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Thomas JL, Schindler EA, Gottschalk C. Meningeal lymphatic vessel dysfunction driven by CGRP signaling causes migraine-like pain in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e182556. [PMID: 39087472 PMCID: PMC11290958 DOI: 10.1172/jci182556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Migraines are a type of headache that occur with other neurological symptoms, but the pathophysiology remains unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Nelson-Maney and authors used constitutive and inducible knockouts of the CGRP receptor components, elegantly demonstrating an essential function of CGRP in modulating meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) in migraine. CGRP was shown to induce rearrangement of membrane-bound gap junction proteins in MLVs, resulting in a reduced CSF flux into cervical lymph nodes. The authors also provided evidence of a primary role for CGRP in modulating neuro-immune function. Finally, by showing that blocking CGRP signaling in MLVs attenuated pain behavior associated with acute migraine in rodents, the authors provided a target for pharmacological blockade of CGRP in relation to primary headache disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Leon Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Paris Brain Institute, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMRS1127, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle A.D. Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Neurology Service and
- Headache Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Sytem, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher Gottschalk
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Spoto S, Basili S, Cangemi R, Yuste JR, Lucena F, Romiti GF, Raparelli V, Argemi J, D’Avanzo G, Locorriere L, Masini F, Calarco R, Testorio G, Spiezia S, Ciccozzi M, Angeletti S. A Focus on the Pathophysiology of Adrenomedullin Expression: Endothelitis and Organ Damage in Severe Viral and Bacterial Infections. Cells 2024; 13:892. [PMID: 38891025 PMCID: PMC11172186 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and bronchodilator, antagonizing angiotensin II by inhibiting aldosterone secretion. ADM also has antihypertrophic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, antioxidant, angiogenic and immunoregulatory effects and antimicrobial properties. ADM expression is upregulated by hypoxia, inflammation-inducing cytokines, viral or bacterial substances, strength of shear stress, and leakage of blood vessels. These pathological conditions are established during systemic inflammation that can result from infections, surgery, trauma/accidents or burns. The ability to rapidly identify infections and the prognostic, predictive power makes it a valuable tool in severe viral and bacterial infections burdened by high incidence and mortality. This review sheds light on the pathophysiological processes that in severe viral or bacterial infections cause endothelitis up to the development of organ damage, the resulting increase in ADM levels dosed through its more stable peptide mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), the most significant studies that attest to its diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in highlighting the severity of viral or bacterial infections and appropriate therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Spoto
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Roberto Cangemi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - José Ramón Yuste
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Lucena
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (F.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Giulio Francesco Romiti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valeria Raparelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (F.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Giorgio D’Avanzo
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Luciana Locorriere
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesco Masini
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Rodolfo Calarco
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Giulia Testorio
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Serenella Spiezia
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (L.L.); (F.M.); (R.C.); (G.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Research Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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3
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Nelson-Maney NP, Bálint L, Beeson AL, Serafin DS, Kistner BM, Douglas ES, Siddiqui AH, Tauro AM, Caron KM. Meningeal lymphatic CGRP signaling governs pain via cerebrospinal fluid efflux and neuroinflammation in migraine models. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175616. [PMID: 38743922 PMCID: PMC11290972 DOI: 10.1172/jci175616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently developed antimigraine therapeutics targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling are effective, though their sites of activity remain elusive. Notably, the lymphatic vasculature is responsive to CGRP signaling, but whether meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) contribute to migraine pathophysiology is unknown. Mice with lymphatic vasculature deficient in the CGRP receptor (CalcrliLEC mice) treated with nitroglycerin-mediated (NTG-mediated) chronic migraine exhibit reduced pain and light avoidance compared with NTG-treated littermate controls. Gene expression profiles of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) isolated from the meninges of Rpl22HA/+;Lyve1Cre RiboTag mice treated with NTG revealed increased MLV-immune interactions compared with cells from untreated mice. Interestingly, the relative abundance of mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1-interacting (MAdCAM1-interacting) CD4+ T cells was increased in the deep cervical lymph nodes of NTG-treated control mice but not in NTG-treated CalcrliLEC mice. Treatment of cultured hLECs with CGRP peptide in vitro induced vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) rearrangement and reduced functional permeability. Likewise, intra cisterna magna injection of CGRP caused rearrangement of VE-cadherin, decreased MLV uptake of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and impaired CSF drainage in control mice but not in CalcrliLEC mice. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for lymphatics in chronic migraine, whereby CGRP signaling primes MLV-immune interactions and reduces CSF efflux.
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Kurup S, Tan C, Kume T. Cardiac and intestinal tissue conduct developmental and reparative processes in response to lymphangiocrine signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1329770. [PMID: 38178871 PMCID: PMC10764504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1329770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels conduct a diverse range of activities to sustain the integrity of surrounding tissue. Besides facilitating the movement of lymph and its associated factors, lymphatic vessels are capable of producing tissue-specific responses to changes within their microenvironment. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) secrete paracrine signals that bind to neighboring cell-receptors, commencing an intracellular signaling cascade that preludes modifications to the organ tissue's structure and function. While the lymphangiocrine factors and the molecular and cellular mechanisms themselves are specific to the organ tissue, the crosstalk action between LECs and adjacent cells has been highlighted as a commonality in augmenting tissue regeneration within animal models of cardiac and intestinal disease. Lymphangiocrine secretions have been owed for subsequent improvements in organ function by optimizing the clearance of excess tissue fluid and immune cells and stimulating favorable tissue growth, whereas perturbations in lymphatic performance bring about the opposite. Newly published landmark studies have filled gaps in our understanding of cardiac and intestinal maintenance by revealing key players for lymphangiocrine processes. Here, we will expand upon those findings and review the nature of lymphangiocrine factors in the heart and intestine, emphasizing its involvement within an interconnected network that supports daily homeostasis and self-renewal following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Kurup
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Honors College, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Can Tan
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Babin KM, Karim JA, Gordon PH, Lennon J, Dickson A, Pioszak AA. Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin is a slow off-rate, long-acting endogenous agonist of the adrenomedullin 2 G protein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem 2023:104785. [PMID: 37146967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (AM2/IMD), adrenomedullin (AM), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have signaling functions in the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and nervous systems by activating three heterodimeric receptors comprised of the class B GPCR CLR and a RAMP1, -2, or -3 modulatory subunit. CGRP and AM prefer the RAMP1 and RAMP2/3 complexes, respectively, whereas AM2/IMD is thought to be relatively non-selective. Accordingly, AM2/IMD exhibits overlapping actions with CGRP and AM, so the rationale for this third agonist for the CLR-RAMP complexes is unclear. Here, we report that AM2/IMD is kinetically selective for CLR-RAMP3, known as the AM2R, and we define the structural basis for its distinct kinetics. In live cell biosensor assays, AM2/IMD-AM2R elicited substantially longer duration cAMP signaling than the eight other peptide-receptor combinations. AM2/IMD and AM bound the AM2R with similar equilibrium affinities, but AM2/IMD had a much slower off-rate and longer receptor residence time, thus explaining its prolonged signaling capacity. Peptide and receptor chimeras and mutagenesis were used to map the regions responsible for the distinct binding and signaling kinetics to the AM2/IMD mid-region and the RAMP3 extracellular domain (ECD). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed how the former forms stable interactions at the CLR ECD-transmembrane domain interface and how the latter augments the CLR ECD binding pocket to anchor the AM2/IMD C-terminus. These two strong binding components only combine in the AM2R. Our findings uncover AM2/IMD-AM2R as a cognate pair with unique temporal features, reveal how AM2/IMD and RAMP3 collaborate to shape CLR signaling, and have significant implications for AM2/IMD biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Babin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jordan A Karim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Peyton H Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - James Lennon
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Alex Dickson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.
