1
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Ghetti M, Vannini I, Storlazzi CT, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. Linear and circular PVT1 in hematological malignancies and immune response: two faces of the same coin. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:69. [PMID: 32228602 PMCID: PMC7104523 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as regulators of human carcinogenesis by affecting the expression of key tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. They are divided into short and long ncRNAs, according to their length. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are included in the second group and were recently discovered as being originated by back-splicing, joining either single or multiple exons, or exons with retained introns. The human Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (PVT1) gene maps on the long arm of chromosome 8 (8q24) and encodes for 52 ncRNAs variants, including 26 linear and 26 circular isoforms, and 6 microRNAs. PVT1 genomic locus is 54 Kb downstream to MYC and several interactions have been described among these two genes, including a feedback regulatory mechanism. MYC-independent functions of PVT1/circPVT1 have been also reported, especially in the regulation of immune responses. We here review and discuss the role of both PVT1 and circPVT1 in the hematopoietic system. No information is currently available concerning their transforming ability in hematopoietic cells. However, present literature supports their cooperation with a more aggressive and/or undifferentiated cell phenotype, thus contributing to cancer progression. PVT1/circPVT1 upregulation through genomic amplification or rearrangements and/or increased transcription, provides a proliferative advantage to malignant cells in acute myeloid leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, multiple myeloma (linear PVT1) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (circPVT1). In addition, PVT1 and circPVT1 regulate immune responses: the overexpression of the linear form in myeloid derived suppressor cells induced immune tolerance in preclinical tumor models and circPVT1 showed immunosuppressive properties in myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets. Overall, these recent data on PVT1 and circPVT1 functions in hematological malignancies and immune responses reflect two faces of the same coin: involvement in cancer progression by promoting a more aggressive phenotype of malignant cells and negative regulation of the immune system as a novel potential therapy-resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ghetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Ivan Vannini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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2
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Choudhari R, Sedano MJ, Harrison AL, Subramani R, Lin KY, Ramos EI, Lakshmanaswamy R, Gadad SS. Long noncoding RNAs in cancer: From discovery to therapeutic targets. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 95:105-147. [PMID: 32122521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently gained considerable attention as key players in biological regulation; however, the mechanisms by which lncRNAs govern various disease processes remain mysterious and are just beginning to be understood. The ease of next-generation sequencing technologies has led to an explosion of genomic information, especially for the lncRNA class of noncoding RNAs. LncRNAs exhibit the characteristics of mRNAs, such as polyadenylation, 5' methyl capping, RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription, and splicing. These transcripts comprise more than 200 nucleotides (nt) and are not translated into proteins. Directed interrogation of annotated lncRNAs from RNA-Seq datasets has revealed dramatic differences in their expression, largely driven by alterations in transcription, the cell cycle, and RNA metabolism. The fact that lncRNAs are expressed cell- and tissue-specifically makes them excellent biomarkers for ongoing biological events. Notably, lncRNAs are differentially expressed in several cancers and show a distinct association with clinical outcomes. Novel methods and strategies are being developed to study lncRNA function and will provide researchers with the tools and opportunities to develop lncRNA-based therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Choudhari
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Melina J Sedano
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alana L Harrison
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Ken Y Lin
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Enrique I Ramos
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Shrikanth S Gadad
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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3
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Genome-Wide Association of PVT1 with Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1884-1886. [PMID: 29505758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Conte F, Fiscon G, Chiara M, Colombo T, Farina L, Paci P. Role of the long non-coding RNA PVT1 in the dysregulation of the ceRNA-ceRNA network in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171661. [PMID: 28187158 PMCID: PMC5302781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have identified competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) as the drivers in many disease conditions, including cancers. The ceRNAs indirectly regulate each other by reducing the amount of microRNAs (miRNAs) available to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The ceRNA interactions mediated by miRNAs are modulated by a titration mechanism, i.e. large changes in the ceRNA expression levels either overcome, or relieve, the miRNA repression on competing RNAs; similarly, a very large miRNA overexpression may abolish competition. The ceRNAs are also called miRNA "decoys" or miRNA "sponges" and encompass different RNAs competing with each other to attract miRNAs for interactions: mRNA, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), pseudogenes, or circular RNAs. Recently, we developed a computational method for identifying ceRNA-ceRNA interactions in breast invasive carcinoma. We were interested in unveiling which lncRNAs could exert the ceRNA activity. We found a drastic