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Ng SS, Lee HL, Pandian BR, Doong RA. Recent developments on nanomaterial-based optical biosensor as potential Point-of-Care Testing (PoCT) probe in carcinoembryonic antigen detection: A review. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200287. [PMID: 35471591 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For the past decades, several cancer biomarkers have been exploited for rapid and accurate prognosis or diagnosis purposes. In this review, the optical biosensor is targeted for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The CEA level is a prominent parameter currently used in clinical cases for the prognosis of cancer-related diseases. Many nanomaterial-based biosensors are invented as alternatives for the commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) immunoassay method in CEA detection as the traditional approach but they possess certain drawbacks such as tedious procedure, high technical demand, and costly. Nevertheless, the effort appears to be wasted as none of them are being actualised. Generally, the sensor function was carried out by converting bio-signals generated upon the interface of the receptor into light signals. These sensors were popular due to specific advantages such as sensitivity, being free from chemical and electromagnetic interferences, wide dynamic range, and being easy to be monitored. The features of PoC diagnostics are discussed and associated with the various applications of colorimetric-based and chemiluminescent-based biosensors. The roles of nanomaterials in each application were also summarised by comparing the modification, incubation period, lowest detection limit (LOD) and linear range of detection amount. The challenges and future perspectives were highlighted at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Suan Ng
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Analytical and Environmental Science, TAIWAN
| | - Hooi Ling Lee
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Chemical Sciences, School of Chemical Sciences,, Universiti Sains Malaysia,, 11800, USM, MALAYSIA
| | | | - Ruey-An Doong
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Analytical and Environmental Science, TAIWAN
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Predicting the Survival Probability of Neuroendocrine Tumor Populations: Developing and Evaluating a New Predictive Nomogram. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9126351. [PMID: 33575356 PMCID: PMC7864749 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9126351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and initially validate a nomogram model in order to predict the 3-year and 5-year survival rates of neuroendocrine tumor patients. Methods Accordingly, 348 neuroendocrine tumor patients were enrolled as study objects, of which 244 (70%) patients were included in the training set to establish the nomogram model, while 104 (30%) patients were included in the validation set to verify the robustness of the model. First, the variables related to the survival rate were determined by univariable analysis. In addition, variables that were sufficiently significant were selected for constructing the nomogram model. Furthermore, the concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and calibration curve analysis were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed nomogram model. The survival analysis was then used to evaluate the return to survival probability as well as the indicators of constructing the nomogram model. Results According to the multivariable analysis, lymphatic metastasis, international normalized ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PT), tumor differentiation, and the number of tumor metastases were found to be independent predictors of survival rate. Moreover, the C-index results demonstrated that the model was robust in both the training set (0.891) and validation set (0.804). In addition, the ROC results further verified the robustness of the model either in the training set (AUC = 0.823) or training set (AUC = 0.768). Furthermore, the calibration curve results showed that the model can be used to predict the 3-year and 5-year survival probability of neuroendocrine tumor patients. Meaningfully, five variables were found: lymphatic metastasis (p = 0.0095), international standardized ratio (p = 0.024), prothrombin time (p = 0.0036), tumor differentiation (p = 0.0026), and the number of tumor metastases (p = 0.00096), which were all significantly related to the 3-year and 5-year survival probability of neuroendocrine tumor patients. Conclusion In summary, a nomogram model was constructed in this study based on five variables (lymphatic metastasis, international normalized ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PT), tumor differentiation, and number of tumor metastases), which was shown to predict the survival probability of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Additionally, the proposed nomogram exhibited good ability in predicting survival probability, which may be easily adopted for clinical use.
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Hao C, Zhang G, Zhang L. Serum CEA levels in 49 different types of cancer and noncancer diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 162:213-227. [PMID: 30905451 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was first identified as colon cancer antigen in 1965. The higher serum CEA level than that of healthy individuals led to its clinical application as a diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer. Subsequent molecular biology studies revealed that CEA are glycoproteins from a family of 32 genes and are normally expressed in various tissues. Indeed, serum CEA levels are not only increased in colorectal cancer but also increased in other types of cancers and noncancer diseases. However, a systematic comparison of the serum CEA levels in different diseases has not been reported. In current study, serum CEA levels from 70,993 patients with 49 clinically defined diseases were retrieved in the clinical laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University over the past 5 years. In addition, serum CEA levels from 39,650 individuals who attended their annual physical examination were used as healthy controls. Based on the mean, median, and -Log10p values, we found that patients suffering from 42 diseases had significantly increased serum CEA levels than that of healthy controls. Moreover, patients with lung fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, uremia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colon cancer, Alzheimer's disease, rectum cancer, and lung cancer had highest media levels of serum CEA in a descending order. Furthermore, healthy individuals older than 65 years old ranked 24th out of 49 in the media levels of serum CEA. In summary, the increased serum CEA levels are associated with aging, cancers, and noncancer diseases and the molecular mechanisms behind the increased serum CEA levels in the 42 unrelated diseases need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hao
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Stanners CP, Rojas M, Zhou H, Fuks A, Beauchemin N. The CEA Family: A System in Transitional Evolution? Int J Biol Markers 2018; 7:137-42. [PMID: 1431335 DOI: 10.1177/172460089200700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CEA family consists of two structurally and functionally distinct subgroups; the group including CEA, NCA and CGM-6 which are cell surface-bound by phosphatidylinositol (PI) linkages, and the group of BGP splice variants which have transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Although all CEA family members mediate intercellular adhesion in vitro, the PI-linked group show Ca++ and temperature independent adhesion whereas the BGP group show rapidly reversible Ca++ and temperature dependent adhesion. From the close alignment in cDNA nucleotide sequences between family members and between repeated domains in one family member, it is apparent that the CEA family is now rapidly evolving; in fact, analogs of only the transmembrane BGP group have been found so far in the mouse. The addition of a new group of potent adhesion molecules to complex species at some time after the rodent radiation has strong evolutional implications, which are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Stanners
- McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec-Canada
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Chen J, Raju GS, Jogunoori W, Menon V, Majumdar A, Chen JS, Gi YJ, Jeong YS, Phan L, Belkin M, Gu S, Kundra S, Mistry NA, Zhang J, Su X, Li S, Lin SH, Javle M, McMurray JS, Rahlfs TF, Mishra B, White J, Rashid A, Beauchemin N, Weston BR, Shafi MA, Stroehlein JR, Davila M, Akbani R, Weinstein JN, Wu X, Mishra L. Mutational Profiles Reveal an Aberrant TGF-β-CEA Regulated Pathway in Colon Adenomas. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153933. [PMID: 27100181 PMCID: PMC4839765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational processes and signatures that drive early tumorigenesis are centrally important for early cancer prevention. Yet, to date, biomarkers and risk factors for polyps (adenomas) that inordinately and rapidly develop into colon cancer remain poorly defined. Here, we describe surprisingly high mutational profiles through whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis in 2 of 4 pairs of benign colorectal adenoma tissue samples. Unsupervised hierarchical clustered transcriptomic analysis of a further 7 pairs of adenomas reveals distinct mutational signatures regardless of adenoma size. Transitional single nucleotide substitutions of C:G>T:A predominate in the adenoma mutational spectrum. Strikingly, we observe mutations in the TGF-β pathway and CEA-associated genes in 4 out of 11 adenomas, overlapping with the Wnt pathway. Immunohistochemical labeling reveals a nearly 5-fold increase in CEA levels in 23% of adenoma samples with a concomitant loss of TGF-β signaling. We also define a functional role by which the CEA B3 domain interacts with TGFBR1, potentially inactivating the tumor suppressor function of TGF-β signaling. Our study uncovers diverse mutational processes underlying the transition from early adenoma to cancer. This has broad implications for biomarker-driven targeting of CEA/TGF-β in high-risk adenomas and may lead to early detection of aggressive adenoma to CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gottumukkala S. Raju