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Bálint L, Nelson-Maney N, Tian Y, Serafin DS, Caron KM. Clinical Potential of Adrenomedullin Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2023; 132:1185-1202. [PMID: 37104556 PMCID: PMC10155262 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.321673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have revealed the utility of circulating AM (adrenomedullin) or MR-proAM (mid-regional proAM 45-92) as an effective prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for a variety of cardiovascular-related pathophysiologies. Thus, there is strong supporting evidence encouraging the exploration of the AM-CLR (calcitonin receptor-like receptor) signaling pathway as a therapeutic target. This is further bolstered because several drugs targeting the shared CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide)-CLR pathway are already Food and Drug Administration-approved and on the market for the treatment of migraine. In this review, we summarize the AM-CLR signaling pathway and its modulatory mechanisms and provide an overview of the current understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of AM-CLR signaling and the yet untapped potentials of AM as a biomarker or therapeutic target in cardiac and vascular diseases and provide an outlook on the recently emerged strategies that may provide further boost to the possible clinical applications of AM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bálint
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Nathan Nelson-Maney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Yanna Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - D. Stephen Serafin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
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Russo AF, Hay DL. CGRP physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic targets: migraine and beyond. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1565-1644. [PMID: 36454715 PMCID: PMC9988538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00059.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory neurons as well as in other cell types, such as motor neurons and neuroendocrine cells. CGRP acts via at least two G protein-coupled receptors that form unusual complexes with receptor activity-modifying proteins. These are the CGRP receptor and the AMY1 receptor; in rodents, additional receptors come into play. Although CGRP is known to produce many effects, the precise molecular identity of the receptor(s) that mediates CGRP effects is seldom clear. Despite the many enigmas still in CGRP biology, therapeutics that target the CGRP axis to treat or prevent migraine are a bench-to-bedside success story. This review provides a contextual background on the regulation and sites of CGRP expression and CGRP receptor pharmacology. The physiological actions of CGRP in the nervous system are discussed, along with updates on CGRP actions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems and metabolic effects of CGRP in muscle and adipose tissues. We cover how CGRP in these systems is associated with disease states, most notably migraine. In this context, we discuss how CGRP actions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems provide a basis for therapeutic targeting of CGRP in migraine. Finally, we highlight potentially fertile ground for the development of additional therapeutics and combinatorial strategies that could be designed to modulate CGRP signaling for migraine and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yallampalli C, Betancourt A, Mishra A, Pennington KA, Ruano SH, Tacam M, Chauhan M. Role of adrenomedullin2/ intermedin in pregnancy induced vascular and metabolic adaptation in mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1116042. [PMID: 36875025 PMCID: PMC9982084 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Adrenomedullin2 (AM2) shares its receptor with Calcitonin gene related peptide and adrenomedullin with overlapping but distinct biological functions. Goal of this study was to assess the specific role of Adrenomedullin2 (AM2) in pregnancy induced vascular and metabolic adaptation using AM2 knockout mice (AM2 -/-). Method : The AM2 -/- mice were successfully generated using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Nuclease Cas nine system. Phenotype of pregnant AM2 -/- mice was assessed with respect to its fertility, blood pressure regulation, vascular health and metabolic adaptations and compared to the wild type littermates (AM2 +/+). Results : Current data shows that AM2 -/- females are fertile with no significant difference in number of pups/litter compared to the AM2 +/+. However, ablation of AM2 decreases the gestational length and the total number of pups born dead or that die after birth is greater in AM2 -/- mice compared to AM2 +/+ mice (p < 0.05). Further AM2 -/- mice exhibit elevated blood pressure and elevated vascular sensitivity for the contractile responses to angiotensin two and higher serum sFLT-1 trigylcerides levels compared to AM2 +/+(p < 0.05). In addition, AM2 -/- mice develop glucose intolerance with elevated serum levels of Insulin during pregnancy compared to the AM2 +/+mice. Discussion: Current data suggests a physiological role for AM2 in pregnancy induced vascular and metabolic adaptations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Madhu Chauhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Wang H, Zhou Z, Xie J, Qi S, Tang J. Integration of single-cell and bulk transcriptomics reveals immune-related signatures in keloid. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1893-1905. [PMID: 36701151 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keloid is a pathological dermatological condition that manifests as an overgrowth scar secondary to skin trauma. This study endeavored to excavate immune-related signatures of keloid based on single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing data and bulk RNA sequencing data. METHOD The keloid-relevant scRNA sequencing dataset GSE163973 and bulk RNA sequencing dataset GSE113619 were mined from the GEO database. The "Seurat" R package was utilized for data quality control, cell clustering, and investigation of marker genes of each cell cluster. The "SingleR" package helped match the marker genes of the corresponding cluster to specific cell types. Moreover, the R package "Monocle" was deployed for pseudotemporal ordering analysis, and the "clusterProfiler" was applied for functional and pathway enrichment analysis. The immune-related signatures were then identified, and potential targeted drugs were predicted via the DGIdb database. Verification of the immune-related signatures in clinical validation samples was implemented by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Totally 23 cell clusters were screened and classified into 10 cell types based on the scRNA sequencing data. The keloid group had a significantly higher endothelial cell proportion than the control group. As enrichment analysis was applied in both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of scRNA and bulk RNA sequencing data, we found they were enriched in multiple common immune-related pathways and biological processes. Meanwhile, we acquired three immune-related signatures (VCAM1, CALCRL, and HLA-DPB1) by intersecting the above DEGs with immune-related genes (IRGs). Then, we predicted 16 drugs potentially targeting the biomarkers through the DGIdb database. Finally, the outcome of RT-qPCR of clinical validation samples further verified the results. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we analyzed the cell types and functional differences in the keloid through scRNA and bulk RNA sequencing data. We identified three immune-related signatures (VCAM1, CALCRL, and HLA-DPB1) in keloid, providing a basis for further in-depth investigation of the molecular mechanisms of keloid and exploration of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohai Qi
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Tang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Babin KM, Karim JA, Gordon PH, Lennon J, Dickson A, Pioszak AA. Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin is a slow off-rate, long-acting endogenous agonist of the adrenomedullin 2 G protein-coupled receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523955. [PMID: 36711519 PMCID: PMC9882245 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The signaling peptides adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (AM2/IMD), adrenomedullin (AM), and CGRP have overlapping and distinct functions in the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and nervous systems by activating three shared receptors comprised of the class B GPCR CLR in complex with a RAMP1, -2, or -3 modulatory subunit. Here, we report that AM2/IMD, which is thought to be a non-selective agonist, is kinetically selective for CLR-RAMP3, known as the AM 2 R. AM2/IMD-AM 2 R elicited substantially longer duration cAMP signaling than the eight other peptide-receptor combinations due to AM2/IMD slow off-rate binding kinetics. The regions responsible for the slow off-rate were mapped to the AM2/IMD mid-region and the RAMP3 extracellular domain. MD simulations revealed how these bestow enhanced stability to the complex. Our results uncover AM2/IMD-AM 2 R as a cognate pair with unique temporal features, define the mechanism of kinetic selectivity, and explain how AM2/IMD and RAMP3 collaborate to shape the signaling output of a clinically important GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Babin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jordan A. Karim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Peyton H. Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - James Lennon
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Alex Dickson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Augen A. Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Lead contact
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11
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Chang CL, Cai Z, Hsu SYT. Sustained Activation of CLR/RAMP Receptors by Gel-Forming Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113408. [PMID: 36362188 PMCID: PMC9655119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenomedullin (ADM), adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2), and CGRP family peptides are important regulators of vascular vasotone and integrity, neurotransmission, and fetoplacental development. These peptides signal through CLR/RAMP1, 2, and 3 receptors, and protect against endothelial dysfunction in disease models. As such, CLR/RAMP receptor agonists are considered important therapeutic candidates for various diseases. Methods and Results: Based on the screening of a series of palmitoylated chimeric ADM/ADM2 analogs, we demonstrated a combination of lipidation and accommodating motifs at the hinge region of select peptides is important for gaining an enhanced receptor-activation activity and improved stimulatory effects on the proliferation and survival of human lymphatic endothelial cells when compared to wild-type peptides. In addition, by serendipity, we found that select palmitoylated analogs self-assemble to form liquid gels, and subcutaneous administration of an analog gel led to the sustained presence of the peptide in the circulation for >2 days. Consistently, subcutaneous injection of the analog gel significantly reduced the blood pressure in SHR rats and increased vasodilation in the hindlimbs of adult rats for days. Conclusions: Together, these data suggest gel-forming adrenomedullin analogs may represent promising candidates for the treatment of various life-threatening endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases such as treatment-resistant hypertension and preeclampsia, which are in urgent need of an effective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 20878, Taiwan
| | - Zheqing Cai
- CL Laboratory LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Sheau Yu Teddy Hsu
- Adepthera LLC, San Jose, CA 95138, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-799-3496
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12
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Yin A, Guan X, Zhang JV, Niu J. Focusing on the role of secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors in placental development and preeclampsia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:959239. [PMID: 36187484 PMCID: PMC9515905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.959239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a clinical syndrome mainly characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, with a worldwide incidence of 3–8% and high maternal mortality, is a risk factor highly associated with maternal and offspring cardiovascular disease. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia are complicated and have not been fully elucidated. Obesity, immunological diseases and endocrine metabolic diseases are high-risk factors for the development of preeclampsia. Effective methods to treat preeclampsia are lacking, and termination of pregnancy remains the only curative treatment for preeclampsia. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia include poor placentation, uteroplacental malperfusion, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, dysregulated immune tolerance, vascular inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction. The notion that placenta is the core factor in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still prevailing. G protein-coupled receptors, the largest family of membrane proteins in eukaryotes and the largest drug target family to date, exhibit diversity in structure and function. Among them, the secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors are essential drug targets for human diseases, such as endocrine diseases and cardiometabolic diseases. Given the great value of the secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of cardiovascular system function and the drug target exploration, we summarize the role of these receptors in placental development and preeclampsia, and outlined the relevant pathological mechanisms, thereby providing potential drug targets for preeclampsia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqi Yin
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaonian Guan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian V. Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jian V. Zhang, ; Jianmin Niu,
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jian V. Zhang, ; Jianmin Niu,
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13
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Sugiyama A, Hirashima M. Fetal nuchal edema and developmental anomalies caused by gene mutations in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:949013. [PMID: 36111337 PMCID: PMC9468611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.949013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal nuchal edema, a subcutaneous accumulation of extracellular fluid in the fetal neck, is detected as increased nuchal translucency (NT) by ultrasonography in the first trimester of pregnancy. It has been demonstrated that increased NT is associated with chromosomal anomalies and genetic syndromes accompanied with fetal malformations such as defective lymphatic vascular development, cardiac anomalies, anemia, and a wide range of other fetal anomalies. However, in many clinical cases of increased NT, causative genes, pathogenesis and prognosis have not been elucidated in humans. On the other hand, a large number of gene mutations have been reported to induce fetal nuchal edema in mouse models. Here, we review the relationship between the gene mutants causing fetal nuchal edema with defective lymphatic vascular development, cardiac anomalies, anemia and blood vascular endothelial barrier anomalies in mice. Moreover, we discuss how studies using gene mutant mouse models will be useful in developing diagnostic method and predicting prognosis.
