1
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Yang X, Chen Y, Yang Y, Li S, Mi P, Jing N. The molecular and cellular choreography of early mammalian lung development. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:192-206. [PMID: 38919401 PMCID: PMC11195428 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian lung development starts from a specific cluster of endodermal cells situated within the ventral foregut region. With the orchestrating of delicate choreography of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and cell-cell communications, the endodermal diverticulum extends into the surrounding mesenchyme, and builds the cellular and structural basis of the complex respiratory system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current molecular insights of mammalian lung development, with a particular focus on the early stage of lung cell fate differentiation and spatial patterning. Furthermore, we explore the implications of several congenital respiratory diseases and the relevance to early organogenesis. Finally, we summarize the unprecedented knowledge concerning lung cell compositions, regulatory networks as well as the promising prospect for gaining an unbiased understanding of lung development and lung malformations through state-of-the-art single-cell omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiting Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Panpan Mi
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Wesselman HM, Arceri L, Nguyen TK, Lara CM, Wingert RA. Genetic mechanisms of multiciliated cell development: from fate choice to differentiation in zebrafish and other models. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 37997009 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCS) form bundles of cilia and their activities are essential for the proper development and physiology of many organ systems. Not surprisingly, defects in MCCs have profound consequences and are associated with numerous disease states. Here, we discuss the current understanding of MCC formation, with a special focus on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MCC fate choice and differentiation. Furthermore, we cast a spotlight on the use of zebrafish to study MCC ontogeny and several recent advances made in understanding MCCs using this vertebrate model to delineate mechanisms of MCC emergence in the developing kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Arceri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Caroline M Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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3
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Torio M, Maeda K, Akamine S, Kawakami S, Matsubara Y, Miya F, Kato M, Kira R. A case of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome and autism spectrum disorder with an RFX3 mutation. Seizure 2023; 112:11-14. [PMID: 37717291 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Torio
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of General Pediatrics and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Maeda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akamine
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saori Kawakami
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshie Matsubara
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Coyle MC, Tajima AM, Leon F, Choksi SP, Yang A, Espinoza S, Hughes TR, Reiter JF, Booth DS, King N. An RFX transcription factor regulates ciliogenesis in the closest living relatives of animals. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3747-3758.e9. [PMID: 37552984 PMCID: PMC10530576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cilia allowed our protistan ancestors to sense and explore their environment, avoid predation, and capture bacterial prey.1,2,3 Regulated ciliogenesis was likely critical for early animal evolution,2,4,5,6 and in modern animals, deploying cilia in the right cells at the right time is crucial for development and physiology. Two transcription factors, RFX and FoxJ1, coordinate ciliogenesis in animals7,8,9 but are absent from the genomes of many other ciliated eukaryotes, raising the question of how the regulation of ciliogenesis in animals evolved.10,11 By comparing the genomes of animals with those of their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellates, we found that the genome of their last common ancestor encoded at least three RFX paralogs and a FoxJ1 homolog. Disruption of the RFX homolog cRFXa in the model choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta resulted in delayed cell proliferation and aberrant ciliogenesis, marked by the collapse and resorption of nascent cilia. In cRFXa mutants, ciliogenesis genes and foxJ1 were significantly downregulated. Moreover, the promoters of S. rosetta ciliary genes are enriched for DNA motifs matching those bound by the cRFXa protein in vitro. These findings suggest that an ancestral cRFXa homolog coordinated ciliogenesis in the progenitors of animals and choanoflagellates and that the selective deployment of the RFX regulatory module may have been necessary to differentiate ciliated from non-ciliated cell types during early animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C Coyle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adia M Tajima
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fredrick Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Semil P Choksi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ally Yang
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sarah Espinoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David S Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Li L, Shi G, Zhang X, Wang T, Wang B, Gao Y, You G, Fu Q, Xiang Y, Zhang X. Novel dominant-negative FOXJ1 mutation in a family with heterotaxy plus mouse model. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:1476-1489. [PMID: 37692537 PMCID: PMC10485651 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a clinically heterogeneous group of autosomal or, less frequently, X-chromosomal recessive inheritance syndrome of motile cilia dysfunction characterized by neonatal respiratory distress, oto-sino-pulmonary disease, infertility and situs inversus. Recently, type 43 PCD (CILD43, OMIM#618699) was established by autosomal-dominant loss-of-function mutations identified in Forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1). However, the functional validation of FOXJ1 mutations in humans and mice has not been fully performed. Here we studied a three-generation family with heterotaxy and proband with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods We performed whole-exome sequencing to investigate the causative variant of this family and generated gene knock-in mice carrying the human equivalent mutation by homologous recombination. Then, microscopy analysis was used to characterize the phenotype and ciliary ultrastructure of the model. Effects of the variant on heart anomaly were preliminarily explored through transcriptome sequencing. Results A novel heterozygous deletion variant (c.1129delC/p.Leu377Trpfs*76) of FOXJ1 was discovered that exerts a dominant-negative effect (DNE) in vitro. Notably, both homozygous (Foxj1c.1129delT/c.1129delT) and heterozygous (Foxj1+/c.1129delT) mice developed situs inversus, hydrocephalus and showed a disruption of trachea cilia structure, whereas these abnormalities were only observed in previously reported Foxj1-/-, not Foxj1+/- mice. Thus, a more severe phenotype and higher expressivity of our mouse model further indicated the DNE of this mutation. Meanwhile, several cardiomyopathy-related genes were differentially expressed in the homozygous Foxj1 knock-in mouse hearts, pointing to a probable function in cardiac pathology. Conclusions Overall, our study results showed that c.1129delC mutation in FOXJ1 was regarded as the cause of situs inversus in this family and this mutant showed a capacity of DNE over wild-type FOXJ1, causing more serious consequences than the allelic deletion of Foxj1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guocheng Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Congenital Heart Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqian Gao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoling You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
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Zhou S, Yang Y, Cheng Z, Wu M, Han Q, Zhao W, Liu H. Effects of early maternal separation on the expression levels of hippocampal and prefrontal cortex genes and pathways in lactating piglets. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1243296. [PMID: 37645701 PMCID: PMC10460909 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1243296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In actual production, due to increased litter size when raising pigs, the management of piglets by split-suckling leads to intermittent neonatal maternal separation (MS). Early lactation is a critical period for the cognitive development of the brain of newborn piglets, and we hypothesized that intermittent MS may affect piglets' neurodevelopment and cognitive ability. Methods To determine the effects of the MS, we selected hippocampal and prefrontal cortex (PFC) tissues from piglets for the detection of neurodevelopmental or cognitive related indicators, the control group (Con group, n = 6) was established with no MS and an experimental group (MS group, n = 6) was established with MS for 6 h/day. Piglets in the MS group were milk-supplemented during the separation period and all piglets in both treatment groups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 35. On PND 35, three male piglets from each group were sacrificed for hippocampus and PFC samples used for reference transcriptome sequencing. Following bioinformatics analysis, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and candidate gene screening and pathway were performed for differentially expressed genes. Results The results showed that a total of 1,632 differential genes were identified in the hippocampus of the MS group, including 1,077 up-regulated differential genes, 555 down-regulated differential genes, and 655 significant GO entries. Analysis of the PFC of the MS group revealed 349 up-regulated genes, 151 down-regulated differential genes, and 584 significant GO entries. Genes associated with neurodevelopment were screened for large fold differences in the hippocampus, and genes associated with cognition were screened for large fold differences in the PFC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the sequencing data. Western blot (WB) experiments revealed that MS inhibited the neurodevelopment-related WNT signaling pathway in the hippocampus and the cognitive-related PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the PFC. Discussion Taken together, these findings suggest that intermittent MS may affect some cognitive functions in piglets by damaging hippocampal and PFC genes or pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhao
- Institute of New Rural Development, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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7
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Derderian C, Canales GI, Reiter JF. Seriously cilia: A tiny organelle illuminates evolution, disease, and intercellular communication. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1333-1349. [PMID: 37490910 PMCID: PMC10880727 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The borders between cell and developmental biology, which have always been permeable, have largely dissolved. One manifestation is the blossoming of cilia biology, with cell and developmental approaches (increasingly complemented by human genetics, structural insights, and computational analysis) fruitfully advancing understanding of this fascinating, multifunctional organelle. The last eukaryotic common ancestor probably possessed a motile cilium, providing evolution with ample opportunity to adapt cilia to many jobs. Over the last decades, we have learned how non-motile, primary cilia play important roles in intercellular communication. Reflecting their diverse motility and signaling functions, compromised cilia cause a diverse range of diseases collectively called "ciliopathies." In this review, we highlight how cilia signal, focusing on how second messengers generated in cilia convey distinct information; how cilia are a potential source of signals to other cells; how evolution may have shaped ciliary function; and how cilia research may address thorny outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Derderian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela I Canales