rewiring in the cross-talks between ceRNAs from the physiological to the pathological condition. The main actor of this dysregulated lncRNA-associated ceRNA network was the lncRNA PVT1, which revealed a net biding preference towards the miR-200 family members in normal breast tissues. Despite its up-regulation in breast cancer tissues, mimicked by the miR-200 family members, PVT1 stops working as ceRNA in the cancerous state. The specific conditions required for a ceRNA landscape to occur are still far from being determined. Here, we emphasized the importance of the relative concentration of the ceRNAs, and their related miRNAs. In particular, we focused on the withdrawal in breast cancer tissues of the PVT1 ceRNA activity and performed a gene expression and sequence analysis of its multiple isoforms. We found that the PVT1 isoform harbouring the binding site for a representative miRNA of the miR-200 family shows a drastic decrease in its relative concentration with respect to the miRNA abundance in breast cancer tissues, providing a plausibility argument to the breakdown of the sponge program orchestrated by the oncogene PVT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conte
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “Antonio Ruberti”, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiscon
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “Antonio Ruberti”, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Colombo
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “Antonio Ruberti”, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Farina
- Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “Antonio Ruberti”, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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5
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Abstract
Despite great progress in research and treatment options, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Oncogenic driver mutations in protein-encoding genes were defined and allow for personalized therapies based on genetic diagnoses. Nonetheless, diagnosis of lung cancer mostly occurs at late stages, and chronic treatment is followed by a fast onset of chemoresistance. Hence, there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers and alternative treatment options. With the era of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing technologies, long noncoding RNAs emerged as a novel class of versatile, functional RNA molecules. Although for most of them the mechanism of action remains to be defined, accumulating evidence confirms their involvement in various aspects of lung tumorigenesis. They are functional on the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional level and are regulators of pathophysiological key pathways including cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis. Long noncoding RNAs are gaining increasing attention as potential biomarkers and a novel class of druggable molecules. It has become clear that we are only beginning to understand the complexity of tumorigenic processes. The clinical integration of long noncoding RNAs in terms of prognostic and predictive biomarker signatures and additional cancer targets could provide a chance to increase the therapeutic benefit. Here, we review the current knowledge about the expression, regulation, biological function, and clinical relevance of long noncoding RNAs in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roth
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 (B150), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 (B150), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Cui M, You L, Ren X, Zhao W, Liao Q, Zhao Y. Long non-coding RNA PVT1 and cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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PVT1: a rising star among oncogenic long noncoding RNAs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:304208. [PMID: 25883951 PMCID: PMC4391155 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that short and long noncoding RNAs critically participate in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and (mis)function. However, while the functional characterization of short non-coding RNAs has been reaching maturity, there is still a paucity of well characterized long noncoding RNAs, even though large studies in recent years are rapidly increasing the number of annotated ones. The long noncoding RNA PVT1 is encoded by a gene that has been long known since it resides in the well-known cancer risk region 8q24. However, a couple of accidental concurrent conditions have slowed down the study of this gene, that is, a preconception on the primacy of the protein-coding over noncoding RNAs and the prevalent interest in its neighbor MYC oncogene. Recent studies have brought PVT1 under the spotlight suggesting interesting models of functioning, such as competing endogenous RNA activity and regulation of protein stability of important oncogenes, primarily of the MYC oncogene. Despite some advancements in modelling the PVT1 role in cancer, there are many questions that remain unanswered concerning the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its functioning.
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8
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Chinen Y, Sakamoto N, Nagoshi H, Taki T, Maegawa S, Tatekawa S, Tsukamoto T, Mizutani S, Shimura Y, Yamamoto-Sugitani M, Kobayashi T, Matsumoto Y, Horiike S, Kuroda J, Taniwaki M. 8q24 amplified segments involve novel fusion genes between NSMCE2 and long noncoding RNAs in acute myelogenous leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:68. [PMID: 25245984 PMCID: PMC4176872 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic roles of 8q24 amplified segments in leukemic cells with double minute chromosomes remain to be verified. Through comprehensive molecular analyses of 8q24 amplicons in leukemic cells from an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient and AML-derived cell line HL60 cells, we identified two novel fusion genes between NSMCE2 and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely, PVT1-NSMCE2 and BF104016-NSMCE2. Our study suggests that 8q24 amplicons are associated with the emergence of aberrant chimeric genes between NSMCE2 and oncogenic lncRNAs, and also implicate that the chimeric genes involving lncRNAs potentially possess as-yet-unknown oncogenic functional roles.
