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Salzano F, Aulitto M, Fiorentino G, Cannella D, Peeters E, Limauro D. A novel endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Alicyclobacillus mali FL18: Biochemical characterization and its synergistic action with β-xylosidase in hemicellulose deconstruction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130550. [PMID: 38432267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A novel endo-1,4-β-xylanase-encoding gene was identified in Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 and the recombinant protein, named AmXyn, was purified and biochemically characterized. The monomeric enzyme worked optimally at pH 6.6 and 80 °C on beechwood xylan with a specific activity of 440.00 ± 0.02 U/mg and a good catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 91.89 s-1mLmg-1). In addition, the enzyme did not display any activity on cellulose, suggesting a possible application in paper biobleaching processes. To develop an enzymatic mixture for xylan degradation, the association between AmXyn and the previously characterized β-xylosidase AmβXyl, deriving from the same microorganism, was assessed. The two enzymes had similar temperature and pH optima and showed the highest degree of synergy when AmXyn and AmβXyl were added sequentially to beechwood xylan, making this mixture cost-competitive and suitable for industrial use. Therefore, this enzymatic cocktail was also employed for the hydrolysis of wheat bran residue. TLC and HPAEC-PAD analyses revealed a high conversion rate to xylose (91.56 %), placing AmXyn and AmβXyl among the most promising biocatalysts for the saccharification of agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Salzano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Aulitto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBiocatalysis Unit, Biomass Transformation lab - BTL, and Crop production and Biostimulation Lab - CPBL, Universitè libre de Brussels, ULB, Belgium
| | - Eveline Peeters
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danila Limauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Aulitto M, Alfano A, Maresca E, Avolio R, Errico ME, Gentile G, Cozzolino F, Monti M, Pirozzi A, Donsì F, Cimini D, Schiraldi C, Contursi P. Thermophilic biocatalysts for one-step conversion of citrus waste into lactic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:155. [PMID: 38244047 PMCID: PMC10799777 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Agri-food residues offer significant potential as a raw material for the production of L-lactic acid through microbial fermentation. Weizmannia coagulans, previously known as Bacillus coagulans, is a spore-forming, lactic acid-producing, gram-positive, with known probiotic and prebiotic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing untreated citrus waste as a sustainable feedstock for the production of L-lactic acid in a one-step process, by using the strain W. coagulans MA-13. By employing a thermophilic enzymatic cocktail (Cellic CTec2) in conjunction with the hydrolytic capabilities of MA-13, biomass degradation was enhanced by up to 62%. Moreover, batch and fed-batch fermentation experiments demonstrated the complete fermentation of glucose into L-lactic acid, achieving a concentration of up to 44.8 g/L. These results point to MA-13 as a microbial cell factory for one-step production of L-lactic acid, by combining cost-effective saccharification with MA-13 fermentative performance, on agri-food wastes. Moreover, the potential of this approach for sustainable valorization of agricultural waste streams is successfully proven. KEY POINTS: • Valorization of citrus waste, an abundant residue in Mediterranean countries. • Sustainable production of the L-( +)-lactic acid in one-step process. • Enzymatic pretreatment is a valuable alternative to the use of chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Aulitto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II,", Naples, Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alberto Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maresca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II,", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Annachiara Pirozzi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesco Donsì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Donatella Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology Naples, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Contursi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II,", Naples, Italy.
