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Jiang Z, Sharfstein ST. Characterization of gene localization and accessibility in DHFR-amplified CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:296-300. [PMID: 19224609 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transcription is critical for high yields of recombinant proteins by mammalian cells. We previously reported that dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-mediated gene amplification can augment transcriptional rates as well as increasing gene copy numbers in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.1 In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we have employed several approaches to identify the epigenetic differences between cell clones with varying transcriptional rates. Transgene placement and accessibility varies between unrelated parental cell clones with differential transcriptional rates. However, we did not observe any apparent epigenetic differences between parental clones and their amplified progeny, indicating undiscovered regulatory mechanisms are responsible for the augmentation of transcriptional rates upon DHFR-mediated amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Dept. of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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2
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Jiang Z, Sharfstein ST. Sodium butyrate stimulates monoclonal antibody over-expression in CHO cells by improving gene accessibility. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:189-94. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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3
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Danaher RJ, Jacob RJ, Steiner MR, Allen WR, Hill JM, Miller CS. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in a latency-associated transcript-independent manner in neuronal cells. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:306-17. [PMID: 16036811 PMCID: PMC1361429 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590952817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is implicated in the regulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency. However, the role of histone acetylation in HSV-1 reactivation is less clear. In this study, the well-established model system, quiescently infected, neuronally differentiated PC12 (QIF-PC12) cells, was used to address the participation of histone acetylation in HSV-1 reactivation. In this model, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), two histone deacetylase inhibitors, stimulated production of infectious HSV-1 progeny from a quiescent state. To identify viral genes responsive to TSA, the authors analyzed representative alpha, beta, and gamma viral genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Only the latency-associated transcript (LAT) accumulated in response to TSA treatment, under culture conditions that restricted virus replication and spread. This led the authors to evaluate the importance of LAT expression on TSA-induced reactivation. In QIF-PC12 cells, the LAT deletion mutant virus dLAT2903 reactivated equivalently with its wild-type parental strain (McKrae) after TSA treatment, as well as forskolin and heat stress treatment. Both viruses also reactivated equivalently from latently infected trigeminal ganglia explants from rabbits. In contrast, there was a marked reduction in the recovery of dLAT2903, as compared to wild-type virus, from the eyes of latently infected rabbits following epinephrine iontophoresis. These combined in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data suggest that LAT is not required for reactivation from latently infected neuronal cells per se, but may enhance processes that allow for the arrival of virus at, or close to, the site of original inoculation (i.e., recrudescence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Danaher
- Oral Medicine Section, Center for Oral Health Research and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0297
| | - Robert J. Jacob
- Oral Medicine Section, Center for Oral Health Research and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0297
| | - Marion R. Steiner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0297
| | - Will R. Allen
- Oral Medicine Section, Center for Oral Health Research and
| | - James M. Hill
- LSU Eye Center, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Craig S. Miller
- Oral Medicine Section, Center for Oral Health Research and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0297
- * Corresponding author: Dr. Craig S. Miller, Oral Medicine Section, MN324, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0297 Tel: 859-323-5598 (office), Fax: 859-323-9136, E-mail address:
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4
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Ghoshal K, Jacob ST. Regulation of metallothionein gene expression. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 66:357-84. [PMID: 11051769 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(00)66034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and robust induction of metallothioneins (MT)-I and II by a variety of inducers that include heavy toxic metals, reactive oxygen species, and different types of stress provide a useful system to study the molecular mechanisms of this unique induction process. The specific expression of MT-III in the brain and of MT-IV in the squamous epithelium of skin and tongue offers a unique opportunity to identify and characterize the tissue-specific factors involved in their expression. Studies using transgenic mice that overexpress MTs or MT null mice have revealed the role of MT in the protection of cells against numerous tissue-damaging agents such as reactive oxygen species. The primary physiological function of these proteins, however, remains an enigma. Considerable advances have been made in the identification of the cis-acting elements that are involved in the constitutive and induced expression of MT-I and MT-II. By contrast, only one key trans-activating factor, namely MTF-1, has been extensively characterized. Studies on the epigenetic silencing of MT-I and MT-II by promoter hypermethylation in some cancer cells have posed interesting questions concerning the functional relevance of MT gene silencing, the molecular mechanisms of MT suppression in these cells, particularly chromatin modifications, and the characteristics of the repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ghoshal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA
