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Hutschalik T, Özgül O, Casini M, Szabó B, Peyronnet R, Bártulos Ó, Argenziano M, Schotten U, Matsa E. Immune response caused by M1 macrophages elicits atrial fibrillation-like phenotypes in coculture model with isogenic hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:280. [PMID: 39227896 PMCID: PMC11373469 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation has an estimated prevalence of 1.5-2%, making it the most common cardiac arrhythmia. The processes that cause and sustain the disease are still not completely understood. An association between atrial fibrillation and systemic, as well as local, inflammatory processes has been reported. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this association have not been established. While it is understood that inflammatory macrophages can influence cardiac electrophysiology, a direct, causative relationship to atrial fibrillation has not been described. This study investigated the pro-arrhythmic effects of activated M1 macrophages on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived atrial cardiomyocytes, to propose a mechanistic link between inflammation and atrial fibrillation. METHODS Two hiPSC lines from healthy individuals were differentiated to atrial cardiomyocytes and M1 macrophages and integrated in an isogenic, pacing-free, atrial fibrillation-like coculture model. Electrophysiology characteristics of cocultures were analysed for beat rate irregularity, electrogram amplitude and conduction velocity using multi electrode arrays. Cocultures were additionally treated using glucocorticoids to suppress M1 inflammation. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on coculture-isolated atrial cardiomyocytes and compared to meta-analyses of atrial fibrillation patient transcriptomes. RESULTS Multi electrode array recordings revealed M1 to cause irregular beating and reduced electrogram amplitude. Conduction analysis further showed significantly lowered conduction homogeneity in M1 cocultures. Transcriptome sequencing revealed reduced expression of key cardiac genes such as SCN5A, KCNA5, ATP1A1, and GJA5 in the atrial cardiomyocytes. Meta-analysis of atrial fibrillation patient transcriptomes showed high correlation to the in vitro model. Treatment of the coculture with glucocorticoids showed reversal of phenotypes, including reduced beat irregularity, improved conduction, and reversed RNA expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes a causal relationship between M1 activation and the development of subsequent atrial arrhythmia, documented as irregularity in spontaneous electrical activation in atrial cardiomyocytes cocultured with activated macrophages. Further, beat rate irregularity could be alleviated using glucocorticoids. Overall, these results point at macrophage-mediated inflammation as a potential AF induction mechanism and offer new targets for therapeutic development. The findings strongly support the relevance of the proposed hiPSC-derived coculture model and present it as a first of its kind disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hutschalik
- Ncardia Services B.V, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ozan Özgül
- Dept. of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marilù Casini
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79110, Germany
| | - Brigitta Szabó
- Ncardia Services B.V, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79110, Germany
| | - Óscar Bártulos
- Ncardia Services B.V, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ulrich Schotten
- Dept. of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Matsa
- Ncardia Services B.V, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- , Rue Edouard Belin 2, 1435, CellisticMont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium.
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland.
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Liu D, Yu H, Xue N, Bao H, Gao Q, Tian Y. Alternative splicing patterns of hnrnp genes in gill tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during salinity changes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 271:110948. [PMID: 38281704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role in various physiological processes in eukaryotes, such as the stress response. However, patterns of AS events remain largely unexplored during salinity acclimation in fishes. In this study, we conducted AS analysis using RNA-seq datasets to explore splicing patterns in the gill tissues of rainbow trout exposed to altered salinity environments, ranging from 0 ‰ (T0) to 30 ‰ (T30). The results revealed 1441, 351, 483, 1051 and 1049 differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) events in 5 pairwise comparisons, including T6 vs. T0, T12 vs. T0, T18 vs. T0, T24 vs. T0, and T30 vs. T0, respectively. These DAS events were derived from 1290, 328, 444, 963 and 948 genes. Enrichment analysis indicated that these DAS genes were related to RNA splicing and processing. Among these, 14 DAS genes were identified as members of the large heterogeneous nuclear RNP (hnRNP) gene family. Alternative 3' splice site (A3SS), exon skipping (SE) and intron retention (RI) events resulted in the fragmentation or even loss of the functional RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains in hnrnpa0, hnrnp1a, hnrnp1b and hnrnpc genes. The incomplete RRM domains would hinder the interactions between hnRNP genes and pre-mRNAs. It would in turn influence the splicing patterns and mRNA stability of downstream target genes in response to salinity changes. The study provides insights into salinity acclimation in gill tissues of rainbow trout and serves as a significant reference on the osmoregulation mechanisms at post-transcription regulation levels in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Han Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Na Xue
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hancheng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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3
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Liu X, Wang Y, Xi R, Guo D, Guo W, Cheng L, Du T, Lu H, Wang P, Duan Y, Zhu J, Li F. Identification of IRF1 as a Novel Pyroptosis-Related Prognostic Biomarker of Atopic Dermatitis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:370-383. [PMID: 38156909 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2023.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to characterize key biomarkers associated with pyroptosis in atopic dermatitis (AD). Materials and methods: To identify the differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (DEPRGs), the gene expression profiles GSE16161 and GSE32924 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were utilized. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were conducted to determine the potential biological functions and involved pathways. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction network analyses were performed to identify hub genes. The types and proportions of infiltrating immune cells were detected by immune filtration analysis using CIBERSORT. A 12-axis competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed utilizing the miRNet database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) further validated the differential expression of a key gene IRF1 in the skin tissues collected from AD patients. The collection of skin tissue from human subjects in this study were reviewed and approved by the IRB of Yueyang Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital (KYSKSB2020-125). Results: The study identified a total of 76 DEPRGs, which were enriched in genes associated with the inflammatory response and immune regulation. There was a higher percentage of activated dendritic cells and a lower percentage of resting mast cells in AD samples. PVT1 expression was associated with upregulation of hub genes including CXCL8, IRF1, MKI67, and TP53 in the ceRNA network and was correlated with activated dendritic cells in AD. As a transcription factor, IRF1 could regulate the production of downstream inflammatory factors. The IHC study revealed that IRF1 was overexpressed in the skin tissues of AD patients, which were consistent with the results of the bioinformatic study. Conclusions: IRF1 and its related genes were identified as key pyroptosis-related biomarkers in AD, which is a crucial pathway in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruofan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjie Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Du
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanzhi Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjuan Duan
- Department of Dermatology, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy Research, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fulun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Du P, Zheng J, Wang S, Lou Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhu Y, You J, Zhang A, Liu P. Combining Cryo-Thermal Therapy with Anti-IL-6 Treatment Promoted the Maturation of MDSCs to Induce Long-Term Survival in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7018. [PMID: 37108179 PMCID: PMC10138396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression plays a significant role in tumor recurrence and metastasis, ultimately causing poor survival outcomes. Overcoming immunosuppression and stimulating durable antitumor immunity are essential for tumor treatment. In our previous study, a novel cryo-thermal therapy involving liquid nitrogen freezing and radiofrequency heating could reduce the proportion of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), but the remaining MDSCs produced IL-6 by the NF-κB pathway, resulting in an impaired therapeutic effect. Therefore, here we combined cryo-thermal therapy with anti-IL-6 treatment to target the MDSC-dominant immunosuppressive environment, thereby optimizing the efficacy of cryo-thermal therapy. We found that combinational treatment significantly increased the long-term survival rate of breast cancer-bearing mice. Mechanistic investigation revealed that combination therapy was capable of reducing the proportion of MDSCs in the spleen and blood while promoting their maturation, which resulted in increased Th1-dominant CD4+ T-cell differentiation and enhancement of CD8+ T-mediated tumor killing. In addition, CD4+ Th1 cells promoted mature MDSCs to produce IL-7 through IFN-γ, indirectly contributing to the maintenance of Th1-dominant antitumor immunity in a positive feedback loop. Our work suggests an attractive immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the MDSC-dominant immunosuppressive environment, which would offer exciting opportunities for highly immunosuppressive and unresectable tumors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (P.D.); (J.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
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5
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Li W, Zhao G, Jiao Z, Xiang C, Liang Y, Huang W, Nie P, Huang B. Nuclear import of IRF11 via the importin α/β pathway is essential for its antiviral activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104649. [PMID: 36716904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 11 (IRF11), an intriguing IRF member found only in fish species, has recently been shown to have antiviral properties that are dependent on its nuclear entry and DNA binding affinity. However, the mechanisms by which IRF11 enters the nucleus are unknown. In the present study, we found orthologs of IRF11 in lamprey and lancelet species by combining positional, phylogenetic and structural comparison data, showing that this gene has an ancient origin. The IRF11 gene (AjIRF11) from the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, was subsequently characterized, and it was found that AjIRF11 has antiviral activities against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which are accomplished by regulating the production of type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. In addition to its known DNA binding residues in the α3 helix, two residues in Loop 1, His40 and Trp46, are also involved in DNA binding and activation of the IFN promoter. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we confirmed that full nuclear localization of AjIRF11 requires the bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) spanning residues 75 to 101, as well as the monopartite NLS situated between residues 119 and 122. Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed that AjIRF11 interacts with importin α via its NLSs and can also bind to importin β directly, implying that IRF11 can be imported to the nucleus by one or more transport receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Gejie Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chao Xiang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Wenshu Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Pin Nie