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14
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Hellenthal KEM, Brabenec L, Wagner NM. Regulation and Dysregulation of Endothelial Permeability during Systemic Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121935. [PMID: 35741064 PMCID: PMC9221661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation can be triggered by infection, surgery, trauma or burns. During systemic inflammation, an overshooting immune response induces tissue damage resulting in organ dysfunction and mortality. Endothelial cells make up the inner lining of all blood vessels and are critically involved in maintaining organ integrity by regulating tissue perfusion. Permeability of the endothelial monolayer is strictly controlled and highly organ-specific, forming continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries that orchestrate the extravasation of fluids, proteins and solutes to maintain organ homeostasis. In the physiological state, the endothelial barrier is maintained by the glycocalyx, extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions including adherens and tight junctions. As endothelial cells are constantly sensing and responding to the extracellular environment, their activation by inflammatory stimuli promotes a loss of endothelial barrier function, which has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation, leading to tissue edema formation and hypotension and thus, is a key contributor to lethal outcomes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the major players, such as the angiopoietin-Tie2 signaling axis, adrenomedullin and vascular endothelial (VE-) cadherin, that substantially contribute to the regulation and dysregulation of endothelial permeability during systemic inflammation and elucidate treatment strategies targeting the preservation of vascular integrity.
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15
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Talkington AM, Davis RB, Datto NC, Goodwin ER, Miller LA, Caron KM. Dermal Lymphatic Capillaries Do Not Obey Murray's Law. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:840305. [PMID: 35498025 PMCID: PMC9039365 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.840305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels serve as a major conduit for the transport of interstitial fluid, immune cells, lipids and drugs. Therefore, increased knowledge about their development and function is relevant to clinical issues ranging from chronic inflammation and edema, to cancer metastasis to targeted drug delivery. Murray's Law is a widely-applied branching rule upheld in diverse circulatory systems including leaf venation, sponge canals, and various human organs for optimal fluid transport. Considering the unique and diverse functions of lymphatic fluid transport, we specifically address the branching of developing lymphatic capillaries, and the flow of lymph through these vessels. Using an empirically-generated dataset from wild type and genetic lymphatic insufficiency mouse models we confirmed that branching blood capillaries consistently follow Murray's Law. However surprisingly, we found that the optimization law for lymphatic vessels follows a different pattern, namely a Murray's Law exponent of ~1.45. In this case, the daughter vessels are smaller relative to the parent than would be predicted by the hypothesized radius-cubed law for impermeable vessels. By implementing a computational fluid dynamics model, we further examined the extent to which the assumptions of Murray's Law were violated. We found that the flow profiles were predominantly parabolic and reasonably followed the assumptions of Murray's Law. These data suggest an alternate hypothesis for optimization of the branching structure of the lymphatic system, which may have bearing on the unique physiological functions of lymphatics compared to the blood vascular system. Thus, it may be the case that the lymphatic branching structure is optimized to enhance lymph mixing, particle exchange, or immune cell transport, which are particularly germane to the use of lymphatics as drug delivery routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Talkington
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Anne M. Talkington
| | - Reema B. Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Datto
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Emma R. Goodwin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Laura A. Miller
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Kathleen M. Caron
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16
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Kita T, Kitamura K. Adrenomedullin Therapy in Moderate to Severe COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030533. [PMID: 35327335 PMCID: PMC8945653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is still in progress, and a significant number of patients have presented with severe illness. Recently introduced vaccines, antiviral medicines, and antibody formulations can suppress COVID-19 symptoms and decrease the number of patients exhibiting severe disease. However, complete avoidance of severe COVID-19 has not been achieved, and more importantly, there are insufficient methods to treat it. Adrenomedullin (AM) is an endogenous peptide that maintains vascular tone and endothelial barrier function. The AM plasma level is markedly increased during severe inflammatory disorders, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and COVID-19, and is associated with the severity of inflammation and its prognosis. In this study, exogenous AM administration reduced inflammation and related organ damage in rodent models. The results of this study strongly suggest that AM could be an alternative therapy in severe inflammation disorders, including COVID-19. We have previously developed an AM formulation to treat inflammatory bowel disease and are currently conducting an investigator-initiated phase 2a trial for moderate to severe COVID-19 using the same formulation. This review presents the basal AM information and the most recent translational AM/COVID-19 study.
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17
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Martínez-Herrero S, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin: Not Just Another Gastrointestinal Peptide. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020156. [PMID: 35204657 PMCID: PMC8961556 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are two bioactive peptides derived from the same precursor with several biological functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, or anti-inflammation, among others. AM and PAMP are widely expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they behave as GI hormones, regulating numerous physiological processes such as gastric emptying, gastric acid release, insulin secretion, bowel movements, or intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, it has been recently demonstrated that AM/PAMP have an impact on gut microbiome composition, inhibiting the growth of bacteria related with disease and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium. Due to their wide functions in the GI tract, AM and PAMP are involved in several digestive pathologies such as peptic ulcer, diabetes, colon cancer, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AM is a key protective factor in IBD onset and development, as it regulates cytokine production in the intestinal mucosa, improves vascular and lymphatic regeneration and function and mucosal epithelial repair, and promotes a beneficial gut microbiome composition. AM and PAMP are relevant GI hormones that can be targeted to develop novel therapeutic agents for IBD, other GI disorders, or microbiome-related pathologies.
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18
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Kita T, Kitamura K. Translational studies of adrenomedullin and related peptides regarding cardiovascular diseases. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:389-400. [PMID: 34992239 PMCID: PMC8732970 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a vasodilative peptide with various physiological functions, including the maintenance of vascular tone and endothelial barrier function. AM levels are markedly increased during severe inflammation, such as that associated with sepsis; thus, AM is expected to be a useful clinical marker and therapeutic agent for inflammation. However, as the increase in AM levels in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is relatively low compared to that in infectious diseases, the value of AM as a marker of CVDs seems to be less important. Limitations pertaining to the administrative route and short half-life of AM in the bloodstream (<30 min) restrict the therapeutic applications of AM for CVDs. In early human studies, various applications of AM for CVDs were attempted, including for heart failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary hypertension, and peripheral artery disease; however, none achieved success. We have developed AM as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease in which the vasodilatory effect of AM is minimized. A clinical trial evaluating this AM formulation for acute cerebral infarction is ongoing. We have also developed AM derivatives that exhibit a longer half-life and less vasodilative activity. These AM derivatives can be administered by subcutaneous injection at long-term intervals. Accordingly, these derivatives will reduce the inconvenience in use compared to that for native AM and expand the possible applications of AM for treating CVDs. In this review, we present the latest translational status of AM and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kita
- Department of Projects Research, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- grid.410849.00000 0001 0657 3887Department of Projects Research, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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19
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179486. [PMID: 34502395 PMCID: PMC8431165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury.