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5
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Haas MJ, Cosgrove DE, Xiong W, Cox GS. Sodium butyrate-mediated induction of the glycoprotein hormone ?-subunit gene: Requirement for continued protein synthesis, identification of a butyrate-responsive element, and inhibition of promoter activation by 2-deoxyglucose. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990801)74:2<242::aid-jcb10>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Sarafian V, Jadot M, Foidart JM, Letesson JJ, Van den Brûle F, Castronovo V, Wattiaux R, Coninck SW. Expression of Lamp-1 and Lamp-2 and their interactions with galectin-3 in human tumor cells. Int J Cancer 1998; 75:105-11. [PMID: 9426697 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980105)75:1<105::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal-membrane-associated glycoproteins (Lamps) 1 and 2 are rarely found on the plasma membranes of normal cells. There is evidence suggesting an increase in their cell-surface expression in tumor cells, with some data indicating that the adhesion of some cancer cells to the extracellular matrix is partly mediated by interactions between Lamps and E-selectin and between Lamps and galectins (endogenous-galactoside-binding lectins). The present study examined the expression of Lamp-1 and Lamp-2 and their interactions with galectin-3 in different human tumor cell lines. Indirect immunofluorescence staining revealed accumulation of Lamp molecules at the edges of A2058 human metastasizing melanoma cells suggesting that these glycoproteins could participate in cell adhesion. Flow cytometry showed the presence of cell-surface Lamps in A2058, HT1080 (human fibrosarcoma) and CaCo-2 (human colon-adenocarcinoma) cells. Treatment with 2 mM sodium butyrate for 24 and 48 hr resulted in a significant increase in Lamps surface expression. A strong binding of A2058 to recombinant galectin-3 was detected by FACS. The application of 2 and 5 mM butyrate for the same incubation period enhanced galectin-3 binding to Lamps-expressing cells. Our results support the idea that Lamps may be considered a new family of adhesive glycoproteins participating in the complex process of tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sarafian
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame De la Paix, Medical Faculty, Namur, Belgium
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7
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Zhimulev IF. Polytene chromosomes, heterochromatin, and position effect variegation. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1997; 37:1-566. [PMID: 9352629 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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8
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McBain JA, Eastman A, Nobel CS, Mueller GC. Apoptotic death in adenocarcinoma cell lines induced by butyrate and other histone deacetylase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:1357-68. [PMID: 9214697 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
n-Butyrate inhibits the growth of colon cancer cell lines. In the HCT 116 cell line, butyrate-induced growth inhibition is almost fully reversible, whereas in the VACO 5 cell line, a subpopulation undergoes apoptosis within 30 hr of treatment with butyrate. Concurrent treatment of VACO 5 cells with butyrate and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) accelerates and increases the incidence of cell death to nearly 100% of the population, whereas HCT 116 cells largely remain alive during treatment with this combination. The action of butyrate as an inhibitor of histone deacetylase was assessed in these cell lines by examining extracted core histones for their electrophoretic mobility in Triton/acid/urea gels. The concentrations of butyrate that were effective for inducing apoptosis were similar to the concentrations that caused hyperacetylation of core histones in the VACO 5 cell line. Furthermore, an examination of other carboxylic acids for induction of apoptosis revealed a rank order that corresponded to the order of potency in causing hyperacetylation of core histones. Specifically, the active acids were 3-5 carbons in length and lacked substitution at the 2-position. Isovaleric and propionic acids, in particular, proved to be effective inducers of both hyperacetylation and apoptosis at 5 mM concentrations, a finding of potential relevance to the unusual pancytopenia occurring after acidotic episodes in isovaleric and propionic acidemias. The duration of butyrate treatment required for chromatin fragmentation (10-20 hr) corresponded to the time required for histone H4 to become predominantly tetraacetylated. Furthermore, trichostatin A, a structurally dissimilar inhibitor of histone deacetylase, mimicked butyrate-induced apoptosis of VACO 5 cells and growth inhibition of HCT 116 cells. The dramatic enhancement of VACO 5 cell death by TPA, and the high level resistance of HCT 116 cells to butyrate were not evident from histone acetylation determinations. Thus, applications of butyrate for cytoreduction therapy will benefit from pharmacodynamic assessment of histone acetylation, but will require additional work to predict susceptibility to butyrate-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McBain
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, U.S.A.