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
| | - Bei Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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6
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Liu J, Duan G, Yang W, Zhang S, Liu F, Peng Y, Sun L, Liu Y, Xiao L. Identification of transcription factors related to diabetic tubulointerstitial injury. J Transl Med 2023; 21:228. [PMID: 36978091 PMCID: PMC10053902 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a main cause of chronic renal failure. Despite decades of extensive study, the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic tubulointerstitial injury remain unclear. We aim to identify key transcription factor genes involved in diabetic tubulointerstitial injury. METHODS A microarray dataset (GSE30122) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was downloaded. A total of 38 transcription factor genes based on 166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by UCSC_TFBS. RESULTS The regulatory network showed connections between the top 10 transcription factors and their target DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of targeted DEGs indicated that extracellular space, extracellular exosome, cell surface and complement and coagulation cascades were most significantly enriched. Utilizing Nephroseq v5 online platform, the mRNA expression pattern analysis of transcription factor genes demonstrated that mRNA expression of CDC5, CEBPA, FAC1, HFH1, IRF1, NFE2 and TGIF1 increased in renal tubulointerstitium of DN patients compared with normal controls while that of CEBPB and FOXO4 decreased in renal tubulointerstitium of DN patients compared with normal controls. Correlation analysis between mRNA expression of transcription factor genes in renal tubulointerstitium and clinical features showed that AP1, BACH1, CDC5, FAC1, FOXD1, FOXJ2, FOXO1, FOXO4, HFH1, IRF1, POU3F2, SOX5, SOX9, RSRFC4, S8 and TGIF1 may be related to diabetic tubulointerstitial injury. CONCLUSIONS (1) CDC5, FAC1, FOXO4, HFH1, IRF1 and TGIF1 may be key transcription factor genes. (2)Transcription factors involved in diabetic tubulointerstitial injury may become prospective targets for diagnosis and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guangzhong Duan
- Hunan Communication Polytechnic, Changsha, 410132, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Diet-induced gut dysbiosis and inflammation: Key drivers of obesity-driven NASH. iScience 2022; 26:105905. [PMID: 36691622 PMCID: PMC9860397 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose, the primary circulating sugar in plants, contains equal amounts of fructose and glucose. The latter is the predominant circulating sugar in animals and thus the primary fuel source for various tissue and cell types in the body. Chronic excessive energy intake has, however, emerged as a major driver of obesity and associated pathologies including nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consumption of a high-caloric, western-style diet induces gut dysbiosis and inflammation resulting in leaky gut. Translocation of gut-derived bacterial content promotes hepatic inflammation and ER stress, and when either or both of these are combined with steatosis, it can cause NASH. Here, we review the metabolic links between diet-induced changes in the gut and NASH. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity and liver metabolic diseases are also discussed with a focus on restoring the gut-liver axis.
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IL-7: Comprehensive review. Cytokine 2022; 160:156049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Moon Y. Editorial: Molecular Pathways Controlling Epithelial Inflammation in the Gut. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897587. [PMID: 35547741 PMCID: PMC9082064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Anatomy, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea.,Graduate Program of Genomic Data Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
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Molecular Signature of Neuroinflammation Induced in Cytokine-Stimulated Human Cortical Spheroids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051025. [PMID: 35625761 PMCID: PMC9138619 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is the process of neuroinflammation that is often linked to the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Human cortical spheroids (hCSs) constitute a valuable tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases in a complex three-dimensional context. We recently designed a protocol to generate hCSs comprising all major brain cell types. Here we stimulate these hCSs for three time periods with TNFα and with IL-1β. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the main process induced in the TNFα- as well as in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs is neuroinflammation. Central in the neuroinflammatory response are endothelial cells, microglia and astrocytes, and dysregulated genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and downstream NFκB- and STAT-pathway components. Furthermore, we observe sets of neuroinflammation-related genes that are specifically modulated in the TNFα-stimulated and in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs. Together, our results help to molecularly understand human neuroinflammation and thus a key mechanism of neurodegeneration.
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11
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Regulation of tissue-resident memory T cells by the Microbiota. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:408-417. [PMID: 35194180 PMCID: PMC9063729 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (Trms) predominantly reside within tissue and are critical for providing rapid protection against invasive viruses, fungi and bacteria. Given that tissues are heavily impacted and shaped by the microbiota, it stands to reason that Trms are also influenced by the microbiota that inhabits barrier sites. The influence of the microbiota is largely mediated by microbial production of metabolites which are crucial to the immune response to both viral infection and cancerous tumors. In addition to the effects of metabolites, antigens derived from the microbiota can activate T cell responses. While microbiota-specific T cells may assist in tissue repair, control of infection and anti-tumor immunity, the actual 'memory' potential of these cells remains unclear. Here, we hypothesize that memory responses to antigens from the microbiota must be 'licensed' by inflammatory signals activated by invasion of the host by microorganisms.
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Rivière E, Pascaud J, Mariette X, Nocturne G. Response to «Are Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells the Main Source of Increased IL-7 in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome?» by Caiqun Chen et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 74:732-733. [PMID: 34694060 DOI: 10.1002/art.42004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Rivière
- Immunology of viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, CEA - Université Paris Sud - INSERM U1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre & Fontenay aux Roses.,Rheumatology, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Juliette Pascaud
- Immunology of viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, CEA - Université Paris Sud - INSERM U1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre & Fontenay aux Roses.,Rheumatology, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Immunology of viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, CEA - Université Paris Sud - INSERM U1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre & Fontenay aux Roses.,Rheumatology, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gaetane Nocturne
- Immunology of viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, CEA - Université Paris Sud - INSERM U1184, Le Kremlin Bicêtre & Fontenay aux Roses.,Rheumatology, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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13
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Li H, Chen X, Zhu Y, Liu R, Zheng L, Shan S, Zhang F, An L, Yang G. Molecular characterization and immune functional analysis of IRF2 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): different regulatory role in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathway. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:303. [PMID: 34503504 PMCID: PMC8428054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) is an important transcription factor, which can regulate the IFN response and plays a role in antiviral innate immunity in teleost. RESULTS In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of IRF2 (CcIRF2) was characterized in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which encoded a protein containing a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an IRF-associated domain (IAD). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcIRF2 was most closely related with IRF2 of Ctenopharyngodon idella. CcIRF2 transcripts were detectable in all examined tissues, with higher expression in the gills, spleen and brain. CcIRF2 expression was upregulated in immune-related tissues of common carp upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation and induced by poly (I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and flagellin in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). In addition, overexpression of CcIRF2 decreased the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that CcIRF2 could increase the activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CcIRF2 participates in antiviral and antibacterial immune response and negatively regulates the IFN response, which provide a new insight into the regulation of IFN system in common carp, and are helpful for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in carp farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xinping Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No. 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- Jinan Eco-environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, No. 17199 Lvyou Road, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Jongsma MLM, Neefjes J, Spaapen RM. Playing hide and seek: Tumor cells in control of MHC class I antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:36-44. [PMID: 34082257 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules present a blueprint of the intracellular proteome to T cells allowing them to control infection or malignant transformation. As a response, pathogens and tumor cells often downmodulate MHC-I mediated antigen presentation to escape from immune surveillance. Although the fundamental rules of antigen presentation are known in detail, the players in this system are not saturated and new modules of regulation have recently been uncovered. Here, we update the understanding of antigen presentation by MHC-I molecules and how this can be exploited by tumors to prevent exposure of the intracellular proteome. This knowledge can provide new ways to improve immune responses against tumors and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L M Jongsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Dhatchinamoorthy K, Colbert JD, Rock KL. Cancer Immune Evasion Through Loss of MHC Class I Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636568. [PMID: 33767702 PMCID: PMC7986854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) molecules bind peptides derived from a cell's expressed genes and then transport and display this antigenic information on the cell surface. This allows CD8 T cells to identify pathological cells that are synthesizing abnormal proteins, such as cancers that are expressing mutated proteins. In order for many cancers to arise and progress, they need to evolve mechanisms to avoid elimination by CD8 T cells. MHC I molecules are not essential for cell survival and therefore one mechanism by which cancers can evade immune control is by losing MHC I antigen presentation machinery (APM). Not only will this impair the ability of natural immune responses to control cancers, but also frustrate immunotherapies that work by re-invigorating anti-tumor CD8 T cells, such as checkpoint blockade. Here we review the evidence that loss of MHC I antigen presentation is a frequent occurrence in many cancers. We discuss new insights into some common underlying mechanisms through which some cancers inactivate the MHC I pathway and consider some possible strategies to overcome this limitation in ways that could restore immune control of tumors and improve immunotherapy.