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
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3
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Bombardi L, Salini A, Aulitto M, Zuliani L, Andreolli M, Bordoli P, Coltro A, Vitulo N, Zaccone C, Lampis S, Fusco S. Lignocellulolytic Potential of Microbial Consortia Isolated from a Local Biogas Plant: The Case of Thermostable Xylanases Secreted by Mesophilic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1090. [PMID: 38256164 PMCID: PMC10816813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomasses (LCB), including spent mushroom substrate (SMS), pose environmental challenges if not properly managed. At the same time, these renewable resources hold immense potential for biofuel and chemicals production. With the mushroom market growth expected to amplify SMS quantities, repurposing or disposal strategies are critical. This study explores the use of SMS for cultivating microbial communities to produce carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Addressing a research gap in using anaerobic digesters for enriching microbiomes feeding on SMS, this study investigates microbial diversity and secreted CAZymes under varied temperatures (37 °C, 50 °C, and 70 °C) and substrates (SMS as well as pure carboxymethylcellulose, and xylan). Enriched microbiomes demonstrated temperature-dependent preferences for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation, supported by thermal and elemental analyses. Enzyme assays confirmed lignocellulolytic enzyme secretion correlating with substrate degradation trends. Notably, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), emerged as a rapid approach for saccharification potential determination of LCB. Microbiomes isolated at mesophilic temperature secreted thermophilic hemicellulases exhibiting robust stability and superior enzymatic activity compared to commercial enzymes, aligning with biorefinery conditions. PCR-DGGE and metagenomic analyses showcased dynamic shifts in microbiome composition and functional potential based on environmental conditions, impacting CAZyme abundance and diversity. The meta-functional analysis emphasised the role of CAZymes in biomass transformation, indicating microbial strategies for lignocellulose degradation. Temperature and substrate specificity influenced the degradative potential, highlighting the complexity of environmental-microbial interactions. This study demonstrates a temperature-driven microbial selection for lignocellulose degradation, unveiling thermophilic xylanases with industrial promise. Insights gained contribute to optimizing enzyme production and formulating efficient biomass conversion strategies. Understanding microbial consortia responses to temperature and substrate variations elucidates bioconversion dynamics, emphasizing tailored strategies for harnessing their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bombardi
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology (BIB) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.Z.); (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Salini
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology (BIB) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.Z.); (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Martina Aulitto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luca Zuliani
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology (BIB) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.Z.); (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Andreolli
- Lab of Environmental Microbiology & VUCC-DBT Verona University Culture Collection, Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Paola Bordoli
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology (BIB) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.Z.); (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Annalaura Coltro
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology (BIB) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.Z.); (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Computational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Claudio Zaccone
- Lab of Soil and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Silvia Lampis
- Lab of Environmental Microbiology & VUCC-DBT Verona University Culture Collection, Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology (BIB) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.Z.); (P.B.); (A.C.)
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Aulitto M, Castaldo R, Avolio R, Errico ME, Xu YQ, Gentile G, Contursi P. Sustainable and Green Production of Nanostructured Cellulose by a 2-Step Mechano-Enzymatic Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051115. [PMID: 36904355 PMCID: PMC10006998 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured cellulose (NC) represents an emerging sustainable biomaterial for diverse biotechnological applications; however, its production requires hazardous chemicals that render the process ecologically unfriendly. Using commercial plant-derived cellulose, an innovative strategy for NC production based on the combination of mechanical and enzymatic approaches was proposed as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical procedures. After ball milling, the average length of the fibers was reduced by one order of magnitude (down to 10-20 μm) and the crystallinity index decreased from 0.54 to 0.07-0.18. Moreover, a 60 min ball milling pre-treatment followed by 3 h Cellic Ctec2 enzymatic hydrolysis led to NC production (15% yield). Analysis of the structural features of NC obtained by the mechano-enzymatic process revealed that the diameters of the obtained cellulose fibrils and particles were in the range of 200-500 nm and approximately 50 nm, respectively. Interestingly, the film-forming property on polyethylene (coating ≅ 2 μm thickness) was successfully demonstrated and a significant reduction (18%) of the oxygen transmission rate was obtained. Altogether, these findings demonstrated that nanostructured cellulose could be successfully produced using a novel, cheap, and rapid 2-step physico-enzymatic process that provides a potential green and sustainable route that could be exploitable in future biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Aulitto
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachele Castaldo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9P South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrizia Contursi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (P.C.)