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9
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Frazier DP, Cox D, Godshalk EM, Schaffer PA. The herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript promoter is activated through Ras and Raf by nerve growth factor and sodium butyrate in PC12 cells. J Virol 1996; 70:7424-32. [PMID: 8892860 PMCID: PMC190809 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7424-7432.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus establishes latent infections in the nuclei of sensory neurons. These infections are characterized by the abundant expression of a series of 5' coterminal transcripts termed the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). Available evidence indicates that LAT expression is specifically regulated in latently infected neurons. Although previous studies have examined the regulation of LAT expression in neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the mechanism of regulation of LAT expression in neuronal cells in response to external factors has not been investigated. To address this question, we characterized the activity of LAT promoter fusion constructs in PC12 cells following treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) and/or sodium butyrate (NaB), agents that affect expression of cell cycle-associated genes. Expression from the LAT promoter was induced 8- to 12-fold by either NGF or NaB alone and 40- to 60-fold when the two agents were added simultaneously. Fibroblast growth factor also induced expression from the LAT promoter but to a lesser extent than NGF. Treatment with factors such as epidermal growth factor, phorbol myristate acetate, cyclic AMP, or KCI had no significant effect on LAT promoter activity. Notably, promoter-reporter constructs containing immediate-early (ICP0 and ICP4), early (ICP8 and UL9), and late (UL10 and UL30) viral promoters were induced only two- to fourfold by NGF, suggesting that the LAT promoter may be unusual among herpes simplex virus genes in the magnitude of its response to this factor. To identify pathways leading to LAT activation in vitro, we characterized the response of the LAT promoter to NGF and/or NaB in PC12-derived cell lines containing mutations in specific signal transduction pathways. We found that activation of the LAT promoter requires Ras activation and that activation of the serine/threonine kinase, Raf, is sufficient to induce LAT expression. Together, these results indicate that the LAT promoter is regulated via the Ras/Raf signal transduction pathway in response to external factors such as NGF and NaB and that LAT expression may be regulated by NGF in latently infected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Frazier
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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10
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Egawa N, Maillet B, VanDamme B, De Grève J, Klöppel G. Differentiation of pancreatic carcinoma induced by retinoic acid or sodium butyrate: a morphological and molecular analysis of four cell lines. Virchows Arch 1996; 429:59-68. [PMID: 8865855 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The antiproliferative and differentiation-inducing effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and sodium butyrate (SB) were investigated in four pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, two poorly differentiated ones (PT45 and PaTu-II), one moderately to poorly differentiated one (Panc-1) and one highly differentiated one (A818-1). Treatment with 20 microM RA resulted in moderate inhibition of cell growth in all cell lines, but clear evidence of cytodifferentiation (including elongated cell processes, increased rough endoplasmic reticulum, intensified immunostaining for the mucin marker (M1) was found only in PT45 and Panc-1. These phenotypic changes were paralleled by upregulation of RAR (retinoic acid receptor)-alpha and -gamma mRNA. SB (1 and 2 mM) treatment inhibited the cell growth of all cell lines much more prominently than RA. Cytodifferentiation was also largely restricted to PT45 and Panc-1. A noticeable phenomenon was enhancement of the expression of the neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and Lcu7 in Panc-1 cells. In conclusion, it is evident that the original differentiation status of cells and their responsiveness to the agents are not clearly associated, and that RA responsiveness correlates with upregulation of RAR-alpha and -gamma mRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Butyrates/pharmacology
- Butyric Acid
- CD57 Antigens/analysis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/ultrastructure
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Mucins/analysis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/analysis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Synaptophysin/analysis
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- N Egawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan
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11