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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8
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Kong D, Wei M, Liu D, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Zhang Z. Morphological Observation and Transcriptome Analysis of Ciliogenesis in Urechis unicinctus (Annelida, Echiura). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11537. [PMID: 37511295 PMCID: PMC10380512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early development of marine invertebrates, planktic larvae usually occur, and their body surfaces often form specific types of cilia that are involved in locomotion and feeding. The echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus sequentially undergoes the formation and disappearance of different types of body surface cilia during embryonic and larval development. The morphological characteristics and molecular mechanisms involved in the process remain unclear. In this study, we found that body surface cilia in U. unicinctus embryos and larvae can be distinguished into four types: body surface short cilia, apical tufts, circumoral cilia and telotrochs. Further, distribution and genesis of the body surface cilia were characterized using light microscope and electron microscope. To better understand the molecular mechanism during ciliogenesis, we revealed the embryonic and larval transcriptome profile of the key stages of ciliogenesis in U. unicinctus using RNA-Seq technology. A total of 29,158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from 24 cDNA libraries by RNA-Seq. KEGG pathway enrichment results showed that Notch, Wnt and Ca2+ signaling pathways were significantly enriched during the occurrence of apical tufts and circumoral cilia. Furthermore, all DEGs were classified according to their expression pattern, and DEGs with similar expression pattern were grouped into a module. All DEG co-expression modules were correlated with traits (body surface short cilia, apical tufts, circumoral cilia and telotrochs) by WGCNA, the results showed DEGs were divided into 13 modules by gene expression patterns and that the genes in No. 7, No. 8 and No. 10 modules were to be highly correlated with the occurrence of apical tufts, circumoral cilia and telotrochs. The top 10 hub genes in the above three modules were identified to be highly correlated with ciliogenesis, including the reported cilium-related gene Cnbd2 and unreported cilium-related candidate genes FAM181B, Capsl, Chst3, TMIE and Innexin. Notably, Innexin was included in the top10 hub genes of the two modules (No. 7 and No. 8), suggesting that Innexin may play an important role in U. unicinctus apical tufts, circumoral cilia and telotrochs genesis. This study revealed the characteristics of ciliogenesis on the body surface of U. unicinctus embryos and larvae, providing basic data for exploring the molecular mechanism of ciliogenesis on the body surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexu Kong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Maokai Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Danwen Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yubin Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Ocean Institute, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
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9
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Brocal-Ruiz R, Esteve-Serrano A, Mora-Martínez C, Franco-Rivadeneira ML, Swoboda P, Tena JJ, Vilar M, Flames N. Forkhead transcription factor FKH-8 cooperates with RFX in the direct regulation of sensory cilia in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2023; 12:e89702. [PMID: 37449480 PMCID: PMC10393296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia, either motile or non-motile (a.k.a primary or sensory), are complex evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic structures composed of hundreds of proteins required for their assembly, structure and function that are collectively known as the ciliome. Ciliome gene mutations underlie a group of pleiotropic genetic diseases known as ciliopathies. Proper cilium function requires the tight coregulation of ciliome gene transcription, which is only fragmentarily understood. RFX transcription factors (TF) have an evolutionarily conserved role in the direct activation of ciliome genes both in motile and non-motile cilia cell-types. In vertebrates, FoxJ1 and FoxN4 Forkhead (FKH) TFs work with RFX in the direct activation of ciliome genes, exclusively in motile cilia cell-types. No additional TFs have been described to act together with RFX in primary cilia cell-types in any organism. Here we describe FKH-8, a FKH TF, as a direct regulator of the sensory ciliome genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. FKH-8 is expressed in all ciliated neurons in C. elegans, binds the regulatory regions of ciliome genes, regulates ciliome gene expression, cilium morphology and a wide range of behaviors mediated by sensory ciliated neurons. FKH-8 and DAF-19 (C. elegans RFX) physically interact and synergistically regulate ciliome gene expression. C. elegans FKH-8 function can be replaced by mouse FOXJ1 and FOXN4 but not by other members of other mouse FKH subfamilies. In conclusion, RFX and FKH TF families act jointly as direct regulators of ciliome genes also in sensory ciliated cell types suggesting that this regulatory logic could be an ancient trait predating functional cilia sub-specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Brocal-Ruiz
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Ainara Esteve-Serrano
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Carlos Mora-Martínez
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSICValenciaSpain
| | | | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition. Karolinska Institute. Campus FlemingsbergStockholmSweden
| | - Juan J Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Nuria Flames
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSICValenciaSpain
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10
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Ledger ML, Kaare M, Mailo JA, Jain-Ghai S. Phenotype expansion and neurological manifestations of neurobehavioural disease caused by a variant in RFX7. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104657. [PMID: 36334883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The RFX7 gene is one of eight genes within the regulatory factor X family. RFX7 is highly expressed in the brain and plays an important role in cell maturation and differentiation. It has only recently been implicated in disease in humans. Reports from 15 individuals have described RFX-associated phenotype as a neurobehavioural disease, manifesting primarily with global developmental delay and intellectual disability. Autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have also been described in some children. Here we report a case of a 19-month-old with a de novo missense variant in RFX7 resulting in severe global developmental delay including significant speech delay, microcephaly, dyskinetic movements, and failure to thrive. This is the first association between variants in RFX7 and failure to thrive, expanding the phenotype of this newly described gene. In this report we will also show RFX7 associated progressive central nervous system involvement through serial brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Ledger
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Milja Kaare
- Blueprint Genetics, A Quest Diagnostics Company, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janette A Mailo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shailly Jain-Ghai
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Janssen R, Schomburg C, Prpic NM, Budd GE. A comprehensive study of arthropod and onychophoran Fox gene expression patterns. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270790. [PMID: 35802758 PMCID: PMC9269926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fox genes represent an evolutionary old class of transcription factor encoding genes that evolved in the last common ancestor of fungi and animals. They represent key-components of multiple gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that are essential for embryonic development. Most of our knowledge about the function of Fox genes comes from vertebrate research, and for arthropods the only comprehensive gene expression analysis is that of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. For other arthropods, only selected Fox genes have been investigated. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive gene expression analysis of arthropod Fox genes including representative species of all main groups of arthropods, Pancrustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata. We also provide the first comprehensive analysis of Fox gene expression in an onychophoran species. Our data show that many of the Fox genes likely retained their function during panarthropod evolution highlighting their importance in development. Comparison with published data from other groups of animals shows that this high degree of evolutionary conservation often dates back beyond the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph Schomburg
- AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- Fachgebiet Botanik, Institut für Biologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Graham E. Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Hedgehog Morphogens Act as Growth Factors Critical to Pre- and Postnatal Cardiac Development and Maturation: How Primary Cilia Mediate Their Signal Transduction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121879. [PMID: 35741008 PMCID: PMC9221318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for normal cardiac organogenesis via the formation of cyto-architectural, anatomical, and physiological boundaries in the developing heart and outflow tract. These tiny, plasma membrane-bound organelles function in a sensory-integrative capacity, interpreting both the intra- and extra-cellular environments and directing changes in gene expression responses to promote, prevent, and modify cellular proliferation and differentiation. One distinct feature of this organelle is its involvement in the propagation of a variety of signaling cascades, most notably, the Hedgehog cascade. Three ligands, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, function as growth factors that are most commonly dependent on the presence of intact primary cilia, where the Hedgehog receptors Patched-1 and Smoothened localize directly within or at the base of the ciliary axoneme. Hedgehog signaling functions to mediate many cell behaviors that are critical for normal embryonic tissue/organ development. However, inappropriate activation and/or upregulation of Hedgehog signaling in postnatal and adult tissue is known to initiate oncogenesis, as well as the pathogenesis of other diseases. The focus of this review is to provide an overview describing the role of Hedgehog signaling and its dependence upon the primary cilium in the cell types that are most essential for mammalian heart development. We outline the breadth of developmental defects and the consequential pathologies resulting from inappropriate changes to Hedgehog signaling, as it pertains to congenital heart disease and general cardiac pathophysiology.