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9
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Beck-Engeser GB, Lum AM, Huppi K, Caplen NJ, Wang BB, Wabl M. Pvt1-encoded microRNAs in oncogenesis. Retrovirology 2008; 5:4. [PMID: 18194563 PMCID: PMC2257975 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional significance of the Pvt1 locus in the oncogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma and plasmacytomas has remained a puzzle. In these tumors, Pvt1 is the site of reciprocal translocations to immunoglobulin loci. Although the locus encodes a number of alternative transcripts, no protein or regulatory RNA products were found. The recent identification of non-coding microRNAs encoded within the PVT1 region has suggested a regulatory role for this locus. RESULTS The mouse Pvt1 locus encodes several microRNAs. In mouse T cell lymphomas induced by retroviral insertions into the locus, the Pvt1 transcripts, and at least one of their microRNA products, mmu-miR-1204 are overexpressed. Whereas up to seven co-mutations can be found in a single tumor, in over 2,000 tumors none had insertions into both the Myc and Pvt1 loci. CONCLUSION Judging from the large number of integrations into the Pvt1 locus - more than in the nearby Myc locus - Pvt1 and the microRNAs encoded by it are as important as Myc in T lymphomagenesis, and, presumably, in T cell activation. An analysis of the co-mutations in the lymphomas likely place Pvt1 and Myc into the same pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele B Beck-Engeser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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10
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Carramusa L, Contino F, Ferro A, Minafra L, Perconti G, Giallongo A, Feo S. The PVT-1 oncogene is a Myc protein target that is overexpressed in transformed cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:511-8. [PMID: 17503467 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human PVT-1 gene is located on chromosome 8 telomeric to the c-Myc gene and it is frequently involved in the translocations occurring in variant Burkitt's lymphomas and murine plasmacytomas. It has been proposed that PVT-1 regulates c-Myc gene transcription over a long distance. To get new insights into the functional relationships between the two genes, we have investigated PVT-1 and c-Myc expression in normal human tissues and in transformed cells. Our findings indicate that PVT-1 expression is restricted to a relative low number of normal tissues compared to the wide distribution of c-Myc mRNA, whereas the gene is highly expressed in many transformed cell types including neuroblastoma cells that do not express c-Myc. Reporter gene assays were used to dissect the PVT-1 promoter and to identify the region responsible for the elevated expression observed in transformed cells. This region contains two putative binding sites for Myc proteins. The results of transfection experiments in RAT1-MycER cells and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays in proliferating and differentiated neuroblastoma cells indicate that PVT-1 is a downstream target of Myc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Carramusa
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Applicazioni Cliniche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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11
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Yefenof E. Murine models of thymic lymphomas: premalignant scenarios amenable to prophylactic therapy. Adv Immunol 1999; 73:511-39. [PMID: 10399012 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Yefenof
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Brightman BK, Okimoto M, Kulkarni V, Lander JK, Fan H. Differential behavior of the Mo + PyF101 enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus in rats and mice. Virology 1998; 242:60-7. [PMID: 9501051 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.9007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mo + PyF101 enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) has been very useful in investigating M-MuLV leukemogenesis. When inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) into neonatal mice, Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV is attenuated for development of disease. Previous studies in mice infected with wild-type M-MuLV have revealed several important preleukemic events, including development of splenic hyperplasia, defects in bone marrow hematopoiesis, and in vivo generation of MCF viruses that arise by recombination in the uninfected mouse. Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV is defective in inducing these effects after s.c. inoculation. In the experiments reported here, a study of Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV infection in rats was carried out. Wild-type M-MuLV is leukemogenic in rats, but infected rats do not form MCF recombinants since they lack the necessary endogenous polytropic envelope sequences. Since Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV's leukemogenic defect is correlated with a failure to generate MCF recombinants, it seemed possible that wild-type M-MuLV might not have a leukemogenic advantage over Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV in rats, where MCF recombinants cannot form. Neonatal Fisher F344 rats were inoculated s.c. or intraperitoneally by wild-type and Mo + PyF101 M-MuLVs. Surprisingly, Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV was completely deficient in leukemogenesis in rats when inoculated by either route while wild-type M-MuLV induced lymphoma with the predicted time course. The leukemogenic defect for Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV resulted from a pronounced defect for establishing infection in rats. Further studies of wild-type M-MuLV in rats indicated that infection was confined almost exclusively to the thymus at early times. In mice wild-type M-MuLV establishes substantial infection in other hematopoietic organs such as spleen and bone marrow as well. Thymic infection was also correlated with a decrease in thymic cellularity at early times.