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Thomas G, Kay WT, Fones HN. Life on a leaf: the epiphyte to pathogen continuum and interplay in the phyllosphere. BMC Biol 2024; 22:168. [PMID: 39113027 PMCID: PMC11304629 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epiphytic microbes are those that live for some or all of their life cycle on the surface of plant leaves. Leaf surfaces are a topologically complex, physicochemically heterogeneous habitat that is home to extensive, mixed communities of resident and transient inhabitants from all three domains of life. In this review, we discuss the origins of leaf surface microbes and how different biotic and abiotic factors shape their communities. We discuss the leaf surface as a habitat and microbial adaptations which allow some species to thrive there, with particular emphasis on microbes that occupy the continuum between epiphytic specialists and phytopathogens, groups which have considerable overlap in terms of adapting to the leaf surface and between which a single virulence determinant can move a microbial strain. Finally, we discuss the recent findings that the wheat pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici spends a considerable amount of time on the leaf surface, and ask what insights other epiphytic organisms might provide into this pathogen, as well as how Z. tritici might serve as a model system for investigating plant-microbe-microbe interactions on the leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William T Kay
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Borman AM, Johnson EM. Changes in fungal taxonomy: mycological rationale and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0009922. [PMID: 37930182 PMCID: PMC10732072 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00099-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous fungal species of medical importance have been recently subjected to and will likely continue to undergo nomenclatural changes as a result of the application of molecular approaches to fungal classification together with abandonment of dual nomenclature. Here, we summarize those changes affecting key groups of fungi of medical importance, explaining the mycological (taxonomic) rationale that underpinned the changes and the clinical relevance/importance (where such exists) of the key nomenclatural revisions. Potential mechanisms to mitigate unnecessary taxonomic instability are suggested, together with approaches to raise awareness of important changes to minimize potential clinical confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Borman
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- UK HSA National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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3
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Feau N, Dhillon BD, Sakalidis M, Dale AL, Søndreli KL, Goodwin SB, LeBoldus JM, Hamelin RC. Forest health in the Anthropocene: the emergence of a novel tree disease is associated with poplar cultivation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220008. [PMID: 36744569 PMCID: PMC9900707 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant domestication and movement are large contributors to the success of new diseases. The introduction of new host species can result in accelerated evolutionary changes in pathogens, affecting long-established coevolutionary dynamics. This has been observed in poplars where severe epidemics of pathogens that were innocuous in their natural pathosystems occurred following host domestication. The North American fungus Sphaerulina musiva is responsible for endemic leaf spots on Populus deltoides. We show that the expansion of poplar cultivation resulted in the emergence of a new lineage of this pathogen that causes stem infections on a new host, P. balsamifera. This suggests a host shift since this is not a known host. Genome analysis of this emerging lineage reveals a mosaic pattern with islands of diversity separated by fixed genome regions, which is consistent with a homoploid hybridization event between two individuals that produced a hybrid swarm. Genome regions of extreme divergence and low diversity are enriched in genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. The specialization of this emerging lineage to a new host and its clonal propagation represents a serious threat to poplars and could affect both natural and planted forests. This work provides a clear example of the changes created by the intensification of tree cultivation that facilitate the emergence of specialized pathogens, jeopardizing the natural equilibrium between hosts and pathogens. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Feau
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, VT6 1Z4,Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8Z 1M5
| | - Braham D. Dhillon
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, VT6 1Z4,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida - Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Monique Sakalidis
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, VT6 1Z4,Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA,Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Angela L. Dale
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, VT6 1Z4,GC-New Construction Materials, FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kelsey L. Søndreli
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Jared M. LeBoldus
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA,Forest Engineering, Resources and Management Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, VT6 1Z4,Faculté de Foresterie et Géomatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
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4
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Rozano L, Mukuka YM, Hane JK, Mancera RL. Ab Initio Modelling of the Structure of ToxA-like and MAX Fungal Effector Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076262. [PMID: 37047233 PMCID: PMC10094246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungal diseases in crops are mediated by the release of effector proteins that facilitate infection. Characterising the structure of these fungal effectors is vital to understanding their virulence mechanisms and interactions with their hosts, which is crucial in the breeding of plant cultivars for disease resistance. Several effectors have been identified and validated experimentally; however, their lack of sequence conservation often impedes the identification and prediction of their structure using sequence similarity approaches. Structural similarity has, nonetheless, been observed within fungal effector protein families, creating interest in validating the use of computational methods to predict their tertiary structure from their sequence. We used Rosetta ab initio modelling to predict the structures of members of the ToxA-like and MAX effector families for which experimental structures are known to validate this method. An optimised approach was then used to predict the structures of phenotypically validated effectors lacking known structures. Rosetta was found to successfully predict the structure of fungal effectors in the ToxA-like and MAX families, as well as phenotypically validated but structurally unconfirmed effector sequences. Interestingly, potential new effector structural families were identified on the basis of comparisons with structural homologues and the identification of associated protein domains.