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13
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Derrick CJ, Santos-Ledo A, Eley L, Paramita IA, Henderson DJ, Chaudhry B. Sequential action of JNK genes establishes the embryonic left-right axis. Development 2022; 149:274898. [PMID: 35352808 PMCID: PMC9148569 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the left-right axis is crucial for the placement, morphogenesis and function of internal organs. Left-right specification is proposed to be dependent on cilia-driven fluid flow in the embryonic node. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling is crucial for patterning of nodal cilia, yet downstream effectors driving this process remain elusive. We have examined the role of the JNK gene family, a proposed downstream component of PCP signalling, in the development and function of the zebrafish node. We show jnk1 and jnk2 specify length of nodal cilia, generate flow in the node and restrict southpaw to the left lateral plate mesoderm. Moreover, loss of asymmetric southpaw expression does not result in disturbances to asymmetric organ placement, supporting a model in which nodal flow may be dispensable for organ laterality. Later, jnk3 is required to restrict pitx2c expression to the left side and permit correct endodermal organ placement. This work uncovers multiple roles for the JNK gene family acting at different points during left-right axis establishment. It highlights extensive redundancy and indicates JNK activity is distinct from the PCP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Derrick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adrian Santos-Ledo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Isabela Andhika Paramita
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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14
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Qiu C, Cao J, Martin BK, Li T, Welsh IC, Srivatsan S, Huang X, Calderon D, Noble WS, Disteche CM, Murray SA, Spielmann M, Moens CB, Trapnell C, Shendure J. Systematic reconstruction of cellular trajectories across mouse embryogenesis. Nat Genet 2022; 54:328-341. [PMID: 35288709 PMCID: PMC8920898 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryogenesis is characterized by rapid cellular proliferation and diversification. Within a few weeks, a single-cell zygote gives rise to millions of cells expressing a panoply of molecular programs. Although intensively studied, a comprehensive delineation of the major cellular trajectories that comprise mammalian development in vivo remains elusive. Here, we set out to integrate several single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets that collectively span mouse gastrulation and organogenesis, supplemented with new profiling of ~150,000 nuclei from approximately embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryos staged in one-somite increments. Overall, we define cell states at each of 19 successive stages spanning E3.5 to E13.5 and heuristically connect them to their pseudoancestors and pseudodescendants. Although constructed through automated procedures, the resulting directed acyclic graph (TOME (trajectories of mammalian embryogenesis)) is largely consistent with our contemporary understanding of mammalian development. We leverage TOME to systematically nominate transcription factors (TFs) as candidate regulators of each cell type's specification, as well as 'cell-type homologs' across vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Qiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Junyue Cao
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beth K Martin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tony Li
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Srivatsan
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xingfan Huang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Diego Calderon
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Stafford Noble
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Disteche
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Malte Spielmann
- Human Molecular Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Herranz-Pérez V, Nakatani J, Ishii M, Katada T, García-Verdugo JM, Ohata S. Ependymoma associated protein Zfta is expressed in immature ependymal cells but is not essential for ependymal development in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1493. [PMID: 35087169 PMCID: PMC8795269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion protein of uncharacterised zinc finger translocation associated (ZFTA) and effector transcription factor of tumorigenic NF-κB signalling, RELA (ZFTA-RELA), is expressed in more than two-thirds of supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN-RELA), but ZFTA’s expression profile and functional analysis in multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells have not been examined. Here, we showed the mRNA expression of mouse Zfta peaks on embryonic day (E) 17.5 in the wholemount of the lateral walls of the lateral ventricle. Zfta was expressed in the nuclei of FoxJ1-positive immature E1 (pre-E1) cells in E18.5 mouse embryonic brain. Interestingly, the transcription factors promoting ciliogenesis (ciliary TFs) (e.g., multicilin) and ZFTA-RELA upregulated luciferase activity using a 5′ upstream sequence of ZFTA in cultured cells. Zftatm1/tm1 knock-in mice did not show developmental defects or abnormal fertility. In the Zftatm1/tm1 E1 cells, morphology, gene expression, ciliary beating frequency and ependymal flow were unaffected. These results suggest that Zfta is expressed in pre-E1 cells, possibly under the control of ciliary TFs, but is not essential for ependymal development or flow. This study sheds light on the mechanism of the ZFTA-RELA expression in the pathogenesis of ST-EPN-RELA: Ciliary TFs initiate ZFTA-RELA expression in pre-E1 cells, and ZFTA-RELA enhances its own expression using positive feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBERNED, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jin Nakatani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBERNED, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Shinya Ohata
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan. .,Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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Pablos M, Casanueva-Álvarez E, González-Casimiro CM, Merino B, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Primary Cilia in Pancreatic β- and α-Cells: Time to Revisit the Role of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922825. [PMID: 35832432 PMCID: PMC9271624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a narrow organelle located at the surface of the cell in contact with the extracellular environment. Once underappreciated, now is thought to efficiently sense external environmental cues and mediate cell-to-cell communication, because many receptors, ion channels, and signaling molecules are highly or differentially expressed in primary cilium. Rare genetic disorders that affect cilia integrity and function, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, have awoken interest in studying the biology of cilium. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting emerging roles of primary cilium and cilia-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of pancreatic β- and α-cell functions, and its implications in regulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pablos,
| | - Elena Casanueva-Álvarez
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. González-Casimiro
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Deng S, Gan L, Liu C, Xu T, Zhou S, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Tian H, Tang Y. Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. Aging Dis 2022; 14:468-483. [PMID: 37008045 PMCID: PMC10017161 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are indispensable components of the central nervous system (CNS). They originate from neuroepithelial cells of the neural plate and show heterogeneity, with at least three types that are localized in different locations of the CNS. As glial cells in the CNS, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ependymal cells play key roles in mammalian CNS development and normal physiological processes by controlling the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance. Ependymal cells have been attached to great importance by neuroscientists because of their potential to participate in CNS disease progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that ependymal cells participate in the development and progression of various neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury and hydrocephalus, raising the possibility that they may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the disease. This review focuses on the function of ependymal cells in the developmental CNS as well as in the CNS after injury and discusses the underlying mechanisms of controlling the functions of ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaohui Tang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Yaohui Tang, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .
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18
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Cho JH, Hughes JW. Cilia Action in Islets: Lessons From Mouse Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922983. [PMID: 35813631 PMCID: PMC9260721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia as a signaling organelle have garnered recent attention as a regulator of pancreatic islet function. These rod-like sensors exist on all major islet endocrine cell types and transduce a variety of external cues, while dysregulation of cilia function contributes to the development of diabetes. The complex role of islet primary cilia has been examined using genetic deletion targeting various components of cilia. In this review, we summarize experimental models for the study of islet cilia and current understanding of mechanisms of cilia regulation of islet hormone secretion. Consensus from these studies shows that pancreatic cilia perturbation can cause both endocrine and exocrine defects that are relevant to human disease. We discuss future research directions that would further elucidate cilia action in distinct groups of islet cells, including paracrine and juxtacrine regulation, GPCR signaling, and endocrine-exocrine crosstalk.