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Brightman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
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13
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Siwarski D, Müller U, Andersson J, Notario V, Melchers F, Rolink A, Huppi K. Structure and expression of the c-Myc/Pvt 1 megagene locus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997; 224:67-72. [PMID: 9308229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60801-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A chromosomal translocation (Tx) that interrupts the transcription of either c-Myc or Pvt 1 is the principal lesion in many B cell malignancies including Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL), AIDs-NHL, mouse plasmacytoma (Pct) and possibly multiple myeloma (MM). There is a restriction associated with this Tx such that only the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain gene is found juxtaposed to c-Myc and only the Ig light chain gene is found juxtaposed to Pvt 1. Over the past several years, our laboratory has been instrumental in the elucidation of the structure of the mouse Pvt 1 locus as a means of understanding the relationship between these two divergent Txs which, nevertheless, produce indistinguishable disease phenotypes. In the mouse, we have identified a uniform Pvt1/Ig Ck fusion product which is consistently found in all tumors harboring Pvt 1 associated Txs. We have recently constructed transgenic mice harboring a translocated Pvt 1/Ck segment in order to determine whether 1). these mice produce the Pvt 1/Ck fusion product 2). these mice are immunocompromised and 3). these mice develop tumors of a B cell origin.
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14
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Jonkers J, Berns A. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a strategy to identify cancer genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1287:29-57. [PMID: 8639705 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00020-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jonkers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Yefenof E, Kotler M. Radiation leukemia virus-induced leukemogenesis: a paradigm of preleukemia and its control by preventive therapy. Adv Cancer Res 1995; 66:293-312. [PMID: 7793318 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Yefenof
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Jiang X, Villeneuve L, Turmel C, Kozak CA, Jolicoeur P. The Myb and Ahi-1 genes are physically very closely linked on mouse chromosome 10. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:142-8. [PMID: 7911043 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ahi-1 has previously been identified as a common helper provirus integration site on mouse Chromosome (Chr) 10 in 16% of Abelson pre-B-cell lymphomas and shown to be closely linked to the Myb protooncogene. By using long-range restriction mapping, we have mapped the Myb and Ahi-1 regions within a 120-kbp DNA fragment. The Ahi-1 region is located approximately 35 kbp downstream of the Myb gene. A further confirmation of this finding was obtained by screening a mouse YAC library. The three positive clones obtained contained both the Myb and Ahi-1 gene sequences. To test whether provirus integration in the Ahi-1 region enhances the expression of Myb by a cis-acting mechanism, we have also examined Myb gene expression in A-MuLV-induced pre-B-lymphomas. Our data have revealed that there is no clear evidence for such activation in the tumors we have tested, indicating that provirus insertion in the Ahi-1 region is activating a novel gene, apparently involved in tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Villeneuve L, Jiang X, Turmel C, Kozak CA, Jolicoeur P. Long-range mapping of Mis-2, a common provirus integration site identified in murine leukemia virus-induced thymomas and located 160 kilobase pairs downstream of Myb. J Virol 1993; 67:5733-9. [PMID: 8371338 PMCID: PMC237990 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.5733-5739.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nondefective Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) induces clonal or oligoclonal T-cell tumors in mice or rats. The proviruses of these nondefective MuLVs have been shown to act as insertion mutagens most frequently activating an adjacent cellular gene involved in cell growth control. Mutations by provirus insertions, recognized as common provirus integration sites, have been instrumental in identifying novel cellular genes involved in tumor formation. We have searched for new common provirus integration sites in Moloney MuLV-induced thymomas. Using cellular sequences flanking a provirus cloned from one of these tumors, we found one region, designated Mis-2, which was the target of provirus integration in a low (3%) percentage of these tumors. Mis-2 was mapped on mouse chromosome 10, approximately 160 kbp downstream of myb. The Mis-2 region may contain a novel gene involved in tumor development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Genes, Regulator