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20
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Helle E, Ampuja M, Dainis A, Antola L, Temmes E, Tolvanen E, Mervaala E, Kivelä R. HiPS-Endothelial Cells Acquire Cardiac Endothelial Phenotype in Co-culture With hiPS-Cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715093. [PMID: 34422835 PMCID: PMC8378235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions are crucial for organ development and function. In the heart, endothelial cells engage in bidirectional communication with cardiomyocytes regulating cardiac development and growth. We aimed to elucidate the organotypic development of cardiac endothelial cells and cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell crosstalk using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed with hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) and endothelial cells (hiPS-ECs) in mono- and co-culture. The presence of hiPS-CMs led to increased expression of transcripts related to vascular development and maturation, cardiac development, as well as cardiac endothelial cell and endocardium-specific genes in hiPS-ECs. Interestingly, co-culture induced the expression of cardiomyocyte myofibrillar genes and MYL7 and MYL4 protein expression was detected in hiPS-ECs. Major regulators of BMP- and Notch-signaling pathways were induced in both cell types in co-culture. These results reflect the findings from animal studies and extend them to human endothelial cells, demonstrating the importance of EC-CM interactions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Helle
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Ampuja
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandra Dainis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laura Antola
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Temmes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Samaria Health Centre, Espoo, Finland
| | - Erik Tolvanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Mervaala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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van Lier D, Kox M, Pickkers P. Promotion of vascular integrity in sepsis through modulation of bioactive adrenomedullin and dipeptidyl peptidase 3. J Intern Med 2021; 289:792-806. [PMID: 33381880 PMCID: PMC8246835 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis represents one of the major medical challenges of the 21st century. Despite substantial improvements in the knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms, this has so far not translated into novel adjuvant treatment strategies for sepsis. In sepsis, both vascular tone and vascular integrity are compromised, and contribute to the development of shock, which is strongly related to the development of organ dysfunction and mortality. In this review, we focus on dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) and adrenomedullin (ADM), two molecules that act on the vasculature and are involved in the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock. DPP3 is an ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme involved in the degradation of several important signalling molecules essential for regulation of vascular tone, including angiotensin II. ADM is a key hormone involved in the regulation of vascular tone and endothelial barrier function. Previous studies have shown that circulating concentrations of both DPP3 and ADM are independently associated with the development of organ failure and adverse outcome in sepsis. We now discuss new evidence illustrating that these molecules indeed represent two distinct pathways involved in the development of septic shock. Recently, both ADM-enhancing therapies aimed at improving endothelial barrier function and vascular tone and DPP3-blocking therapies aimed at restoring systemic angiotensin responses have been shown to improve outcome in various preclinical sepsis models. Given the current lack of effective adjuvant therapies in sepsis, additional research on the therapeutic application of these peptides in humans is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Lier
- From the, Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Kox
- From the, Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Pickkers
- From the, Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Vázquez R, Riveiro ME, Berenguer-Daizé C, O'Kane A, Gormley J, Touzelet O, Rezai K, Bekradda M, Ouafik L. Targeting Adrenomedullin in Oncology: A Feasible Strategy With Potential as Much More Than an Alternative Anti-Angiogenic Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 10:589218. [PMID: 33489885 PMCID: PMC7815935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.589218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development, maintenance and metastasis of solid tumors are highly dependent on the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones through a series of processes that are respectively known as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Both are mediated by specific growth-stimulating molecules, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adrenomedullin (AM), secreted by diverse cell types which involve not only the cancerogenic ones, but also those constituting the tumor stroma (i.e., macrophages, pericytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells). In this sense, anti-angiogenic therapy represents a clinically-validated strategy in oncology. Current therapeutic approaches are mainly based on VEGF-targeting agents, which, unfortunately, are usually limited by toxicity and/or tumor-acquired resistance. AM is a ubiquitous peptide hormone mainly secreted in the endothelium with an important involvement in blood vessel development and cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we will introduce the state-of-the-art in terms of AM physiology, while putting a special focus on its pro-tumorigenic role, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target in oncology. A large amount of research has evidenced AM overexpression in a vast majority of solid tumors and a correlation between AM levels and disease stage, progression and/or vascular density has been observed. The analysis presented here indicates that the involvement of AM in the pathogenesis of cancer arises from: 1) direct promotion of cell proliferation and survival; 2) increased vascularization and the subsequent supply of nutrients and oxygen to the tumor; 3) and/or alteration of the cell phenotype into a more aggressive one. Furthermore, we have performed a deep scrutiny of the pathophysiological prominence of each of the AM receptors (AM1 and AM2) in different cancers, highlighting their differential locations and functions, as well as regulatory mechanisms. From the therapeutic point of view, we summarize here an exhaustive series of preclinical studies showing a reduction of tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and growth following treatment with AM-neutralizing antibodies, AM receptor antagonists, or AM receptor interference. Anti-AM therapy is a promising strategy to be explored in oncology, not only as an anti-angiogenic alternative in the context of acquired resistance to VEGF treatment, but also as a potential anti-metastatic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Vázquez
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Maria E Riveiro
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Anthony O'Kane
- Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Gormley
- Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Touzelet
- Discovery and Scientific Affairs Department, Fusion Antibodies plc., Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Keyvan Rezai
- Department of Radio-Pharmacology, Institute Curie-René Huguenin Hospital, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Mohamed Bekradda
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Nord, Service de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
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23
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Pacharne S, Livesey M, Kadmiel M, Wang N, Caron KM, Richards GO, Skerry TM. Accelerated Development With Increased Bone Mass and Skeletal Response to Loading Suggest Receptor Activity Modifying Protein-3 as a Bone Anabolic Target. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:807882. [PMID: 35095771 PMCID: PMC8790142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.807882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout technologies provide insights into physiological roles of genes. Studies initiated into endocrinology of heteromeric G protein-coupled receptors included deletion of receptor activity modifying protein-3, an accessory protein that alters ligand selectivity of calcitonin and calcitonin-like receptors. Initially, deletion of Ramp3-/- appeared phenotypically silent, but it has emerged that mice have a high bone mass phenotype, and more subtle alterations to angiogenesis, amylin homeostasis, and a small proportion of the effects of adrenomedullin on cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Here we explore in detail, effects of Ramp3-/- deletion on skeletal growth/development, bone mass and response of bone to mechanical loading mimicking exercise. Mouse pups lacking RAMP3 are healthy and viable, having accelerated development of the skeleton as assessed by degree of mineralisation of specific bones, and by microCT measurements. Specifically, we observed that neonates and young mice have increased bone volume and mineralisation in hindlimbs and vertebrae and increased thickness of bone trabeculae. These changes are associated with increased osteoblast numbers and bone apposition rate in Ramp3-/- mice, and increased cell proliferation in epiphyseal growth plates. Effects persist for some weeks after birth, but differences in gross bone mass between RAMP3 and WT mice lose significance in older animals although architectural differences persist. Responses of bones of 17-week old mice to mechanical loading that mimics effects of vigorous exercise is increased significantly in Ramp3-/- mice by 30% compared with WT control mice. Studies on cultured osteoblasts from Ramp3-/- mice indicate interactions between mRNA expression of RAMPs1 and 3, but not RAMP2 and 3. Our preliminary data shows that Ramp3-/- osteoblasts had increased expression β-catenin, a component of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway known to regulate skeletal homeostasis and mechanosensitivity. Given interactions of RAMPs with both calcitonin and calcitonin-like receptors to alter ligand selectivity, and with other GPCRs to change trafficking or ligand bias, it is not clear whether the bone phenotype of Ramp3-/- mice is due to alterations in signalling mediated by one or more GPCRS. However, as antagonists of RAMP-interacting receptors are growing in availability, there appears the likelihood that manipulation of the RAMP3 signalling system could provide anabolic effects therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Pacharne
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Livesey
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mahita Kadmiel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gareth O. Richards
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim M. Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tim M. Skerry,
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24
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Fischer JP, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - Current perspective on a peptide hormone with significant therapeutic potential. Peptides 2020; 131:170347. [PMID: 32569606 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) consists of 52 amino acids and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of many physiological processes, particularly those of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Like calcitonin (CT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), intermedin (IMD) and amylin (AMY), it belongs to the CT/CGRP family of peptide hormones, which despite their low little sequence identity share certain characteristic structural features as well as a complex multicomponent receptor system. ADM, IMD and CGRP exert their biological effects by activation of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) as a complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP), which alter the ligand affinity. Selectivity within the receptor system is largely mediated by the amidated C-terminus of the peptide hormones, which bind to the extracellular domains of the receptors. This enables their N-terminus consisting of a disulfide-bonded ring structure and a helical segment to bind within the transmembrane region and to induce an active receptor confirmation. ADM is expressed in a variety of tissues in the human body and is fundamentally involved in multitude biological processes. Thus, it is of interest as a diagnostic marker and a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions. In order to fully exploit the potential of ADM, it is necessary to improve its pharmacological profile by increasing the metabolic stability and, ideally, creating receptor subtype-selective analogs. While several successful attempts to prolong the half-life of ADM were recently reported, improving or even retaining receptor selectivity remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Avgoustou P, Jailani ABA, Zirimwabagabo JO, Tozer MJ, Gibson KR, Glossop PA, Mills JEJ, Porter RA, Blaney P, Bungay PJ, Wang N, Shaw AP, Bigos KJA, Holmes JL, Warrington JI, Skerry TM, Harrity JPA, Richards GO. Discovery of a First-in-Class Potent Small Molecule Antagonist against the Adrenomedullin-2 Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:706-719. [PMID: 32832872 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hormone adrenomedullin has both physiological and pathological roles in biology. As a potent vasodilator, adrenomedullin is critically important in the regulation of blood pressure, but it also has several roles in disease, of which its actions in cancer are becoming recognized to have clinical importance. Reduced circulating adrenomedullin causes increased blood pressure but also reduces tumor progression, so drugs blocking all effects of adrenomedullin would be unacceptable clinically. However, there are two distinct receptors for adrenomedullin, each comprising the same G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), together with a different accessory protein known as a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP). The CLR with RAMP2 forms an adrenomedullin-1 receptor, and the CLR with RAMP3 forms an adrenomedullin-2 receptor. Recent research suggests that a selective blockade of adrenomedullin-2 receptors would be therapeutically valuable. Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of potent small-molecule adrenomedullin-2 receptor antagonists with 1000-fold selectivity over the adrenomedullin-1 receptor, although retaining activity against the CGRP receptor. These molecules have clear effects on markers of pancreatic cancer progression in vitro, drug-like pharmacokinetic properties, and inhibit xenograft tumor growth and extend life in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Taken together, our data support the promise of a new class of anticancer therapeutics as well as improved understanding of the pharmacology of the adrenomedullin receptors and other GPCR/RAMP heteromers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Avgoustou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Ameera B A Jailani