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19
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Nita A, Abraham SP, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Oncogenic FGFR Fusions Produce Centrosome and Cilia Defects by Ectopic Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34207779 PMCID: PMC8227969 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A single primary cilium projects from most vertebrate cells to guide cell fate decisions. A growing list of signaling molecules is found to function through cilia and control ciliogenesis, including the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Aberrant FGFR activity produces abnormal cilia with deregulated signaling, which contributes to pathogenesis of the FGFR-mediated genetic disorders. FGFR lesions are also found in cancer, raising a possibility of cilia involvement in the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Here, we focus on FGFR gene fusions, and discuss the possible mechanisms by which they function as oncogenic drivers. We show that a substantial portion of the FGFR fusion partners are proteins associated with the centrosome cycle, including organization of the mitotic spindle and ciliogenesis. The functions of centrosome proteins are often lost with the gene fusion, leading to haploinsufficiency that induces cilia loss and deregulated cell division. We speculate that this complements the ectopic FGFR activity and drives the FGFR fusion cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Sara P. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.N.); (S.P.A.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev195552. [PMID: 33914866 PMCID: PMC8126410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types. Although the advantages of restricting signal transduction to cilia are often noted, the constraints imposed are less frequently considered, and yet they are central to how Hedgehog signaling operates in developing tissues. In this Review, we synthesize current understanding of Hedgehog signal transduction, ligand secretion and transport, and cilia dynamics to explore the temporal and spatial constraints imposed by the primary cilium on Hedgehog signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Luo G, Yogeshwar S, Lin L, Mignot EJM. T cell reactivity to regulatory factor X4 in type 1 narcolepsy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7841. [PMID: 33837283 PMCID: PMC8035403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 narcolepsy is strongly (98%) associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQA1*01:02/DQB1*06:02 (DQ0602) and highly associated with T cell receptor (TCR) alpha locus polymorphism as well as other immune regulatory loci. Increased incidence of narcolepsy was detected following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and linked to Pandemrix vaccination, strongly supporting that narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder. Although recent results suggest CD4+ T cell reactivity to neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin and cross-reactive flu peptide is involved, identification of other autoantigens has remained elusive. Here we study whether autoimmunity directed against Regulatory Factor X4 (RFX4), a protein co-localized with hypocretin, is involved in some cases of narcolepsy. Studying human serum, we found that autoantibodies against RFX4 were rare. Using RFX4 peptides bound to DQ0602 tetramers, antigen RFX4-86, -95, and -60 specific human CD4+ T cells were detected in 4/10 patients and 2 unaffected siblings, but not in others. Following culture with each cognate peptide, enriched autoreactive TCRαβ clones were isolated by single-cell sorting and TCR sequenced. Homologous clones bearing TRBV4-2 and recognizing RFX4-86 in patients and one twin control of patient were identified. These results suggest the involvement of RFX4 CD4+ T cell autoreactivity in some cases of narcolepsy, but also in healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Luo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Selina Yogeshwar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Jean-Marie Mignot
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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22
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Disruption of RFX family transcription factors causes autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and dysregulated behavior. Genet Med 2021; 23:1028-1040. [PMID: 33658631 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe a novel neurobehavioral phenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated with de novo or inherited deleterious variants in members of the RFX family of genes. RFX genes are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that act as master regulators of central nervous system development and ciliogenesis. METHODS We assembled a cohort of 38 individuals (from 33 unrelated families) with de novo variants in RFX3, RFX4, and RFX7. We describe their common clinical phenotypes and present bioinformatic analyses of expression patterns and downstream targets of these genes as they relate to other neurodevelopmental risk genes. RESULTS These individuals share neurobehavioral features including ASD, intellectual disability, and/or ADHD; other frequent features include hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli and sleep problems. RFX3, RFX4, and RFX7 are strongly expressed in developing and adult human brain, and X-box binding motifs as well as RFX ChIP-seq peaks are enriched in the cis-regulatory regions of known ASD risk genes. CONCLUSION These results establish a likely role of deleterious variation in RFX3, RFX4, and RFX7 in cases of monogenic intellectual disability, ADHD and ASD, and position these genes as potentially critical transcriptional regulators of neurobiological pathways associated with neurodevelopmental disease pathogenesis.
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23
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Unal-Aydin P, Aydin O, Arslan A. Genetic Architecture of Depression: Where Do We Stand Now? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:203-230. [PMID: 33834402 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The research of depression genetics has been occupied by historical candidate genes which were tested by candidate gene association studies. However, these studies were mostly not replicable. Thus, genetics of depression have remained elusive for a long time. As research moves from candidate gene association studies to GWAS, the hypothesis-free non-candidate gene association studies in genome-wide level, this trend will likely change. Despite the fact that the earlier GWAS of depression were not successful, the recent GWAS suggest robust findings for depression genetics. These altogether will catalyze a new wave of multidisciplinary research to pin down the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Unal-Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Orkun Aydin
- Psychology Program, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ayla Arslan
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia.
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24
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Lemeille S, Paschaki M, Baas D, Morlé L, Duteyrat JL, Ait-Lounis A, Barras E, Soulavie F, Jerber J, Thomas J, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Kistler WS, Reith W, Durand B. Interplay of RFX transcription factors 1, 2 and 3 in motile ciliogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9019-9036. [PMID: 32725242 PMCID: PMC7498320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia assembly is under strict transcriptional control during animal development. In vertebrates, a hierarchy of transcription factors (TFs) are involved in controlling the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated epithelia. RFX TFs play key functions in the control of ciliogenesis in animals. Whereas only one RFX factor regulates ciliogenesis in C. elegans, several distinct RFX factors have been implicated in this process in vertebrates. However, a clear understanding of the specific and redundant functions of different RFX factors in ciliated cells remains lacking. Using RNA-seq and ChIP-seq approaches we identified genes regulated directly and indirectly by RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 in mouse ependymal cells. We show that these three TFs have both redundant and specific functions in ependymal cells. Whereas RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 occupy many shared genomic loci, only RFX2 and RFX3 play a prominent and redundant function in the control of motile ciliogenesis in mice. Our results provide a valuable list of candidate ciliary genes. They also reveal stunning differences between compensatory processes operating in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Soulavie
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Jerber
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - W Stephen Kistler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
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25
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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26
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Upadhyai P, Guleria VS, Udupa P. Characterization of primary cilia features reveal cell-type specific variability in in vitro models of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9799. [PMID: 32884864 PMCID: PMC7444507 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile sensory antennae present on most vertebrate cell surfaces. They serve to transduce and integrate diverse external stimuli into functional cellular responses vital for development, differentiation and homeostasis. Ciliary characteristics, such as length, structure and frequency are often tailored to distinct differentiated cell states. Primary cilia are present on a variety of skeletal cell-types and facilitate the assimilation of sensory cues to direct skeletal development and repair. However, there is limited knowledge of ciliary variation in response to the activation of distinct differentiation cascades in different skeletal cell-types. C3H10T1/2, MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells are mesenchymal stem cells, preosteoblast and prechondrocyte cell-lines, respectively. They are commonly employed in numerous in vitro studies, investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation, skeletal disease and repair. Here we sought to evaluate the primary cilia length and frequencies during osteogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 and chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells, over a period of 21 days. Our data inform on the presence of stable cilia to orchestrate signaling and dynamic alterations in their features during extended periods of differentiation. Taken together with existing literature these findings reflect the occurrence of not only lineage but cell-type specific variation in ciliary attributes during differentiation. These results extend our current knowledge, shining light on the variabilities in primary cilia features correlated with distinct differentiated cell phenotypes. It may have broader implications in studies using these cell-lines to explore cilia dependent cellular processes and treatment modalities for skeletal disorders centered on cilia modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishal Singh Guleria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prajna Udupa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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27
