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Liu YH, Chuang CH, Lee YZ, Lee ET, Lo CL, Wu CY, Huang LK, Bikfalvi A, Sue SC. Structural Properties of CXCL4L1 and Its Recognition of the CXCR3 N-Terminus. Biochemistry 2023; 62:722-734. [PMID: 36626574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL4L1, a homologue of CXCL4, is a more potent antiangiogenic ligand. Its structural property is correlated with the downstream receptor binding. The two chemokines execute their functions by binding the receptors of CXCR3A and CXCR3B. The receptors differ by an extra 51-residue extension in the CXCR3B N-terminus. To understand the binding specificity, a GB1 protein scaffold was used to carry different CXCR3 extracellular elements, and artificial CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 monomers were engineered for the binding assay. We first characterized the molten globule property of CXCL4L1. The structural property causes the CXCL4L1 tetramer to dissociate into monomers in low concentrations, but native CXCL4 adopts a stable tetramer structure in solution. In the titration experiments, the combination of the CXCR3A N-terminus and receptor extracellular loop 2 provided moderate and comparable binding affinities to CXCL4 and CXCL4L1, while sulfation on the CXCR3A N-terminal tyrosine residues provided binding specificity. However, the CXCR3B N-terminal extension did not show significant enhancement in the binding of CXCL4 or CXCL4L1. This result indicates that the tendency to form a chemokine monomer and the binding affinity together contribute the high antiangiogenic activity of CXCL4L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chuang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Eh-Tzen Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ling Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Ya Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kun Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-Che Sue
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Zhang L, Li G, Zhang H, Liu H, Li S, Wang Y, Qi H. CXCL4L1 May Help Differentiate Benign from Malignant Pulmonary Lesions and Predicts Prognosis of Patients with Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1903-1910. [PMID: 35698601 PMCID: PMC9188318 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s352217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer (LC) is the leading type of cancer worldwide, yet it’s challenging to detect early LC. Therefore, it is valuable to explore diagnostic biomarker that can distinguish malignant pulmonary lesions from benign diseases. The potential role of plate factor-4 variant (CXCL4L1) will be investigated in detecting early LC. Methods A consecutive of 174 patients with single pulmonary nodule and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum CXCL4L1 expression level was evaluated using ELISA. Survival curves were generated to analyze survival outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate diagnostic accuracy. Results Serum CXCL4L1 was downregulated in patients with LC when compared with those with lung benign lesions (LBL) or healthy controls. Meanwhile, lower serum CXCL4L1 expression was associated with advanced TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, a low expression of CXCL4L1 resulted in worse survival outcomes in LC patients. Serum CXCL4L1 expression obtained an area under curve (AUC) of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74–0.88), a sensitivity of 70.6%, and a specificity of 85.8% for discriminating patients with LC form patients with LBL. In addition, serum CXCL4L1 expression achieved an AUC of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74–0.90), a sensitivity of 72.0%, and a specificity of 85.9% for distinguishing patients with LC form healthy controls. Conclusion This study suggests that CXCL4L1 may prove to be a potential non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for early LC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqun Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Respiration, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huisheng Qi
- Department of Respiration, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, People's Republic of China
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Van Raemdonck K, Berghmans N, Vanheule V, Bugatti A, Proost P, Opdenakker G, Presta M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Angiostatic, tumor inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of CXCL4(47-70) and CXCL4L1(47-70) in an EGF-dependent breast cancer model. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10916-33. [PMID: 25373734 PMCID: PMC4279419 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL4 and CXCL4L1, platelet-derived CXC chemokines, and their carboxy-terminal peptides CXCL447–70 and CXCL4L147–70 previously displayed angiostatic and anti-tumoral activity in a melanoma model. Here, we found CXCL447–70 and CXCL4L147–70 to inhibit lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, the angiostatic potential of CXCL447–70 and CXCL4L147–70 was tested against different angiogenic stimuli (FGF1, FGF2, FGF8, EGF and VEGF). Besides reducing FGF2-induced vascular endothelial cell growth, CXCL447–70 and CXCL4L147–70 efficiently counteracted EGF. Consequently, we considered their anti-tumoral potential in EGF-dependent MDA-MB-231 breast tumors. In tumor-bearing mice, CXCL447–70 reduced tumor growth better than CXCL4L147–70. In CXCL447–70-treated tumors significantly more intratumoral monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells were present and higher expression levels of CCL5 and IFN-γ were detected by qPCR on tumor lysates. Because neither peptide was able to specifically bind CXCR3A or CXCR3B, differential glycosaminoglycan binding and direct interaction with cytokines (EGF and CCL5) might explain any differences in anti-tumoral effects. Notably, CCL5-induced monocyte chemotaxis in vitro was increased by addition of CXCL447–70 or CXCL4L147–70. Finally, CXCL447–70 and CXCL4L147–70 inhibited proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results suggest a tumor type-dependent responsiveness to either CXCL447–70 or CXCL4L147–70 treatment, defined by anti-proliferative, angiostatic and inflammatory actions, and substantiate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine Brescia, Italy
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Presta
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine Brescia, Italy