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wilma Jogunoori
- Institute of Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Vipin Menon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Avijit Majumdar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Young Jin Gi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yun Seong Jeong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liem Phan
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Belkin
- Institute of Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Shoujun Gu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery and George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Suchin Kundra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nipun A. Mistry
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Milind Javle
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John S. McMurray
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Rahlfs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bibhuti Mishra
- Institute of Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jon White
- Institute of Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brian R. Weston
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mehnaz A. Shafi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John R. Stroehlein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marta Davila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rehan Akbani
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John N. Weinstein
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, United States of America
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery and George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hatakeyama K, Wakabayashi-Nakao K, Ohshima K, Sakura N, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki T. Novel protein isoforms of carcinoembryonic antigen are secreted from pancreatic, gastric and colorectal cancer cells. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:381. [PMID: 24070190 PMCID: PMC3850884 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) is an oncofetal cell surface glycoprotein. Because of its high expression in cancer cells and secretion into serum, CEA has been widely used as a serum tumor marker. Although other members of CEACAM family were investigated for splice variants/variants-derived protein isoforms, few studies about the variants of CEACAM5 have been reported. In this study, we demonstrated the existence of novel CEACAM5 splice variants and splice variant-derived protein isoforms in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Results We identified two novel CEACAM5 splice variants in gastrointestinal (pancreatic, gastric, and colorectal) cancer cell lines. One of the variants possessed an alternative minor splice site that allowed generation of GC-AG intron. Furthermore, CEA protein isoforms derived from the novel splice variants were expressed in cancer cell lines and those protein isoforms were secreted into the culture medium. Although CEA protein isoforms always co-existed with the full-length protein, the secretion patterns of these isoforms did not correlate with the expression patterns. Conclusions This is the first study to identify the expression of CEA isoforms derived from the novel splice variants processed on the unique splice site. In addition, we also revealed the secretion of those isoforms from gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Our findings suggested that discrimination between the full-length and identified protein isoforms may improve the clinical utility of CEA as a tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hatakeyama
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
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Beauchemin N, Arabzadeh A. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:643-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family comprises a large number of cellular surface molecules, the CEA-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs), which belong to the Ig superfamily. CEACAMs exhibit a complex expression pattern in normal and malignant tissues. The majority of the CEACAMs are cellular adhesion molecules that are involved in a great variety of distinct cellular processes, for example in the integration of cellular responses through homo- and heterophilic adhesion and interaction with a broad selection of signal regulatory proteins, i.e., integrins or cytoskeletal components and tyrosine kinases. Moreover, expression of CEACAMs affects tumor growth, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, immune responses, and they serve as receptors for commensal and pathogenic microbes. Recently, new insights into CEACAM structure and function became available, providing further elucidation of their kaleidoscopic functions.
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Peng L, Oberst MD, Huang J, Brohawn P, Morehouse C, Lekstrom K, Baeuerle PA, Wu H, Yao Y, Coats SR, Dall’Acqua W, Damschroder M, Hammond SA. The CEA/CD3-bispecific antibody MEDI-565 (MT111) binds a nonlinear epitope in the full-length but not a short splice variant of CEA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36412. [PMID: 22574157 PMCID: PMC3344869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MEDI-565 (also known as MT111) is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody in development for the treatment of patients with cancers expressing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). MEDI-565 binds CEA on cancer cells and CD3 on T cells to induce T-cell mediated killing of cancer cells. To understand the molecular basis of human CEA recognition by MEDI-565 and how polymorphisms and spliced forms of CEA may affect MEDI-565 activity, we mapped the epitope of MEDI-565 on CEA using mutagenesis and homology modeling approaches. We found that MEDI-565 recognized a conformational epitope in the A2 domain comprised of amino acids 326–349 and 388–410, with critical residues F326, T328, N333, V388, G389, P390, E392, I408, and N410. Two non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10407503, rs7249230) were identified in the epitope region, but they are found at low homozygosity rates. Searching the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank® database, we further identified a single, previously uncharacterized mRNA splice variant of CEA that lacks a portion of the N-terminal domain, the A1 and B1 domains, and a large portion of the A2 domain. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of multiple cancers showed widespread expression of full-length CEA in these tumors, with less frequent but concordant expression of the CEA splice variant. Because the epitope was largely absent from the CEA splice variant, MEDI-565 did not bind or mediate T-cell killing of cells solely expressing this form of CEA. In addition, the splice variant did not interfere with MEDI-565 binding or activity when co-expressed with full-length CEA. Thus MEDI-565 may broadly target CEA-positive tumors without regard for expression of the short splice variant of CEA. Together our data suggest that MEDI-565 activity will neither be impacted by SNPs nor by a splice variant of CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Oberst
- Preclinical Oncology, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Brohawn
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Morehouse
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristen Lekstrom
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihong Yao
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Coats
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Dall’Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Damschroder
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (SH)
| | - Scott A. Hammond
- Preclinical Oncology, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MD); (SH)
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Wu XJ, Fang YJ, Lin JZ, Lu ZH, Li LR, Chen G, Ding PR, Kong LH, Pan ZZ, Wan DS. Circulating antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen related to improved recurrence-free survival of patients with colorectal carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:838-45. [PMID: 21819716 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated the prognostic value of antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA), detected by indirect immunosorbent assay, in the serum of colorectal carcinoma patients. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations, measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, were elevated in 26 (37.7%) of 69 patients with colorectal cancer and could not be detected among the 28 patients with benign intestinal conditions or 37 healthy individuals who comprised the control groups. Anti-CEA immuno globulin (Ig)G or IgM was detected by immunonephelometry in 44 (63.8%) patients with colorectal cancer, three (10.7%) with benign intestinal conditions and four (10.8%) healthy blood donors. Differences in antibody detection frequencies between the cancer patient group and the control groups were statistically significant. Titres of anti-CEA correlated significantly with CEA levels and Dukes' cancer stage. Antibody titre was an independent, significant, favourable predictor for 5-year recurrence-free survival. It is concluded that measurement of serum anti-CEA combined with CEA might be useful as a tumour marker and to assess prognosis. These results need to be confirmed in large, well-controlled, randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-J Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
A common phenotypic change in cancer is a dramatic transformation of cellular glycosylation. Functional studies of particular tumour-associated oligosaccharides are difficult to interpret conclusively, but carbohydrate-binding proteins are likely to contribute to progression of the tumour. This review discusses the potential role of CLRs (C-type lectin receptors), expressed by antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, in tumour recognition and immune modulation. Studies in recent years have provided significant insight into the immunomodulatory function of CLR during infections, but their role in cancer remains elusive; some strongly bind tumour cells and antigens, indicating participation in malignancy. The potential to use recombinant CLR as diagnostic tools will also be discussed.