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Fiore L, Takata N, Acosta S, Ma W, Pandit T, Oxendine M, Oliver G. Optic vesicle morphogenesis requires primary cilia. Dev Biol 2020; 462:119-128. [PMID: 32169553 PMCID: PMC8167498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arl13b is a gene known to regulate ciliogenesis. Functional alterations in this gene's activity have been associated with Joubert syndrome. We found that in Arl13 null mouse embryos the orientation of the optic cup is inverted, such that the lens is abnormally surrounded by an inverted optic cup whose retina pigmented epithelium is oddly facing the surface ectoderm. Loss of Arl13b leads to the disruption of optic vesicle's patterning and expansion of ventral fates. We show that this phenotype is consequence of miss-regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and demonstrate that the Arl13b-/- eye phenotype can be rescued by deletion of Gli2, a downstream effector of the Shh pathway. This work identified an unexpected role of primary cilia during the morphogenetic movements required for the formation of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Fiore
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nozomu Takata
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute of Evolutive Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wanshu Ma
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tanushree Pandit
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Oxendine
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute (FCVRRI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Massa F, Tammaro R, Prado MA, Cesana M, Lee BH, Finley D, Franco B, Morleo M. The deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14 controls ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:764-777. [PMID: 30388222 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like organelles that play crucial roles in vertebrate development, organogenesis and when dysfunctional result in pleiotropic human genetic disorders called ciliopathies, characterized by overlapping phenotypes, such as renal and hepatic cysts, skeletal defects, retinal degeneration and central nervous system malformations. Primary cilia act as communication hubs to transfer extracellular signals into intracellular responses and are essential for Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in mammals. Despite the renewed interest in this ancient organelle of growing biomedical importance, the molecular mechanisms that trigger cilia formation, extension and ciliary signal transduction are still not fully understood. Here we provide, for the first time, evidence that the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease-14 (Usp14), a major regulator of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), controls ciliogenesis, cilia elongation and Hh signal transduction. Moreover, we show that pharmacological inhibition of Usp14 positively affects Hh signal transduction in a model of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. These findings provide new insight into the spectrum of action of UPS in cilia biology and may provide novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention in human conditions associated with ciliary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Massa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Tammaro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Miguel A Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcella Cesana
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
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29
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Lodh S. Primary Cilium, An Unsung Hero in Maintaining Functional β-cell Population. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:471-480. [PMID: 31543709 PMCID: PMC6747938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A primary challenge in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the preservation of a functional population of β-cells, which play a central role in regulating blood glucose levels. Two congenital disorders, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) and Alström syndrome (ALMS), can serve as useful models to understand how β-cells are normally produced and regenerated. Both are characterized by obesity, loss of β-cells, and defects in primary cilia - the sensory center of cells. Primary cilia are cellular protrusions present in almost every vertebrate cell. This antenna-like organelle plays a crucial role in regulating several signaling pathways that direct proper development, proliferation, and homeostasis. Mutations in genes expressing ciliary proteins or proteins present at or near the base of the cilium lead to disorders, collectively called ciliopathies. BBS and Alström syndrome are such disorders. Though both BBS and Alström patients are obese, their childhood diabetes rates are vastly different, suggesting distinct pathogenesis underlying these two ciliopathies. Clinical studies suggest that BBS patients are protected against early onset diabetes by sustained or enhanced β-cell function. In contrast, Alström patients are more prone to develop diabetes. They have hyperinsulinemia, yet their β-cells fail to sense glucose and to regulate insulin secretion accordingly. These data suggest a potential role for primary cilia in maintaining a functional β-cell population and that defects in cilia or in ciliary proteins impair development and function of β-cells. Identifying the respective roles of primary cilia and ciliary proteins, such as BBS and ALMS1 may shed light on β-cell biology and uncover potentially novel targets for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Lodh
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Sukanya Lodh, Department of Biological sciences, Marquette University, 1428 W. Clybourn St., Milwaukee, WI 53233; Tel: 802-881-6221, Email address:
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30
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Histone H2B monoubiquitination regulates heart development via epigenetic control of cilia motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14049-14054. [PMID: 31235600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808341116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analyses of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) have identified significant contribution from mutations affecting cilia genes and chromatin remodeling genes; however, the mechanism(s) connecting chromatin remodeling to CHD is unknown. Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is catalyzed by the RNF20 complex consisting of RNF20, RNF40, and UBE2B. Here, we show significant enrichment of loss-of-function mutations affecting H2Bub1 in CHD patients (enrichment 6.01, P = 1.67 × 10-03), some of whom had abnormal laterality associated with ciliary dysfunction. In Xenopus, knockdown of rnf20 and rnf40 results in abnormal heart looping, defective development of left-right (LR) asymmetry, and impaired cilia motility. Rnf20, Rnf40, and Ube2b affect LR patterning and cilia synergistically. Examination of global H2Bub1 level in Xenopus embryos shows that H2Bub1 is developmentally regulated and requires Rnf20. To examine gene-specific H2Bub1, we performed ChIP-seq of mouse ciliated and nonciliated tissues and showed tissue-specific H2Bub1 marks significantly enriched at cilia genes including the transcription factor Rfx3 Rnf20 knockdown results in decreased levels of rfx3 mRNA in Xenopus, and exogenous rfx3 can rescue the Rnf20 depletion phenotype. These data suggest that Rnf20 functions at the Rfx3 locus regulating cilia motility and cardiac situs and identify H2Bub1 as an upstream transcriptional regulator controlling tissue-specific expression of cilia genes. Our findings mechanistically link the two functional gene ontologies that have been implicated in human CHD: chromatin remodeling and cilia function.
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31
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Burkhalter MD, Sridhar A, Sampaio P, Jacinto R, Burczyk MS, Donow C, Angenendt M, Hempel M, Walther P, Pennekamp P, Omran H, Lopes SS, Ware SM, Philipp M. Imbalanced mitochondrial function provokes heterotaxy via aberrant ciliogenesis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2841-2855. [PMID: 31094706 DOI: 10.1172/jci98890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
About 1% of all newborns are affected by congenital heart disease (CHD). Recent findings identify aberrantly functioning cilia as a possible source for CHD. Faulty cilia also prevent the development of proper left-right asymmetry and cause heterotaxy, the incorrect placement of visceral organs. Intriguingly, signaling cascades such as mTor that influence mitochondrial biogenesis also affect ciliogenesis, and can cause heterotaxy-like phenotypes in zebrafish. Here, we identify levels of mitochondrial function as a determinant for ciliogenesis and a cause for heterotaxy. We detected reduced mitochondrial DNA content in biopsies of heterotaxy patients. Manipulation of mitochondrial function revealed a reciprocal influence on ciliogenesis and affected cilia-dependent processes in zebrafish, human fibroblasts and Tetrahymena thermophila. Exome analysis of heterotaxy patients revealed an increased burden of rare damaging variants in mitochondria-associated genes as compared to 1000 Genome controls. Knockdown of such candidate genes caused cilia elongation and ciliopathy-like phenotypes in zebrafish, which could not be rescued by RNA encoding damaging rare variants identified in heterotaxy patients. Our findings suggest that ciliogenesis is coupled to the abundance and function of mitochondria. Our data further reveal disturbed mitochondrial function as an underlying cause for heterotaxy-linked CHD and provide a mechanism for unexplained phenotypes of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arthi Sridhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Pedro Sampaio
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Jacinto
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Martina S Burczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Donow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max Angenendt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Susana S Lopes
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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32
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Wang H, Wei H, Tang L, Lu J, Mu C, Wang C. A proteomics of gills approach to understanding salinity adaptation of Scylla paramamosain. Gene 2018; 677:119-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Chen B, Niu J, Kreuzer J, Zheng B, Jarugumilli GK, Haas W, Wu X. Auto-fatty acylation of transcription factor RFX3 regulates ciliogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8403-E8412. [PMID: 30127002 PMCID: PMC6130365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800949115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in cilia have been associated with an expanding human disease spectrum known as ciliopathies. Regulatory Factor X 3 (RFX3) is one of the major transcription factors required for ciliogenesis and cilia functions. In addition, RFX3 regulates pancreatic islet cell differentiation and mature β-cell functions. However, how RFX3 protein is regulated at the posttranslational level remains poorly understood. Using chemical reporters of protein fatty acylation and mass spectrometry analysis, here we show that RFX3 transcriptional activity is regulated by S-fatty acylation at a highly conserved cysteine residue in the dimerization domain. Surprisingly, RFX3 undergoes enzyme-independent, "self-catalyzed" auto-fatty acylation and displays preferences for 18-carbon stearic acid and oleic acid. The fatty acylation-deficient mutant of RFX3 shows decreased homodimerization; fails to promote ciliary gene expression, ciliogenesis, and elongation; and impairs Hedgehog signaling. Our findings reveal a regulation of RFX3 transcription factor and link fatty acid metabolism and protein lipidation to the regulation of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoen Chen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jixiao Niu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Baohui Zheng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Gopala K Jarugumilli