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5
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Carbonaro M, Aulitto M, Gallo G, Contursi P, Limauro D, Fiorentino G. Insight into CAZymes of Alicyclobacillus mali FL18: Characterization of a New Multifunctional GH9 Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010243. [PMID: 36613686 PMCID: PMC9820247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bio-based era, cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes are biocatalysts used in many industrial processes, playing a key role in the conversion of recalcitrant lignocellulosic waste biomasses. In this context, many thermophilic microorganisms are considered as convenient sources of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this work, a functional genomic annotation of Alicyclobacillus mali FL18, a recently discovered thermo-acidophilic microorganism, showed a wide reservoir of putative CAZymes. Among them, a novel enzyme belonging to the family 9 of glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), named AmCel9, was identified; in-depth in silico analyses highlighted that AmCel9 shares general features with other GH9 members. The synthetic gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified and characterized. The monomeric enzyme has an optimal catalytic activity at pH 6.0 and has comparable activity at temperatures ranging from 40 °C to 70 °C. It also has a broad substrate specificity, a typical behavior of multifunctional cellulases; the best activity is displayed on β-1,4 linked glucans. Very interestingly, AmCel9 also hydrolyses filter paper and microcrystalline cellulose. This work gives new insights into the properties of a new thermophilic multifunctional GH9 enzyme, that looks a promising biocatalyst for the deconstruction of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Carbonaro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Aulitto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Giovanni Gallo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Contursi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Danila Limauro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 as a Novel Source of Glycosyl Hydrolases: Characterization of a New Thermophilic β-Xylosidase Tolerant to Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214310. [PMID: 36430787 PMCID: PMC9696088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermo-acidophilic bacterium, Alicyclobacillus mali FL18, was isolated from a hot spring of Pisciarelli, near Naples, Italy; following genome analysis, a novel putative β-xylosidase, AmβXyl, belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 3 was identified. A synthetic gene was produced, cloned in pET-30a(+), and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) RIL. The purified recombinant protein, which showed a dimeric structure, had optimal catalytic activity at 80 °C and pH 5.6, exhibiting 60% of its activity after 2 h at 50 °C and displaying high stability (more than 80%) at pH 5.0-8.0 after 16 h. AmβXyl is mainly active on both para-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (KM 0.52 mM, kcat 1606 s-1, and kcat/KM 3088.46 mM-1·s-1) and para-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside (KM 10.56 mM, kcat 2395.8 s-1, and kcat/KM 226.87 mM-1·s-1). Thin-layer chromatography showed its ability to convert xylooligomers (xylobiose and xylotriose) into xylose, confirming that AmβXyl is a true β-xylosidase. Furthermore, no inhibitory effect on enzymatic activity by metal ions, detergents, or EDTA was observed except for 5 mM Cu2+. AmβXyl showed an excellent tolerance to organic solvents; in particular, the enzyme increased its activity at high concentrations (30%) of organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and DMSO. Lastly, the enzyme showed not only a good tolerance to inhibition by xylose, arabinose, and glucose, but was activated by 0.75 M xylose and up to 1.5 M by both arabinose and glucose. The high tolerance to organic solvents and monosaccharides together with other characteristics reported above suggests that AmβXyl may have several applications in many industrial fields.
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Aulitto M, Martinez-Alvarez L, Fusco S, She Q, Bartolucci S, Peng X, Contursi P. Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics of SSV1 and Related Fusellovirus: A Minireview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102082. [PMID: 36298638 PMCID: PMC9608457 DOI: 10.3390/v14102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1) was one of the first viruses identified in the archaeal kingdom. Originally isolated from a Japanese species of Saccharolobus back in 1984, it has been extensively used as a model system for genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies, as well as to unveil the molecular mechanisms governing the host–virus interaction. The purpose of this mini review is to supply a compendium of four decades of research on the SSV1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Aulitto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laura Martinez-Alvarez
- Archaea Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Biochemistry and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Qunxin She
- CRISPR and Archaea Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | | | - Xu Peng
- Archaea Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrizia Contursi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (P.C.)
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A Comparative Analysis of Weizmannia coagulans Genomes Unravels the Genetic Potential for Biotechnological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063135. [PMID: 35328559 PMCID: PMC8954581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biochemicals requires the use of microbial strains with efficient substrate conversion and excellent environmental robustness, such as Weizmannia coagulans species. So far, the genomes of 47 strains have been sequenced. Herein, we report a comparative genomic analysis of nine strains on the full repertoire of Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes), secretion systems, and resistance mechanisms to environmental challenges. Moreover, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) immune system along with CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes, was also analyzed. Overall, this study expands our understanding of the strain's genomic diversity of W. coagulans to fully exploit its potential in biotechnological applications.