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Bednarz-Misa I, Bromke MA, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Interleukin (IL)-7 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1290:9-49. [PMID: 33559853 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55617-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 plays an important immunoregulatory role in different types of cells. Therefore, it attracts researcher's attention, but despite the fact, many aspects of its modulatory action, as well as other functionalities, are still poorly understood. The review summarizes current knowledge on the interleukin-7 and its signaling cascade in context of cancer development. Moreover, it provides a cancer-type focused description of the involvement of IL-7 in solid tumors, as well as hematological malignancies.The interleukin has been discovered as a growth factor crucial for the early lymphocyte development and supporting the growth of malignant cells in certain leukemias and lymphomas. Therefore, its targeting has been explored as a treatment modality in hematological malignancies, while the unique ability to expand lymphocyte populations selectively and without hyperinflammation has been used in experimental immunotherapies in patients with lymphopenia. Ever since the early research demonstrated a reduced growth of solid tumors in the presence of IL-7, the interleukin application in boosting up the anticancer immunity has been investigated. However, a growing body of evidence indicative of IL-7 upregulation in carcinomas, facilitating tumor growth and metastasis and aiding drug-resistance, is accumulating. It therefore becomes increasingly apparent that the response to the IL-7 stimulus strongly depends on cell type, their developmental stage, and microenvironmental context. The interleukin exerts its regulatory action mainly through phosphorylation events in JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt pathways, while the significance of MAPK pathway seems to be limited to solid tumors. Given the unwavering interest in IL-7 application in immunotherapy, a better understanding of interleukin role, source in tumor microenvironment, and signaling pathways, as well as the identification of cells that are likely to respond should be a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz A Bromke
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Kuno R, Ito G, Kawamoto A, Hiraguri Y, Sugihara HY, Takeoka S, Nagata S, Takahashi J, Tsuchiya M, Anzai S, Mizutani T, Shimizu H, Yui S, Oshima S, Tsuchiya K, Watanabe M, Okamoto R. Notch and TNF-α signaling promote cytoplasmic accumulation of OLFM4 in intestinal epithelium cells and exhibit a cell protective role in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100906. [PMID: 33490652 PMCID: PMC7808948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is activated in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and contributes to mucosal regeneration. Our previous study indicated that TNF-α and Notch signaling may synergistically promote the expression of the intestinal stem cell (ISC) marker OLFM4 in human IECs. In the present study, we investigated the gene regulation and function of OLFM4 in human IEC lines. We confirmed that TNF-α and Notch synergistically upregulate the mRNA expression of OLFM4. Luciferase reporter assay showed that OLFM4 transcription is regulated by the synergy of TNF-α and Notch. At the protein level, synergy between TNF-α and Notch promoted cytoplasmic accumulation of OLFM4, which has potential anti-apoptotic properties in human IECs. Analysis of patient-derived tissues and organoids consistently showed cytoplasmic accumulation of OLFM4 in response to NF-κB and Notch activation. Cytoplasmic accumulation of OLFM4 in human IECs is tightly regulated by Notch and TNF-α in synergy. Such cytoplasmic accumulation of OLFM4 may have a cell-protective role in the inflamed mucosa of patients with IBD. Notch and TNF-α signaling is important in IECs of patients with IBD. Notch and TNF-α signaling promotes the cytoplasmic accumulation of OLFM4. OLFM4 accumulation may have anti-apoptotic properties. OLFM4 could protect against mucosal inflammation in IBD.
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Key Words
- CD, Crohn's disease
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DBZ, intestinal epithelial cells
- Dox, doxycycline
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IEC, dibenzazepine
- NICD, Notch intracellular domain
- Notch pathway
- OLFM4
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α
- Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan
| | | | | | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan
| | | | - Mao Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan
| | - Sho Anzai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan
| | | | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Rueschenbaum S, Cai C, Schmidt M, Schwarzkopf K, Dittmer U, Zeuzem S, Welsch C, Lange CM. Translation of IRF-1 Restricts Hepatic Interleukin-7 Production to Types I and II Interferons: Implications for Hepatic Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:581352. [PMID: 33584648 PMCID: PMC7874116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an important cytokine with pivotal pro-survival functions in the adaptive immune system. However, the role of IL-7 in innate immunity is not fully understood. In the present study, the impact of hepatic IL-7 on innate immune cells was assessed by functional experiments as well as in patients with different stages of liver cirrhosis or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Human hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells secreted IL-7 in response to stimulation with interferons (IFNs) of type I and II, yet not type III. De novo translation of interferon-response factor-1 (IRF-1) restricted IL-7 production to stimulation with type I and II IFNs. LPS-primed human macrophages were identified as innate immune target cells responding to IL-7 signaling by inactivation of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). IL-7-mediated GSK3 inactivation augmented LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and blunted LPS tolerance of macrophages. The IFN-IRF-1-IL-7 axis was present in liver cirrhosis patients. However, liver cirrhosis patients with or without ACLF had significantly lower concentrations of IL-7 in serum compared to healthy controls, which might contribute to LPS-tolerance in these patients. In conclusion, we propose the presence of an inflammatory cascade where IFNs of type I/II induce hepatocellular IL-7 in an IRF-1-restriced way. Beyond its role in adaptive immune responses, IL-7 appears to augment the response of macrophages to LPS and to ameliorate LPS tolerance, which may improve innate immune responses against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rueschenbaum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Medicine 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Chengcong Cai
- Department of Medicine 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Medicine 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Medicine 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Medicine 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian M Lange
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Medicine 1, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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Rogers TJ. Kappa Opioid Receptor Expression and Function in Cells of the Immune System. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 271:419-433. [PMID: 33580386 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is expressed on a number of hematopoietic cell populations, based on both protein binding analysis and the detection of kappa opioid receptor gene (Oprk1) transcripts. There are prominent Oprk1 splice variants that are expressed in the mouse and human brain cells and leukocytes. The activation of KOR results in reduced antibody production, an inhibition of phagocytic cell activity, an inhibition of T cell development, alterations in the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and the receptors for these mediators. Finally, the activation of KOR also leads to the regulation of receptor functional activity of chemokine receptors through the process of heterologous desensitization. The functional activity of KOR is important for the regulation of inflammatory responses and may provide opportunities for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Rogers
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Frkatovic A, Zaytseva OO, Klaric L. Genetic Regulation of Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:259-287. [PMID: 34687013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Defining the genetic components that control glycosylation of the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an ongoing effort, which has so far been addressed by means of heritability, linkage and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Unlike the synthesis of proteins, N-glycosylation biosynthesis is not a template-driven process, but rather a complex process regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. Current heritability studies have shown that while up to 75% of the variation in levels of some IgG glycan traits can be explained by genetics, some glycan traits are completely defined by environmental influences. Advances in both high-throughput genotyping and glycan quantification methods have enabled genome-wide association studies that are increasingly used to estimate associations of millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and glycosylation traits. Using this method, 18 genomic regions have so far been robustly associated with IgG N-glycosylation, discovering associations with genes encoding glycosyltransferases, but also transcription factors, co-factors, membrane transporters and other genes with no apparent role in IgG glycosylation. Further computational analyses have shown that IgG glycosylation is likely to be regulated through the expression of glycosyltransferases, but have also for the first time suggested which transcription factors are involved in the process. Moreover, it was also shown that IgG glycosylation and inflammatory diseases share common underlying causal genetic variants, suggesting that studying genetic regulation of IgG glycosylation helps not only to better understand this complex process but can also contribute to understanding why glycans are changed in disease. However, further studies are needed to unravel whether changes in IgG glycosylation are causing these diseases or the changes in the glycome are caused by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Frkatovic
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga O Zaytseva
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Klaric
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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21