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Xu Wu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129;
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34
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Momose T, De Cian A, Shiba K, Inaba K, Giovannangeli C, Concordet JP. High doses of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein efficiently induce gene knockout with low mosaicism in the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica through microhomology-mediated deletion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11734. [PMID: 30082705 PMCID: PMC6078951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted mutagenesis using CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been shown to be a powerful approach to examine gene function in diverse metazoan species. One common drawback is that mixed genotypes, and thus variable phenotypes, arise in the F0 generation because incorrect DNA repair produces different mutations amongst cells of the developing embryo. We report here an effective method for gene knockout (KO) in the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica, by injection into the egg of Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). Expected phenotypes were observed in the F0 generation when targeting endogenous GFP genes, which abolished fluorescence in embryos, or CheRfx123 (that codes for a conserved master transcriptional regulator for ciliogenesis) which caused sperm motility defects. When high concentrations of Cas9 RNP were used, the mutations in target genes at F0 polyp or jellyfish stages were not random but consisted predominantly of one or two specific deletions between pairs of short microhomologies flanking the cleavage site. Such microhomology-mediated (MM) deletion is most likely caused by microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), which may be favoured in early stage embryos. This finding makes it very easy to isolate uniform, largely non-mosaic mutants with predictable genotypes in the F0 generation in Clytia, allowing rapid and reliable phenotype assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Momose
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV) 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Anne De Cian
- Laboratoire Structure et Instabilité des Génomes, INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Kogiku Shiba
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- Laboratoire Structure et Instabilité des Génomes, INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- Laboratoire Structure et Instabilité des Génomes, INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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35
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Castro W, Chelbi ST, Niogret C, Ramon-Barros C, Welten SPM, Osterheld K, Wang H, Rota G, Morgado L, Vivier E, Raeber ME, Boyman O, Delorenzi M, Barras D, Ho PC, Oxenius A, Guarda G. The transcription factor Rfx7 limits metabolism of NK cells and promotes their maintenance and immunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:809-820. [PMID: 29967452 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory factor X 7 (Rfx7) is an uncharacterized transcription factor belonging to a family involved in ciliogenesis and immunity. Here, we found that deletion of Rfx7 leads to a decrease in natural killer (NK) cell maintenance and immunity in vivo. Genomic approaches showed that Rfx7 coordinated a transcriptional network controlling cell metabolism. Rfx7-/- NK lymphocytes presented increased size, granularity, proliferation, and energetic state, whereas genetic reduction of mTOR activity mitigated those defects. Notably, Rfx7-deficient NK lymphocytes were rescued by interleukin 15 through engagement of the Janus kinase (Jak) pathway, thus revealing the importance of this signaling for maintenance of such spontaneously activated NK cells. Rfx7 therefore emerges as a novel transcriptional regulator of NK cell homeostasis and metabolic quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sonia T Chelbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kevin Osterheld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haiping Wang
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Leonor Morgado
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Innate Pharma Research Labs., Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland. .,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Concepcion D, Hamada H, Papaioannou VE. Tbx6 controls left-right asymmetry through regulation of Gdf1. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032565. [PMID: 29650695 PMCID: PMC5992533 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tbx6 transcription factor plays multiple roles during gastrulation, somite formation and body axis determination. One of the notable features of the Tbx6 homozygous mutant phenotype is randomization of left/right axis determination. Cilia of the node are morphologically abnormal, leading to the hypothesis that disrupted nodal flow is the cause of the laterality defect. However, Tbx6 is expressed around but not in the node, leading to uncertainty as to the mechanism of this effect. In this study, we have examined the molecular characteristics of the node and the genetic cascade determining left/right axis determination. We found evidence that a leftward nodal flow is generated in Tbx6 homozygous mutants despite the cilia defect, establishing the initial asymmetric gene expression in Dand5 around the node, but that the transduction of the signal from the node to the left lateral plate mesoderm is disrupted due to lack of expression of the Nodal coligand Gdf1 around the node. Gdf1 was shown to be a downstream target of Tbx6 and a Gdf1 transgene partially rescues the laterality defect. Summary: Tbx6 affects morphology of the cilia of the node, but a leftward nodal flow is still generated. Downstream of nodal flow, Tbx6 regulates the Nodal coligand Gdf1 leading to disruption of left/right axis determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Concepcion
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Conditional ablation of the RFX4 isoform 1 transcription factor: Allele dosage effects on brain phenotype. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190561. [PMID: 29298325 PMCID: PMC5752003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory factor X4 (RFX4) isoform 1 is a recently discovered isoform of the winged helix transcription factor RFX4, which can bind to X-box consensus sequences that are enriched in the promoters of cilia-related genes. Early insertional mutagenesis studies in mice first identified this isoform, and demonstrated that it was crucial for mouse brain development. RFX4 isoform 1 is the only RFX4 isoform significantly expressed in the mouse fetal and adult brain. In this study, we evaluated conditional knock-out (KO) mice in which one or two floxed alleles of Rfx4 were deleted early in development through the use of a Sox2-Cre transgene. Heterozygous deletion of Rfx4 resulted in severe, non-communicating congenital hydrocephalus associated with hypoplasia of the subcommissural organ. Homozygous deletion of Rfx4 resulted in formation of a single ventricle in the forebrain, and severe dorsoventral patterning defects in the telencephalon and midbrain at embryonic day 12.5, a collection of phenotypes that resembled human holoprosencephaly. No anatomical abnormalities were noted outside the brain in either case. At the molecular level, transcripts encoded by the cilia-related gene Foxj1 were significantly decreased, and Foxj1 was identified as a direct gene target of RFX4 isoform 1. The phenotypes were similar to those observed in the previous Rfx4 insertional mutagenesis studies. Thus, we provide a novel conditional KO animal model in which to investigate the downstream genes directly and/or indirectly regulated by RFX4 isoform 1. This model could provide new insights into the pathogenesis of obstructive hydrocephalus and holoprosencephaly in humans, both relatively common and disabling birth defects.
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38
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SPEN, a new player in primary cilia formation and cell migration in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:104. [PMID: 28877752 PMCID: PMC5588740 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary cilium is a microtubule-based and nonmotile organelle functioning as a cellular antenna that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In breast cancer cells, the primary cilium is a structure that decreases in incidence with increasing degrees of transformation and may be biologically more important in estrogen receptor (ERα)-negative breast cancer cells. Split ends (SPEN) is an ERα corepressor that we have identified as a tumor suppressor protein in ERα-positive breast cancer cells whose hormone-independent roles in breast cancer have never been explored. Methods We determined the hormone-independent transcriptional program regulated by the ERα cofactor SPEN in breast cancer using DNA microarrays. The biological functions regulated by SPEN independently of hormones were studied in vitro in ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancer cells. Finally, we examined the clinical relevance of SPEN expression in cohorts of breast cancer samples with outcome data. Results We found that SPEN is coexpressed with a number of genes involved in ciliary biology, including the ciliogenic transcription factor RFX3, in a hormone-independent manner. SPEN reexpression in T47D cells containing a nonsense mutation in SPEN restored the primary cilium, whereas its knockdown in MCF10A and Hs578T cells considerably decreased primary cilia levels. We also report that SPEN regulates migration in breast cells, but only in those harboring primary cilia, and that KIF3A silencing, a critical factor in primary cilia, partially reverses SPEN’s effects, suggesting that SPEN may coordinate cellular movement through primary cilia-dependent mechanisms. Finally, we found that high SPEN RNA levels were predictive of early metastasis in two independent cohorts of 77 (HR 2.25, P = 0.03) and 170 (HR = 2.23, P = 0.004) patients with ERα-negative breast cancer. Conclusions Together, our data demonstrate a role for SPEN in the regulation of primary cilia formation and cell migration in breast cancer cells, which may collectively explain why its expression is associated with time to metastasis in cohorts of patients with ERα-negative breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0897-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Motile and non-motile (primary) cilia are nearly ubiquitous cellular organelles. The dysfunction of cilia causes diseases known as ciliopathies. The number of reported ciliopathies (currently 35) is increasing, as is the number of established (187) and candidate (241) ciliopathy-associated genes. The characterization of ciliopathy-associated proteins and phenotypes has improved our knowledge of ciliary functions. In particular, investigating ciliopathies has helped us to understand the molecular mechanisms by which the cilium-associated basal body functions in early ciliogenesis, as well as how the transition zone functions in ciliary gating, and how intraflagellar transport enables cargo trafficking and signalling. Both basic biological and clinical studies are uncovering novel ciliopathies and the ciliary proteins involved. The assignment of these proteins to different ciliary structures, processes and ciliopathy subclasses (first order and second order) provides insights into how this versatile organelle is built, compartmentalized and functions in diverse ways that are essential for human health.