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Chireux M, Espinos E, Bloch S, Yoshida M, Weber MJ. Histone hyperacetylating agents stimulate promoter activity of human choline acetyltransferase gene in transfection experiment. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 39:68-78. [PMID: 8804715 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(96)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate (5 mM), Trichostatin A (1 microM) or Trapoxin A (30 nM) increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in cultured rat sympathetic neurons 3- to 8-fold in 2 days. On the contrary, the three drugs decreased ChAT activity in human CHP126 cells. Butyrate had little effect on ChAT mRNA level in these cells, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms for the decrease in ChAT activity. However, transient transfection experiments using CHP126 cells revealed that the M promoter, but not the R promoter, of human ChAT gene was activated 20- to 130-fold by the three hyperacetylating agents. A butyrate-responsive element was localized in the 1 kbp region upstream of exon M. Constructs containing in addition the genomic segment between exons M and 1 displayed maximal basal activity and inducibility by butyrate, suggesting the presence of butyrate-activated promoter/enhancer elements in this region. The stimulatory effects of butyrate and Trichostatin A were also observed in stably transfected CHP126 clones, suggesting that the chromatin environment was not preventing the induction of the endogenous ChAT gene by butyrate. Rather, the data suggest different chromatin organizations for the stable transgene and the endogenous ChAT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chireux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Eucaryote, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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12
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Antoni BA, Stein SB, Rabson AB. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 1994; 43:53-145. [PMID: 8191958 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B A Antoni
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854
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13
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Souleimani A, Asselin C. Regulation of c-myc expression by sodium butyrate in the colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:45-50. [PMID: 8325387 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81758-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 spontaneously undergoes enterocytic differentiation in culture. We used sodium butyrate to modify differentiation and growth properties of this cell line and considered c-myc expression as a potential target. Degradation of normal c-myc mRNAs with a half-life of 20 min is not coupled to translation in this cell line, as determined by cycloheximide treatment. We show that butyrate reduces c-myc mRNA levels after a 30 min delay. Butyrate does not affect c-myc expression at the level of transcriptional initiation or elongation, as determined by run-on analysis, but at a post-transcriptional level. Cycloheximide blocks butyrate-dependent reduction of c-myc mRNA levels. Cross-linking experiments show that a 34 kDa protein binds specifically to the c-myc AU-rich instability determinant found in the 3'-untranslated region (ARE). Binding of this protein to the ARE is not modulated by butyrate or cycloheximide. These experiments suggest that butyrate induces a factor involved in c-myc mRNA degradation that differs from the known ARE-associated proteins. Post-transcriptional modification of gene expression could be one of the major targets for this anti-proliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Souleimani
- Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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14
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Corra S, Kazakoff K, Mogaki M, Cano M, Pour PM. Modification of antigen expression in human and hamster pancreatic cancer cell lines induced by sodium butyrate. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1993; 13:199-215. [PMID: 7905674 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sodium butyrate (NaB) on the growth, morphology, and expression of blood group A, Lewis(a), and CA 19-9 antigen in the hamster pancreatic cancer cell lines, PC-1 (well differentiated) and PC-1.0 (poorly differentiated), and of blood group A, DU-PAN-2, and CA 19-9 antigens in four human pancreatic cancer cell lines, HPAF and CD11 (well differentiated) and CD18 and PANC-1 (poorly differentiated), were examined. NaB inhibited the growth of all cell lines and induced cell enlargement, an increase in secretory material, microfilaments, and pseudopodia. NaB stimulated the production of blood group A antigen in PC-1.0 cells dose dependently, but no change in the expression of this antigen was observed in the human cell lines. However, NaB treatment increased the presence of cells positive for CA 19-9 in PANC-1 but not in the remaining cell lines, none of which reacted with the anti-CA 19-9 antibody before or after NaB treatment. Untreated PANC-1 cells did not produce either blood group A or DU-PAN-2 antigen, but expressed these antigens after NaB treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that NaB stimulates the differentiation of the hamster and human pancreatic cancer cell lines and increases or induces the expression of some tumor-associated antigens.