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5
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Choudhary M, Kumar V, Naik B, Verma A, Saris PEJ, Kumar V, Gupta S. Antifungal metabolites, their novel sources, and targets to combat drug resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1061603. [PMID: 36532457 PMCID: PMC9755354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1061603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive antibiotic prescriptions as well as their misuse in agriculture are the main causes of antimicrobial resistance which poses a growing threat to public health. It necessitates the search for novel chemicals to combat drug resistance. Since ancient times, naturally occurring medicines have been employed and the enormous variety of bioactive chemicals found in nature has long served as an inspiration for researchers looking for possible therapeutics. Secondary metabolites from microorganisms, particularly those from actinomycetes, have made it incredibly easy to find new molecules. Different actinomycetes species account for more than 70% of naturally generated antibiotics currently used in medicine, and they also produce a variety of secondary metabolites, including pigments, enzymes, and anti-inflammatory compounds. They continue to be a crucial source of fresh chemical diversity and a crucial component of drug discovery. This review summarizes some uncommon sources of antifungal metabolites and highlights the importance of further research on these unusual habitats as a source of novel antimicrobial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Choudhary
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bindu Naik
- Department of Life Sciences (Food Technology & Nutrition), Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
| | - Ankit Verma
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
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6
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Angeli A, Velluzzi A, Selleri S, Capasso C, Spadini C, Iannarelli M, Cabassi CS, Carta F, Supuran CT. Seleno Containing Compounds as Potent and Selective Antifungal Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1905-1919. [PMID: 35984421 PMCID: PMC9940851 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungal promoted infections are becoming a severe health global emergency due to drug-resistant phenomena and zoonosis. This work investigated compounds bearing acyl-/selenoureido moieties and primary/secondary sulfonamide groups as novel antifungal agents acting through organism-directed selenium toxicity and inhibition of the newly emergent therapeutic target, the Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1). Reported data clearly indicate that seleno-containing scaffolds with respect to the standard-of-care drugs showed appreciable antifungal activity, which was suppressed when the chalcogen was replaced with its cognate isosteric elements sulfur and oxygen. In addition, such compounds showed excellent selectivity against Malassezia pachydermatis over its related genus strains Malassezia furfur and Malassezia globosa. Safe cytotoxicity profiles on bovine kidney cells (MDBK) and human HaCat cells, as well as the shallow hemolytic activity on defibrinated sheep blood, allowed us to consider these compounds as up-and-coming novel antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Velluzzi
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Selleri
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department
of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Clotilde S. Cabassi
- Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy,
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- EUROFARBA
Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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7
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Abbas A, Mubeen M, Sohail MA, Solanki MK, Hussain B, Nosheen S, Kashyap BK, Zhou L, Fang X. Root rot a silent alfalfa killer in China: Distribution, fungal, and oomycete pathogens, impact of climatic factors and its management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961794. [PMID: 36033855 PMCID: PMC9403511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa plays a significant role in the pasture ecosystems of China's north, northeast, and northwest regions. It is an excellent forage for livestock, improves soil structure, prevents soil erosion, and has ecological benefits. Presently root rot is a significant threat to the alfalfa productivity because of the survival of the pathogens as soil-borne and because of lack of microbial competition in the impoverished nutrient-deficient soils and resistant cultivars. Furthermore, these regions' extreme ecological and environmental conditions predispose alfalfa to root rot. Moisture and temperature, in particular, have a considerable impact on the severity of root rot. Pathogens such as Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani are predominant, frequently isolated, and of major concern. These pathogens work together as disease complexes, so finding a host genotype resistant to disease complexes is challenging. Approaches to root rot control in these regions include mostly fungicides treatments and cultural practices and very few reports on the usage of biological control agents. As seed treatment, fungicides such as carbendazim are frequently used to combat root rot; however, resistance to fungicides has arisen. However, breeding and transgenic approaches could be more efficient and sustainable long-term control strategies, especially if resistance to disease complexes may be identified. Yet, research in China is mainly limited to field investigation of root rot and disease resistance evaluation. In this review, we describe climatic conditions of pastoral regions and the role of alfalfa therein and challenges of root rot, the distribution of root rot in the world and China, and the impact of root rot pathogens on alfalfa in particular R. solani and Fusarium spp., effects of environmental factors on root rot and summarize to date disease management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Babar Hussain
- Department of Plant Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Nosheen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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8