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Czepczyńska-Krężel H, Czerwinski M, Krężel A, Krop-Watorek A. Isolation of carcinoembryonic antigen N-terminal domains (N-A1) from soluble aggregates. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 78:78-85. [PMID: 21458574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was identified as a prominent tumor-associated antigen in human colorectal cancer and it is still intensively investigated. However, its physiological role remains unclear. The CEA molecule is composed of seven highly hydrophobic, immunoglobulin-like domains, six of which contain a single disulphide bridge. The production of recombinant protein containing Ig-like domains in bacterial expression systems often results in partial degradation or insolubility due to aggregation hampering the analysis of their native structure and function. Here, we present a new method of expression and purification of CEA N-terminal domains (N-A1) fused to MBP in Escherichia coli. In order to optimize the expression and purification of CEA N-A1 domains we evaluated bacteria cultivation conditions, the length of N-A1 domains, fusion systems (GST- and MBP-tag), IPTG concentrations and protein purification conditions. We have found that MBP-N-A1 fusion protein digested with TEV protease forms soluble aggregates composed of N-A1 domains and incompletely digested MBP-N-A1 fusion protein. Using 1.25 M guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) as a component of the elution buffer we were able to achieve an almost complete dissociation of the aggregates. The dissociation was monitored by circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. The CD spectra and Ellman's assay suggest that the conformation of N-A1 domains and their disulphide bonds are correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Czepczyńska-Krężel
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, PL-53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Stevens FJ. Possible evolutionary links between immunoglobulin light chains and other proteins involved in amyloidosis. Amyloid 2008; 15:96-107. [PMID: 18484336 DOI: 10.1080/13506120802005973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With limited exceptions, proteins that account for the amyloidoses appear to be evolutionarily unrelated. Transthyretin is classified as having an "immunoglobulin-like" fold as found in light chain variable and constant domains. Thus, these amyloidogenic proteins have significant conformational similarity. In the absence of primary structure similarity sufficient to justify an inference of an evolutionary relationship, transthyretin is considered an analog of immunoglobulin domains having accrued the immunoglobulin-like fold by some form of convergent evolution of structure. Improvements in sequence comparison tools and strategies, coupled with recent logarithmic increases in the availability of primary structure data, now make it possible to suggest that transthyretin and immunoglobulins may have a common evolutionary origin. In addition, lactadherin, the medin fragment of which accounts for the most common form of human amyloid, also appears to be evolutionarily linked to transthyretin and immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred J Stevens
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Saif MW, Zalonis A, Syrigos K. The clinical significance of autoantibodies in gastrointestinal malignancies: an overview. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:493-507. [PMID: 17373901 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity can be associated with cancer and one of the forms of its expression is the development of antibodies to autologous cellular antigens. The types of cellular proteins which induce autoantibody responses in gastrointestinal malignancies are quite varied and include cellular proteins encoded by mutated normal genes (p53), cellular proteins that are overexpressed and/or aberrantly expressed in malignant tissues (carcinoembryonic antigen), inhibitors of apoptosis (survivin and livin), major components of mucus (mucins), surface receptors of apoptosis (Fas) and nuclear-restricted proteins (double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA and Sm family proteins). In the past few years, due to the great clinical interest and the advancement in detection techniques, the above list has grown significantly and a large number of cancer-related antigens, which trigger a specific humoral immune response to the host, have also been identified. The authors review the autoantibodies associated with gastrointestinal malignancies and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasif Saif
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, 333 Cedar Street, FMP 116, New Haven, CT 06520-8032, USA.
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Hance KW, Zeytin HE, Greiner JW. Mouse models expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a transgene: evaluation of CEA-based cancer vaccines. Mutat Res 2005; 576:132-54. [PMID: 15888344 PMCID: PMC2845972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, investigators have carried out several studies designed to evaluate whether human tumor-associated antigens might be exploited as targets for active specific immunotherapy, specifically human cancer vaccines. Not too long ago such an approach would have been met with considerable skepticism because the immune system was believed to be a rigid discriminator between self and non-self which, in turn, protected the host from a variety of pathogens. That viewpoint has been challenged in recent years by a series of studies indicating that antigenic determinants of self have not induced absolute host immune tolerance. Moreover, under specific conditions that evoke danger signals, peptides from self-antigen can be processed by the antigen-presenting cellular machinery, loaded onto the major histocompatibility antigen groove to serve as targets for immune intervention. Those findings provide the rationale to investigate a wide range of tumor-associated antigens, including differentiation antigens, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes as possible immune-based targets. One of those tumor-associated antigens is the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Described almost 40 years ago, CEA is a M(r) 180-200,000 oncofetal antigen that is one of the more widely studied human tumor-associated antigens. This review will provide: (i) a brief overview of the CEA gene family, (ii) a summary of early preclinical findings on overcoming immune tolerance to CEA, and (iii) the rationale to develop mouse models which spontaneously develop gastrointestinal tumors and express the CEA transgene. Those models have been used extensively in the study of overcoming host immune tolerance to CEA, a self, tumor-associated antigen, and the experimental findings have served as the rationale for the design of early clinical trials to evaluate CEA-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Hance
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hasan E. Zeytin
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John W. Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 301 496 9813; fax: +1 301 496 2756. (J.W. Greiner)
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16
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Ma Q, DeMarte L, Wang Y, Stanners CP, Junghans RP. Carcinoembryonic antigen-immunoglobulin Fc fusion protein (CEA-Fc) for identification and activation of anti-CEA immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor-modified T cells, representative of a new class of Ig fusion proteins. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:297-306. [PMID: 15002034 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor (IgTCR)-modified T cells ("designer T cells") kill tumor cells based on antibody-redirected recognition of tumor-associated antigen. Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) designer T cells have been prepared and applied in adoptive cellular immunotherapy regimens for CEA-positive cancers. A CEA-immunoglobulin Fc (CEA-Fc) fusion protein was created from the A3B3 region of CEA and the Fc portion of human IgG for the purposes of activation and detection of anti-CEA designer T cells. CEA-Fc was expressed at high yield in CHO cells and purified to homogeneity in a single step on a protein A affinity column. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that CEA-Fc formed disulfide-linked dimers with a molecular weight of about 170 kDa and a monomer size of 85kDa. The A3B3 CEA component of the CEA-Fc bound to anti-CEA monoclonal antibody MN-14, as well as to the single-chain Fv (sFv) derived from this antibody that was expressed in the IgTCR on the surface of designer T cells. The Fc portion of CEA-Fc was recognized by anti-human IgG Fc antibody and bound by human monocyte Fc receptors. CEA-Fc activated the anti-CEA designer T cells as plate-bound or monocyte-bound form but not as soluble form, as measured by CD69 expression and T-cell proliferation. Our results indicate that the CEA-Fc fusion protein can be used to detect the expression of the anti-CEA IgTCR chimeric receptors on the modified T cells, as well as to serve as an antigen to activate the anti-CEA IgTCR modified T cells. CEA-Fc is the prototype for a new class of antigen-Fc molecules that may significantly augment the analytic and therapeutic goals of adoptive designer T-cell immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/genetics