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | | | | | - Karl R Gibson
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Paul A Glossop
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - James E J Mills
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | | | - Paul Blaney
- Concept Life Sciences, High Peak, SK23 0PG, U.K
| | - Peter J Bungay
- Sympetrus Ltd., Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3BT, U.K
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Alice P Shaw
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Kamilla J A Bigos
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Joseph L Holmes
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jessica I Warrington
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Joseph P A Harrity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Gareth O Richards
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
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26
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Serafin DS, Harris NR, Nielsen NR, Mackie DI, Caron KM. Dawn of a New RAMPage. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:249-265. [PMID: 32115276 PMCID: PMC7236817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) interact with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modify their functions, imparting significant implications upon their physiological and therapeutic potentials. Resurging interest in identifying RAMP-GPCR interactions has recently been fueled by coevolution studies and orthogonal technological screening platforms. These new studies reveal previously unrecognized RAMP-interacting GPCRs, many of which expand beyond Class B GPCRs. The consequences of these interactions on GPCR function and physiology lays the foundation for new molecular therapeutic targets, as evidenced by the recent success of erenumab. Here, we highlight recent papers that uncovered novel RAMP-GPCR interactions, human RAMP-GPCR disease-causing mutations, and RAMP-related human pathologies, paving the way for a new era of RAMP-targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephen Serafin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie R Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Duncan I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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27
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Trincot C, Caron KM. Lymphatic Function and Dysfunction in the Context of Sex Differences. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:311-324. [PMID: 32259065 PMCID: PMC7089000 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are the building blocks of the blood vascular system and exhibit well-characterized sexually dimorphic phenotypes with regard to chromosomal and hormonal sex, imparting innate genetic and physiological differences between male and female vascular systems and cardiovascular disease. However, even though females are predominantly affected by disorders of lymphatic vascular function, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects of sex and sex hormones on lymphatic growth, function, and dysfunction. Here, we attempt to comprehensively evaluate the current understanding of sex as a biological variable influencing lymphatic biology. We first focus on elucidating innate and fundamental differences between the sexes in lymphatic function and development. Next, we delve into lymphatic disease and explore the potential underpinnings toward bias prevalence in the female population. Lastly, we incorporate more broadly the role of the lymphatic system in sex-biased diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, reproductive disorders, and autoimmune diseases to explore whether and how sex differences may influence lymphatic function in the context of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire
E. Trincot
- Department of Cell Biology
and Physiology, University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, 6312B Medical Biomolecular Research Building,
CB#7545, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599-7545, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology
and Physiology, University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, 6312B Medical Biomolecular Research Building,
CB#7545, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27599-7545, United States
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28
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Abstract
Sepsis remains a major scientific and medical challenge, for which, apart from significant refinements in supportive therapy, treatment has barely changed over the last few decades. During sepsis, both vascular tone and vascular integrity are compromised, and contribute to the development of shock. The free circulating peptide adrenomedullin (ADM) is involved in the regulation of the endothelial barrier function and tone of blood vessels. Several animal studies have shown that ADM administration improves outcome of sepsis. However, in higher dosages, ADM administration may cause hypotension, limiting its clinical applicability. Moreover, ADM has a very short half-life and easily adheres to surfaces, further hampering its clinical use. The non-neutralizing anti-ADM antibody Adrecizumab (HAM8101) which causes a long-lasting increase of plasma ADM has shown promising results in animal models of systemic inflammation and sepsis; it reduced inflammation, attenuated vascular leakage, and improved hemodynamics, kidney function, and survival. Combined with an excellent safety profile derived from animal and phase I human studies, Adrecizumab represents a promising candidate drug for the adjunctive treatment of sepsis. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of the currently available data on the role of adrenomedullin in sepsis and describe its effects on endothelial barrier function and vasodilation. Furthermore, we provide a novel hypothesis concerning the mechanisms of action through which Adrecizumab may exert its beneficial effects in sepsis.
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29
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Chang CL, Hsu SYT. Development of chimeric and bifunctional antagonists for CLR/RAMP receptors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216996. [PMID: 31150417 PMCID: PMC6544337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CGRP, adrenomedullin (ADM), and adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2) family peptides are
important neuropeptides and hormones for the regulation of neurotransmission,
vasotone, cardiovascular morphogenesis, vascular integrity, and feto‒placental
development. These peptides signal through CLR/RAMP1, 2 and 3 receptor
complexes. CLR/RAMP1, or CGRP receptor, antagonists have been developed for the
treatment of migraine headache and osteoarthritis pain; whereas CLR/RAMP2, or
ADM receptor, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of tumor
growth/metastasis. Based on the finding that an acylated chimeric ADM/ADM2
analog potently stimulates CLR/RAMP1 and 2 signaling, we hypothesized that the
binding domain of this analog could have potent inhibitory activity on CLR/RAMP
receptors. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that acylated truncated
ADM/ADM2 analogs of 27–31 residues exhibit potent antagonistic activity toward
CLR/RAMP1 and 2. On the other hand, nonacylated analogs have minimal activity.
Further truncation at the junctional region of these chimeric analogs led to the
generation of CLR/RAMP1-selective antagonists. A 17-amino-acid analog
(Antagonist 2–4) showed 100-fold selectivity for CLR/RAMP1 and was >100-fold
more potent than the classic CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP8-37. In addition, we
showed (1) a lysine residue in the Antagonist 2–4 is important for enhancing the
antagonistic activity, (2) an analog consisted of an ADM sequence motif and a
12-amino-acid binding domain of CGRP exhibits potent CLR/RAMP1-inhibitory
activity, and (3) a chimeric analog consisted of a somatostatin analog and an
ADM antagonist exhibits dual activities on somatostatin and CLR/RAMP receptors.
Because the blockage of CLR/RAMP signaling prevents migraine pain and suppresses
tumor growth/metastasis, further studies of these analogs, which presumably have
better access to the tumor microenvironment and nerve endings at the trigeminal
ganglion and synovial joints as compared to antibody-based therapies, may lead
to the development of better anti-CGRP therapy and alternative antiangiogenesis
therapy. Likewise, the use of bifunctional somatostatin-ADM antagonist analogs
could be a promising strategy for the treatment of high-grade neuroendocrine
tumors by targeting an antiangiogenesis agent to the neuroendocrine tumor
microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
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30
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Fischer J, Schönauer R, Els‐Heindl S, Bierer D, Koebberling J, Riedl B, Beck‐Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin disulfide bond mimetics uncover structural requirements for AM1receptor activation. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3147. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Patrick Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie, Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, Universität Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Ria Schönauer
- Institut für Biochemie, Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, Universität Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els‐Heindl
- Institut für Biochemie, Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften, Universität Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A Wuppertal Germany
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31
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Zhang J, Xu S, Zhang Y, Zou S, Li X. Effects of equibiaxial mechanical stretch on extracellular matrix-related gene expression in human calvarial osteoblasts. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 127:10-18. [PMID: 30474904 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch commonly promotes craniofacial suture remodeling during interceptive orthodontics. The mechanical responses of osteoblasts in craniofacial sutures play a role in suture remodeling. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by osteoblasts is crucial for the transduction of mechanical signals that promote cell differentiation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of mechanical stretch on cell viability and ECM-related gene-expression changes in human osteoblasts. Human calvarial osteoblasts (HCObs) were subjected to 2% deformation. Caspase activity, MTT, and cell viability assays were used to estimate osteoblast apoptosis, proliferation, and viability, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR (RT2 -PCR) arrays were used to assess expression of cytoskeletal-, apoptosis-, osteogenesis-, and ECM-related genes. We found that mechanical stretch significantly increased osteoblast viability and cell proliferation, and decreased the activities of caspases 3 and 7. Moreover, the expression of 18 genes related to osteoblast differentiation, apoptosis, and ECM remodeling changed by more than two-fold in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, mechanical stretch promotes HCOb viability and alters expression of genes that are closely related to suture remodeling under mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanggen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Natural and synthetic peptides in the cardiovascular diseases: An update on diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 662:15-32. [PMID: 30481494 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several peptides play an important role in physiological and pathological conditions into the cardiovascular system. In addition to well-known vasoactive agents such as angiotensin II, endothelin, serotonin or natriuretic peptides, the vasoconstrictor Urotensin-II (Uro-II) and the vasodilators Urocortins (UCNs) and Adrenomedullin (AM) have been implicated in the control of vascular tone and blood pressure as well as in cardiovascular disease states including congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and pulmonary and systemic hypertension. Therefore these peptides, together with their receptors, become important therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Circulating levels of these agents in the blood are markedly modified in patients with specific CVDs compared with those in healthy patients, becoming also potential biomarkers for these pathologies. This review will provide an overview of current knowledge about the physiological roles of Uro-II, UCN and AM in the cardiovascular system and their implications in cardiovascular diseases. It will further focus on the structural modifications carried out on original peptide sequences in the search of analogues with improved physiochemical properties as well as in the delivery methods. Finally, we have overviewed the possible application of these peptides and/or their precursors as biomarkers of CVDs.