- Hybrid Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/pathogenicity
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Oncogenes
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/pathogenicity
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Thymoma/genetics
- Thymoma/microbiology
- Thymus Neoplasms/genetics
- Thymus Neoplasms/microbiology
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villeneuve
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Hameister H, Schulz WA, Meyer J, Thoma S, Adolph S, Gaa A, von Deimling O. Gene order and genetic distance of 13 loci spanning murine chromosome 15. Genomics 1992; 14:417-22. [PMID: 1358803 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen genetic loci spanning murine chromosome 15 from 15A2 (Mlvi-2) to 15F2-3 (Gdc-1) have been mapped. The genetic distance extends to 55.4 cM. Among 151 animals, only 1 animal with a double cross-over was found. The linear order is unambiguous, with the exception of the distal end on 15F1-3. Our analysis favors the order cen-Ela-1/Hox-3-Wnt-1-Gdc-1-ter. This ordering makes necessary the introduction of three tightly spaced double recombination events around and within the Hox-3 locus. Alternatively, Hox-3 may be most distal, and several double recombinations at the telomere lead to map expansion. Despite the unequal distribution along chromosome 15 of G-versus R-bands, a comparison of distances determined by physical and genetic mapping does not indicate an overt difference in distance between both mapping techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hameister
- Abteilung Klinische Genetik, Universität Ulm, Germany
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19
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky MR, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:480-536. [PMID: 1392257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00778825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Mock
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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Abstract
One objective of this review is to sort through and collate the recent data that suggest that human cellular oncogenes, which have been implicated as the etiologic agents in both animal and human malignancies, have also the potential to be employed as clinical tools in the struggle against cancer. For nearly 10 years, reports have been suggesting that advantage can be taken of cellular oncogenes as to their use as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of cancer and eventually as therapeutic cancer agents. It is also the purpose of this review to give an objective evaluation of these predictions. Moreover, this review will try to highlight some of the significant advances in this most rapidly evolving field of biology. Although the enormity of what has been learned about cellular oncogenes is nothing less than impressive, it is the view here that the routine implementation of oncogenes into the clinical setting will not become evident as early as the many predictions had purported.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Demczuk
- Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
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22
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Baylac-Kalabokias H, Astier-Gin T, Moynet D, Hernould M, Mamoun R, Legrand E, Guillemain B. A new leukemogenic retrovirus isolated from tumor cells derived from a radio-induced lymphoma of C57BL/6 mice: analysis of the env and LTR sequences. Virus Res 1991; 18:117-34. [PMID: 2042396 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(91)90013-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of a new ecotropic provirus encountered in a radio-induced thymic lymphoma of the C57BL/6 mouse. The provirus with an abnormally long LTR was inserted in the chromosomal DNA within the Pvt-1/MLVi-1/Mis-1 region which is a common integration site for MCF virus in mice and for Mo-MuLV in rats. This new ecotropic provirus was molecularly cloned and found to be infectious and competent for replication after transfection of murine cells. The recovered virus termed T3651/B was B-ecotropic, T-lymphotropic (in vivo) and highly leukemogenic for newborn C57BL/6 mice and for adult mice provided they were submitted to a subleukemogenic dose of irradiation. As compared to the AKV prototype N-ecotropic endogenous retrovirus, the T3651/B env proteins are only affected by few scattered point mutations. In contrast, the LTR has five repeats of enhancer sequences containing consensus motifs specific of the nuclear factors NF1-like, LVa, LVb and SEF1. Since a virus with such properties was encountered only once in 31 radio-induced tumors and isolated at a fourth tumor passage, a direct role of T3651/B virus in tumor genesis after irradiation is uncertain. Nevertheless, it is clear that T3651/B virus is a new leukemogenic retrovirus with a particular LTR structure which fits well with the model proposed by Rassart et al. (J. Virol. 58, 96-106, 1986) for the emergence of a thymotropic highly leukemogenic RadLV.