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40
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Charoy C, Dinvaut S, Chaix Y, Morlé L, Sanyas I, Bozon M, Kindbeiter K, Durand B, Skidmore JM, De Groef L, Seki M, Moons L, Ruhrberg C, Martin JF, Martin DM, Falk J, Castellani V. Genetic specification of left-right asymmetry in the diaphragm muscles and their motor innervation. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28639940 PMCID: PMC5481184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diaphragm muscle is essential for breathing in mammals. Its asymmetric elevation during contraction correlates with morphological features suggestive of inherent left–right (L/R) asymmetry. Whether this asymmetry is due to L versus R differences in the muscle or in the phrenic nerve activity is unknown. Here, we have combined the analysis of genetically modified mouse models with transcriptomic analysis to show that both the diaphragm muscle and phrenic nerves have asymmetries, which can be established independently of each other during early embryogenesis in pathway instructed by Nodal, a morphogen that also conveys asymmetry in other organs. We further found that phrenic motoneurons receive an early L/R genetic imprint, with L versus R differences both in Slit/Robo signaling and MMP2 activity and in the contribution of both pathways to establish phrenic nerve asymmetry. Our study therefore demonstrates L–R imprinting of spinal motoneurons and describes how L/R modulation of axon guidance signaling helps to match neural circuit formation to organ asymmetry. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18481.001 The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that forms the floor of the rib cage, separating the lungs from the abdomen. As we breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. This causes the chest cavity to expand, drawing air into the lungs. A pair of nerves called the phrenic nerves carry signals from the spinal cord to the diaphragm to tell it when to contract. These nerves project from the left and right sides of the spinal cord to the left and right sides of the diaphragm respectively. The left and right sides of the diaphragm are not entirely level, but it was not known why. To investigate, Charoy et al. studied how the diaphragm develops in mouse embryos. This revealed that the left and right phrenic nerves are not symmetrical. Neither are the muscles on each side of the diaphragm. Further investigation revealed that a genetic program that establishes other differences between the left and right sides of the embryo also gives rise to the differences between the left and right sides of the diaphragm. This program switches on different genes in the left and right phrenic nerves, which activate different molecular pathways in the left and right sides of the diaphragm muscle. The differences between the nerves and muscles on the left and right sides of the diaphragm could explain why some muscle disorders affect only one side of the diaphragm. Similarly, they could explain why congenital hernias caused by abdominal organs pushing through the diaphragm into the chest cavity mostly affect the left side of the diaphragm. Further studies are now needed to investigate these possibilities. The techniques used by Charoy et al. to map the molecular diversity of spinal cord neurons could also lead to new strategies for repairing damage to the spinal cord following injury or disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18481.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Charoy
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Dinvaut
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Yohan Chaix
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Sanyas
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Bozon
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Kindbeiter
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer M Skidmore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lies De Groef
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lieve Moons
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Julien Falk
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Valerie Castellani
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, INMG UMR CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
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41
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Bangs F, Anderson KV. Primary Cilia and Mammalian Hedgehog Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028175. [PMID: 27881449 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been a decade since it was discovered that primary cilia have an essential role in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in mammals. This discovery came from screens in the mouse that identified a set of genes that are required for both normal Hh signaling and for the formation of primary cilia. Since then, dozens of mouse mutations have been identified that disrupt cilia in a variety of ways and have complex effects on Hedgehog signaling. Here, we summarize the genetic and developmental studies used to deduce how Hedgehog signal transduction is linked to cilia and the complex effects that perturbation of cilia structure can have on Hh signaling. We conclude by describing the current status of our understanding of the cell-type-specific regulation of ciliogenesis and how that determines the ability of cells to respond to Hedgehog ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bangs
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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42
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Xie HM, Werner P, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE, Hakonarson H, White PS, Taylor DM, Goldmuntz E. Rare copy number variants in patients with congenital conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:271-295. [PMID: 28398664 PMCID: PMC5407323 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies using different cardiac phenotypes, technologies and designs suggest a burden of large, rare or de novo copy number variants (CNVs) in subjects with congenital heart defects. We sought to identify disease-related CNVs, candidate genes, and functional pathways in a large number of cases with conotruncal and related defects that carried no known genetic syndrome. METHODS Cases and control samples were divided into two cohorts and genotyped to assess each subject's CNV content. Analyses were performed to ascertain differences in overall CNV prevalence and to identify enrichment of specific genes and functional pathways in conotruncal cases relative to healthy controls. RESULTS Only findings present in both cohorts are presented. From 973 total conotruncal cases, a burden of rare CNVs was detected in both cohorts. Candidate genes from rare CNVs found in both cohorts were identified based on their association with cardiac development or disease, and/or their reported disruption in published studies. Functional and pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of terms involved in either heart or early embryonic development. CONCLUSION Our study tested one of the largest cohorts specifically with cardiac conotruncal and related defects. These results confirm and extend previous findings that CNVs contribute to disease risk for congenital heart defects in general and conotruncal defects in particular. As disease heterogeneity renders identification of single recurrent genes or loci difficult, functional pathway and gene regulation network analyses appear to be more informative. Birth Defects Research 109:271-295, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo M Xie
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Petra Werner
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Statistical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter S White
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Deanne M Taylor
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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43
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Hong CJ, Hamilton BA. Zfp423 Regulates Sonic Hedgehog Signaling via Primary Cilium Function. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006357. [PMID: 27727273 PMCID: PMC5065120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zfp423 encodes a 30-zinc finger transcription factor that intersects several canonical signaling pathways. Zfp423 mutations result in ciliopathy-related phenotypes, including agenesis of the cerebellar vermis in mice and Joubert syndrome (JBTS19) and nephronophthisis (NPHP14) in humans. Unlike most ciliopathy genes, Zfp423 encodes a nuclear protein and its developmental expression is complex, leading to alternative proposals for cellular mechanisms. Here we show that Zfp423 is expressed by cerebellar granule cell precursors, that loss of Zfp423 in these precursors leads to cell-intrinsic reduction in proliferation, loss of response to Shh, and primary cilia abnormalities that include diminished frequency of both Smoothened and IFT88 localization. Loss of Zfp423 alters expression of several genes encoding key cilium components, including increased expression of Tulp3. Tulp3 is a direct binding target of Zfp423 and reducing the overexpression of Tulp3 in Zfp423-deficient cells suppresses Smoothened translocation defects. These results define Zfp423 deficiency as a bona fide ciliopathy, acting upstream of Shh signaling, and indicate a mechanism intrinsic to granule cell precursors for the resulting cerebellar hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jei Hong
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce A Hamilton
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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44
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Tammimies K, Bieder A, Lauter G, Sugiaman-Trapman D, Torchet R, Hokkanen ME, Burghoorn J, Castrén E, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I, Swoboda P. Ciliary dyslexia candidate genes DYX1C1 and DCDC2 are regulated by Regulatory Factor X (RFX) transcription factors through X-box promoter motifs. FASEB J 2016; 30:3578-3587. [PMID: 27451412 PMCID: PMC5024701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500124rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DYX1C1, DCDC2, and KIAA0319 are
three of the most replicated dyslexia candidate genes (DCGs). Recently, these DCGs
were implicated in functions at the cilium. Here, we investigate the regulation of
these DCGs by Regulatory Factor X transcription factors (RFX TFs), a gene family
known for transcriptionally regulating ciliary genes. We identify conserved X-box
motifs in the promoter regions of DYX1C1, DCDC2, and
KIAA0319 and demonstrate their functionality, as well as the
ability to recruit RFX TFs using reporter gene and electrophoretic mobility shift
assays. Furthermore, we uncover a complex regulation pattern between
RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 and their
significant effect on modifying the endogenous expression of DYX1C1
and DCDC2 in a human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line
immortalized with hTERT (hTERT-RPE1). In addition, induction of ciliogenesis
increases the expression of RFX TFs and DCGs. At the protein level, we show that
endogenous DYX1C1 localizes to the base of the cilium, whereas DCDC2 localizes along
the entire axoneme of the cilium, thereby validating earlier localization studies
using overexpression models. Our results corroborate the emerging role of DCGs in
ciliary function and characterize functional noncoding elements, X-box promoter
motifs, in DCG promoter regions, which thus can be targeted for mutation screening in
dyslexia and ciliopathies associated with these genes.—Tammimies, K., Bieder,
A., Lauter, G., Sugiaman-Trapman, D., Torchet, R., Hokkanen, M.-E., Burghoorn, J.,
Castrén, E., Kere, J., Tapia-Páez, I., Swoboda, P. Ciliary dyslexia
candidate genes DYX1C1 and DCDC2 are regulated by
Regulatory Factor (RF) X transcription factors through X-box promoter motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Tammimies
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Rachel Torchet
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Burghoorn
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabel Tapia-Páez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden;
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45