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzhong Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Lund LH, Andersson K, Zuber B, Karlsson A, Engström G, Hinkula J, Wahren B, Winberg G. Signal sequence deletion and fusion to tetanus toxoid epitope augment antitumor immune responses to a human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) plasmid DNA vaccine in a murine test system. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:365-76. [PMID: 12719706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, CEACAM5) is expressed on several human carcinomas including colon cancer. CEA contains signal peptides that target the protein through the endoplasmic reticulum and to the cell membrane. We constructed a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding a truncated CEA (deltaCEA), devoid of its signal peptides, and demonstrated that it was retained inside the cell, while full-length CEA (wtCEA) was expressed on the membrane. We hypothesized that intracellular retention of deltaCEA would enhance MHC class I presentation of CEA peptides, thus favoring cellular immune responses. In addition, a promiscuous T-helper epitope (Q830-L844 of tetanus toxoid) was fused to the N-terminal of the truncated CEA gene (tetdeltaCEA). C57BL/6 mice immunized with DNA encoding wtCEA or tetdeltaCEA developed both humoral and cellular immune responses to CEA. SCID mice transplanted with spleen cells from tetdeltaCEA but not wtCEA-immunized C57BL/6 mice showed strong suppression of tumor growth after inoculation of human CEA-expressing colon carcinoma cells. Immune spleen cell populations depleted for either B, T or both B and T cells were active, indicating that effector cells might also reside in other populations. The present approach to manipulating antigen presentation may open new possibilities for immunotherapy against colon and other CEA-secreting carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Lund
- Karolinska Institutet, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Box 280, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Taheri M, Saragovi HU, Stanners CP. The adhesion and differentiation-inhibitory activities of the immunoglobulin superfamily member, carcinoembryonic antigen, can be independently blocked. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14632-9. [PMID: 12571231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The external domains of Ig superfamily members are involved in multiple binding interactions, both homophilic and heterophilic, that initiate molecular events leading to the execution of diverse cell functions. Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an Ig superfamily cell surface glycoprotein used widely as a clinical tumor marker, undergoes homophilic interactions that mediate intercellular adhesion. Recent evidence supports the view that deregulated overexpression of CEA has an instrumental role in tumorigenesis through the inhibition of cell differentiation and the disruption of tissue architecture. The CEA-mediated block of the myogenic differentiation of rat L6 myoblasts depends on homophilic binding of its external domains. We show here that L6 transfectant cells expressing CEA can "trans-block" the myogenesis of juxtaposed differentiation-competent L6 transfectant cells expressing a deletion mutant of CEA (DeltaNCEA). This result implies the efficacy of antiparallel CEA-CEA interactions between cells in the differentiation block. In addition, DeltaNCEA can acquire differentiation blocking activity by cross-linking with specific anti-CEA antibodies, thus implying the efficacy of parallel CEA-CEA interactions on the same cell surface. The myogenic differentiation blocking activity of CEA was demonstrated by site-directed mutations to involve three subdomains of the amino-terminal domain, shown previously to be critical for its intercellular adhesion function. Monovalent Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies binding to the region bridging subdomains 1 and 2 could both inhibit intercellular adhesion and release the myogenic differentiation block. Amino acid substitutions Q80A, Q80R, and D82N in subdomain 3, QNDTG, however, were found to completely ablate the differentiation blocking activity of CEA but had no effect on intercellular adhesion activity. A cyclized peptide representing this subdomain was the most effective at releasing the differentiation block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taheri
- McGill Cancer Centre and Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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19
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Oikawa S, Sugiyama M, Kuroki M, Kuroki M, Nakazato H. Extracellular N-domain alone can mediate specific heterophilic adhesion between members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family, CEACAM6 and CEACAM8. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:564-8. [PMID: 11095950 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The domain(s) responsible for the specific heterophilic adhesion between two members of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, CEACAM6 and CEACAM8, both of which with three extracellular domains, were investigated using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) transfectants expressing chimeric antigens. Using a chimeric antigen in which the N-domain, a sole extracellular domain, of CEACAM3 was substituted with that of CEACAM6, it was shown that the N-domain of CEACAM6 alone was able to mediate specific adhesion to CEACAM8. Furthermore, the chimeric antigen was shown to bind significantly to chimeric CEA whose N-domain was substituted with that of CEACAM8, but not to unsubstituted CEA. These results demonstrate that the N-domain alone is sufficient and other domains of CEACAM6 or CEACAM8 are not required for this specific binding. We therefore propose a model of heterophilic interaction between the N-domains, which is distinct from that of CEA-CEA homophilic binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oikawa
- Suntory Biomedical Research Limited, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8503, Japan.
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20
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Taheri M, Saragovi U, Fuks A, Makkerh J, Mort J, Stanners CP. Self Recognition in the Ig Superfamily. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Kamishohara M, Kenney S, Domergue R, Vistica DT, Sausville EA. Selective accumulation of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment induced by the antitumor drug KRN5500. Exp Cell Res 2000; 256:468-79. [PMID: 10772819 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
KRN5500 is a semisynthetic spicamycin analogue consisting of a seven-carbon amino sugar linked to a C(14) unsaturated fatty acid through glycine and to the amino group of adenine. The drug inhibits cell growth potently and has antitumor activity in in vivo models. The mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of KRN5500 remains to be elucidated. We have found that acute exposure of drug-sensitive HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells to the drug results initially in swelling of the Golgi apparatus. Continuous exposure to the drug resulted in the emergence of a resistant population of cells characterized by numerous intracellular vacuoles. These KRN5500-resistant tumor cells exhibited increased staining with the Golgi stain NBD C(6)-ceramide and the ER-Golgi fluorescent dye BODIPY-brefeldin A, which, unlike the parental drug-sensitive cells, was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Marker enzymes associated with the ER (glucose 6-phosphatase) and cis-Golgi (GalNAc transferase) were elevated >2-fold and nearly 4-fold, respectively, in drug-resistant cell lines while the trans-Golgi marker enzyme, galactosyltransferase, was not. The additional findings that the KRN5500-resistant cells have a >2-fold elevation in ERGIC-53, a cis-Golgi marker protein of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), as well as increased 58K, a 58-kDa microtubule-binding protein with formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase activity, and tubulin indicate that the cellular secretory pathway is a primary determinant of sensitivity to KRN5500, as resistance to this agent corresponds with accumulation of several components relatable to ER and cis-Golgi function. Further support for this conclusion is provided by studies which demonstrate that KRN5500 alters the distribution of newly synthesized carcinoembryonic antigen within the secretory pathway, including arrest of this N-glycosylated protein in the Golgi of LS-174T colon carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamishohara
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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22