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Whole-Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genome Analysis of Fusarium solani-melongenae Causing Fusarium Root and Stem Rot in Sweetpotatoes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0068322. [PMID: 35863027 PMCID: PMC9430127 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00683-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is the eighth most important crop globally. However, the production and quality of sweetpotatoes are threatened by Fusarium diseases that are prevalent around the world. In this study, a Fusarium species that causes root and stem rot in sweetpotatoes was studied. The pathogenic fungus CRI 24-3 was isolated and sequenced using third- and next-generation sequencing techniques and a 49.6 Mb chromosome-level draft genome containing 15,374 putative coding genes were obtained. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that CRI 24-3 was an F. solani-melongenae strain within clade 3 of the F. solani species complex (FSSC). CRI 24-3 showed a relatively high number of virulence factors, such as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), pathogen-host interaction (PHI) proteins, and terpene synthases (TSs), compared with the number of those identified in other sequenced FSSC members. Comparative genome analysis revealed considerable conservation and unique characteristics between CRI 24-3 and other FSSC species. In conclusion, the findings in the current study provide important genetic information about F. solani-melongenae and should be useful in the exploration of pathogenicity mechanisms and the development of Fusarium disease management strategies. IMPORTANCE Fusarium root and stem rot in sweetpotato are prevalent in the main sweetpotato-growing areas in China, and fungal isolation, morphological characteristics, and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the disease causal agent (F. solani-melongenae isolate CRI 24-3) were systematically studied. The genome sequence of F. solani-melongenae isolates CRI 24-3 was first reported, which should provide a basis for genome assembly of other closely related Fusarium species. Carbohydrate-active enzymes predicted in CRI 24-3 may be important to convert the substantial polysaccharides to sustainable and renewable energy. Moreover, other virulence factors facilitating Fusarium diseases, including effectors and toxic secondary metabolites, are ideal objects for pathogenicity mechanism research and molecular targets for fungicide development. The findings of comparative genome analysis of CRI 24-3 and 15 sequenced members of the F. solani species complex help promote an integral understanding of genomic features and evolutionary relationships in Fusarium.
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Lazar N, Mesarich CH, Petit-Houdenot Y, Talbi N, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Zélie E, Blondeau K, Gracy J, Ollivier B, Blaise F, Rouxel T, Balesdent MH, Idnurm A, van Tilbeurgh H, Fudal I. A new family of structurally conserved fungal effectors displays epistatic interactions with plant resistance proteins. PLoS Pathog 2022. [PMID: 35793393 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.17.423041v1.full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of a pathogen avirulence (AVR) effector protein by a cognate plant resistance (R) protein triggers a set of immune responses that render the plant resistant. Pathogens can escape this so-called Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) by different mechanisms including the deletion or loss-of-function mutation of the AVR gene, the incorporation of point mutations that allow recognition to be evaded while maintaining virulence function, and the acquisition of new effectors that suppress AVR recognition. The Dothideomycete Leptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of oilseed rape stem canker, is one of the few fungal pathogens where suppression of ETI by an AVR effector has been demonstrated. Indeed, AvrLm4-7 suppresses Rlm3- and Rlm9-mediated resistance triggered by AvrLm3 and AvrLm5-9, respectively. The presence of AvrLm4-7 does not impede AvrLm3 and AvrLm5-9 expression, and the three AVR proteins do not appear to physically interact. To decipher the epistatic interaction between these L. maculans AVR effectors, we determined the crystal structure of AvrLm5-9 and obtained a 3D model of AvrLm3, based on the crystal structure of Ecp11-1, a homologous AVR effector candidate from Fulvia fulva. Despite a lack of sequence similarity, AvrLm5-9 and AvrLm3 are structural analogues of AvrLm4-7 (structure previously characterized). Structure-informed sequence database searches identified a larger number of putative structural analogues among L. maculans effector candidates, including the AVR effector AvrLmS-Lep2, all produced during the early stages of oilseed rape infection, as well as among effector candidates from other phytopathogenic fungi. These structural analogues are named LARS (for Leptosphaeria AviRulence and Suppressing) effectors. Remarkably, transformants of L. maculans expressing one of these structural analogues, Ecp11-1, triggered oilseed rape immunity in several genotypes carrying Rlm3. Furthermore, this resistance could be suppressed by AvrLm4-7. These results suggest that Ecp11-1 shares a common activity with AvrLm3 within the host plant which is detected by Rlm3, or that the Ecp11-1 structure is sufficiently close to that of AvrLm3 to be recognized by Rlm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Lazar
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Nacera Talbi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Ines Li de la Sierra-Gallay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emilie Zélie
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Blondeau
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Gracy
- CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM U1054, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Françoise Blaise
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry Rouxel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Chen G, Wu C, Wang F, Lyu H, Lu Y, Yan C, Chen J, Deng Y, Ge T. Microbial community changes in different underground compartments of potato affected yield and quality. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:106. [PMID: 35462950 PMCID: PMC8991295 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbial communities are critical to plant health and productivity. Crop-associated microbial diversity may exhibit spatial specificity across regions and soil compartments. However, we lack sound evidence for the impact of variation in soil microbial diversity on plant productivity caused by regional differences. The main aims of this study are to explore the structure and functionality of the belowground (potato tuber surface and rhizosphere) microbial communities in three compartments and assess whether these communities contribute to potato productivity. Significant differences in alpha and beta diversities of belowground microbiota were detected in different compartments and regions, mainly due to differences in available soil nutrients and pH. Changes to microbial diversity between bulk soil and rhizosphere or tuber surface soil were significantly negatively correlated with potato yield and nutrient content and positively correlated with starch content. We further found some bacterial (Mucilaginibacter, Dokdonella, and Salinispora) and fungal (Solicoccozyma, Scytalidium, and Humicola) genera closely associated with potato yield and quality. Aggregated boosted tree prediction revealed that soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity of tuber surface soil contributed more to potato yield; tuber surface soil bacterial contributed more to potato starch and nutrient content. Our findings provide experimental evidence that the significant differences in soil microbial diversity and specific microbial taxa enrichment may potentially influence crop productivity under soil physicochemical property change scenarios in the agricultural ecosystem. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03167-6.