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Sung YH, Baek IJ, Kim YH, Gho YS, Oh SP, Lee YJ, Lee HW. PIERCE1 is critical for specification of left-right asymmetry in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27932. [PMID: 27305836 PMCID: PMC4917697 DOI: 10.1038/srep27932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The specification of left-right asymmetry of the visceral organs is precisely regulated. The earliest breakage of left-right symmetry occurs as the result of leftward flow generated by asymmetric beating of nodal cilia, which eventually induces asymmetric Nodal/Lefty/Pitx2 expression on the left side of the lateral plate mesoderm. PIERCE1 has been identified as a p53 target gene involved in the DNA damage response. In this study, we found that Pierce1-null mice exhibit severe laterality defects, including situs inversus totalis and heterotaxy with randomized situs and left and right isomerisms. The spectrum of laterality defects was closely correlated with randomized expression of Nodal and its downstream genes, Lefty1/2 and Pitx2. The phenotype of Pierce1-null mice most closely resembled that of mutant mice with impaired ciliogenesis and/or ciliary motility of the node. We also found the loss of asymmetric expression of Cerl2, the earliest flow-responding gene in the node of Pierce1-null embryos. The results suggest that Pierce1-null embryos have defects in generating a symmetry breaking signal including leftward nodal flow. This is the first report implicating a role for PIERCE1 in the symmetry-breaking step of left-right asymmetry specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - S Paul Oh
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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46
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Bhattacharyya S, Rainey MA, Arya P, Mohapatra BC, Mushtaq I, Dutta S, George M, Storck MD, McComb RD, Muirhead D, Todd GL, Gould K, Datta K, Gelineau-van Waes J, Band V, Band H. Endocytic recycling protein EHD1 regulates primary cilia morphogenesis and SHH signaling during neural tube development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20727. [PMID: 26884322 PMCID: PMC4756679 DOI: 10.1038/srep20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the four-member C-terminal EPS15-Homology Domain-containing (EHD) protein family play crucial roles in endocytic recycling of cell surface receptors from endosomes to the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that Ehd1 gene knockout in mice on a predominantly B6 background is embryonic lethal. Ehd1-null embryos die at mid-gestation with a failure to complete key developmental processes including neural tube closure, axial turning and patterning of the neural tube. We found that Ehd1-null embryos display short and stubby cilia on the developing neuroepithelium at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Loss of EHD1 also deregulates the ciliary SHH signaling with Ehd1-null embryos displaying features indicative of increased SHH signaling, including a significant downregulation in the formation of the GLI3 repressor and increase in the ventral neuronal markers specified by SHH. Using Ehd1-null MEFS we found that EHD1 protein co-localizes with the SHH receptor Smoothened in the primary cilia upon ligand stimulation. Under the same conditions, EHD1 was shown to co-traffic with Smoothened into the developing primary cilia and we identify EHD1 as a direct binding partner of Smoothened. Overall, our studies identify the endocytic recycling regulator EHD1 as a novel regulator of the primary cilium-associated trafficking of Smoothened and Hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Rainey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Priyanka Arya
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Samikshan Dutta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Manju George
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rodney D McComb
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Muirhead
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gordon L Todd
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karen Gould
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- The Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Vimla Band
- The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hamid Band
- The Department of Pathology &Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,The Department of Genetics, Cell Biology &Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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47
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Wu Y, Hu X, Li Z, Wang M, Li S, Wang X, Lin X, Liao S, Zhang Z, Feng X, Wang S, Cui X, Wang Y, Gao F, Hess RA, Han C. Transcription Factor RFX2 Is a Key Regulator of Mouse Spermiogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20435. [PMID: 26853561 PMCID: PMC4745085 DOI: 10.1038/srep20435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory factor X (RFX) family of transcription factors is crucial for ciliogenesis throughout evolution. In mice, Rfx1-4 are highly expressed in the testis where flagellated sperm are produced, but the functions of these factors in spermatogenesis remain unknown. Here, we report the production and characterization of the Rfx2 knockout mice. The male knockout mice were sterile due to the arrest of spermatogenesis at an early round spermatid step. The Rfx2-null round spermatids detached from the seminiferous tubules, forming large multinucleated giant cells that underwent apoptosis. In the mutants, formation of the flagellum was inhibited at its earliest stage. RNA-seq analysis identified a large number of cilia-related genes and testis-specific genes that were regulated by RFX2. Many of these genes were direct targets of RFX2, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR assays. These findings indicate that RFX2 is a key regulator of the post-meiotic development of mouse spermatogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sisi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiwen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shangying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhuqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Si Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiuhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rex A Hess
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802-6199, USA
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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48
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Elkon R, Milon B, Morrison L, Shah M, Vijayakumar S, Racherla M, Leitch CC, Silipino L, Hadi S, Weiss-Gayet M, Barras E, Schmid CD, Ait-Lounis A, Barnes A, Song Y, Eisenman DJ, Eliyahu E, Frolenkov GI, Strome SE, Durand B, Zaghloul NA, Jones SM, Reith W, Hertzano R. RFX transcription factors are essential for hearing in mice. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8549. [PMID: 26469318 PMCID: PMC4634137 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is a common and currently irreversible disorder, because mammalian hair cells (HCs) do not regenerate and current stem cell and gene delivery protocols result only in immature HC-like cells. Importantly, although the transcriptional regulators of embryonic HC development have been described, little is known about the postnatal regulators of maturating HCs. Here we apply a cell type-specific functional genomic analysis to the transcriptomes of auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia from early postnatal mice. We identify RFX transcription factors as essential and evolutionarily conserved regulators of the HC-specific transcriptomes, and detect Rfx1,2,3,5 and 7 in the developing HCs. To understand the role of RFX in hearing, we generate Rfx1/3 conditional knockout mice. We show that these mice are deaf secondary to rapid loss of initially well-formed outer HCs. These data identify an essential role for RFX in hearing and survival of the terminally differentiating outer HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Beatrice Milon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Laura Morrison
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Manan Shah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Sarath Vijayakumar
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0738, USA
| | - Manoj Racherla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Carmen C. Leitch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Lorna Silipino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Shadan Hadi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
| | - Michèle Weiss-Gayet
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph D. Schmid
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, and University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ashley Barnes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - David J. Eisenman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Efrat Eliyahu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gregory I. Frolenkov
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
| | - Scott E. Strome
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Sherri M. Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0738, USA
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA,Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA,
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49
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Zhu P, Xu X, Lin X. Both ciliary and non-ciliary functions of Foxj1a confer Wnt/β-catenin signaling in zebrafish left-right patterning. Biol Open 2015; 4:1376-86. [PMID: 26432885 PMCID: PMC4728341 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is implicated in left-right (LR) axis determination; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Prompted by our recent discovery that Wnt signaling regulates ciliogenesis in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle (KV) via Foxj1a, a ciliogenic transcription factor, we decided to elucidate functions of Foxj1a in Wnt-regulated LR pattern formation. We showed that targeted injection of wnt8a mRNA into a single cell at the 128-cell stage is sufficient to induce ectopic foxj1a expression and ectopic cilia. By interrogating the transcription circuit of foxj1a regulation, we found that both Lef1 and Tcf7 bind to a consensus element in the foxj1a promoter region. Depletion of Lef1 and Tcf7 inhibits foxj1a transcription in the dorsal forerunner cells, downregulates cilia length and number in KV, and randomizes LR asymmetry. Targeted overexpression of a constitutively active form of Lef1 also induced an ectopic protrusion that contains ectopic transcripts for sox17, foxj1a, and charon, and ectopic monocilia. Further genetic studies using this ectopic expression platform revealed two distinct functions of Foxj1a; mediating Wnt-governed monocilia length elongation as well as charon transcription. The novel Foxj1a-charon regulation is conserved in KV, and importantly, it is independent of the canonical role of Foxj1a in the biosynthesis of motile cilia. Together with the known function of motile cilia movement in generating asymmetric expression of charon, our data put forward a hypothesis that Foxj1a confers both ciliary and non-ciliary functions of Wnt signaling, which converge on charon to regulate LR pattern formation. Summary: Using a targeted overexpression platform, we showed that Wnt activation induces ectopic foxj1a expression and ectopic cilia formation, and revealed two distinct roles of Foxj1a in conferring Wnt-governed left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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50
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Shawlot W, Vazquez-Chantada M, Wallingford JB, Finnell RH. Rfx2 is required for spermatogenesis in the mouse. Genesis 2015; 53:604-611. [PMID: 26248850 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RFX transcription factors are key regulators of ciliogenesis in vertebrates. In Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, knockdown of Rfx2 causes defects in neural tube closure and in left-right axis patterning. To determine the essential role of the Rfx2 gene in mammalian development, we generated Rfx2-deficient mice using an embryonic stem cell clone containing a lacZ gene trap reporter inserted into the first intron of the Rfx2 gene. We found that the Rfx2 lacZ reporter is expressed in ciliated tissues during mouse development including the node, the floor plate and the dorsal neural tube. However, mice homozygous for the Rfx2 gene trap mutation did not have defects in neural tube closure or in organ situs. The gene trap insertion appears to create a null allele as Rfx2 mRNA was not detected in Rfx2gt/gt embryos. Although Rfx2-deficient mice do not have an obvious embryonic phenotype, we found that Rfx2gt/gt males are infertile because of a defect in spermatid maturation at or before the round and elongating spermatid stage. Our results indicate that Rfx2 is not essential for embryonic development in the mouse but is required for spermatogenesis. genesis 53:604-611, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shawlot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
| | - Mercedes Vazquez-Chantada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
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