F3a. Hence, these studies provide clear evidence that control of lymphocyte proliferation via c-Rel is linked to a cyclin-dependent process, and suggest that c-Rel not only activates antiapoptotic signaling but also the induction of cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Cheng
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Increased airway smooth muscle mass has been demonstrated in patients with asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and most recently, cystic fibrosis. These observations emphasize the need for further knowledge of the events involved in airway smooth muscle mitogenesis and hypertrophy. Workers in the field have developed cell culture systems involving tracheal and bronchial myocytes from different species. An emergent body of literature indicates that mutual signal transduction pathways control airway smooth muscle cell cycle entry across species lines. This article reviews what is known about mitogen-activated signal transduction in airway myocytes. The extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathways appear to be key positive regulators of airway smooth muscle mitogenesis; recent studies have also demonstrated specific roles for reactive oxygen and the JAK/STAT pathway. It is also possible that growth factor stimulation of airway smooth muscle concurrently elicits signaling through negative regulatory intermediates such as p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) delta, conceivably as a defense against extreme growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 48109-0688, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grumont RJ, Strasser A, Gerondakis S. B cell growth is controlled by phosphatidylinosotol 3-kinase-dependent induction of Rel/NF-kappaB regulated c-myc transcription. Mol Cell 2002; 10:1283-94. [PMID: 12504005 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors regulate the division and survival of B lymphocytes. Here we show that B cells lacking NF-kappaB1 and c-Rel fail to increase in size upon mitogenic stimulation due to a reduction in induced c-myc expression. Mitogen-induced B cell growth, although not markedly impaired by FRAP/mTOR or MEK inhibitors, required phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. Inhibition of PI3K-dependent growth coincided with a block in the nuclear import of NF-kappaB1/c-Rel dimers and a failure to upregulate c-myc. In addition, PI3K was shown to be necessary for a transcription-independent increase in c-Myc protein levels that accompanies mitogenic activation. Collectively, these findings establish a role for Rel/NF-kappaB signaling in the mitogen-induced growth of mammalian cells, which in B lymphocytes requires a PI3K/c-myc-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raelene J Grumont
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|