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Albanopoulos K, Armakolas A, Konstadoulakis MM, Leandros E, Tsiompanou E, Tsiobanou E, Katsaragakis S, Alexiou D, Androulakis G. Prognostic significance of circulating antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) in patients with colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1056-61. [PMID: 10763959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The discovery of antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with digestive cancers, in the late 1970s, initiated a number of studies on the role of these antibodies in patients with cancers of the GI tract. Our aim was to determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of the IgG and IgM anti-CEA antibodies in the serum of patients with colon cancer. METHODS Using an enzyme-linked immunoassay, the sera of 58 colon cancer patients were examined for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and for circulating antibodies against the CEA (anti-CEA). An inhibition assay was carried out for the determination of the specificity of the IgG and IgM anti-CEA antibodies. RESULTS The CEA was elevated (> or =10 ng/ml) in only 12 patients (20.6%). Anti-CEA IgM and/or IgG antibodies were detected in 46 patients with colon cancer (79.1%). In the control group (n = 28), 10% of the individuals had detectable amounts of IgG and/or IgM anti-CEA antibodies. Patients with detectable amounts of circulating IgM anti-CEA antibodies (n = 14, 30.5%) had a statistically significantly better 2-yr survival compared to the rest of the patients (p = 0.017). The IgM anti-CEA antibodies can also be used as an independent prognostic factor in these patients (p = 0.0323). CONCLUSIONS In this study, a high number of colon cancer patients have circulating anti-CEA antibodies in their sera. These may be used as diagnostic markers and as independent prognostic factors. In addition, the presence of these antibodies in the patients studied is associated with better prognosis and significantly increased 2-yr survival. It was also found that the anti-CEA antibodies (IgG and IgM) are more sensitive markers than CEA. These findings underline the biological importance of the anti-CEA antibodies and provide additional information on their potential use as markers of the immune status in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Albanopoulos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippocration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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23
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Virji M, Evans D, Hadfield A, Grunert F, Teixeira AM, Watt SM. Critical determinants of host receptor targeting by Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: identification of Opa adhesiotopes on the N-domain of CD66 molecules. Mol Microbiol 1999; 34:538-51. [PMID: 10564495 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae express a family of variable outer membrane opacity-associated (Opa) proteins that recognize multiple human cell surface receptors. Most Opa proteins target the highly conserved N-terminal domain of the CD66 family of adhesion molecules, although a few also interact with heparan sulphate proteoglycans. In this study, we observed that at least two Opa proteins of a N. meningitidis strain C751 have the dual capacity to interact with both receptors. In addition, all three Opa proteins of C751 bind equally well to HeLa cells transfected with cDNA encoding the carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA (CD66e)] subgroup of the CD66 family, but show distinct tropism for CGM1- (CD66d) and NCA (CD66c)-expressing cells. Because the C751 Opa proteins make up distinct structures via the surface-exposed hypervariable domains (HV-1 and HV-2), these combinations appear to be involved in tropism for the distinct CD66 subgroups. To define the determinants of receptor recognition, we used mutant proteins of biliary glycoprotein [BGP (CD66a)] carrying substitutions at several predicted exposed sites in the N-domain and compared their interactions with several Opa proteins of both N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. The observations applied to the molecular model of the BGP N-domain that we constructed show that the binding of all Opa proteins tested occurs at the non-glycosylated (CFG) face of the molecule and, in general, appears to require Tyr-34 and Ile-91. Further, efficient interaction of distinct Opa proteins depends on different non-adjacent amino acids. In the three-dimensional model, these residues lie in close proximity to Tyr-34 and Ile-91 at the CFG face, making continuous binding domains (adhesiotopes). The epitope of the monoclonal antibody YTH71.3 that inhibits Opa/CD66 interactions was also identified within the Opa adhesiotopes on the N-domain. These studies define the molecular basis that directs the Opa specificity for the CD66 family and the rationale for tropism of the Opa proteins for the CD66 subgroups.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Bacterial Adhesion
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/chemistry
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genetics
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/metabolism
- Neisseria meningitidis/chemistry
- Neisseria meningitidis/genetics
- Neisseria meningitidis/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Virji
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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24
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Hammarström S. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family: structures, suggested functions and expression in normal and malignant tissues. Semin Cancer Biol 1999; 9:67-81. [PMID: 10202129 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.1998.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 849] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human CEA family has been fully characterized. It comprises 29 genes of which 18 are expressed; 7 belonging to the CEA subgroup and 11 to the pregnancy specific glycoprotein subgroup. CEA is an important tumor marker for colorectal and some other carcinomas. The CEA subgroup members are cell membrane associated and show a complex expression pattern in normal and cancerous tissues with notably CEA showing a selective epithelial expression. Several CEA subgroup members possess cell adhesion properties and the primordial member, biliary glycoprotein, seems to function in signal transduction or regulation of signal transduction possibly in association with other CEA sub-family members. A modified ITAM/ITIM motif is identified in the cytoplasmatic domain of BGP. A role of CEA in innate immunity is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hammarström
- Department of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90185, Sweden
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25
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Nasu T, Fukuda Y, Hashino J, Nagahira K, Kawashima H, Noguchi C, Oikawa S, Nakanishi T. Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies against N-domain of carcinoembryonic antigen. Immunol Lett 1999; 67:57-62. [PMID: 10217206 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against N-domain of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), C249, K348, K1338, and K1444, that inhibit CEA-mediated cell adhesion, did not crossreact with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA). To determine amino acid sequences involved in the adhesion, epitopes of the MoAbs were mapped with recombinant NCAs carrying CEA-NCA chimeric N-domain. The data showed that the epitopes of C249, K1338, K1444 are located within the regions 1-32, 1-32, and 33-59 of CEA, respectively, and that two discrete regions 1-32 and 60-93 may be related to the epitope of K348. Comparison of amino acid sequences between CEA and NCA suggested that four residues (21, 27-29), eight residues (21, 27-29, 66, 78, 79, 89), and three residues (43, 44, 46) are important for recognition by C249 (or K1338), K348, and K1444, respectively. These residues seem to participate in the cell adhesion mediated by CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nasu
- Suntory Institute for Biomedical Research, Osaka, Japan
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26
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Fichera A, Michelassi F, Arenas RB. Selective expression of carcinoembryonic antigen promoter in cancer cell lines: targeting strategy for gene therapy in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41:747-54. [PMID: 9645743 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to characterize the mechanisms regulating the expression of the human carcinoembryonic antigen promoter (pCEA), in terms of tissue-specific targeting for gene therapy. The promoter was subcloned to a luciferase reporter gene (pCEA/Luc) in our laboratory and compared with a virally controlled luciferase vector (pSV40/Luc). METHODS Four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, SW480, Caco2, and SW1116) were transfected with either pCEA/Luc or pSV40/Luc. Cells were treated with interferon-gamma and assayed at 72 hours after treatment. Carcinoembryonic antigen level was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Luciferase expression was measured at 48 hours and one week after transfection by luminometry. RESULTS Luciferase activity after transfection with pCEA/Luc was higher in CEA-positive cells than in CEA-negative cells (P < 0.0001). pCEA/Luc demonstrated higher activity than pSV40/Luc in CEA-positive cells (P < 0.0001), but not in CEA-negative cells. In Caco2 cells, which before confluence are CEA-negative, luciferase expression increased on reaching confluence (P < 0.0001). Well to moderately differentiated cells responded to the interferon-gamma treatment, but the increase in CEA secretion did not correspond to an increase in pCEA/Luc expression. CONCLUSIONS The expression of pCEA correlates well with the CEA production by the specific cell line offering a potential tissue-specific targeting strategy for colon cancer gene therapy. Furthermore, the tissue-specific CEA promoter has a higher and more persistent activity in CEA-positive human cancer cells than a viral promoter. The lack of response to interferon-gamma treatment suggests a different mechanism of action for interferon-gamma other than directly interacting with the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fichera
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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27