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Shi B, Gao D, Zhong L, Zhi M, Weng X, Xu J, Li J, Du X, Xin Y, Gao J, Zhu Q, Cao S, Liu Z, Han J. IRF-1 expressed in the inner cell mass of the porcine early blastocyst enhances the pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:505. [PMID: 33246502 PMCID: PMC7694439 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite years of research, porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) with germline chimeric capacity have not been established. Furthermore, the key transcription factors (TFs) defining the naïve state in piPSCs also remain elusive, even though TFs in the inner cell mass (ICM) are believed to be key molecular determinants of naïve pluripotency. In this study, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) was screened to express higher in ICM than trophectoderm (TE). But the impact of IRF-1 on maintenance of pluripotency in piPSCs was not determined. METHODS Transcriptome profiles of the early ICM were analyzed to determine highly interconnected TFs. Cells carrying these TFs' reporter were used to as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer to detect expression patterns in blastocysts. Next, IRF1-Flag was overexpressed in DOX-hLIF-2i piPSCs and AP staining, qRT-PCR, and RNA-seq were conducted to examine the effect of IRF-1 on pluripotency. Then, the expression of IRF-1 in DOX-hLIF-2i piPSCs was labeled by GFP and qRT-PCR was conducted to determine the difference between GFP-positive and GFP-negative cells. Next, ChIP-Seq was conducted to identify genes target by IRF-1. Treatment with IL7 in wild-type piPSCs and STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor in IRF-1 overexpressing piPSCs was conducted to confirm the roles of JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway in IRF-1's regulation of pluripotency. Moreover, during reprogramming, IRF-1 was overexpressed and knocked down to determine the change of reprogramming efficiency. RESULTS IRF-1 was screened to be expressed higher in porcine ICM than TE of d6~7 SCNT blastocysts. First, overexpression of IRF-1 in the piPSCs was observed to promote the morphology, AP staining, and expression profiles of pluripotency genes as would be expected when cells approach the naïve state. Genes, KEGG pathways, and GO terms related to the process of differentiation were also downregulated. Next, in the wild-type piPSCs, high-level fluorescence activated by the IRF-1 promoter was associated with higher expression of naïve related genes in piPSCs. Analysis by ChIP-Seq indicated that genes related to the JAK-STAT pathway, and expression of IL7 and STAT3 were activated by IRF-1. The inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation was observed could revert the expression of primed genes in IRF-1 overexpressing cells, but the addition of IL7 in culture medium had no apparent change in the cell morphology, AP staining results, or expression of pluripotency related genes. In addition, knockdown of IRF-1 during reprogramming appeared to reduce reprogramming efficiency, whereas overexpression exerted the converse effect. CONCLUSION The IRF-1 expressed in the ICM of pigs' early blastocyst enhances the pluripotency of piPSCs, in part through promoting the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine for Diabetes, The Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Minglei Zhi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Junjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suying Cao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianyong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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22
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Wang DP, Yu ZX, He ZC, Liao JF, Shen XB, Zhu PL, Chen WN, Lin X, Xu SH. Apolipoprotein L1 is transcriptionally regulated by SP1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3108-3121. [PMID: 32671843 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) participates in lipid metabolism. Here, we investigate the mechanisms regulating APOL1 gene expression in hepatoma cells. We demonstrate that the -80-nt to +31-nt region of the APOL1 promoter, which contains one SP transcription factor binding GT box and an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) binding ISRE element, maintains the maximum activity. Mutation of the GT box and ISRE element dramatically reduces APOL1 promoter activity. EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveal that the transcription factors Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 could interact with their cognate binding sites on the APOL1 promoter. Overexpression of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 increases promoter activity, leading to increased APOL1 mRNA and protein levels, while knockdown of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 has the opposite effects. These results demonstrate that the APOL1 gene could be regulated by Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hongqi Hospital of MuDanJiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Yu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Cun He
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Fu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
| | - Peng-Li Zhu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
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Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Perspective on Intracellular Response Mechanisms. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves perturbation of intestinal immune homeostasis in genetically susceptible individuals. A mutual interplay between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut resident microbes maintains a homeostatic environment across the gut. An idiopathic gastrointestinal (GI) complication triggers aberrant physiological stress in the epithelium and peripheral myeloid cells, leading to a chronic inflammatory condition. Indeed, events in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria contribute to orchestrating intracellular mechanisms such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and oxidative stress, respectively, to resolve aberrant cellular stress. This review highlights the signaling cascades encrypted within ER and mitochondria in IECs and/or myeloid cells to dissipate chronic stress in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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24
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Amoroso C, Perillo F, Strati F, Fantini M, Caprioli F, Facciotti F. The Role of Gut Microbiota Biomodulators on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051234. [PMID: 32429359 PMCID: PMC7291275 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the gut microbiota may cause dysregulated mucosal immune responses leading to the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in genetically susceptible hosts. Restoring immune homeostasis through the normalization of the gut microbiota is now considered a valuable therapeutic approach to treat IBD patients. The customization of microbe-targeted therapies, including antibiotics, prebiotics, live biotherapeutics and faecal microbiota transplantation, is therefore considered to support current therapies in IBD management. In this review, we will discuss recent advancements in the understanding of host−microbe interactions in IBD and the basis to promote homeostatic immune responses through microbe-targeted therapies. By considering gut microbiota dysbiosis as a key feature for the establishment of chronic inflammatory events, in the near future it will be suitable to design new cost-effective, physiologic, and patient-oriented therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IBD that can be applied in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amoroso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Perillo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Strati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Duilio Casula Hospital, AOU Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20135 Milan, Italy;
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (F.P.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Kiwifruit drives human microbiota-derived DNA to stimulate IL-7 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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26
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Furumai R, Tamada K, Liu X, Takumi T. UBE3A regulates the transcription of IRF, an antiviral immunity. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1947-1958. [PMID: 30690483 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UBE3A is a gene responsible for the pathogenesis of Angelman syndrome (AS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms such as intellectual disability, delayed development and severe speech impairment. UBE3A encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, for which several targets have been identified, including synaptic molecules. Although proteolysis mainly occurs in the cytoplasm, UBE3A is localized to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In fact, UBE3A is also known as a transcriptional regulator of the family of nuclear receptors. However, the function of UBE3A in the nucleus remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the involvement of UBE3A in transcription in the nuclei of neurons. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed an enrichment of genes downstream of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) in a UBE3A-deficient AS mouse model. In vitro biochemical analyses further demonstrated that UBE3A interacted with IRF and, more importantly, that UBE3A enhanced IRF-dependent transcription. These results suggest a function for UBE3A as a transcriptional regulator of the immune system in the brain. These findings also provide informative molecular insights into the function of UBE3A in the brain and in AS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Furumai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kota Tamada
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
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27
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IRF2 is a master regulator of human keratinocyte stem cell fate. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4676. [PMID: 31611556 PMCID: PMC6791852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident adult epithelial stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by balancing self-renewal and differentiation. The stem cell potential of human epidermal keratinocytes is retained in vitro but lost over time suggesting extrinsic and intrinsic regulation. Transcription factor-controlled regulatory circuitries govern cell identity, are sufficient to induce pluripotency and transdifferentiate cells. We investigate whether transcriptional circuitry also governs phenotypic changes within a given cell type by comparing human primary keratinocytes with intrinsically high versus low stem cell potential. Using integrated chromatin and transcriptional profiling, we implicate IRF2 as antagonistic to stemness and show that it binds and regulates active cis-regulatory elements at interferon response and antigen presentation genes. CRISPR-KD of IRF2 in keratinocytes with low stem cell potential increases self-renewal, migration and epidermis formation. These data demonstrate that transcription factor regulatory circuitries, in addition to maintaining cell identity, control plasticity within cell types and offer potential for therapeutic modulation of cell function. Epidermal homeostasis requires long term stem cell function. Here, the authors apply transcriptional circuitry analysis based on integrated epigenomic profiling of primary human keratinocytes with high and low stem cell function to identify IRF2 as a negative regulator of stemness.