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12
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Alhazime AA. Generation and characterization of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge air plasma and its antifungal potential: a case study on Alternaria alternata. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.2023445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Alhazime
- Physics Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Choi JW, Lee KT, Kim S, Lee YR, Kim HJ, Seo KJ, Lee MH, Yeon SK, Jang BK, Park SJ, Kim HJ, Park JH, Kim D, Lee DG, Cheong E, Lee JS, Bahn YS, Park KD. Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Antifungal Agents for the Treatment of Fungal Infection. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15912-15935. [PMID: 34662122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increased morbidity and mortality by fungal infections and the emergence of severe antifungal resistance, there is an urgent need for new antifungal agents. Here, we screened for antifungal activity in our in-house library through the minimum inhibitory concentration test and derived two hit compounds with moderate antifungal activities. The hit compounds' antifungal activities and drug-like properties were optimized by substituting various aryl ring, alkyl chain, and methyl groups. Among the optimized compounds, 22h was the most promising candidate with good drug-like properties and exhibited potent fast-acting fungicidal antifungal effects against various fungal pathogens and synergistic antifungal activities with some known antifungal drugs. Additionally, 22h was further confirmed to disturb fungal cell wall integrity by activating multiple cell wall integrity pathways. Furthermore, 22h exerted significant antifungal efficacy in both the subcutaneous infection mouse model and ex vivo human nail infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Choi
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwon Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rim Lee
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ha Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Yeon
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ko Jang
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Kim
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gi Lee
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seung Lee
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment & Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Inhibition of Serine Protease, α-Amylase and Growth of Phytopathogenic Fungi by Antimicrobial Peptides from Capsicum chinense Fruits. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 15:502-515. [PMID: 34671924 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant fungal diseases cause major problems for the global economy. Antimicrobial peptides have aroused great interest in the control of phytopathogens, as they are natural molecules and have a broad spectrum of inhibitory activity. Herein, we have tried to identify and characterize antimicrobial peptides present in fruits of Capsicum chinense and to evaluate their enzymatic and antifungal activities. The retained fraction obtained in the anion exchange chromatography with strong antifungal activity was subjected to molecular exclusion chromatography and obtained four fractions named G1, G2, G3, and G4. The 6.0-kDa protein band of G2 showed similarity with protease inhibitors type II, and it was able to inhibit 100% of trypsin and α-amylase activities. The protein band with approximately 6.5 kDa of G3 showed similarity with sequences of protease inhibitors from genus Capsicum and showed growth inhibition of 48% for Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, 49% for Fusarium lateritium, and 51% for F. solani and F. oxysporum. Additionally, G3 causes morphological changes, membrane permeabilization, and ROS increase in F. oxysporum cells. The 9-kDa protein band of G4 fraction was similar to a nsLTP type 1, and a protein band of 6.5 kDa was similar to a nsLTP type 2. The G4 fraction was able to inhibit 100% of the activities of glycosidases tested and showed growth inhibition of 35 and 50% of F. oxysporum and C. lindemuthianum, respectively. C. chinense fruits have peptides with antifungal activity and enzyme inhibition with biotechnological potential.
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15
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Future Directions for Clinical Respiratory Fungal Research. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:685-696. [PMID: 34590208 PMCID: PMC8536595 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing appreciation of the importance of respiratory fungal diseases in recent years, with better understanding of their prevalence as well as their global distribution. In step with the greater awareness of these complex infections, we are currently poised to make major advances in the characterization and treatment of these fungal diseases, which in itself is largely a consequence of post-genomic technologies which have enabled rational drug development and a path towards personalized medicines. These advances are set against a backdrop of globalization and anthropogenic change, which have impacted the world-wide distribution of fungi and antifungal resistance, as well as our built environment. The current revolution in immunomodulatory therapies has led to a rapidly evolving population at-risk for respiratory fungal disease. Whilst challenges are considerable, perhaps the tools we now have to manage these infections are up to this challenge. There has been a welcome acceleration of the antifungal pipeline in recent years, with a number of new drug classes in clinical or pre-clinical development, as well as new focus on inhaled antifungal drug delivery. The "post-genomic" revolution has opened up metagenomic diagnostic approaches spanning host immunogenetics to the fungal mycobiome that have allowed better characterization of respiratory fungal disease endotypes. When these advances are considered together the key challenge is clear: to develop a personalized medicine framework to enable a rational therapeutic approach.