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33
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Hay DL. Novel Genetic Variant of a Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptor Reveals a Role for Adrenomedullin in Human Fertility. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:138-139. [PMID: 32219210 PMCID: PMC7088882 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L. Hay
- School of Biological Sciences
and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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34
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Mackie DI, Al Mutairi F, Davis RB, Kechele DO, Nielsen NR, Snyder JC, Caron MG, Kliman HJ, Berg JS, Simms J, Poyner DR, Caron KM. h CALCRL mutation causes autosomal recessive nonimmune hydrops fetalis with lymphatic dysplasia. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2339-2353. [PMID: 30115739 PMCID: PMC6122977 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using genetic, pharmacological and animal model approaches, we elucidate a novel human mutation in a G protein coupled receptor that impairs receptor oligomerization and trafficking leading to fatal, non-immune hydrops fetalis associated with arrested lymphatic development. We report the first case of nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) associated with a recessive, in-frame deletion of V205 in the G protein–coupled receptor, Calcitonin Receptor-Like Receptor (hCALCRL). Homozygosity results in fetal demise from hydrops fetalis, while heterozygosity in females is associated with spontaneous miscarriage and subfertility. Using molecular dynamic modeling and in vitro biochemical assays, we show that the hCLR(V205del) mutant results in misfolding of the first extracellular loop, reducing association with its requisite receptor chaperone, receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP), translocation to the plasma membrane and signaling. Using three independent genetic mouse models we establish that the adrenomedullin–CLR–RAMP2 axis is both necessary and sufficient for driving lymphatic vascular proliferation. Genetic ablation of either lymphatic endothelial Calcrl or nonendothelial Ramp2 leads to severe NIHF with embryonic demise and placental pathologies, similar to that observed in humans. Our results highlight a novel candidate gene for human congenital NIHF and provide structure–function insights of this signaling axis for human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia .,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema B Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel O Kechele
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Harvey J Kliman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John Simms
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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35
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Booe JM, Warner ML, Roehrkasse AM, Hay DL, Pioszak AA. Probing the Mechanism of Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein Modulation of GPCR Ligand Selectivity through Rational Design of Potent Adrenomedullin and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:355-367. [PMID: 29363552 PMCID: PMC5832325 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of the vasodilator peptides adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to the class B G protein-coupled receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) is modulated by receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMP1 favors CGRP, whereas RAMP2 and RAMP3 favor AM. Crystal structures of peptide-bound RAMP1/2-CLR extracellular domain (ECD) heterodimers suggested RAMPs alter ligand preference through direct peptide contacts and allosteric modulation of CLR. Here, we probed this dual mechanism through rational structure-guided design of AM and CGRP antagonist variants. Variants were characterized for binding to purified RAMP1/2-CLR ECD and for antagonism of the full-length CGRP (RAMP1:CLR), AM1 (RAMP2:CLR), and AM2 (RAMP3:CLR) receptors. Short nanomolar affinity AM(37-52) and CGRP(27-37) variants were obtained through substitutions including AM S45W/Q50W and CGRP K35W/A36S designed to stabilize their β-turn. K46L and Y52F substitutions designed to exploit RAMP allosteric effects and direct peptide contacts, respectively, yielded AM variants with selectivity for the CGRP receptor over the AM1 receptor. AM(37-52) S45W/K46L/Q50W/Y52F exhibited nanomolar potency at the CGRP receptor and micromolar potency at AM1 A 2.8-Å resolution crystal structure of this variant bound to the RAMP1-CLR ECD confirmed that it bound as designed. CGRP(27-37) N31D/S34P/K35W/A36S exhibited potency and selectivity comparable to the traditional antagonist CGRP(8-37). Giving this variant the ability to contact RAMP2 through the F37Y substitution increased affinity for AM1, but it still preferred the CGRP receptor. These potent peptide antagonists with altered selectivity inform the development of AM/CGRP-based pharmacological tools and support the hypothesis that RAMPs alter CLR ligand selectivity through allosteric effects and direct peptide contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Booe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
| | - Margaret L Warner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
| | - Amanda M Roehrkasse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (J.M.B., M.L.W., A.M.R., A.A.P.) and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
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36
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Geven C, Kox M, Pickkers P. Adrenomedullin and Adrenomedullin-Targeted Therapy As Treatment Strategies Relevant for Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:292. [PMID: 29520277 PMCID: PMC5827550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a major medical challenge, for which, apart from improvements in supportive care, treatment has not relevantly changed over the last few decades. Vasodilation and vascular leakage play a pivotal role in the development of septic shock, with vascular leakage being caused by disrupted endothelial integrity. Adrenomedullin (ADM), a free circulating peptide involved in regulation of endothelial barrier function and vascular tone, is implicated in the pathophysiology of sepsis. ADM levels are increased during sepsis, and correlate with extent of vasodilation, as well as with disease severity and mortality. In vitro and preclinical in vivo data show that administration of ADM exerts anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and protective effects on endothelial barrier function during sepsis, but other work suggests that it may also decrease blood pressure, which could be detrimental for patients with septic shock. Work has been carried out to negate ADMs putative negative effects, while preserving or even potentiating its beneficial actions. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the use of antibodies that bind to the N-terminus of ADM results in an overall increase of circulating ADM levels and improves sepsis outcome. Similar beneficial effects were obtained using coadministration of ADM and ADM-binding protein-1. It is hypothesized that the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of ADM binding involves prolongation of its half-life and a shift of ADM from the interstitium to the circulation. This in turn results in increased ADM activity in the blood compartment, where it exerts beneficial endothelial barrier-stabilizing effects, whereas its detrimental vasodilatory effects in the interstitium are reduced. Up till now, in vivo data on ADM-targeted treatments in humans are lacking; however, the first study in septic patients with an N-terminus antibody (Adrecizumab) is currently being conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Geven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Roux BT, Bauer CC, McNeish AJ, Ward SG, Cottrell GS. The Role of Ubiquitination and Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Regulated Tyrosine Kinase Substrate in the Degradation of the Adrenomedullin Type I Receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12389. [PMID: 28959041 PMCID: PMC5620052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and the receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2) comprise a receptor for adrenomedullin (AM). Although it is known that AM induces internalization of CLR•RAMP2, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the trafficking of CLR•RAMP2. Using HEK and HMEC-1 cells, we observed that AM-induced activation of CLR•RAMP2 promoted ubiquitination of CLR. A mutant (CLRΔ9KR), lacking all intracellular lysine residues was functional and trafficked similar to the wild-type receptor, but was not ubiquitinated. Degradation of CLR•RAMP2 and CLRΔ9KR•RAMP2 was not dependent on the duration of AM stimulation or ubiquitination and occurred via a mechanism that was partially prevented by peptidase inhibitors. Degradation of CLR•RAMP2 was sensitive to overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), but not to HRS knockdown, whereas CLRΔ9KR•RAMP2 degradation was unaffected. Overexpression, but not knockdown of HRS, promoted hyperubiquitination of CLR under basal conditions. Thus, we propose a role for ubiquitin and HRS in the regulation of AM-induced degradation of CLR•RAMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît T Roux
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Claudia C Bauer
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Alister J McNeish
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Stephen G Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK.