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28
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Liu T, Han Y, Chen S, Zhao H. Global characterization and expression analysis of interferon regulatory factors in response to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:821-832. [PMID: 31299462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) were originally identified as transcriptional regulators of type I interferon (IFN) expression. Recent studies have widely identified the roles of IRFs as central mediators in immune defence against pathogen infection. However, the functional roles and expression profiles of IRFs are still unclear in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). In this study, eight members of the PsIRF family were identified in P. sinensis through a genome-wide search. These PsIRF genes contained the conserved domains of this group of proteins, including the N-terminal DNA-binding domain and C-terminal IRF-associated domain. Phylogenetic analyses among IRF homologs showed that the PsIRFs shared the closest phylogenetic relationships with IRFs of other turtle species. Further molecular evolutionary analyses revealed evolutionary conservation of the PsIRF genes. Moreover, expression profiling demonstrated that eight PsIRF genes exhibited constitutive expression in different tissues of P. sinensis. Several genes, such as PsIRF1, PsIRF2 and PsIRF4, showed predominant expression in the spleen and were significantly upregulated upon Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Remarkably, PsIRF1, PsIRF2 and PsIRF4 exhibited rapid increases in their protein expression levels post-infection and were mainly expressed in the splenic red pulp according to immunohistochemistry analysis. These results provide rich resources for further exploration of the roles of PsIRFs in immune regulation in P. sinensis and other turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Yawen Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
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29
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Kriegsman BA, Vangala P, Chen BJ, Meraner P, Brass AL, Garber M, Rock KL. Frequent Loss of IRF2 in Cancers Leads to Immune Evasion through Decreased MHC Class I Antigen Presentation and Increased PD-L1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1999-2010. [PMID: 31471524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To arise and progress, cancers need to evade immune elimination. Consequently, progressing tumors are often MHC class I (MHC-I) low and express immune inhibitory molecules, such as PD-L1, which allows them to avoid the main antitumor host defense, CD8+ T cells. The molecular mechanisms that led to these alterations were incompletely understood. In this study, we identify loss of the transcription factor IRF2 as a frequent underlying mechanism that leads to a tumor immune evasion phenotype in both humans and mice. We identified IRF2 in a CRISPR-based forward genetic screen for genes that controlled MHC-I Ag presentation in HeLa cells. We then found that many primary human cancers, including lung, colon, breast, prostate, and others, frequently downregulated IRF2. Although IRF2 is generally known as a transcriptional repressor, we found that it was a transcriptional activator of many key components of the MHC-I pathway, including immunoproteasomes, TAP, and ERAP1, whose transcriptional control was previously poorly understood. Upon loss of IRF2, cytosol-to-endoplasmic reticulum peptide transport and N-terminal peptide trimming become rate limiting for Ag presentation. In addition, we found that IRF2 is a repressor of PD-L1. Thus, by downregulating a single nonessential gene, tumors become harder to see (reduced Ag presentation), more inhibitory (increased checkpoint inhibitor), and less susceptible to being killed by CD8+ T cells. Importantly, we found that the loss of Ag presentation caused by IRF2 downregulation could be reversed by IFN-stimulated induction of the transcription factor IRF1. The implication of these findings for tumor progression and immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Kriegsman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Pranitha Vangala
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Benjamin J Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Paul Meraner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and.,Peak Gastroenterology Associates, Colorado Springs, CO 80907
| | - Manuel Garber
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655;
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30
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Buffière A, Uzan B, Aucagne R, Hermetet F, Mas M, Nassurdine S, Aznague A, Carmignac V, Tournier B, Bouchot O, Ballerini P, Barata JT, Bastie JN, Delva L, Pflumio F, Quéré R. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia displays autocrine production of Interleukin-7. Oncogene 2019; 38:7357-7365. [PMID: 31417180 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of immature T cells. Although patient outcomes have improved, novel targeted therapies are needed to reduce the intensity of chemotherapy and improve the prognosis of high-risk patients. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) modulates the survival and proliferation of normal and malignant T cells. Targeting the IL-7 signaling pathway is thus a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. To achieve such aim, it is essential to first understand how the IL-7 signaling pathway is activated. Although IL-7 production has been observed from multiple stromal tissues, T-ALL autocrine IL-7 secretion has not yet been described. Interestingly, using T-ALL cell lines, primary and patient-derived xenotransplanted (PDX) T-ALL cells, we demonstrate that T-ALL cells produce IL-7 whereas normal T cells do not. Finally, using knock down of IL7 gene in T-ALL cells, we describe to what extent IL-7 autocrine secretion is involved in the T-ALL cells propagation in bone marrow and how it affects the number of leukemia-initiating cells in PDX mice. Together, these results demonstrate how the autocrine production of the IL-7 cytokine mediated by T-ALL cells can be involved in the oncogenic development of T-ALL and offer novel insights into T-ALL spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Buffière
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Uzan
- UMR967, Inserm/CEA/Université Paris 7/Université Paris 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,LSHL, IRCM/CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Romain Aucagne
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - François Hermetet
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Manon Mas
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Aziza Aznague
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | | | - Benjamin Tournier
- Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Service de Génétique des Cancers, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Bouchot
- Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, Dijon, France
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jean-Noël Bastie
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Dijon, France.,Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, CRB Ferdinand Cabanne, BB-0033-00044, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Delva
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Pflumio
- UMR967, Inserm/CEA/Université Paris 7/Université Paris 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,LSHL, IRCM/CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France. .,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.
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31
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Dynamic Gene Network Analysis of Caco-2 Cell Response to Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli-Associated Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070195. [PMID: 31288487 PMCID: PMC6680469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O113:H21 strains are associated with human diarrhea and some strains may cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). In Brazil, these strains are commonly found in cattle but, so far, were not isolated from HUS patients. Here, a system biology approach was used to investigate the differential transcriptomic and phenotypic responses of enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells to two STEC O113:H21 strains with similar virulence factor profiles (i.e. expressing stx2, ehxA, epeA, espA, iha, saa, sab, and subA): EH41 (Caco-2/EH41), isolated from a HUS patient in Australia, and Ec472/01 (Caco-2/Ec472), isolated from bovine feces in Brazil, during a 3 h period of bacteria-enterocyte interaction. Gene co-expression network analysis for Caco-2/EH41 revealed a quite abrupt pattern of topological variation along 3 h of enterocyte-bacteria interaction when compared with networks obtained for Caco-2/Ec472. Transcriptional module characterization revealed that EH41 induces inflammatory and apoptotic responses in Caco-2 cells just after the first hour of enterocyte-bacteria interaction, whereas the response to Ec472/01 is associated with cytoskeleton organization at the first hour, followed by the expression of immune response modulators. Scanning electron microscopy showed more intense microvilli destruction in Caco-2 cells exposed to EH41 when compared to those exposed to Ec472/01. Altogether, these results show that EH41 expresses virulence genes, inducing a distinctive host cell response, and is likely associated with severe pathogenicity.