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Aneja K, Jalagadugula G, Mao G, Singh A, Rao AK. Mechanism of platelet factor 4 (PF4) deficiency with RUNX1 haplodeficiency: RUNX1 is a transcriptional regulator of PF4. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:383-91. [PMID: 21129147 PMCID: PMC3030649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is an abundant protein stored in platelet α-granules. Several patients have been described with platelet PF4 deficiency, including the gray platelet syndrome, characterized by a deficiency of α-granule proteins. Defective granule formation and protein targeting are considered to be the predominant mechanisms. We have reported on a patient with thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet aggregation, secretion, and protein phosphorylation, associated with a mutation in the transcription factor RUNX1. Platelet expression profiling showed decreased transcript expression of PF4 and its non-allelic variant PF4V1. OBJECTIVES To understand the mechanism leading to PF4 deficiency associated with RUNX1 haplodeficiency, we addressed the hypothesis that PF4 is a transcriptional target of RUNX1. METHODS/RESULTS Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel-shift assays with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells revealed RUNX1 binding to RUNX1 consensus sites at -1774/-1769 and -157/-152 on the PF4 promoter. In luciferase reporter studies in HEL cells, mutation of each site markedly reduced activity. PF4 promoter activity and PF4 protein level were decreased by small interfering RNA RUNX1 knockdown and increased by RUNX1 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that PF4 is regulated by RUNX1 and that impaired transcriptional regulation leads to the PF4 deficiency associated with RUNX1 haplodeficiency. Because our patient had decreased platelet albumin and IgG (not synthesized by megakaryocytes) levels, we postulate additional defects in RUNX1-regulated genes involved in vesicular trafficking. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanisms in α-granule deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawalpreet Aneja
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gauthami Jalagadugula
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guangfen Mao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anamika Singh
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A. Koneti Rao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Angiostatic and chemotactic activities of the CXC chemokine CXCL4L1 (platelet factor-4 variant) are mediated by CXCR3. Blood 2010; 117:480-8. [PMID: 20980681 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-253591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated possible cellular receptors for the human CXC chemokine platelet factor-4 variant/CXCL4L1, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. We found that CXCL4L1 has lower affinity for heparin and chondroitin sulfate-E than platelet factor-4 (CXCL4) and showed that CXCL10 and CXCL4L1 could displace each other on microvascular endothelial cells. Labeled CXCL4L1 also bound to CXCR3A- and CXCR3B-transfectants and was displaced by CXCL4L1, CXCL4, and CXCL10. The CXCL4L1 anti-angiogenic activity was blocked by anti-CXCR3 antibodies (Abs) in the Matrigel and cornea micropocket assays. CXCL4L1 application in CXCR3(-/-) or in wild-type mice treated with neutralizing anti-CXCR3 Abs, resulted in reduced inhibitory activity of CXCL4L1 on tumor growth and vascularization of Lewis lung carcinoma. Furthermore, CXCL4L1 and CXCL4 chemoattracted activated T cells, human natural killer cells, and human immature dendritic cells (DCs). Migration of DCs toward CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 was desensitized by preincubation with CXCL10 and CXCL11, inhibited by pertussis toxin, and neutralized by anti-CXCR3 Abs. Chemotaxis of T cells, natural killer cells, and DCs is likely to contribute to the antitumoral action. However, the in vivo data indicate that the angiostatic property of CXCL4L1 is equally important in retarding tumor growth. Thus, both CXCR3A and CXCR3B are implicated in the chemotactic and vascular effects of CXCL4L1.
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Colobran R, Pujol-Borrell R, Armengol MP, Juan M. The chemokine network. I. How the genomic organization of chemokines contains clues for deciphering their functional complexity. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:208-17. [PMID: 17437419 PMCID: PMC1868879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of small structurally related cytokines that have evolved to form a complex network of proteins that typically regulate leucocyte traffic but also carry very diverse sets of immune and non-immune functions. Two general features of cytokines, redundancy and promiscuity, are particularly prominent in chemokines. In part, these properties result from repeated processes of gene duplication and diversification, which has led to the present complex genomic map of chemokines, which contains cases of non-allelic isoforms, copy number polymorphisms and classical allelic variation. This genomic complexity is compounded with pre-translational and post-translational mechanisms resulting in a complex network of proteins whose essential functions are maintained, constituting a remarkable case of robustness reminiscent of crucial metabolic pathways. This reflects the adaptation of a system under strong evolutive pressure, supporting the concept that the chemokine system is essential for the coordination, regulation and fine-tuning of the type of immune response. In this first review, we analyse currently available data on the chemokine superfamily, focusing on its complex genomic organization. Genes encoding essential inflammatory chemokines are grouped into defined chromosomal locations as clusters and miniclusters that, from the genetic point of view, can be considered single entities given their overall functions (many ligands of a cluster bind to a few shared receptors). We will try to interpret this genomic organization of chemokines in relation to the main functions acquired by each individual member or by each cluster. In a second review, we shall focus on the relationship of chemokine variability and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colobran