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23
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky M, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S461-515. [PMID: 1799811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mock
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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25
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Kung HJ, Boerkoel C, Carter TH. Retroviral mutagenesis of cellular oncogenes: a review with insights into the mechanisms of insertional activation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991; 171:1-25. [PMID: 1814689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-76524-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Kung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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26
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Abstract
The integration of retroviral proviruses near cellular genes can profoundly affect their expression. Painstaking analysis of insertion sites from a large number of tumors has revealed a number of previously unknown proto-oncogenes, and has elucidated new mechanisms whereby known proto-oncogenes can be activated. A number of these genes have been implicated in tumors of clinical relevance. At the time of writing a great deal remains to be learned of the normal function of these genes in the cell. While it has yet to be demonstrated that retroviral insertion mechanisms play some role in naturally occurring human neoplasms, they must be considered in the context of retroviral gene therapy protocols now being contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gray
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Tsichlis PN, Lee JS, Bear SE, Lazo PA, Patriotis C, Gustafson E, Shinton S, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Huebner K. Activation of multiple genes by provirus integration in the Mlvi-4 locus in T-cell lymphomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1990; 64:2236-44. [PMID: 1691313 PMCID: PMC249384 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.2236-2244.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat T-cell lymphomas harbor proviruses integrated near c-myc and near Mlvi-1/Mis-1/Pvt-1, another locus of common integration which maps 270 kilobases 3' of c-myc. In this report, we present the characterization of a new locus of common integration in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas (Mlvi-4) which maps 30 kilobases 3' of c-myc, between c-myc and Mlvi-1. The Mlvi-4 locus, whose chromosomal map location is conserved in rats, mice, and humans, is also the target of chromosomal rearrangements in a variety of animal and human tumors. Evidence presented elsewhere shows that provirus integration in Mlvi-4 enhances the expression of c-myc and Mlvi-1 by cis-acting mechanisms operating over long distances of genomic DNA. In this manuscript, we show that provirus integration in the Mlvi-4 locus activates, by promoter insertion, one additional gene which maps immediately 3' to the cluster of the Mlvi-4 proviruses and which is transcribed in the same orientation as c-myc, giving rise to 3- and 10-kilobase mRNA transcripts. The Mlvi-4 gene is also expressed in normal thymus and spleen at very low levels, giving rise to 3- and 5.5-kilobase messages. Although Mlvi-4 is expressed in normal thymus, it is not expressed in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas corresponding to several stages of T-cell differentiation, but lacking a provirus in this locus. This suggests that Mlvi-4 may be expressed only in a subpopulation of T cells. We conclude that provirus insertion in Mlvi-4 activates c-myc and two additional genes, Mlvi-1 and Mlvi-4, whose expression is restricted to, and may be developmentally regulated in, T cells. Since Mlvi-4 is the target of genetic changes in a great variety of human and animal neoplasms, these results are critical for our understanding of oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Library
- Lymphoma
- Lysogeny
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Poly A/genetics
- Poly A/isolation & purification
- Proviruses/genetics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/isolation & purification
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Messenger
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- T-Lymphocytes
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Tsichlis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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28
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Minarovits J, Steinitz M, Boldog F, Imreh S, Wirschubsky Z, Ingvarsson S, Hedenskog M, Minarovits-Kormuta S, Klein G. Differences in c-myc and pvt-1 amplification in SEWA sarcoma sublines selected for adherent or non-adherent growth. Int J Cancer 1990; 45:514-20. [PMID: 2307540 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910450324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of solid sarcomas and carcinomas into ascites tumors depends on the in vivo selection of phenotypically altered tumor cell variants that can grow in the dissociated form. Once selected, they retain this property even after prolonged s.c. growth as solid tumors. From an s.c.-passaged subline of an ascites-converted murine sarcoma (SEWA-AS12), we were able to separate cells adapted to the ascites form of growth from cells that can only grow in the solid form on the basis of their differential adherence to plastic. Both c-myc and pvt-1 were amplified approximately 63- to 77-fold in the nonadherent subline (SEWA-AS12-NA), but only 5- to 8-fold in the adherent subline (SEWA-AS12-ADH). This suggests that c-myc and/or pvt-1 amplification may provide a selective advantage to cells that can grow in the dissociated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Minarovits
- Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Huppi K, Siwarski D, Skurla RM, Goodnight J, Mushinski JF. Isolation of normal and tumor-specific Pvt-1 cDNA clones. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990; 166:233-41. [PMID: 2073803 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75889-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Huppi
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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30