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32
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Cui J, Xu X, Li Y, Hu X, Xie Y, Tan J, Qiao W. TRIM14 expression is regulated by IRF-1 and IRF-2. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1413-1420. [PMID: 31150153 PMCID: PMC6668374 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif‐containing 14 (TRIM14) is a mitochondrial adaptor that promotes innate immune signaling and plays important roles in antiviral defense. Expression of TRIM14 is induced by interferon (IFN)‐I. However, the mechanism by which IFN‐I induces TRIM14 production is not yet determined. In this study, we have examined the function of TRIM14 promoter and found that a GC box and an IFN‐stimulated response element (ISRE) are necessary for the basal level transcription of TRIM14. We further observed that IFN‐I activates the TRIM14 promoter through the ISRE. In particular, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)‐1 and IRF‐2 bind to the TRIM14 promoter and activate transcription of TRIM14. Moreover, knockdown of IRF‐1 reduces the stimulation of TRIM14 transcription by IFN‐α, suggesting that IRF‐1 is involved in the activation of TRIM14 by IFN‐I. IRF‐2 has little effect on IFN‐α‐induced TRIM14 transcription but is essential for the basal transcription of TRIM14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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33
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Kawamoto A, Nagata S, Anzai S, Takahashi J, Kawai M, Hama M, Nogawa D, Yamamoto K, Kuno R, Suzuki K, Shimizu H, Hiraguri Y, Yui S, Oshima S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Ohtsuka K, Kitagawa M, Okamoto R, Watanabe M. Ubiquitin D is Upregulated by Synergy of Notch Signalling and TNF-α in the Inflamed Intestinal Epithelia of IBD Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:495-509. [PMID: 30395194 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The intestinal epithelium of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients is exposed to various pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]. We have previously shown that the Notch signalling pathway is also upregulated in such an epithelium, contributing to intestinal epithelial cell [IEC] proliferation and regeneration. We aimed to reproduce such environment in vitro and explore the gene regulation involved. METHODS Human IEC cell lines or patient-derived organoids were used to analyse Notch- and TNF-α-dependent gene expression. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyse expression of ubiquitin D [UBD] in various patient-derived intestinal tissues. RESULTS In human IEC cell lines, we found that Notch signalling and TNF-α-induced NFκB signalling are reciprocally regulated to promote expression of a specific gene subset. Global gene expression analysis identified UBD to be one of the most highly upregulated genes, due to synergy of Notch and TNF-α. The synergistic expression of UBD was regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas the UBD protein had an extremely short half-life due to post-translational, proteasomal degradation. In uninflamed intestinal tissues from IBD patients, UBD expression was limited to IECs residing at the crypt bottom. In contrast, UBD-expressing IECs were seen throughout the crypt in inflamed tissues, indicating substantial induction by the local inflammatory environment. Analysis using patient-derived organoids consistently confirmed conserved Notch- and TNF-α-dependent expression of UBD. Notably, post-infliximab [IFX] downregulation of UBD reflected favourable outcome in IBD patients. CONCLUSION We propose that UBD is a novel inflammatory-phase protein expressed in IECs, with a highly rapid responsiveness to anti-TNF-α treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Anzai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minami Hama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Nogawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Beug ST, Cheung HH, Sanda T, St-Jean M, Beauregard CE, Mamady H, Baird SD, LaCasse EC, Korneluk RG. The transcription factor SP3 drives TNF-α expression in response to Smac mimetics. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/566/eaat9563. [PMID: 30696705 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The controlled production and downstream signaling of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are important for immunity and its anticancer effects. Although chronic stimulation with TNF-α is detrimental to the health of the host in several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, TNF-α-contrary to what its name implies-leads to cancer formation by promoting cell proliferation and survival. Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs), small-molecule antagonists of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), switch the TNF-α signal from promoting survival to promoting death in cancer cells. Using a genome-wide siRNA screen to identify factors required for SMC-to-TNF-α-mediated cancer cell death, we identified the transcription factor SP3 as a critical molecule in both basal and SMC-induced production of TNF-α by engaging the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcriptional pathway. Moreover, the promotion of TNF-α expression by SP3 activity confers differential sensitivity of cancer versus normal cells to SMC treatment. The key role of SP3 in TNF-α production and signaling will help us further understand TNF-α biology and provide insight into mechanisms relevant to cancer and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Herman H Cheung
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tarun Sanda
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Martine St-Jean
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Caroline E Beauregard
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hapsatou Mamady
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Stephen D Baird
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Eric C LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Robert G Korneluk
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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35
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Kermarrec L, Durand T, Gonzales J, Pabois J, Hulin P, Neunlist M, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Rat enteric glial cells express novel isoforms of Interleukine-7 regulated during inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13467. [PMID: 30240048 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimmune interactions are essential to maintain gut homeostasis and prevent intestinal disorders but so far, the impact of enteric glial cells (EGC) on immune cells remains a relatively unexplored area of research. As a dysregulation of critical cytokines such as interleukine-7 (IL-7) was suggested to exacerbate gut chronic inflammation, we investigated whether EGC could be a source of IL-7 in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Expression of IL-7 in the rat enteric nervous system was analyzed by immunochemistry and Q-PCR. IL-7 variants were cloned and specific antibodies against rat IL-7 isoforms were raised to characterize their expression in the submucosal plexus. IL-7 isoforms were produced in vitro to analyze their impact on T-cell survival. KEY RESULTS Neurons and glial cells of the rat enteric nervous system expressed IL-7 at both mRNA and protein levels. Novel rat IL-7 isoforms with distinct C-terminal parts were detected. Three of these isoforms were found in EGC or in both enteric neurons and EGC. Exposure of EGC to pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and/or TNFα) induced an upregulation of all IL-7 isoforms. Interestingly, time-course and intensity of the upregulation varied according to the presence or absence of exon 5a in IL-7 variants. Functional analysis on T lymphocytes revealed that only canonical IL-7 protects T cells from cell death. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES IL-7 and its variants are expressed by neurons and glial cells in the enteric nervous system. Their distinct expression and upregulation in inflammatory conditions suggest a role in gut homeostasis which could be critical in case of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kermarrec
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Pabois
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | | | - Michel Neunlist
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Neveu
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
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36
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Tumor Suppressor p53 Stimulates the Expression of Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00312-17. [PMID: 28794023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00312-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple human malignancies. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is required for the efficient transformation of primary B lymphocytes in vitro and possibly in vivo The tumor suppressor p53 plays a seminal role in cancer development. In some EBV-associated cancers, p53 tends to be wild type and overly expressed; however, the effects of p53 on LMP1 expression is not clear. We find LMP1 expression to be associated with p53 expression in EBV-transformed cells under physiological and DNA damaging conditions. DNA damage stimulates LMP1 expression, and p53 is required for the stimulation. Ectopic p53 stimulates endogenous LMP1 expression. Moreover, endogenous LMP1 blocks DNA damage-mediated apoptosis. Regarding the mechanism of p53-mediated LMP1 expression, we find that interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), a direct target of p53, is associated with both p53 and LMP1. IRF5 binds to and activates a LMP1 promoter reporter construct. Ectopic IRF5 increases the expression of LMP1, while knockdown of IRF5 leads to reduction of LMP1. Furthermore, LMP1 blocks IRF5-mediated apoptosis in EBV-infected cells. All of the data suggest that cellular p53 stimulates viral LMP1 expression, and IRF5 may be one of the factors for p53-mediated LMP1 stimulation. LMP1 may subsequently block DNA damage- and IRF5-mediated apoptosis for the benefits of EBV. The mutual regulation between p53 and LMP1 may play an important role in EBV infection and latency and its related cancers.IMPORTANCE The tumor suppressor p53 is a critical cellular protein in response to various stresses and dictates cells for various responses, including apoptosis. This work suggests that an Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) principal viral oncogene is activated by cellular p53. The viral oncogene blocks p53-mediated adverse effects during viral infection and transformation. Therefore, the induction of the viral oncogene by p53 provides a means for the virus to cope with infection and DNA damage-mediated cellular stresses. This seems to be the first report that p53 activates a viral oncogene; therefore, the discovery would be interesting to a broad readership from the fields of oncology to virology.