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16
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John E, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Tan K. Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:858-881. [PMID: 33973705 PMCID: PMC8232033 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies are required and therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors and pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It is becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation is vital to enable plant infection and transcription factors play an essential role. Efforts to determine their regulatory functions in plant-pathogenic fungi have expanded since the annotation of fungal genomes revealed the ubiquity of transcription factors from a broad range of families. This review establishes the significance of transcription factors as regulatory elements in plant-pathogenic fungi and provides a systematic overview of those that have been functionally characterized. Detailed analysis is provided on regulators from well-characterized families controlling various aspects of fungal metabolism, development, stress tolerance, and the production of virulence factors such as effectors and secondary metabolites. This covers conserved transcription factors with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, as well as recently identified regulators targeting key virulence pathways. Fundamental knowledge of transcription factor regulation in plant-pathogenic fungi provides avenues to identify novel virulence factors and improve our understanding of the regulatory networks linked to pathogen evolution, while transcription factors can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding the molecular mechanisms and/or specific classes of transcription factors are identified, and direction for future investigation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard P. Oliver
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kar‐Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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17
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Peck LD, Nowell RW, Flood J, Ryan MJ, Barraclough TG. Historical genomics reveals the evolutionary mechanisms behind multiple outbreaks of the host-specific coffee wilt pathogen Fusarium xylarioides. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:404. [PMID: 34082717 PMCID: PMC8176585 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 50% of crop yields are lost to pests and disease, with plants and pathogens locked in an amplified co-evolutionary process of disease outbreaks. Coffee wilt disease, caused by Fusarium xylarioides, decimated coffee production in west and central Africa following its initial outbreak in the 1920s. After successful management, it later re-emerged and by the 2000s comprised two separate epidemics on arabica coffee in Ethiopia and robusta coffee in east and central Africa. RESULTS Here, we use genome sequencing of six historical culture collection strains spanning 52 years to identify the evolutionary processes behind these repeated outbreaks. Phylogenomic reconstruction using 13,782 single copy orthologs shows that the robusta population arose from the initial outbreak, whilst the arabica population is a divergent sister clade to the other strains. A screen for putative effector genes involved in pathogenesis shows that the populations have diverged in gene content and sequence mainly by vertical processes within lineages. However, 15 putative effector genes show evidence of horizontal acquisition, with close homology to genes from F. oxysporum. Most occupy small regions of homology within wider scaffolds, whereas a cluster of four genes occupy a 20Kb scaffold with strong homology to a region on a mobile pathogenicity chromosome in F. oxysporum that houses known effector genes. Lacking a match to the whole mobile chromosome, we nonetheless found close associations with DNA transposons, especially the miniature impala type previously proposed to facilitate horizontal transfer of pathogenicity genes in F. oxysporum. These findings support a working hypothesis that the arabica and robusta populations partly acquired distinct effector genes via transposition-mediated horizontal transfer from F. oxysporum, which shares coffee as a host and lives on other plants intercropped with coffee. CONCLUSION Our results show how historical genomics can help reveal mechanisms that allow fungal pathogens to keep pace with our efforts to resist them. Our list of putative effector genes identifies possible future targets for fungal control. In turn, knowledge of horizontal transfer mechanisms and putative donor taxa might help to design future intercropping strategies that minimize the risk of transfer of effector genes between closely-related Fusarium taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily D Peck
- Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet Doctoral Training Partnership, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - Reuben W Nowell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Julie Flood
- CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK
| | | | - Timothy G Barraclough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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18
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Batool W, Shabbir A, Lin L, Chen X, An Q, He X, Pan S, Chen S, Chen Q, Wang Z, Norvienyeku J. Translation Initiation Factor eIF4E Positively Modulates Conidiogenesis, Appressorium Formation, Host Invasion and Stress Homeostasis in the Filamentous Fungi Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646343. [PMID: 34220879 PMCID: PMC8244596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Translation initiation factor eIF4E generally mediates the recognition of the 5'cap structure of mRNA during the recruitment of the ribosomes to capped mRNA. Although the eIF4E has been shown to regulate stress response in Schizosaccharomyces pombe positively, there is no direct experimental evidence for the contributions of eIF4E to both physiological and pathogenic development of filamentous fungi. We generated Magnaporthe oryzae eIF4E (MoeIF4E3) gene deletion strains using homologous recombination strategies. Phenotypic and biochemical analyses of MoeIF4E3 defective strains showed that the deletion of MoeIF4E3 triggered a significant reduction in growth and conidiogenesis. We also showed that disruption of MoeIF4E3 partially impaired conidia germination, appressorium integrity and attenuated the pathogenicity of ΔMoeif4e3 strains. In summary, this study provides experimental insights into the contributions of the eIF4E3 to the development of filamentous fungi. Additionally, these observations underscored the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the translational regulatory machinery in phytopathogenic fungi during pathogen-host interaction progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajjiha Batool
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ammarah Shabbir
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuli An
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie He
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu Pan
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuzun Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zonghua Wang,
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, The School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Justice Norvienyeku, ;
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Fones HN, Bebber DP, Chaloner TM, Kay WT, Steinberg G, Gurr SJ. Threats to global food security from emerging fungal and oomycete crop pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:332-342. [PMID: 37128085 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Emerging fungal and oomycete pathogens infect staple calorie crops and economically important commodity crops, thereby posing a significant risk to global food security. Our current agricultural systems - with emphasis on intensive monoculture practices - and globalized markets drive the emergence and spread of new pathogens and problematic traits, such as fungicide resistance. Climate change further promotes the emergence of pathogens on new crops and in new places. Here we review the factors affecting the introduction and spread of pathogens and current disease control strategies, illustrating these with the historic example of the Irish potato famine and contemporary examples of soybean rust, wheat blast and blotch, banana wilt and cassava root rot. Our Review looks to the future, summarizing what we see as the main challenges and knowledge gaps, and highlighting the direction that research must take to face the challenge of emerging crop pathogens.