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MESH Headings
- ABO Blood-Group System/analysis
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Blood Group Antigens/biosynthesis
- Butyrates/pharmacology
- Butyrates/therapeutic use
- Butyric Acid
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cricetinae
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Histocytochemistry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Isoantigens/biosynthesis
- Lewis Blood Group Antigens/analysis
- Mesocricetus
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corra
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805
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15
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deFazio A, Chiew Y, Donoghue C, Lee C, Sutherland R. Effect of sodium butyrate on estrogen receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in human breast cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Yeivin A, Tang DC, Taylor MW. Sodium butyrate selectively induces transcription of promoters adjacent to the MoMSV viral enhancer. Gene 1992; 116:159-64. [PMID: 1634113 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90511-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The long terminal repeat region of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MoMSV) was cloned upstream from the Chinese hamster ovary adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT)-encoding gene (APRT) in order to enhance synthesis of the APRT protein. The replacement of the native promoter with the viral enhancer-promoter increased the enzymatic activity of APRT two- to threefold. Addition of sodium butyrate (NaBu) to the cell growth medium induced APRT activity ten- to 20-fold above wild-type levels in both transient and stable transfectants. The introduction of the APRT native promoter between the MoMSV enhancer-promoter and structural gene reduced the magnitude of the NaBu response. The bacterial cat gene was also stimulated by NaBu when linked to the viral enhancer-promoter. No NaBu response was found in constructs lacking the MoMSV enhancer region. Northern analysis and nuclear run-on experiments indicated that NaBu enhanced transcription of APRT mRNA in both transiently and stably transfected cells, but not in cells inhibited by cycloheximide. Thus, a butyrate-response element (BRE) is associated with the MoMSV enhancer and the action of the MoMSV BRE is promoter-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yeivin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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17
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Liu J, McKim JM, Liu YP, Klaassen CD. Effects of butyrate homologues on metallothionein induction in rat primary hepatocyte cultures. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1992; 28A:320-6. [PMID: 1597404 DOI: 10.1007/bf02877055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaB), a 4-carbon fatty acid, has been reported to activate the metallothionein (MT) gene in certain carcinoma cell lines. Because the effects of NaB are dependent on the cell type investigated, this study was conducted to determine if NaB and its homologues induce MT in rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocytes were grown on monolayer for 12 h and subsequently treated with formate, acetate, propionate (NaP), NaB, and valeric acid for 10 to 58 h. To examine their interaction with known MT inducers, cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), or dexamethasone (Dex) were added to some cultures. MT protein in the cells was quantitated by the Cd-hemoglobin assay; MT-1 mRNA was analyzed by Northern blot hybridizations with oligonucleotide probes, and quantitated by slot-blot analysis. Among the 1 to 5 carbon carboxylic acids, only NaP (3 carbon) and NaB (4 carbon) induced MT. NaP and NaB alone produced a moderate increase in MT two- to fourfold over control), but when combined with Cd or Dex, an additive increase was observed. However, when combined with Zn, a synergistic increase was detected. NaB and Zn synergistically increased MT protein, but produced only an additive increase in MT mRNA, suggesting the involvement of some posttranscriptional event(s) in the NaB-Zn induction of MT. In conclusion, NaP and NaB induced MT in normal cultured rat hepatocytes, producing an additive increase in MT protein with Cd and Dex, and a synergistic increase in MT protein with Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66103
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18