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Huang K, Qi G, Sun Z, Liu X, Xu X, Wang H, Wu Z, Wan Y, Hu C. Ctenopharyngodon idella IRF2 and ATF4 down-regulate the transcriptional level of PRKRA. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:155-164. [PMID: 28263879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PRKRA (interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A) is a protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to ER stress and virus-stimulated signaling pathways by activating PKR. In the present study, a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) PRKRA full-length cDNA (named CiPRKRA, KT891991) was cloned and identified. The full-length cDNA is comprised of a 5' UTR (36 bp), a 3' UTR (350 bp) and the longest ORF (882 bp) encoding a polypeptide of 293 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CiPRKRA contains three typical dsRNA binding motifs (dsRBM). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a closer evolutionary relationship of CiPRKRA with other fish PRKRA, especially with Danio rerio PRKRA. qRT-PCR showed that CiPRKRA was significantly up-regulated after stimulation with tunicamycin (Tm) and Poly I:C in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. To further study its transcriptional regulation, the partial promoter sequence of CiPRKRA (1463 bp) containing one ISRE and one CARE was cloned by Tail-PCR. Subsequently, grass carp IRF2 (CiIRF2) and ATF4 (CiATF4) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified by affinity chromatography with the Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. In vitro, both CiIRF2 and CiATF4 bound to CiPRKRA promoter with high affinity by gel mobility shift assays, revealing that IRF2 and ATF4 might be potential transcriptional regulatory factors for CiPRKRA. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to further investigate the transcriptional regulation of CiPRKRA in vivo. Recombinant plasmid of pGL3-PRKRAPro was constructed and transiently co-transfected into CIK cells with pcDNA3.1-CiIRF2 and pcDNA3.1-CiATF4, respectively. The results showed that both CiIRF2 and CiATF4 significantly decreased the luciferase activity of pGL3-PRKRAPro, suggesting that they play a negative role in CiPRKRA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Huang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guoqin Qi
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiqi Wan
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Key Lab of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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38
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Kummola L, Ortutay Z, Chen X, Caucheteux S, Hämäläinen S, Aittomäki S, Yagi R, Zhu J, Pesu M, Paul WE, Junttila IS. IL-7Rα Expression Regulates Murine Dendritic Cell Sensitivity to Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3909-3918. [PMID: 28404633 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-7 are related cytokines that mediate growth and differentiation events in the immune system. They signal through IL-7Rα-containing receptors. Target cells of TSLP in Th2 responses include CD4 T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Although it has been reported that expression of TSLP receptor (TSLPR) on CD4 T cells is required for OVA-induced lung inflammation, DCs have also been shown to be target cells of TSLP. In this study, we show that murine ex vivo splenic DCs are unresponsive to TSLP, as they fail to phosphorylate STAT5, but in vitro overnight culture, especially in presence of IL-4, renders DCs responsive to both TSLP and IL-7. This induced responsiveness is accompanied by dramatic upregulation of IL-7Rα on DCs with little change in expression of TSLPR or of γc In splenic DCs, the induction of IL-7Rα occurs mainly in CD8- DCs. In vivo, we found that IL-4 has a differential regulatory role on expression of IL-7Rα depending on the cell type; IL-4 decreases IL-7Rα expression on CD4 T cells whereas it upregulates the expression on DCs. Our results indicate that the induction of IL-7Rα expression on DCs is critical for TSLP responsiveness and that IL-4 can upregulate IL-7Rα on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kummola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Xi Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephane Caucheteux
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Ryoji Yagi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marko Pesu
- Biomeditech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland; and
| | - William E Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ilkka S Junttila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland; .,Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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39
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Zhao SC, Ma LS, Chu ZH, Xu H, Wu WQ, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:445-458. [PMID: 28260801 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When ischemic stroke occurs, oxygen and energy depletion triggers a cascade of events, including inflammatory responses, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that result in a profound brain injury. The inflammatory response contributes to secondary neuronal damage, which exerts a substantial impact on both acute ischemic injury and the chronic recovery of the brain function. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce both detrimental and neuroprotective mediators, and the balance of the two counteracting mediators determines the fate of injured neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as either classic (M1) or alternative (M2): M1 microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-12, etc) and exacerbate neuronal injury, whereas the M2 phenotype promotes anti-inflammatory responses that are reparative. It has important translational value to regulate M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize the detrimental effects and/or maximize the protective role. Here, we discuss various regulators of microglia/macrophage activation and the interaction between microglia and neurons in the context of ischemic stroke.
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40
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Okamoto R, Watanabe M. Functional relevance of intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 39:522-527. [PMID: 28049961 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.39.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a physical barrier between inner and outer side of our body. It also functions as a "hub" which connects factors that determine the development of inflammatory bowel disease, such as microbiota, susceptibility genes, and host immune response. Accordingly, recent studies have implicated and further featured the role of intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. For example, mucin producing goblet cells are usually "depleted" in ulcerative colitis patients. Studies have shown that those goblet cells exhibit various immune-regulatory functions in addition to mucin production, such as antigen presentation or cytokine production. Paneth cells are another key cell lineage that has been deeply implicated in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease. Several susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease may lead to impairment of anti-bacterial peptide production and secretion by Paneth cells. Also, other susceptibility genes may determine the survival of Paneth cells, which leads to reduced Paneth cell function in the patient small intestinal mucosa. Further studies may reveal other unexpected roles of the intestinal epithelium in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease, and may help to develop alternative therapies targeted to intestinal epithelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Okamoto
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Center for stem cells and regenerative medicine
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41
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Matta B, Song S, Li D, Barnes BJ. Interferon regulatory factor signaling in autoimmune disease. Cytokine 2017; 98:15-26. [PMID: 28283223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play critical roles in pathogen-induced innate immune responses and the subsequent induction of adaptive immune response. Dysregulation of IRF signaling is therefore thought to contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Indeed, numerous murine in vivo studies have documented protection from or enhanced susceptibility to particular autoimmune diseases in Irf-deficient mice. What has been lacking, however, is replication of these in vivo observations in primary immune cells from patients with autoimmune disease. These types of studies are essential as the majority of in vivo data support a protective role for IRFs in Irf-deficient mice, yet IRFs are often found to be overexpressed in patient immune cells. A significant body of work is beginning to emerge from both of these areas of study - mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | - Su Song
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States.
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42
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Stav-Noraas TE, Edelmann RJ, Poulsen LLC, Sundnes O, Phung D, Küchler AM, Müller F, Kamen AA, Haraldsen G, Kaarbø M, Hol J. Endothelial IL-33 Expression Is Augmented by Adenoviral Activation of the DNA Damage Machinery. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3318-3325. [PMID: 28258201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
IL-33, required for viral clearance by cytotoxic T cells, is generally expressed in vascular endothelial cells in healthy human tissues. We discovered that endothelial IL-33 expression was stimulated as a response to adenoviral transduction. This response was dependent on MRE11, a sensor of DNA damage that can also be activated by adenoviral DNA, and on IRF1, a transcriptional regulator of cellular responses to viral invasion and DNA damage. Accordingly, we observed that endothelial cells responded to adenoviral DNA by phosphorylation of ATM and CHK2 and that depletion or inhibition of MRE11, but not depletion of ATM, abrogated IL-33 stimulation. In conclusion, we show that adenoviral transduction stimulates IL-33 expression in endothelial cells in a manner that is dependent on the DNA-binding protein MRE11 and the antiviral factor IRF1 but not on downstream DNA damage response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Espen Stav-Noraas
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidunn J Edelmann
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars La Cour Poulsen
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Sundnes
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Danh Phung
- Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Axel M Küchler
- Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Müller
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A OC3, Canada
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; .,Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Johanna Hol
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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43
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Zhan FB, Liu H, Lai RF, Jakovlić I, Wang WM. Expression and functional characterization of interferon regulatory factors (irf2, irf7 and irf9) in the blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:239-248. [PMID: 27677680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (irfs) are a family of genes that encode transcription factors with important roles in regulating the expression of Type I interferons (IFNs) and other genes associated with related pathways. irfs have multitudinous functions in growth, development and regulation of oncogenesis. In this study, three irf family members (irf2, irf7, irf9) were identified and characterized in Megalobrama amblycephala at the mRNA and amino acid levels. M. amblycephala irfs share a high sequence homology with other vertebrate irfs. Constitutive expression levels of the three genes were detected (using qPCR) in all studied tissues: low to medium in kidney, gills, heart and muscle, and high in liver, spleen, intestine and blood. qPCR was also used to analyze the dynamic expression patterns of irfs in different embryonic development stages: irf2 is not activated during the embryonic development, whereas irf9 appears to play important roles around hatching and during the larval development. Transcripts of all three studied irfs were upregulated after stimulation by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterium in liver, spleen, head kidney and trunk kidney, whereas downregulation was observed in intestine and gills. The results show that these three irfs are likely to be important factors in the blunt snout bream immune system. They also provide a foundation for studying the origin and evolution of the innate immune system in the blunt snout bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Bin Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui-Fang Lai
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education / Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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44
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Establishment of IL-7 Expression Reporter Human Cell Lines, and Their Feasibility for High-Throughput Screening of IL-7-Upregulating Chemicals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161899. [PMID: 27589392 PMCID: PMC5010243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine essential for T cell homeostasis, and is clinically important. However, the regulatory mechanism of IL-7 gene expression is not well known, and a systematic approach to screen chemicals that regulate IL-7 expression has not yet been developed. In this study, we attempted to develop human reporter cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology. For this purpose, we designed donor DNA that contains an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene, drug selection cassette, and modified homologous arms which are considered to enhance the translation of the eGFP reporter transcript, and also a highly efficient single-guide RNA with a minimal off-target effect to target the IL-7 start codon region. By applying this system, we established IL-7 eGFP reporter cell lines that could report IL-7 gene transcription based on the eGFP protein signal. Furthermore, we utilized the cells to run a pilot screen campaign for IL-7-upregulating chemicals in a high-throughput format, and identified a chemical that can up-regulate IL-7 gene transcription. Collectively, these results suggest that our IL-7 reporter system can be utilized in large-scale chemical library screening to reveal novel IL-7 regulatory pathways and to identify potential drugs for development of new treatments in immunodeficiency disease.