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Krop-Watorek A, Oikawa S, Oyama Y, Nakazato H. Oligomerization of N-terminal domain of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 242:79-83. [PMID: 9439613 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal domain of CEA, which is essential for cell adhesion activity and lacks cysteine residue, was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from the solubilized inclusion bodies by DEAE-Sepharose and gel filtration chromatographies. The purified N-domain migrated in SDS-PAGE as a single 13-kDa band, whereas it migrated in non-SDS-PAGE as five distinct bands. The N-domain, analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE after cross-linking with DSS, migrated in multiple forms ranging from monomer to pentamer, showing unequivocally the presence of multimers in each band. The amount of monomer was distinctively the least among the oligomers in the non-SDS-PAGE. These results suggest that the N-domain of CEA molecule has a strong tendency to self-assemble that may convey the homophilic cell adhesion of CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krop-Watorek
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Augenlicht
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10467-2490
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29
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LaRue H, Parent-Vaugeois C, Bergeron A, Champetier S, Fradet Y. Influence of spatial configuration on the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and mucin antigens in human bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 1997; 71:986-92. [PMID: 9185702 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970611)71:6<986::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CEA and cellular mucin antigens have been recognized as potential targets for specific immunotherapy and are frequently expressed in bladder cancer. We studied the coordinated expression of a bladder cancer-associated CEA glycoform and of the mucins MUC1, MUC2 and MAUB under various growth conditions in the MGH-U3 bladder-cancer cell line. CEA and MUC2 mRNAs and proteins were detected in nude mouse tumors and spheroids but not in monolayer cultures. Expression of MAUB and bladder-cancer CEA also was induced according to spatial configuration of cells. MUC1 was always expressed under various growth conditions, but its glycosylation was modulated: in spheroids and mostly in tumor cells, the SM3 protein epitope was unmasked and sialyl-Tn was induced. The kinetics of modulation of MAUB and bladder-cancer CEA were different. The epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 19A211 was rapidly induced in the aggregation phase of spheroid formation and rapidly lost upon plating of tumor cells, suggesting a relationship with cell contact. By contrast, MAUB induction in spheroids was delayed to the compaction phase, when cell aggregates become resistant to disruption, and loss of expression upon tumor plating occurred slowly over several culture passages. No induction of these 2 antigens was observed in the presence of differentiation agents, endothelial cell products or interferon-gamma, but it occurred when MGH-U3 cells were cultured at high density on extracellular matrix. Our results suggest that CEA and mucin antigen expression in bladder cancer is modulated by the spatial configuration of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H LaRue
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Centre de recherche de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Canada
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Screaton RA, Penn LZ, Stanners CP. Carcinoembryonic antigen, a human tumor marker, cooperates with Myc and Bcl-2 in cellular transformation. J Cell Biol 1997; 137:939-52. [PMID: 9151695 PMCID: PMC2139844 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.137.4.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/1996] [Revised: 12/13/1996] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker that is overexpressed in many human cancers and functions in vitro as a homotypic intercellular adhesion molecule. We have investigated the possibility of synergy between CEA, v-Myc, and Bcl-2 in the transformation of cells with differentiation capacity. We find that v-Myc increases the cell division rate and maximum density of rat L6 myoblasts but also markedly stimulates both apoptosis and surprisingly, differentiation, thus preventing transformation. The superposition of Bcl-2 blocks the apoptotic stimulation of v-Myc and independently promotes further cell division at confluence, but still allows differentiation. The further expression of CEA has a dominant effect in blocking differentiation, regardless of the presence of the other activated oncogenes, generating cells that enter a reversible quiescent G0-like state in medium promoting differentiation. Transfectants expressing CEA with or without v-myc and bcl-2 allow the emergence of cells with the property of heritable, efficient, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and the ability to markedly reduce the latency for tumor formation in nude mice. We propose that by prolonging cell survival in the presence of differentiation signals, CEA represents a novel class of dominant differentiation-blocking oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Screaton
- McGill Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Matsushita Y, Yonezawa S, Nakamori S, Irimura T, Sato E. Carbohydrate antigens aberrantly expressed in colorectal carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1997; 25:27-54. [PMID: 9134310 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(96)00227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsushita
- Department of Pathology II, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Jonas S, Windeatt S, O-Boateng A, Fordy C, Allen-Mersh TG. Identification of carcinoembryonic antigen-producing cells circulating in the blood of patients with colorectal carcinoma by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Gut 1996; 39:717-21. [PMID: 9014772 PMCID: PMC1383397 DOI: 10.1136/gut.39.5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identification of circulating tumour cells in colorectal cancer. AIMS To assess whether circulating malignant cells in patients with colorectal liver metastasis could be identified by RT-PCR recognition of mRNA coding for the tumour marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). PATIENTS A total of 31 with colorectal liver metastases and 22 no-cancer controls. METHODS Specific cDNA primers for CEA transcripts were used to apply RT-PCR to tissue biopsy specimens, colon carcinoma cell lines, and peripheral blood samples from patients with colorectal liver metastases. A strongly CEA-expressive HT115 colorectal carcinoma cell line was used to spike blood samples from no-cancer control subjects. RESULTS The limit for detection of CEA cDNA by Southern blotting using HT115 cells was 50 cells per 14 ml of spiked blood. There was a significant difference (p = 0.007) in RT-PCR positive expression between patients with liver metastasis (26/31) compared with controls (5/22). There was no significant relation between the prevalence of CEA cDNA amplification and serum CEA level or metastasis volume in patients with liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to suggest that identification of circulating colorectal cancer cells using RT-PCR for detection of CEA cDNA is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jonas
- Department of Surgery, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London
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Kitadai Y, Radinsky R, Bucana CD, Takahashi Y, Xie K, Tahara E, Fidler IJ. Regulation of carcinoembryonic antigen expression in human colon carcinoma cells by the organ microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1996; 149:1157-66. [PMID: 8863665 PMCID: PMC1865204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is thought to be involved in homotypic adhesion and has been associated with the progression of human colon carcinomas (HCC) to the metastatic state. Three cell lines established from surgical specimens of Dukes' stage D (KM20) or Dukes' stage B (KM12C, KM12SM) with high and low preoperative CEA serum levels, respectively, were studied subsequent to growth in culture, in the subcutis (ectopic) or cecal wall (orthotopic) of nude mice. In all cell lines, CEA expression was higher in cecal tumors than in subcutaneous lesions. The degree of differentiation and CEA expression by HCC growing in the cecal wall of nude mice correlated with the pathological diagnosis and preoperative CEA level of the original patients. To better understand the regulation of CEA expression, the HCC cells were grown in culture as sparse and confluent monolayers or as multicell spheroids. The CEA expression level increased in all three cell lines growing as confluent monolayers and was highest in multicell spheroids. Treatment of sparse monolayer cultures of KM12SM cells with mitomycin-C inhibited cell division and was associated with higher production of CEA protein. Moreover, conditioned media from confluent monolayer cultures or from spheroids up-regulated CEA production in sparse monolayer cells. These data show that CEA expression in HCC cells may be regulated by cell density and by factors from the organ environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitadai