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20
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The Rise of Fungi: A Report on the CIFAR Program Fungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities Inaugural Meeting. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1837-1842. [PMID: 32482729 PMCID: PMC7263687 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first meeting of the CIFAR Fungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities research program saw the congregation of experts on fungal biology to address the most pressing threats fungi pose to global health, agriculture, and biodiversity. This report covers the research discussed during the meeting and the advancements made toward mitigating the devastating impact of fungi on plants, animals, and humans.
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21
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Dai Y, Ogilvie HA, Liu Y, Huang M, Markillie LM, Mitchell HD, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Gaffrey MJ, Orr G, Chehab EW, Mao WT, Braam J. Rosette core fungal resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1941-1953. [PMID: 31529398 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unlike rosette leaves, the mature Arabidopsis rosette core can display full resistance to Botrytis cinerea revealing the importance for spatial and developmental aspects of plant fungal resistance. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model host to investigate plant defense against fungi. However, many of the reports investigating Arabidopsis fungal defense against the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea, utilize rosette leaves as host tissue. Here we report organ-dependent differences in B. cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis. Although wild-type Arabidopsis rosette leaves mount a jasmonate-dependent defense that slows fungal growth, this defense is incapable of resisting fungal devastation. In contrast, as the fungus spreads through infected leaf petioles towards the plant center, or rosette core, there is a jasmonate- and age-dependent fungal penetration blockage into the rosette core. We report evidence for induced and preformed resistance in the rosette core, as direct rosette core inoculation can also result in resistance, but at a lower penetrance relative to infections that approach the core from infected leaf petioles. The Arabidopsis rosette core displays a distinct transcriptome relative to other plant organs, and BLADE ON PETIOLE (BOP) transcripts are abundant in the rosette core. The BOP genes, with known roles in abscission zone formation, are required for full Arabidopsis rosette core B. cinerea resistance, suggesting a possible role for BOP-dependent modifications that may help to restrict fungal susceptibility of the rosette core. Finally, we demonstrate that cabbage and cauliflower, common Brassicaceae crops, also display leaf susceptibility and rosette core resistance to B. cinerea that can involve leaf abscission. Thus, spatial and developmental aspects of plant host resistance play critical roles in resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens and are important to our understanding of plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwan Dai
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Huw A Ogilvie
- Computer Science Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael Huang
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Hugh D Mitchell
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - E Wassim Chehab
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Wan-Ting Mao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Janet Braam
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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22
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Hýsek J, Vavera R, Růžek P. Cultivation Intensity in Combination with Other Ecological Factors as Limiting Ones for the Abundance of Phytopathogenic Fungi on Wheat. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:565-574. [PMID: 30895363 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In field and laboratory experiments during 2014-2017, we investigated the influence of lower and higher cultivation intensity of wheat and ecological factors (weather-temperature and rainfalls, year) on the occurrence of phytopathogenic fungi on the leaves of winter wheat. The prevailing fungi in those years were Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schrott and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler. Using cluster analysis, we statistically evaluated interrelationships of known factors on the abundance of the fungi on leaf surfaces. Our results showed strongest correlation with Mycosphaerella graminicola and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis abundance to be with lower cultivation intensity and year done by the temperature and the rainfalls. The two pathogens-Puccinia tritici Oerst and Hymenula cerealis Ellis & Everh. occurred only very sparsely in some years and had little positive or negative correlation with named factors. The semi-early and semi-late winter wheat varieties Matchball, Annie, Fakir, and Tobak were used for our experiments. Higher cultivation intensity had protective effect against leaf phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hýsek
- Crop Research Institute (CRI), Ruzyně, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Vavera
- Crop Research Institute (CRI), Ruzyně, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Růžek
- Crop Research Institute (CRI), Ruzyně, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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23
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Fungal Signaling: from Homeostasis to Pathogenesis. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:1-3. [PMID: 31410666 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Chaloner TM, Fones HN, Varma V, Bebber DP, Gurr SJ. A new mechanistic model of weather-dependent Septoria tritici blotch disease risk. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180266. [PMID: 31056050 PMCID: PMC6553599 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new mechanistic model for predicting Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease, parameterized with experimentally derived data for temperature- and wetness-dependent germination, growth and death of the causal agent, Zymoseptoria tritici. The output of this model (A) was compared with observed disease data for UK wheat over the period 2002-2016. In addition, we compared the output of a second model (B), in which experimentally derived parameters were replaced by a modified version of a published Z. tritici thermal performance equation, with the same observed disease data. Neither model predicted observed annual disease, but model A was able to differentiate UK regions with differing average disease risks over the entire period. The greatest limitations of both models are: broad spatial resolution of the climate data, and lack of host parameters. Model B is further limited by its lack of explicitly defined pathogen death, leading to a cumulative overestimation of disease over the course of the growing season. Comparison of models A and B demonstrates the importance of accounting for the temperature-dependency of pathogen processes important in the initiation and progression of disease. However, effective modelling of STB will probably require similar experimentally derived parameters for host and environmental factors, completing the disease triangle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes'. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue 'Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah J. Gurr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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25