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Menon RT, Shrestha AK, Shivanna B. Hyperoxia exposure disrupts adrenomedullin signaling in newborn mice: Implications for lung development in premature infants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:666-671. [PMID: 28438602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of human infants that is characterized by disrupted lung angiogenesis. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide with angiogenic and vasoprotective properties. AM signals via its cognate receptors, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Calcrl) and receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2). Whether hyperoxia affects the pulmonary AM signaling pathway in neonatal mice and whether AM promotes lung angiogenesis in human infants are unknown. Therefore, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) hyperoxia exposure will disrupt AM signaling during the lung development period in neonatal mice; and (2) AM will promote angiogenesis in fetal human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) via extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 activation. We initially determined AM, Calcrl, and RAMP2 mRNA levels in mouse lungs on postnatal days (PND) 3, 7, 14, and 28. Next we determined the mRNA expression of these genes in neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia (70% O2) for up to 14 d. Finally, using HPAECs, we evaluated if AM activates ERK1/2 and promotes tubule formation and cell migration. Lung AM, Calcrl, and RAMP2 mRNA expression increased from PND 3 and peaked at PND 14, a time period during which lung development occurs in mice. Interestingly, hyperoxia exposure blunted this peak expression in neonatal mice. In HPAECs, AM activated ERK1/2 and promoted tubule formation and cell migration. These findings support our hypotheses, emphasizing that AM signaling axis is a potential therapeutic target for human infants with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Davis RB, Kechele DO, Blakeney ES, Pawlak JB, Caron KM. Lymphatic deletion of calcitonin receptor-like receptor exacerbates intestinal inflammation. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e92465. [PMID: 28352669 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatics play a critical role in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis and in the absorption of dietary lipids, yet their roles in intestinal inflammation remain elusive. Given the increasing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease, we investigated whether lymphatic vessels contribute to, or may be causative of, disease progression. We generated a mouse model with temporal and spatial deletion of the key lymphangiogenic receptor for the adrenomedullin peptide, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Calcrl), and found that the loss of lymphatic Calcrl was sufficient to induce intestinal lymphangiectasia, characterized by dilated lacteals and protein-losing enteropathy. Upon indomethacin challenge, Calcrlfl/fl/Prox1-CreERT2 mice demonstrated persistent inflammation and failure to recover and thrive. The epithelium and crypts of Calcrlfl/fl/Prox1-CreERT2 mice exhibited exacerbated hallmarks of disease progression, and the lacteals demonstrated an inability to absorb lipids. Furthermore, we identified Calcrl/adrenomedullin signaling as an essential upstream regulator of the Notch pathway, previously shown to be critical for intestinal lacteal maintenance and junctional integrity. In conclusion, lymphatic insufficiency and lymphangiectasia caused by loss of lymphatic Calcrl exacerbates intestinal recovery following mucosal injury and underscores the importance of lymphatic function in promoting recovery from intestinal inflammation.
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Hay DL, Walker CS. CGRP and its receptors. Headache 2017; 57:625-636. [PMID: 28233915 DOI: 10.1111/head.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neuropeptide system is an important but still evolving target for migraine. A fundamental consideration for all of the current drugs in clinical trials and for ongoing development in this area is the identity, expression pattern, and function of CGRP receptors because this knowledge informs safety and efficacy considerations. In recent years, only the calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) complex, known as the CGRP receptor, has generally been considered relevant. However, CGRP is capable of activating multiple receptors and could have more than one endogenous receptor. The recent identification of the CGRP-responsive calcitonin receptor/RAMP1 complex (AMY1 receptor - amylin subtype 1 receptor) in the trigeminovascular system warrants a deeper consideration of the molecular identity of CGRP receptor(s) involved in the pathophysiology, and thus potential treatment of migraine. This perspective considers some of the issues and implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Schönauer R, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - new perspectives of a potent peptide hormone. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:472-485. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Schönauer
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
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Pawlak JB, Wetzel-Strong SE, Dunn MK, Caron KM. Cardiovascular effects of exogenous adrenomedullin and CGRP in Ramp and Calcrl deficient mice. Peptides 2017; 88:1-7. [PMID: 27940069 PMCID: PMC5706544 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are potent vasodilator peptides and serve as ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR/Calcrl). Three GPCR accessory proteins called receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) modify the ligand binding affinity of the receptor such that the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer preferably binds CGRP, while CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 have a stronger affinity for AM. Here we determine the contribution of each of the three RAMPs to blood pressure control in response to exogenous AM and CGRP by measuring the blood pressure of mice with genetic reduction or deletion of the receptor components. Thus, the cardiovascular response of Ramp1-/-, Ramp2+/-, Ramp3-/-, Ramp1-/-/Ramp3-/- double-knockout (dKO), and Calcrl+/- mice to AM and CGRP were compared to wildtype mice. While under anesthesia, Ramp1-/- male mice had significantly higher basal blood pressure than wildtype males; a difference which was not present in female mice. Additionally, anesthetized Ramp1-/-, Ramp3-/-, and Calcrl+/- male mice exhibited significantly higher basal blood pressure than females of the same genotype. The hypotensive response to intravenously injected AM was greatly attenuated in Ramp1-/- mice, and to a lesser extent in Ramp3-/- and Calcrl+/- mice. However, Ramp1-/-/Ramp3-/- dKO mice retained some hypotensive response to AM. These results suggest that the hypotensive effect of AM is primarily mediated through the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer, but that AM signaling via CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 also contributes to some hypotensive action. On the other hand, CGRP's hypotensive activity seems to be predominantly through the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer. With this knowledge, therapeutic AM or CGRP peptides could be designed to cause less hypotension while maintaining canonical receptor-RAMP mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Pawlak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S E Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M K Dunn
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - K M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kolar GR, Grote SM, Yosten GLC. Targeting orphan G protein-coupled receptors for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: C-peptide and GPR146. J Intern Med 2017; 281:25-40. [PMID: 27306986 PMCID: PMC6092955 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most abundant receptor family encoded by the human genome and are the targets of a high percentage of drugs currently in use or in clinical trials for the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and its associated complications. Thus, orphan GPCRs, for which the ligand is unknown, represent an important untapped source of therapeutic potential for the treatment of many diseases. We have identified the previously orphan GPCR, GPR146, as the putative receptor of proinsulin C-peptide, which may prove to be an effective treatment for diabetes-associated complications. For example, we have found a potential role of C-peptide and GPR146 in regulating the function of the retinal pigment epithelium, a monolayer of cells in the retina that serves as part of the blood-retinal barrier and is disrupted in diabetic macular oedema. However, C-peptide signalling in this cell type appears to depend at least in part on extracellular glucose concentration and its interaction with insulin. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of orphan GPCRs with a special focus on C-peptide and GPR146, including past and current strategies used to 'deorphanize' this diverse family of receptors, past successes and the inherent difficulties of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - S M Grote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - G L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Chauhan M, Balakrishnan M, Vidaeff A, Yallampalli U, Lugo F, Fox K, Belfort M, Yallampalli C. Adrenomedullin2 (ADM2)/Intermedin (IMD): A Potential Role in the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4478-4488. [PMID: 27583470 PMCID: PMC5095259 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is not known whether decreases in trophoblast invasion promoting the peptide, adrenomedullin2 (ADM2) system is associated with preeclampsia (PreE). OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the changes in ADM2 levels in plasma, placenta, and amniotic fluid (AF) and its receptor components in placenta from PreE pregnancy compared with the age-matched normal and study the effect of ADM2 on the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in trophoblast cells. RESULTS PreE is associated with a decreased expression of ADM2 in plasma and placenta (P < .05); ADM2 interacts with a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) in HTR-8/SVneo cells; placental expression of ADM2/CRLR complex is lower in PreE; mRNA for CRLR and receptor activity-modifying protein-3 are lower, whereas receptor activity-modifying protein-2 is higher in the PreE placenta (P < .05); ADM2 levels in the second trimester are lower in the AF from pregnant women who develop PreE later in gestation (P < .05); ADM2 is localized to the epithelium of the amnion and the ectoderm and mesoderm of the chorion in term fetal membranes; ADM2 increases NO production, eNOS, and MMP2/9-immunoreactivity, whereas ADM2 knockdown inhibits the expression of eNOS and MMP2/9 mRNA and S-nitrosylation in HTR-8/SVneo cells; and ADM2-induced increases in MMP2/9 activity is inhibited by L-nitro-arginine methyl ester in HTR-8SV/neo cells. CONCLUSION Decreases in the ADM2 system in PreE at term, in AF from pregnant women during the second trimester who develop PreE later in gestation, and ADM2-induced increases in the NO and MMP-2/9 levels in trophoblast cells suggest a potential role for ADM2 via the NO-MMP system in the pathophysiology of PreE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Chauhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Meena Balakrishnan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alex Vidaeff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Uma Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Fernando Lugo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Karin Fox
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael Belfort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Kechele DO, Dunworth WP, Trincot CE, Wetzel-Strong SE, Li M, Ma H, Liu J, Caron KM. Endothelial Restoration of Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2 Is Sufficient to Rescue Lethality, but Survivors Develop Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 2016; 68:667-77. [PMID: 27402918 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RAMPs (receptor activity-modifying proteins) serve as oligomeric modulators for numerous G-protein-coupled receptors, yet elucidating the physiological relevance of these interactions remains complex. Ramp2 null mice are embryonic lethal, with cardiovascular developmental defects similar to those observed in mice null for canonical adrenomedullin/calcitonin receptor-like receptor signaling. We aimed to genetically rescue the Ramp2(-/-) lethality in order to further delineate the spatiotemporal requirements for RAMP2 function during development and thereby enable the elucidation of an expanded repertoire of RAMP2 functions with family B G-protein-coupled receptors in adult homeostasis. Endothelial-specific expression of Ramp2 under the VE-cadherin promoter resulted in the partial rescue of Ramp2(-/-) mice, demonstrating that endothelial expression of Ramp2 is necessary and sufficient for survival. The surviving Ramp2(-/-) Tg animals lived to adulthood and developed spontaneous hypotension and dilated cardiomyopathy, which was not observed in adult mice lacking calcitonin receptor-like receptor. Yet, the hearts of Ramp2(-/-) Tg animals displayed dysregulation of family B G-protein-coupled receptors, including parathyroid hormone and glucagon receptors, as well as their downstream signaling pathways. These data suggest a functional requirement for RAMP2 in the modulation of additional G-protein-coupled receptor pathways in vivo, which is critical for sustained cardiovascular homeostasis. The cardiovascular importance of RAMP2 extends beyond the endothelium and canonical adrenomedullin/calcitonin receptor-like receptor signaling, in which future studies could elucidate novel and pharmacologically tractable pathways for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Kechele