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Cosgrove DE, Cox GS. Effects of sodium butyrate and 5-azacytidine on DNA methylation in human tumor cell lines: variable response to drug treatment and withdrawal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1087:80-6. [PMID: 1698097 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(90)90124-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of butyrate (Btr) and 5-azacytidine (azaC) on genomic DNA methylation was examined in a variety of human tumor cell lines. Butyrate treatment differentially affected 5-methylcytosine (m5C) content in a cell type-specific manner. For example, incubation of CBT cells (glioblastoma multiforme) for 48 h in medium containing 2 mM Btr resulted in the hypomethylation of their DNA; after removal of the drug, the m5C content was rapidly (24 h) restored to its original level. In contrast, when HeLa cells (cervical carcinoma) were cultured for 48 h in 3 mM Btr, their genomic DNA became more extensively methylated relative to the untreated control, and the hypermethylated state was maintained for long periods in culture. Treatment of HeLa cell lines with azaC resulted in extensive demethylation of their DNA. Following removal of the drug, the DNA was rapidly remethylated to levels equal to or greater than those of the untreated cells. The hypermethylated state has remained stable for over 180 generations. Together, the data suggest that cells respond rapidly to alter drug-induced reductions in the m5C content of their DNA, and this response can subsequently result in overmethylation. In contrast, when drug-induced hypermethylation of genomic DNA occurs, it may persist for many cell generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cosgrove
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-4525
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Prosperi E, Giangaré MC, Supino R, Bottiroli G. Flow cytometric evaluation of DNA digestion with micrococcal nuclease on isolated HeLa nuclei. J Microsc 1990; 159:255-63. [PMID: 2243361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb03031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric assessment of DNA digestion with micrococcal nuclease has been performed on isolated HeLa nuclei by determining the relative reduction in stainability with the DNA-specific fluorochrome, propidium iodide. At the nuclease concentrations used, DNA histograms of digested nuclei showed the typical bimodal pattern, when the enzymatic reaction was performed in a medium maintaining chromatin in its native (i.e. condensed) or partially decondensed from. In contrast, when nuclei were digested in a buffer lacking both the mono- and divalent cations K+ and Mg2+, an extensive decrease in fluorescence intensity, with loss of the histogram shape, was observed. In nuclei with native chromatin, DNA stainability decreased as a function of time and enzyme concentration, to reach a lower limit of about 46%, as compared with undigested control samples. Removal of the histone H1 induced a significant increase (approximately by a factor of 2) in the extent of digestion, although only in nuclei with partially decondensed chromatin. These results suggest that the sensitivity of DNA to digestion with micrococcal nuclease can be quantitatively monitored with flow cytometry when appropriate reaction conditions are chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Prosperi
- Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Italy
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20
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Tang SJ, Ko LW, Lee YH, Wang FF. Induction of fos and sis proto-oncogenes and genes of the extracellular matrix proteins during butyrate induced glioma differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1048:59-65. [PMID: 2105102 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(90)90022-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate has been shown to inhibit the growth and induce the differentiation of F-98 rat glioma cells. In agreement with the morphological changes, we have found that mRNAs for fibronectin and collagen in these cells could be reversibly induced by butyrate. While Ki-ras mRNA levels remained relatively unchanged, mRNAs for fos and sis increased significantly during the course of butyrate induced differentiation. c-fos induction can be detected 30 min after butyrate addition, a peak level (greater than 20 fold) was reached at 2 h, with a subsequent gradual decline. c-sis induction was detectable 24 h after butyrate exposure, at which time the cells have assumed morphological transition. Interestingly, the sis mRNA induction was not reversible upon butyrate withdrawal. The sis mRNA half-life increased from 40 min in the untreated cells to 100 min in the butyrate induced cells indicating that the increase in the stability of sis mRNA contributed, at least in part, to the elevated levels of sis expression. These findings demonstrate a coordinated induction of fibronectin and collagen genes in the butyrate-treated F-98 cells. In addition, fos and sis transcripts were differentially induced; a rapid and transient induction of fos followed by an irreversible induction of sis at a later stage of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Yang-Ming Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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21
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Modulation of the expression of a multidrug resistance gene (mdr-1/P-glycoprotein) by differentiating agents. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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22