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis (LIRAD), Tissue and Blood Bank (BST), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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Haskill S, Peace A, Morris J, Sporn SA, Anisowicz A, Lee SW, Smith T, Martin G, Ralph P, Sager R. Identification of three related human GRO genes encoding cytokine functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:7732-6. [PMID: 2217207 PMCID: PMC54822 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The product of the human GRO gene is a cytokine with inflammatory and growth-regulatory properties; GRO is also called MGSA for melanoma growth-stimulatory activity. We have identified two additional genes, GRO beta and GRO gamma, that share 90% and 86% identity at the deduced amino acid level with the original GRO alpha isolate. One amino acid substitution of proline in GRO alpha by leucine in GRO beta and GRO gamma leads to a large predicted change in protein conformation. Significant differences also exist in the 3' untranslated region, including different numbers of ATTTA repeats associated with mRNA instability. A 122-base-pair region in the 3' region is conserved among the three GRO genes, and a part of it is also conserved in the Chinese hamster genome, suggesting a role in regulation. DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and partial sequence analysis of the genomic clones confirm that the three forms are derived from related but different genes. Only one chromosomal locus has been identified, at 4q21, by using a GRO alpha cDNA clone that hybridized to all three genes. Expression studies reveal tissue-specific regulation as well as regulation by specific inducing agents, including interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haskill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Cancer Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7295
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Tekamp-Olson P, Gallegos C, Bauer D, McClain J, Sherry B, Fabre M, van Deventer S, Cerami A. Cloning and characterization of cDNAs for murine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and its human homologues. J Exp Med 1990; 172:911-9. [PMID: 2201751 PMCID: PMC2188540 DOI: 10.1084/jem.172.3.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone of murine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) has been isolated from a library prepared from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and the nucleotide sequence determined. This cDNA was used to clone cDNAs for human homologues of MIP-2 from a library prepared from phorbol myristate acetate-treated and LPS-stimulated U937 cells. Two homologues were isolated and sequenced. Human MIP-2 alpha and MIP-2 beta are highly homologous to each other and to a previously isolated gene, human gro/melanoma growth-stimulating activity (MGSA). These three human genes, MIP-2 alpha, MIP-2 beta, and gro/MGSA, constitute a sub-family within the cytokine family represented by platelet factor 4 and interleukin 8.
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Abstract
LD78 is a member of a newly identified superfamily of small inducible proteins involved in inflammatory responses, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Southern blot analysis of the EcoRI-digested human genomic DNAs, using previously isolated LD78 cDNA as a probe, showed that in each individual there are 4.2- and 4.8-kilobase-pair (kb) fragments and that some have an additional 6.5-kb fragment. The 4.2-kb fragment contained genomic DNA sequences corresponding to the LD78 cDNA and was named the LD78 alpha gene. The 4.8-kb fragment contained similar sequences, showing 94% homology to the LD78 alpha gene, and was named the LD78 beta gene. The LD78 alpha gene was present in a single or a few copies per haploid genome, whereas the copy number of the LD78 beta gene and of the 6.5-kb fragment hybridizable to LD78 cDNA varied among the samples tested. Treatment of human myeloid cell lines HL-60 and U937 with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased within 2 h cellular levels of the RNA hybridizable to LD78 cDNA. The human glioma cell line U105MG and primary culture of human fibroblasts also expressed the hybridizable RNA in response to PMA. Addition of cycloheximide had no apparent effect on this response in U937 cells and inhibited the response in fibroblasts, whereas it stimulated the response in HL-60 and U105MG cells. mRNA phenotyping experiments revealed that the LD78 alpha and LD78 beta genes were both transcribed in PMA-stimulated U937 cells.
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Nakao M, Nomiyama H, Shimada K. Structures of human genes coding for cytokine LD78 and their expression. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:3646-58. [PMID: 1694014 PMCID: PMC360801 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3646-3658.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
LD78 is a member of a newly identified superfamily of small inducible proteins involved in inflammatory responses, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Southern blot analysis of the EcoRI-digested human genomic DNAs, using previously isolated LD78 cDNA as a probe, showed that in each individual there are 4.2- and 4.8-kilobase-pair (kb) fragments and that some have an additional 6.5-kb fragment. The 4.2-kb fragment contained genomic DNA sequences corresponding to the LD78 cDNA and was named the LD78 alpha gene. The 4.8-kb fragment contained similar sequences, showing 94% homology to the LD78 alpha gene, and was named the LD78 beta gene. The LD78 alpha gene was present in a single or a few copies per haploid genome, whereas the copy number of the LD78 beta gene and of the 6.5-kb fragment hybridizable to LD78 cDNA varied among the samples tested. Treatment of human myeloid cell lines HL-60 and U937 with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased within 2 h cellular levels of the RNA hybridizable to LD78 cDNA. The human glioma cell line U105MG and primary culture of human fibroblasts also expressed the hybridizable RNA in response to PMA. Addition of cycloheximide had no apparent effect on this response in U937 cells and inhibited the response in fibroblasts, whereas it stimulated the response in HL-60 and U105MG cells. mRNA phenotyping experiments revealed that the LD78 alpha and LD78 beta genes were both transcribed in PMA-stimulated U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakao
- Department of Biochemistry, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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