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Daniels E, Letourneau S, Turbide C, Kuprina N, Rudinskaya T, Yazova AC, Holmes KV, Dveksler GS, Beauchemin N. Biliary glycoprotein 1 expression during embryogenesis: correlation with events of epithelial differentiation, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, absorption, and myogenesis. Dev Dyn 1996; 206:272-90. [PMID: 8896983 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199607)206:3<272::aid-aja5>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary glycoprotein (Bgp1), a carcinoembryonic antigen-related family member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is involved in normal and neoplastic events. Analysis of Bgp1 expression throughout post-implantation mouse embryogenesis using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, immunostaining with anti-Bgp1 monoclonal antibodies, and in situ hybridization with specific Bgp1 cDNA fragments revealed that Bgp1 may be involved in a number of specific embryonic processes. Immunoblot analysis of Bgp1 deletion mutant proteins indicated that distinguishable epitopes of the molecule were preferentially identified by the three Bgp1 antibodies used in this study. This distinction is supported by our immunolocalization studies during mouse embryogenesis in which the three antibodies revealed specific patterns of Bgp1 expression. Bgp1 is not expressed in early post-implantation embryos (7.5 dpc), but is found in the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues (decidual endothelial cells, giant trophoblasts, yolk sac visceral endoderm, and endometrial glands) at this time. The primitive gut epithelium and surface ectoderm were the first embryonic tissues to express Bgp1. Significant Bgp1 expression was also observed later during epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (skin, meninges, lung, kidney, salivary glands, pancreas). A unique epitope of Bgp1, detectable by the monoclonal antibody CC1, was also associated with mesenchymal expression and was prominent during myogenesis (secondary myotube formation) at sites of terminal differentiation. These studies suggest multiple roles for isoforms and glycoforms of the Bgp1 proteins localized in specific sites during prenatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Daniels
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Jolivet J, Dayan A, Beauchemin M, Chahla D, Mamo A, Bertrand R. Biochemical and molecular studies of human methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Stem Cells 1996; 14:33-40. [PMID: 8820949 DOI: 10.1002/stem.140033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
5-FormylH4folate is administered clinically under the name Leucovorin in association with the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to enhance the cytotoxic effects of 5-FU. The combination has been shown to be superior to 5-FU alone in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) catalyzes the transformation of 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate to methenylH4folate, which is the obligatory initial metabolic step prior to the intracellular conversion of 5-formylH4folate to other reduced folates and the increase in intracellular folate pools required for 5-FU potentiation. In the following paper, we will summarize results of biochemical and molecular studies of human MTHFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jolivet
- Centre de Recherche, Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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37
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Chapter 3d Cancer cells and metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Jothy S, Munro SB, LeDuy L, McClure D, Blaschuk OW. Adhesion or anti-adhesion in cancer: what matters more? Cancer Metastasis Rev 1995; 14:363-76. [PMID: 8821096 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of adhesion processes between normal epithelial cells is an essential condition for the maintenance of appropriate tissular architecture and differentiation. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in these homotypic adhesions occur during the transformation of normal into malignant epithelium. How these complex alterations in various homotypic adhesions modify the ability of tumor cells to detach from the original neoplastic site, to grow and move as single or clumped cells, and to invade the stroma are current issues in tumor biology. This review contrasts tumor cell adhesion mediated by E-cadherin which is consistently decreased in carcinomas, with adhesion mediated by CD44 and CEA which are increased in the tumors. A model proposing to resolve the apparent paradox of simultaneous adhesion and anti-adhesion mediated by the same protein is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jothy
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kuhel WI, Chow H, Godwin TA, Minick CR, Libby DM. Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels correlating with disease recurrence in a patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma. Head Neck 1995; 17:431-6. [PMID: 8522446 DOI: 10.1002/hed.2880170514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an oncofetal glycoprotein involved in cell recognition and adhesion. Serum CEA has been extensively studied as a potential chemical marker for malignancy, most notably in patients with colon carcinoma. Serum CEA measurements have not been reported for patients with salivary gland carcinomas. METHODS Serum CEA was measured in a case study using enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibody specific for CEA. Tissue was examined with standard histologic and immunohistologic methods. RESULTS A patient was initially seen with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the trachea and had a markedly elevated serum CEA level which declined after surgical resection. The serum CEA level became elevated again when the patient developed abdominal metastases and then declined after debulking of the tumor. Immunohistochemical study of the tumor was positive for CEA. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of serum CEA levels may play a role in the management of patients with ACC. Clinical investigation utilizing monoclonal antibodies against CEA, for imaging and for the delivery of chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Kuhel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
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40
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Nedellec P, Turbide C, Beauchemin N. Characterization and Transcriptional Activity of the Mouse Biliary Glycoprotein 1 Gene, a Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0104f.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Nédellec P, Turbide C, Beauchemin N. Characterization and transcriptional activity of the mouse biliary glycoprotein 1 gene, a carcinoembryonic antigen-related gene. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 231:104-14. [PMID: 7628460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mouse biliary glycoprotein 1 gene (bgp1) encodes several multifunctional glycoprotein isoforms. These glycoproteins represent members of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The Bgp1 glycoproteins function as cell adhesion molecules and receptors for the mouse hepatitis viruses. In contrast to CEA, whose overexpression has been correlated with cancer progression, the human and mouse Bgp proteins are generally down-regulated upon tumor formation. In this study, we report on the mouse bgp1 gene organization and transcriptional activation. We have isolated phage and cosmid clones encompassing the entire bgp1 coding region. This gene consists of nine exons, some of which are subjected to alternative splicing producing a minimum of four splice variants. A comparison of the murine bgp1 proximal promoter with the human BGP and mouse cea10/bgp3 genes revealed sequence conservation of 66% and 95%, respectively. RNase protection assays and primer extension analyses indicated that the mouse bgp1 transcriptional start site is positioned 240 nucleotides upstream of the ATG translational initiation codon, which is 140 nucleotides further upstream than in any other CEA family member. The bgp1 promoter is transcriptionally active in reporter gene activation in vitro transfection studies and in vivo using a bgp1-containing cosmid clone. We identified three putative AP-2 or AP-2-like sites and an upstream stimulatory factor (USF) recognition sequence within the proximal mouse bgp1 promoter region at positions similar to those used by the human BGP promoter region. These data suggest that the regulation of the mouse and human BGP genes may follow some common spatial and temporal expression. Interestingly, the bgp1 proximal promoter and coding region are also well conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nédellec
- McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University Montreal, Canada
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42
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Hauck W, Stanners CP. Transcriptional regulation of the carcinoembryonic antigen gene. Identification of regulatory elements and multiple nuclear factors. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3602-10. [PMID: 7876096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.8.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) belongs to a family of membrane glycoproteins that are overexpressed in many carcinomas; CEA functions in vitro as a homotypic intercellular adhesion molecule and can inhibit differentiation when expressed ectopically in myoblasts. The regulation of expression of CEA is therefore of considerable interest. The CEA gene promoter region between -403 and -124 base pairs upstream of the translation initiation site directed high levels of expression in CEA-expression SW403 cells and was 3 times more active in differentiated than in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells, correlating exactly with the 3-fold increase in CEA mRNA seen in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Inclusion of additional upstream sequences between -1098 and -403 base pairs repressed all activity. By in vitro footprinting and deletion analyses, four cis-acting elements were mapped within the positive regulatory region, and one element within the silencing region. Several nuclear factors binding to these domains were identified: USF, Sp1, and an Sp1-like factor. By co-transfection, USF directly activated the CEA gene promoter in vivo in both SW403 and Caco-2 cells. In addition, the levels of factors binding to each positively acting element increased dramatically with differentiation in Caco-2 cells. Thus the transcriptional control of the CEA gene depends on the interaction of several regulatory elements that bind multiple specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hauck