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45
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Shi LZ, Fu T, Guan B, Chen J, Blando JM, Allison JP, Xiong L, Subudhi SK, Gao J, Sharma P. Interdependent IL-7 and IFN-γ signalling in T-cell controls tumour eradication by combined α-CTLA-4+α-PD-1 therapy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12335. [PMID: 27498556 PMCID: PMC4979067 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy with α-CTLA-4 and α-PD-1 has shown significant clinical responses in different types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, combining detailed analysis of human tumour samples with preclinical tumour models, we report that concomitant blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 improves anti-tumour immune responses and synergistically eradicates tumour. Mechanistically, combination therapy relies on the interdependence between IL-7 and IFN-γ signalling in T cells, as lack of either pathway abrogates the immune-boosting and therapeutic effects of combination therapy. Combination treatment increases IL-7Rα expression on tumour-infiltrating T cells in an IFN-γ/IFN-γR signalling-dependent manner, which may serve as a potential biomarker for clinical trials with immune checkpoint blockade. Our data suggest that combining immune checkpoint blockade with IL-7 signalling could be an effective modality to improve immunotherapeutic efficacy. Taken together, we conclude that combination therapy potently reverses immunosuppression and eradicates tumours via an intricate interplay between IFN-γ/IFN-γR and IL-7/IL-7R pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Zhichang Shi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tihui Fu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Baoxiang Guan
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jorge M Blando
- The Immunotherapy Platform, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James P Allison
- The Immunotherapy Platform, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Liangwen Xiong
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sumit K Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- The Immunotherapy Platform, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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46
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Do KH, Park SH, Kim J, Yu M, Moon Y. Ribosome Inactivation Leads to Attenuation of Intestinal Polymeric Ig Receptor Expression via Differential Regulation of Human Antigen R. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:847-58. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Okamoto R, Watanabe M. Role of epithelial cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:11-21. [PMID: 26138071 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, continuous effort has been paid to deeply understanding the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. As the disease typically arises as chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, research has been focused on how such an uncontrolled, deleterious immune response may arise and persist in a certain cohort of patients. Based on those immunologic analyses, the establishment of anti-TNF-α therapy, and the following series of biologic agents achieved great success and dramatically changed the therapeutic strategy of IBD patients. However, to guarantee long-term remission of the disease, the therapeutic standard has been raised to achieve "mucosal healing", which requires complete repair of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Recent studies have revealed the unexpected importance of epithelial cells in the pathophysiology of IBD. The general barrier function as well as the cell lineage-specific functions have been deeply attributed to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Also, the groundbreaking establishment of the in vitro intestinal stem cell culture system has opened up a way of developing stem cell transplantation therapy to treat otherwise refractory ulcers that may persist in IBD patients. In this review, we would like to focus on the role of epithelial cells in the pathophysiology of IBD, and also give a perspective to the upcoming development of regenerative therapies that may become one of the therapeutic choices to achieve mucosal healing in refractory patients of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Okamoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Regulation of Transcription Elongation by the XPG-TFIIH Complex Is Implicated in Cockayne Syndrome. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3178-88. [PMID: 26149386 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01401-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
XPG is a causative gene underlying the photosensitive disorder xeroderma pigmentosum group G (XP-G) and is involved in nucleotide excision repair. Here, we show that XPG knockdown represses epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced FOS transcription at the level of transcription elongation with little effect on EGF signal transduction. XPG interacted with transcription elongation factors in concert with TFIIH, suggesting that the XPG-TFIIH complex serves as a transcription elongation factor. The XPG-TFIIH complex was recruited to promoter and coding regions of both EGF-induced (FOS) and housekeeping (EEF1A1) genes. Further, EGF-induced recruitment of RNA polymerase II and TFIIH to FOS was reduced by XPG knockdown. Importantly, EGF-induced FOS transcription was markedly lower in XP-G/Cockayne syndrome (CS) cells expressing truncated XPG than in control cells expressing wild-type (WT) XPG, with less significant decreases in XP-G cells with XPG nuclease domain mutations. In corroboration of this finding, both WT XPG and a missense XPG mutant from an XP-G patient were recruited to FOS upon EGF stimulation, but an XPG mutant mimicking a C-terminal truncation from an XP-G/CS patient was not. These results suggest that the XPG-TFIIH complex is involved in transcription elongation and that defects in this association may partly account for Cockayne syndrome in XP-G/CS patients.
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Ren G, Cui K, Zhang Z, Zhao K. Division of labor between IRF1 and IRF2 in regulating different stages of transcriptional activation in cellular antiviral activities. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:17. [PMID: 25960866 PMCID: PMC4424430 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular antiviral activities are critically controlled by transcriptional activation of interferon-inducible genes, involving interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). Previous data suggested that IRF1 is an activator and IRF2 is a repressor, which functionally antagonize each other in transcriptional regulation. However, it is not clear how these two factors function to regulate cellular antiviral activities. Results We show that IRF2 is critically required for the induction of the TLR3 and other interferon-inducible genes in a chromatin environment. While both IRF1 and IRF2 directly interact with the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, IRF2 is associated with the TLR3 promoter in the unstimulated state and IRF1 binding to the promoter is strongly induced by stimulation with interferon, suggesting that these two factors may function at different stages of gene induction in the recruitment of the BAF complex. IRF2 acts to maintain the basal level expression, an open chromatin structure, and active histone modification marks (H3K9, K14 acetylation and H3K4 tri-methylation) of the TLR3 promoter in the unstimulated state, while IRF1 serves to rapidly activate the promoter upon stimulation. Conclusions IRF1 and IRF2 of the IRF family of transcription factors play distinct roles in cellular response to viral infection. IRF2 binds to TLR3 and other IFN-inducible gene promoters and maintains an active chromatin structure in the unstimulated state, which is required for their induction, while IRF1 binding to these promoters activates their transcription upon viral infection. Thus, the division of labor between the IRF transcription factor family members plays a pivotal role in coordinating the transcriptional activation in the cellular antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 PR China.,Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 PR China
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Jana M, Mondal S, Jana A, Pahan K. Interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not IL-23, induces the expression of IL-7 in microglia and macrophages: implications for multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2014; 141:549-63. [PMID: 24224652 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) p70 and IL-23 are bioactive cytokines and their biological functions are becoming clear. Increased expression of IL-7 in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral immune cells is associated with multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Here, we describe the induction of IL-7 in primary mouse and human microglia, BV-2 microglial cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages and astrocytes by IL-12p70. Interestingly, IL-12 strongly induced the expression of IL-7 whereas IL-23 and other p40 family members remained weak inducers of IL-7 in these cell types. Consistently, IL-12, but not IL-23 and other p40 family members, induced IL-7 promoter-driven luciferase activity in microglial cells. Among various stimuli tested, IL-12 emerged as the most potent stimulus followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and HIV-1 gp120 in inducing the activation of IL-7 promoter in microglial cells. Furthermore, increase in IL-7 mRNA expression by over-expression of IL-12p35 subunit, but not p40 and IL-23 p19 subunit, confirm that p35, but not p40 and p19, is responsible for the induction of IL-7. Finally, by using primary microglia from IL-12 receptor β1-deficient (IL-12Rβ1(-/-)) and IL-12Rβ2(-/-) mice, we demonstrate that IL-12 induces the expression of IL-7 in microglia and macrophages via both IL-12Rβ2 and IL-12Rβ1. These studies delineate a novel biological function of IL-12 that is absent in IL-23 and other p40 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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