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/epidemiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/etiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Chickens
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/ultrastructure
- Cocarcinogenesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Global Health
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oncogenes
- Primates
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc
- Rats
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Virus Infections/complications
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Affiliation(s)
- I Magrath
- Lymphoma Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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31
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Adolph S, Hameister H, Henglein B, Lipp M, Hartl P, Baas F, Lenoir G, Bornkamm GW. t(2;8) variant translocation in Burkitt's lymphoma: mapping of chromosomal breakpoints by in situ hybridization. Int J Cancer 1989; 44:261-5. [PMID: 2759731 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910440213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 6 different Burkitt lymphoma cell lines with t(2;8) variant translocations (J1, LY66, LY91, BL21, BL64, JBL2) the breakpoints on chromosome 8q+ were mapped in relation to each other and to c-myc by in situ hybridization. The probes used were derived from chromosome 8q24 and comprised a c-myc probe, a probe located 48 kb downstream of c-myc, 3 probes adjacent to the chromosomal breakpoints of BL64, LY91 and JBL2, respectively, and 2 probes located in the 5' and 3' part of the thyroglobulin gene. The breakpoints of LY91 and JBL2 lie less than 200 kb and greater than 200 kb downstream of c-myc, whereas the distance to c-myc of the BL64 breakpoint and of the thyroglobulin probes is unknown. By recording the hybridization signals specific for these probes on chromosomes 2p- and 8q+ of each cell line it was possible to establish the order of breakpoints on band 8q24 relative to the c-myc and thyroglobulin genes as follows: centromere--c-myc--J1--BL64--BL21--LY91--JBL2--+ ++LY66--thyroglobulin--telomere. This information is essential for further mapping of this important chromosomal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adolph
- Abteilung Klinische Genetik, Universität Ulm, FRG
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32
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Matthews EA, Vasmel WL, Schoenmakers HJ, Melief CJ. Retrovirally induced murine B-cell tumors rarely show proviral integration in sites common in T-cell tumors. Int J Cancer 1989; 43:1120-5. [PMID: 2543645 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910430627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular etiology of retrovirally induced T-cell tumors has been shown in many cases to involve proviral integration near a cellular oncogene, c-myc, N-myc, Pim-1 and pvt-1 being frequent targets for insertional activation. Murine B-cell tumors induced by infection with murine leukemia virus have been studied for rearrangements in these and other loci. In contrast to the T-cell lymphomas, tumors of the B-cell lineage, either early B-cell tumors induced in nude mice or late B-cell tumors in immunocompetent mice, did not show disruption of N-myc or Pim-1 in any of the tumors studied, although those lymphomas had acquired many new proviruses. The loci c-abl, bcl-2, fis-1, c-erbB, c-myb, and neu were likewise not involved. Rearrangement of c-myc was seen in 1 out of 71 and rearrangement of the pvt-1 locus in 4 out of 73 (5%) of the B-cell tumors. Thus it appears that mechanistic differences exist in the development of T-cell tumors and B-cell tumors caused by the same etiological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Matthews
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Amsterdam
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33
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Blankenhorn EP, Duncan R, Huppi K, Potter M. Chromosomal location of the regulator of mouse alpha-fetoprotein, Afr-1. Genetics 1988; 119:687-91. [PMID: 2456965 PMCID: PMC1203453 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/119.3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Afr-1 is a gene whose product contributes to the adult regulation of mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). In Afr-1b/b homozygotes, the adult serum levels of AFP are 10- to 20-fold higher than in Afr-1a/a or Afr-1a/b mice. The studies reported here were performed to map the Afr-1 gene. Our results show that Afr-1 resides on mouse chromosome 15, approximately 25 cM from Gdc-1. Afr-1 appears to be located in close proximity to the mouse c-myc oncogene. These results are discussed with respect to the susceptibility or resistance of different BALB/c sublines (which are either Afr-1a or Afr-1b, respectively) to pristane-induced plasmacytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192
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34
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Berns A. Provirus tagging as an instrument to identify oncogenes and to establish synergism between oncogenes. Arch Virol 1988; 102:1-18. [PMID: 2848473 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis is one of the mechanisms by which retroviruses can transform cells. Once a provirus was found in the vicinity of c-myc, with the concomitant activation of this gene, other proto-oncogenes were shown to be activated by proviral insertion in retrovirally-induced tumors. Subsequently, cloning of common proviral insertion sites led to the discovery of a series of new (putative) oncogenes. Some of these genes have been shown to fulfill key roles in growth and development. In this review I shall describe how proviruses can be used to identify proto-oncogenes, and list the loci, identified by this method. Furthermore, I shall illuminate the potential of provirus tagging by showing that it not only can mark new oncogenes, but can also be instrumental in defining sets of (onco)genes that guide a normal cell in a step-by-step fashion to its fully transformed, metatasizing, counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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35