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - William P Dunworth
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Claire E Trincot
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Sarah E Wetzel-Strong
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Manyu Li
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Hong Ma
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jiandong Liu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
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Martínez-Herrero S, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin regulates intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S66-83. [PMID: 27345325 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are 2 biologically active peptides produced by the same gene, ADM, with ubiquitous distribution and many physiological functions. Adrenomedullin is composed of 52 amino acids, has an internal molecular ring composed by 6 amino acids and a disulfide bond, and shares structural similarities with calcitonin gene-related peptide, amylin, and intermedin. The AM receptor consists of a 7-transmembrane domain protein called calcitonin receptor-like receptor in combination with a single transmembrane domain protein known as receptor activity-modifying protein. Using morphologic techniques, it has been shown that AM and PAMP are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, being specially abundant in the neuroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa; in the enterochromaffin-like and chief cells of the gastric fundus; and in the submucosa of the duodenum, ileum, and colon. This wide distribution in the gastrointestinal tract suggests that AM and PAMP may act as gut hormones regulating many physiological and pathologic conditions. To date, it has been proven that AM and PAMP act as autocrine/paracrine growth factors in the gastrointestinal epithelium, play key roles in the protection of gastric mucosa from various kinds of injury, and accelerate healing in diseases such as gastric ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, both peptides are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying; they regulate the active transport of sugars in the intestine, regulate water and ion transport in the colon, modulate colonic bowel movements and small-intestine motility, improve endothelial barrier function, and stabilize circulatory function during gastrointestinal inflammation. Furthermore, AM and PAMP are antimicrobial peptides, and they contribute to the mucosal host defense system by regulating gut microbiota. To get a formal demonstration of the effects that endogenous AM and PAMP may have in gut microbiota, we developed an inducible knockout of the ADM gene. Using this model, we have shown, for the first time, that lack of AM/PAMP leads to changes in gut microbiota composition in mice. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this lack of AM/PAMP may have an impact in the development and/or progression of intestinal diseases through their effect on microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martínez-Herrero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja 26006, Spain
| | - A Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja 26006, Spain.
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Martínez-Herrero S, Larrayoz IM, Ochoa-Callejero L, Fernández LJ, Allueva A, Ochoa I, Martínez A. Prevention of Bone Loss in a Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis through Adrenomedullin Inhibition. Front Physiol 2016; 7:280. [PMID: 27445864 PMCID: PMC4928306 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the understanding and treatment options for osteoporosis, this condition remains a serious public health issue. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a regulatory peptide with reported activity on bone remodeling. To better understand this relationship we built an inducible knockout for AM. An outstanding feature of knockout mice is their heavier weight due, in part, to the presence of denser bones. The femur of knockout animals was denser, had more trabeculae, and a thicker growth plate than wild type littermates. The endocrine influence of AM on bone seems to be elicited through an indirect mechanism involving, at least, the regulation of insulin, glucose, ghrelin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). To confirm the data we performed a pharmacological approach using the AM inhibitor 16311 in a mouse model of osteoporosis. Ovariectomized females showed significant bone mass loss, whereas ovariectomized females treated with 16311 had similar bone density to sham operated females. In conclusion, we propose the use of AM inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis and other conditions leading to the loss of bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martínez-Herrero
- Angiogenesis Interest Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Angiogenesis Interest Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Angiogenesis Interest Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud Logroño, Spain
| | - Luis J Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Aragon Institute of Health SciencesZaragoza, Spain; Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modelling, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexis Allueva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Aragon Institute of Health SciencesZaragoza, Spain; Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modelling, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Aragon Institute of Health SciencesZaragoza, Spain; Group of Structural Mechanics and Materials Modelling, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Interest Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Fundación Rioja Salud Logroño, Spain
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48
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Müller-Redetzky H, Lienau J, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M. Therapeutic strategies in pneumonia: going beyond antibiotics. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 24:516-24. [PMID: 26324814 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0034-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the innate immune system drives lung injury and its systemic sequelae due to breakdown of vascular barrier function, harmful hyperinflammation and microcirculatory failure, which contribute to the unfavourable outcome of patients with severe pneumonia. A variety of promising therapeutic targets have been identified and numerous innovative therapeutic approaches demonstrated to improve lung injury in experimental preclinical studies. However, at present specific preventive or curative strategies for the treatment of lung failure in pneumonia in addition to antibiotics are still missing. The aim of this mini-review is to give a short overview of some, but not all, adjuvant therapeutic strategies for pneumonia and its most important complications, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and briefly discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Müller-Redetzky
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Watkins HA, Chakravarthy M, Abhayawardana RS, Gingell JJ, Garelja M, Pardamwar M, McElhinney JMWR, Lathbridge A, Constantine A, Harris PWR, Yuen TY, Brimble MA, Barwell J, Poyner DR, Woolley MJ, Conner AC, Pioszak AA, Reynolds CA, Hay DL. Receptor Activity-modifying Proteins 2 and 3 Generate Adrenomedullin Receptor Subtypes with Distinct Molecular Properties. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11657-75. [PMID: 27013657 PMCID: PMC4882435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone with numerous effects in the vascular systems. AM signals through the AM1 and AM2 receptors formed by the obligate heterodimerization of a G protein-coupled receptor, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and receptor activity-modifying proteins 2 and 3 (RAMP2 and RAMP3), respectively. These different CLR-RAMP interactions yield discrete receptor pharmacology and physiological effects. The effective design of therapeutics that target the individual AM receptors is dependent on understanding the molecular details of the effects of RAMPs on CLR. To understand the role of RAMP2 and -3 on the activation and conformation of the CLR subunit of AM receptors, we mutated 68 individual amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of CLR, a key region for activation of AM receptors, and determined the effects on cAMP signaling. Sixteen CLR mutations had differential effects between the AM1 and AM2 receptors. Accompanying this, independent molecular modeling of the full-length AM-bound AM1 and AM2 receptors predicted differences in the binding pocket and differences in the electrostatic potential of the two AM receptors. Druggability analysis indicated unique features that could be used to develop selective small molecule ligands for each receptor. The interaction of RAMP2 or RAMP3 with CLR induces conformational variation in the juxtamembrane region, yielding distinct binding pockets, probably via an allosteric mechanism. These subtype-specific differences have implications for the design of therapeutics aimed at specific AM receptors and for understanding the mechanisms by which accessory proteins affect G protein-coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | | | - Joseph J Gingell
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | - Meenakshi Pardamwar
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - James M W R McElhinney
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lathbridge
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Constantine
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W R Harris
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tsz-Ying Yuen
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - James Barwell
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - David R Poyner
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Woolley
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex C Conner
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom,
| | - Debbie L Hay
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
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Wilsbacher L, McNally EM. Genetics of Cardiac Developmental Disorders: Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Growth and Relevance to Heart Failure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 11:395-419. [PMID: 26925501 PMCID: PMC8978617 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac developmental disorders represent the most common of human birth defects, and anomalies in cardiomyocyte proliferation drive many of these disorders. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of prenatal cardiac growth. Trabeculation represents the initial ventricular growth phase and is necessary for embryonic survival. Later in development, the bulk of the ventricular wall derives from the compaction process, yet the arrest of this process can still be compatible with life. Cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth form the basis of both trabeculation and compaction, and mouse models indicate that cardiomyocyte interactions with the surrounding environment are critical for these proliferative processes. The human genetics of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy suggest that cardiomyocyte cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to the compaction process. Understanding the determinants of prenatal or early postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth provides critical information that identifies risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and its associated complications of arrhythmias and thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wilsbacher
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
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