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Badet T, Léger O, Barascud M, Voisin D, Sadon P, Vincent R, Le Ru A, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Expression polymorphism at the ARPC4 locus links the actin cytoskeleton with quantitative disease resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:480-496. [PMID: 30393937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a form of plant immunity widespread in nature, and the only one active against broad host range fungal pathogens. The genetic determinants of QDR are complex and largely unknown, and are thought to rely partly on genes controlling plant morphology and development. We used genome-wide association mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify ARPC4 as associated with QDR against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mutants impaired in ARPC4 showed enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, defects in the structure of the actin filaments and in their responsiveness to S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of ARPC4 also alters callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes upon S. sclerotiorum infection. Analysis of ARPC4 diversity in A. thaliana identified one haplotype (ARPC4R ) showing a c. 1 kbp insertion in ARPC4 regulatory region and associated with higher level of QDR. Accessions from the ARPC4R haplotype showed enhanced ARPC4 expression upon S. sclerotiorum challenge, indicating that polymorphisms in ARPC4 regulatory region are associated with enhanced QDR. This work identifies a novel actor of plant QDR against a fungal pathogen and provides a prime example of genetic mechanisms leading to the recruitment of cell morphology processes in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ophélie Léger
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marielle Barascud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Derry Voisin
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Sadon
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Remy Vincent
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Fédération de Recherche 3450, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Monk BC, Sagatova AA, Hosseini P, Ruma YN, Wilson RK, Keniya MV. Fungal Lanosterol 14α-demethylase: A target for next-generation antifungal design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140206. [PMID: 30851431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LDM) is the target of the azole antifungals used widely in medicine and agriculture as prophylaxis or treatments of infections or diseases caused by fungal pathogens. These drugs and agrochemicals contain an imidazole, triazole or tetrazole substituent, with one of the nitrogens in the azole ring coordinating as the sixth axial ligand to the LDM heme iron. Structural studies show that this membrane bound enzyme contains a relatively rigid ligand binding pocket comprised of a deeply buried heme-containing active site together with a substrate entry channel and putative product exit channel that reach to the membrane. Within the ligand binding pocket the azole antifungals have additional affinity determining interactions with hydrophobic side-chains, the polypeptide backbone and via water-mediated hydrogen bond networks. This review will describe the tools that can be used to identify and characterise the next generation of antifungals targeting LDM, with the goal of obtaining highly potent broad-spectrum fungicides that will be able to avoid target and drug efflux mediated antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Alia A Sagatova
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Parham Hosseini
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yasmeen N Ruma
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rajni K Wilson
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mikhail V Keniya
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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27
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Bui TT, Harting R, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Tran VT, Leonard M, Höfer A, Abelmann A, Bakti F, Valerius O, Schlüter R, Stanley CE, Ambrósio A, Braus GH. Verticillium dahliae transcription factors Som1 and Vta3 control microsclerotia formation and sequential steps of plant root penetration and colonisation to induce disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2138-2159. [PMID: 30290010 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae nuclear transcription factors Som1 and Vta3 can rescue adhesion in a FLO8-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Som1 and Vta3 induce the expression of the yeast FLO1 and FLO11 genes encoding adhesins. Som1 and Vta3 are sequentially required for root penetration and colonisation of the plant host by V. dahliae. The SOM1 and VTA3 genes were deleted and their functions in fungus-induced plant pathogenesis were studied using genetic, cell biology, proteomic and plant pathogenicity experiments. Som1 supports fungal adhesion and root penetration and is required earlier than Vta3 in the colonisation of plant root surfaces and tomato plant infection. Som1 controls septa positioning and the size of vacuoles, and subsequently hyphal development including aerial hyphae formation and normal hyphal branching. Som1 and Vta3 control conidiation, microsclerotia formation, and antagonise in oxidative stress responses. The molecular function of Som1 is conserved between the plant pathogen V. dahliae and the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Som1 controls genes for initial steps of plant root penetration, adhesion, oxidative stress response and VTA3 expression to allow subsequent root colonisation. Both Som1 and Vta3 regulate developmental genetic networks required for conidiation, microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri-Thuc Bui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Susanna A Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Miriam Leonard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annalena Höfer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anja Abelmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fruzsina Bakti
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alinne Ambrósio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
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Insights into the anti-infective properties of prodiginines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2873-2887. [PMID: 30761415 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prodiginines are a large family of tripyrrole alkaloids that contain natural members produced by various bacteria and non-natural members obtained from chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis, and mutasynthesis. These compounds have attracted a great deal of attention due to their wide range of fascinating properties including anti-infective, anticancer, and immunosuppressive activities. In consideration of the great need for novel and effective anti-infective agents, this review is mainly focused on the current status of research on the anti-infective properties of prodiginines, highlighting their antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-larval, and antiviral activities. Additionally, the multiple mechanisms by which prodiginines exert their anti-infective effects will also be discussed.