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hauck W, Nédellec P, Turbide C, Stanners CP, Barnett TR, Beauchemin N. Transcriptional control of the human biliary glycoprotein gene, a CEA gene family member down-regulated in colorectal carcinomas. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:529-41. [PMID: 8055923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biliary glycoprotein (BGP) isoantigens are derived by alternative splicing from a single gene and are the human homologs of rat C-CAM and the mouse Bgp species. These glycoproteins represent a family of cell-adhesion molecules. The mouse Bgp isoforms also act as receptors for the hepatitis viral capsid-protein. BGP is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin supergene family, yet it displays restricted expression patterns and unique functions. Since the loss or reduced expression of BGP is associated with human colorectal carcinomas, the elements in its upstream regulatory region were analyzed. A cluster of transcriptional initiation sites and the minimal promoter, located within 150 bp upstream of the major transcriptional start site, were active in human colon carcinoma and hepatoma cells. Unlike the CEA gene, BGP gene transcription was not modulated by a silencer region; repetitive elements in the BGP upstream region were not involved in activation or repression. Footprinting experiments identified two cis-acting elements and mobility-shift assays demonstrated that these elements bound several transcription factors, among them, USF, HNF-4 and an AP-2-like factor. In cotransfection experiments, both the USF and HNF-4 transcription factors transactivate the BGP gene promoter and compete for the same regulatory element. The Sp1 transcription factor, shown to be involved in CEA gene transcriptional regulation, does not bind to the BGP gene promoter. We, therefore, propose that the relative distributions and interactions of these transcription factors mediate distinct transcriptional regulation of the BGP gene in colon and liver; this regulation could be distorted during the oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hauck
- McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Hashino J, Fukuda Y, Oikawa S, Nakazato H, Nakanishi T. Metastatic potential of human colorectal carcinoma SW1222 cells transfected with cDNA encoding carcinoembryonic antigen. Clin Exp Metastasis 1994; 12:324-8. [PMID: 8039306 DOI: 10.1007/bf01753839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine a role of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in metastasis, cDNA encoding CEA was introduced into a clone of human colorectal carcinoma SW1222 cells. Western blot analysis revealed that all transfectants express CEA of 180 kDa while the parent clone does not. In the transfectants, the level of CEA expression in clone 3 was higher than that of clone 1. Clone 3 formed aggregates rapidly after suspended by trypsinization while clone 1 did not. In experimental metastasis assay where tumor cells were injected intrasplenically, clone 3 exhibited a higher liver-metastatic activity than clone 1. Fab fragment of anti-CEA antibody significantly inhibited both the cell aggregation and the liver metastases caused by clone 3. These findings suggested that CEA expressed on the cell surface may play an important role in hepatic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma, possibly through its cell adhesion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hashino
- Suntory Institute for Biomedical Research, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Chamberlin M, Lei K, Chou J. Subtle differences in human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene promoters allow for differential expression. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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Ishii S, Steele G, Ford R, Paliotti G, Thomas P, Andrews C, Hansen HJ, Goldenberg DM, Jessup JM. Normal colonic epithelium adheres to carcinoembryonic antigen and type IV collagen. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1242-50. [PMID: 7513665 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Human colorectal carcinoma cells bind to collagen and laminin in the basement membrane as well as to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on neighboring cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether normal colonic epithelial cells bind to CEA, collagen, or laminin. METHODS Intact colonic crypts were isolated from normal mucosa in 13 specimens resected for colorectal carcinoma or colonic diverticulitis. Colonocytes were released from the crypts by treatment with collagenase and deoxyribonuclease and tested for adhesion to CEA, type IV collagen, and laminin in a solid-phase adhesion assay. RESULTS Twelve percent to 25% of colonocytes in all specimens bound to CEA. Colonocytes from seven specimens also bound to type IV collagen, but none of the colonocyte preparations bound significantly to laminin. Monoclonal antibodies to CEA and to the hyaluronate receptor CD44 and enzymatic removal of membrane CEA blocked the adhesion of colonocytes to CEA. CONCLUSIONS First, colonocytes use the same epitopes on CEA and CD44 as colorectal carcinoma cells to adhere to solid-phase CEA. Second, colonocytes bind to solid-phase CEA through CEA-to-CEA homophilic binding. Third, CEA and type IV collagen, but not laminin, are adhesion ligands for human colonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ishii
- Department of Surgery, New England Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kalousek M, Trüb T, Schuermann M, Klemenz R. T1 is a c-Fos- and FosB-responsive gene which is induced by growth factors through multiple signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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48
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Majuri MARJALEENA, Hakkarainen MERJA, Paavonen TIMO, Renkonen RISTO. Carcinoembryonic antigen is expressed on endothelial cells. APMIS 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1994.tb04895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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49
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The carboxyl-terminal domain of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein specifies intracellular retention and stability. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Lafrenie RM, Buchanan MR, Orr FW. Adhesion molecules and their role in cancer metastasis. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1993; 23:3-89. [PMID: 7895250 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This article describes various adhesion molecules and reviews evidence to support a mechanistic role for adhesion molecules in the process of cancer metastasis. A variety of evidence supports the involvement of specific adhesion molecules in metastasis. 1. For example, some cancer cells metastasize to specific organs, irrespective of the first organ encountered by the circulating cancer cells. This ability to colonize a specific organ has been correlated with the preferential adhesion of the cancer cells to endothelial cells derived from the target organ. This suggests that cancer cell/endothelial cell adhesion is involved in cancer cell metastasis and that adhesion molecules are expressed on the endothelium in an organ-specific manner. 2. Further, inclusion of peptides that inhibit cell adhesion, such as the YIGSR- or RGD-containing peptides, is capable of inhibiting experimental metastasis. 3. Metastasis can be enhanced by acute or chronic inflammation of target vessels, or by treatment of animals with inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1. In vitro, cancer cell/endothelial cell adhesion can be enhanced by pretreating the endothelial cell monolayer with cytokines, such as interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This suggests that, in addition to organ-specific adhesion molecules, a population of inducible endothelial adhesion molecules is involved and is relevant to metastasis. 4. Further support for this model is found in the comparison to leukocyte/endothelial adhesion during leukocyte trafficking. Convincing evidence exists, both in vivo and in vitro, to demonstrate an absolute requirement for leukocyte/endothelial adhesion before leukocyte extravasation can occur. The relevance of this comparison to metastasis is reinforced by the observation that some of the adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte/endothelial adhesion are also implicated in cancer cell/endothelial adhesion. The involvement of adhesion molecules suggests a potential therapy for metastasis based on interrupting adhesive interactions that would augment other treatments for primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lafrenie
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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