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Asker C, Mareni C, Coviello D, Ingvarsson S, Sessarego M, Origone P, Klein G, Sumeigi J. Amplification of c-myc and pvt-1 homologous sequences in acute nonlymphatic leukemia. Leuk Res 1988; 12:523-7. [PMID: 3405005 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(88)90120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukemic cells with double minute (DM) chromosomes from an ANLL(M1) patient were found to carry 10-15 fold amplified c-myc sequences. The linked pvt-1-like locus was amplified at the same level, suggesting that the c-myc amplicon is at least 300 kb in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Asker
- Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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37
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Savard P, DesGroseillers L, Rassart E, Poirier Y, Jolicoeur P. Important role of the long terminal repeat of the helper Moloney murine leukemia virus in Abelson virus-induced lymphoma. J Virol 1987; 61:3266-75. [PMID: 3041046 PMCID: PMC255907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.3266-3275.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The helper virus has been shown to play a critical role in the development of lymphoma induced by the defective Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV). Indeed, A-MuLV pseudotyped with some viruses, such as the Moloney MuLV, has been shown to be highly lymphogenic, whereas A-MuLV pseudotyped with other viruses, such as the BALB/c endogenous N-tropic MuLV, has been shown to be devoid of lymphogenic potential (N. Rosenberg and D. Baltimore, J. Exp. Med. 147:1126-1141, 1978; C. D. Scher, J. Exp. Med. 147: 1044-1053, 1978). To map the viral DNA sequences encoding the determinant of the lymphogenic potential of Moloney MuLV when complexed with A-MuLV, we constructed chimeric helper viral DNA genomes in vitro between parental cloned infectious viral DNA genomes from Moloney MuLV and from BALB/c endogenous N-tropic MuLV. Chimeric helper MuLVs, recovered after transfection of NIH 3T3 cells were used to rescue A-MuLV, and the pseudotypes were inoculated into newborn NIH Swiss, CD-1, and SWR/J mice to test their lymphogenic potential. We found that a 0.44-kilobase-pair PstI-KpnI long terminal repeat-containing fragment from the Moloney MuLV was sufficient to confer some, but not complete, lymphogenic potential to a chimeric virus (p7M2) in NIH Swiss and SWR/J mice, but not in CD-1 mice. The addition of the 3'-end env sequences (comprising the carboxy terminus of gp70 and all p15E) to the U3 long terminal repeat sequences restored the full lymphogenic potential of the Moloney MuLV. Our data indicate that the 3'-end sequences of the helper Moloney MuLV are somehow involved in the development of lymphoma induced by A-MuLV. The same sequences have previously been found to harbor the determinant of leukemogenicity and of disease specificity of Moloney MuLV when inoculated alone.
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38
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Neil JC, Forrest D. Mechanisms of retrovirus-induced leukaemia: selected aspects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 907:71-91. [PMID: 3032259 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(87)90019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Yoshida T, Sakamoto H, Miyagawa K, Little PF, Terada M, Sugimura T. Genomic clone of hst with transforming activity from a patient with acute leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 142:1019-24. [PMID: 3030292 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the identification of a novel transforming gene, hst, in DNA samples taken from human stomach cancers and a noncancerous portion of stomach. Five clones, containing the genomic hst gene, were isolated from a human cosmid library constructed from leukocyte DNA from a patient with acute leukemia. All clones possessed transforming activity when transfected to NIH3T3 cells. From one clone, an 8.7 kb BamHI fragment was subcloned into pBR322, and this subclone was active in transforming NIH3T3 cells. This is the first isolation of transformation-competent genomic hst clones directly from a human genomic library, that is, without prior passage through NIH3T3 cells.
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40
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41
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Zijlstra M, Melief CJ. Virology, genetics and immunology of murine lymphomagenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 865:197-231. [PMID: 3021223 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(86)90028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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42
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Brown AM, Wildin RS, Prendergast TJ, Varmus HE. A retrovirus vector expressing the putative mammary oncogene int-1 causes partial transformation of a mammary epithelial cell line. Cell 1986; 46:1001-9. [PMID: 3019559 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammary tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), the int-1 gene is frequently activated by adjacent proviral insertions and is thereby strongly implicated in tumorigenesis. To seek a direct biological effect of int-1 that would validate its proposed role as an oncogene, we constructed a retrovirus vector containing the gene and examined its effects on tissue culture cells. Expression of int-1 in a mammary epithelial cell line caused striking morphological changes, unrestricted growth at high cell density, and focus formation on a monolayer, although the cells were not tumorigenic in vivo. This partial transformation induced by int-1 was not observed in cells infected by an otherwise identical virus bearing a frameshift mutation in the gene. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that int-1 plays a functional role in MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis.
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43
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44
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Adams JM, Harris AW, Langdon WY, Pinkert CA, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD, Corcoran L, Alexander WS, Graham MW, Cory S. c-myc-induced lymphomagenesis in transgenic mice and the role of the Pvt-1 locus in lymphoid neoplasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986; 132:1-8. [PMID: 3491731 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71562-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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