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Aulitto M, Gallo G, Puopolo R, Mormone A, Limauro D, Contursi P, Piochi M, Bartolucci S, Fiorentino G. Genomic Insight of Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 Isolated From an Arsenic-Rich Hot Spring. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639697. [PMID: 33897644 PMCID: PMC8060452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme environments are excellent places to find microorganisms capable of tolerating extreme temperature, pH, salinity pressure, and elevated concentration of heavy metals and other toxic compounds. In the last decades, extremophilic microorganisms have been extensively studied since they can be applied in several fields of biotechnology along with their enzymes. In this context, the characterization of heavy metal resistance determinants in thermophilic microorganisms is the starting point for the development of new biosystems and bioprocesses for environmental monitoring and remediation. This work focuses on the isolation and the genomic exploration of a new arsenic-tolerant microorganism, classified as Alicyclobacillus mali FL18. The bacterium was isolated from a hot mud pool of the solfataric terrains in Pisciarelli, a well-known hydrothermally active zone of the Campi Flegrei volcano near Naples in Italy. A. mali FL18 showed a good tolerance to arsenite (MIC value of 41 mM), as well as to other metals such as nickel (MIC 30 mM), cobalt, and mercury (MIC 3 mM and 17 μM, respectively). Signatures of arsenic resistance genes (one arsenate reductase, one arsenite methyltransferase, and several arsenite exporters) were found interspersed in the genome as well as several multidrug resistance efflux transporters that could be involved in the export of drugs and heavy metal ions. Moreover, the strain showed a high resistance to bacitracin and ciprofloxacin, suggesting that the extreme environment has positively selected multiple resistances to different toxic compounds. This work provides, for the first time, insights into the heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic susceptibility of an Alicyclobacillus strain and highlights its putative molecular determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Aulitto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Giovanni Gallo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Rosanna Puopolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Mormone
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila Limauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Contursi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Piochi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bartolucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
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Aulitto M, Strazzulli A, Sansone F, Cozzolino F, Monti M, Moracci M, Fiorentino G, Limauro D, Bartolucci S, Contursi P. Prebiotic properties of Bacillus coagulans MA-13: production of galactoside hydrolyzing enzymes and characterization of the transglycosylation properties of a GH42 β-galactosidase. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:71. [PMID: 33736637 PMCID: PMC7977261 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spore-forming lactic acid bacterium Bacillus coagulans MA-13 has been isolated from canned beans manufacturing and successfully employed for the sustainable production of lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Among lactic acid bacteria, B. coagulans strains are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption. Low-cost microbial production of industrially valuable products such as lactic acid and various enzymes devoted to the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and lactose, is of great importance to the food industry. Specifically, α- and β-galactosidases are attractive for their ability to hydrolyze not-digestible galactosides present in the food matrix as well as in the human gastrointestinal tract. Results In this work we have explored the potential of B. coagulans MA-13 as a source of metabolites and enzymes to improve the digestibility and the nutritional value of food. A combination of mass spectrometry analysis with conventional biochemical approaches has been employed to unveil the intra- and extra- cellular glycosyl hydrolase (GH) repertoire of B. coagulans MA-13 under diverse growth conditions. The highest enzymatic activity was detected on β-1,4 and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages and the enzymes responsible for these activities were unambiguously identified as β-galactosidase (GH42) and α-galactosidase (GH36), respectively. Whilst the former has been found only in the cytosol, the latter is localized also extracellularly. The export of this enzyme may occur through a not yet identified secretion mechanism, since a typical signal peptide is missing in the α-galactosidase sequence. A full biochemical characterization of the recombinant β-galactosidase has been carried out and the ability of this enzyme to perform homo- and hetero-condensation reactions to produce galacto-oligosaccharides, has been demonstrated. Conclusions Probiotics which are safe for human use and are capable of producing high levels of both α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase are of great importance to the food industry. In this work we have proven the ability of B. coagulans MA-13 to over-produce these two enzymes thus paving the way for its potential use in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01553-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Aulitto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sansone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fiorentino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies On Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Danila Limauro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.,BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies On Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Contursi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy. .,Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies On Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy.
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