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Bohan CA, Robinson RA, Luciw PA, Srinivasan A. Mutational analysis of sodium butyrate inducible elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat. Virology 1989; 172:573-83. [PMID: 2800338 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate induces gene expression directed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) in HeLa cells. Inducible regions of the HIV-1 LTR were elucidated by using 5' and 3' LTR deletion mutants and LTR site-directed mutants within the Sp1 binding sites and the trans-activation responsive (TAR) region. Two LTR regions inducible by sodium butyrate were located: one at -117 to -103 (distal site) and one at -65 to -17 (proximal site). In HeLa cells trans-fected with pZ6neo, a biologically active HIV-1 proviral clone, sodium butyrate stimulated virus production following a 3-day treatment. Inducibility of HIV-1 gene expression by sodium butyrate was unrestricted in many human cell types, including CD4+ lymphoid cells and non-CD+ brain cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, sodium butyrate transiently induced HIV-2 LTR-directed gene expression in HeLa cells. Using the HIV-1SF-2 tat gene cotransfected with pLTR-CAT site-directed TAR mutants in HeLa cells, the boundaries of tat-trans-activation were delineated more precisely. These results suggest that the induction of HIV-1 gene expression is mediated by the interaction of sodium butyrate with cellular transcription factors that bind to the HIV-LTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bohan
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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23
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Flatow U, Rabson AB, Hand PH, Willingham MC, Rabson AS. Characterization and tumorigenicity of a butyrate-adapted T24 bladder cancer cell line. Cancer Invest 1989; 7:423-35. [PMID: 2695227 DOI: 10.3109/07357908909041373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have adapted T24P, a tumorigenic subline of the T24 human bladder cancer cell line, to grow in 5 mM butyrate. In the presence of butyrate, the adapted cells (T24P/B) grow more slowly than the unadapted cells (T24P/C), have a lower saturation density, increased serum requirement for growth, loss of ability to form colonies when plated at low cell density, and decreased ouabain sensitivity. Morphologically, T24P/B cells in butyrate are large and flattened with increased cytoplasm. When T24P/B cells are grown without butyrate, the morphological changes, growth rate, plating efficiency, and ouabain sensitivity return to those of T24P/C. While the saturation density increases, it does not return to levels of T24P/C, and the size of colonies never reaches that of the T24P/C colonies. Both T24P/C and T24P/B are tumorigenic in nude mice, however, the T24P/B tumors differ grossly and microscopically from those produced by T24P/C in that they contain large cystic structures filled with clear fluid and lined by transitional cell epithelium with flattened surface layers. Although the transformed phenotype and tumorigenicity of T24P are modified by adaptation to growth in butyrate, no significant changes in ras oncogene RNA or protein expression were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Flatow
- Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ryan MP, Higgins PJ. Cytoarchitecture of Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed rat kidney fibroblasts: butyrate-induced reorganization within the actin microfilament network. J Cell Physiol 1988; 137:25-34. [PMID: 2844835 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041370104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine sarcoma virus-transformed rat fibroblasts (KNRK cells) undergo marked cytoarchitectural reorganization during in vitro exposure to sodium-n-butyrate (NaB) resulting in restoration of (1) a more typical fibroblastoid morphology, (2) proper cell-to-cell orientation, and (3) substratum adherence. Augmented cell spreading, involving greater than 90% of the population, was a function of culture density and time of exposure to NaB (2 mM final concentration). Induced cell spreading reflected a 2.5- to 3.0-fold increase in both total cellular actin content and deposition of actin into the detergent-resistant cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal actin deposition in response to NaB was accompanied by the formation of occasionally dense, parallel alignments of F-actin-containing microfilaments and by a dramatic increase in the size and incidence of actin-enriched membrane ruffles. Long-term NaB-treated cells exhibited parallel orientations of microfilaments similar to those found in untransformed fibroblasts. Increased cytoskeletal actin occurred within 24 hr of NaB exposure, correlating with the initial reorganization of actin-containing microfilaments detected microscopically, and reflected concomitant 3-fold increases in cellular alpha-actinin and fibronectin content. In contrast, the amount of vimentin, tropomyosin, and tubulin in NaB-treated cells was significantly decreased. NaB-induced morphologic restructuring of sarcoma virus-transformed fibroblasts, thus, impacts on all three basic cytoskeletal systems. Selective increases, however, were evident in particular cytoskeletal proteins (actin, alpha-actinin, fibronectin) implicated in microfilament networking and cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ryan
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Albany, New York 12208
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