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29
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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of FK506 Analogs as Novel Antifungal Drug Candidates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01627-18. [PMID: 30181374 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01627-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506 (tacrolimus) is an FDA-approved immunosuppressant indicated for the prevention of allograft rejections in patients undergoing organ transplants. In mammals, FK506 inhibits the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway to prevent T-cell proliferation by forming a ternary complex with its binding protein, FKBP12, and calcineurin. FK506 also exerts antifungal activity by inhibiting calcineurin, which is essential for the virulence of human-pathogenic fungi. Nevertheless, FK506 cannot be used directly as an antifungal drug due to its immunosuppressive action. In this study, we analyzed the cytotoxicity, immunosuppressive activity, and antifungal activity of four FK506 analogs, 31-O-demethyl-FK506, 9-deoxo-FK506, 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506, and 9-deoxo-prolyl-FK506, in comparison with that of FK506. The four FK506 analogs generally possessed lower cytotoxicity and immunosuppressive activity than FK506. The FK506 analogs, except for 9-deoxo-prolyl-FK506, had strong antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, which are two major invasive pathogenic yeasts, due to the inhibition of the calcineurin pathway. Furthermore, the FK506 analogs, except for 9-deoxo-prolyl-FK506, had strong antifungal activity against the invasive filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Notably, 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506 and 31-O-demethyl-FK506 exhibited robust synergistic antifungal activity with fluconazole, similar to FK506. Considering the antifungal efficacy, cytotoxicity, immunosuppressive activity, and synergistic effect with commercial antifungal drugs, we selected 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506 for further evaluation of its in vivo antifungal efficacy in a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis. Although 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506 alone was not sufficient to treat the cryptococcal infection, when it was used in combination with fluconazole, it significantly extended the survival of C. neoformans-infected mice, confirming the synergistic in vivo antifungal efficacy between these two agents.
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Revie NM, Iyer KR, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Antifungal drug resistance: evolution, mechanisms and impact. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 45:70-76. [PMID: 29547801 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms have a remarkable capacity to evolve resistance to antimicrobial agents, threatening the efficacy of the limited arsenal of antimicrobials and becoming a dire public health crisis. This is of particular concern for fungal pathogens, which cause devastating invasive infections with treatment options limited to only three major classes of antifungal drugs. The paucity of antifungals with clinical utility is in part due to close evolutionary relationships between these eukaryotic pathogens and their human hosts, which limits the unique targets to be exploited therapeutically. This review highlights the mechanisms by which fungal pathogens of humans evolve resistance to antifungal drugs, which provide crucial insights to enable development of novel therapeutic strategies to thwart drug resistance and combat fungal infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Revie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Kali R Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.
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31
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Farrer RA, Fisher MC. Describing Genomic and Epigenomic Traits Underpinning Emerging Fungal Pathogens. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2017; 100:73-140. [PMID: 29153405 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented number of pathogenic fungi are emerging and causing disease in animals and plants, putting the resilience of wild and managed ecosystems in jeopardy. While the past decades have seen an increase in the number of pathogenic fungi, they have also seen the birth of new big data technologies and analytical approaches to tackle these emerging pathogens. We review how the linked fields of genomics and epigenomics are transforming our ability to address the challenge of emerging fungal pathogens. We explore the methodologies and bioinformatic toolkits that currently exist to rapidly analyze the genomes of unknown fungi, then discuss how these data can be used to address key questions that shed light on their epidemiology. We show how genomic approaches are leading a revolution into our understanding of emerging fungal diseases and speculate on future approaches that will transform our ability to tackle this increasingly important class of emerging pathogens.
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