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van Dijk LLA, Rijsbergen LC, Rubio BT, Schmitz KS, Gommers L, Comvalius AD, Havelaar A, van Amerongen G, Schepp R, Lamers MM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Haagmans BL, van Binnendijk R, de Swart RL, de Vries RD. Virus neutralization assays for human respiratory syncytial virus using airway organoids. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:267. [PMID: 38884678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are considered a correlate of protection against severe human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) disease. Currently, HRSV neutralization assays are performed on immortalized cell lines like Vero or A549 cells. It is known that assays on these cell lines exclusively detect neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) directed to the fusion (F) protein. For the detection of nAbs directed to the glycoprotein (G), ciliated epithelial cells expressing the cellular receptor CX3CR1 are required, but generation of primary cell cultures is expensive and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a high-throughput neutralization assay based on the interaction between clinically relevant HRSV grown on primary cells with ciliated epithelial cells, and validated this assay using a panel of infant sera. To develop the high-throughput neutralization assay, we established a culture of differentiated apical-out airway organoids (Ap-O AO). CX3CR1 expression was confirmed, and both F- and G-specific monoclonal antibodies neutralized HRSV in the Ap-O AO. In a side-by-side neutralization assay on Vero cells and Ap-O AO, neutralizing antibody levels in sera from 125 infants correlated well, although titers on Ap-O AO were consistently lower. We speculate that these lower titers might be an actual reflection of the neutralizing antibody capacity in vivo. The organoid-based neutralization assay described here holds promise for further characterization of correlates of protection against HRSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurine C Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Tello Rubio
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina S Schmitz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouskha D Comvalius
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Havelaar
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Schepp
- Center of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Corine H GeurtsvanKessel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Center of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Marsall P, Fandrich M, Griesbaum J, Harries M, Lange B, Ascough S, Dayananda P, Chiu C, Remppis J, Ganzenmueller T, Renk H, Strengert M, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Dulovic A. Development and validation of a respiratory syncytial virus multiplex immunoassay. Infection 2024; 52:597-609. [PMID: 38332255 PMCID: PMC10954859 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of severe respiratory disease in infants and adults. While vaccines and monoclonal therapeutic antibodies either are or will shortly become available, correlates of protection remain unclear. For this purpose, we developed an RSV multiplex immunoassay that analyses antibody titers toward the post-F, Nucleoprotein, and a diverse mix of G proteins. METHODS A bead-based multiplex RSV immunoassay was developed, technically validated to standard FDA bioanalytical guidelines, and clinically validated using samples from human challenge studies. RSV antibody titers were then investigated in children aged under 2 and a population-based cohort. RESULTS Technical and clinical validation showed outstanding performance, while methodological developments enabled identification of the subtype of previous infections through use of the diverse G proteins for approximately 50% of samples. As a proof of concept to show the suitability of the assay in serosurveillance studies, we then evaluated titer decay and age-dependent antibody responses within population cohorts. CONCLUSION Overall, the developed assay shows robust performance, is scalable, provides additional information on infection subtype, and is therefore ideally suited to be used in future population cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marsall
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Madeleine Fandrich
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Griesbaum
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Harries
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), TI BBD, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ascough
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pete Dayananda
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Remppis
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Renk
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
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3
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Lakerveld AJ, Gelderloos AT, Schepp RM, de Haan CAM, van Binnendijk RS, Rots NY, van Beek J, van Els CACM, van Kasteren PB. Difference in respiratory syncytial virus-specific Fc-mediated antibody effector functions between children and adults. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:79-93. [PMID: 37605554 PMCID: PMC10711356 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and older adults, for which there is no known correlate of protection. Increasing evidence suggests that Fc-mediated antibody effector functions have an important role, but little is known about the development, heterogeneity, and durability of these functional responses. In light of future vaccine strategies, a clear view of the immunological background and differences between various target populations is of crucial importance. In this study, we have assessed both quantitative and qualitative aspects of RSV-specific serum antibodies, including IgG/IgA levels, IgG subclasses, antibody-dependent complement deposition, cellular phagocytosis, and NK cell activation (ADNKA). Samples were collected cross-sectionally in different age groups (11-, 24-, and 46-month-old children, adults, and older adults; n = 31-35 per group) and longitudinally following natural RSV infection in (older) adults (2-36 months post-infection; n = 10). We found that serum of 24-month-old children induces significantly lower ADNKA than the serum of adults (P < 0.01), which is not explained by antibody levels. Furthermore, in (older) adults we observed boosting of antibody levels and functionality at 2-3 months after RSV infection, except for ADNKA. The strongest decrease was subsequently observed within the first 9 months, after which levels remained relatively stable up to three years post-infection. Together, these data provide a comprehensive overview of the functional landscape of RSV-specific serum antibodies in the human population, highlighting that while antibodies reach adult levels already at a young age, ADNKA requires more time to fully develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J Lakerveld
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Anne T Gelderloos
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Section Virology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y Rots
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Section Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Schepp RM, Kaczorowska J, van Gageldonk PGM, Rouers EDM, Sanders EAM, Bruijning-Verhagen PCJ, Berbers GAM. Effect of Palivizumab Prophylaxis on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Very Preterm Infants in the First Year of Life in The Netherlands. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1807. [PMID: 38140212 PMCID: PMC10747417 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) poses a severe threat to infants, particularly preterm infants. Palivizumab, the standard preventive prophylaxis, is primarily utilized in high-risk newborns due to its cost. This study assessed palivizumab's effectiveness in preventing RSV infections in predominantly very preterm infants during their first year of life. Serum samples from a prospective multicentre cohort study in the Netherlands were analyzed to assess RSV infection rates by measuring IgG levels against three RSV proteins: nucleoprotein, pre-fusion, and post-fusion protein. Infants were stratified based on gestational age (GA), distinguishing very preterm (≤32 weeks GA) from moderate/late preterm (>32 to ≤36 weeks GA). In very preterm infants, palivizumab prophylaxis significantly reduced infection rates (18.9% vs. 48.3% in the prophylaxis vs. non-prophylaxis group. Accounting for GA, sex, birth season, and birth weight, the prophylaxis group showed significantly lower infection odds. In infants with >32 to ≤36 weeks GA, the non-prophylaxis group (55.4%) showed infection rates similar to the non-prophylaxis ≤32-week GA group, despite higher maternal antibody levels in the moderate/late preterm infants. In conclusion, palivizumab prophylaxis significantly reduces RSV infection rates in very premature infants. Future research should explore clinical implications and reasons for non-compliance, and compare palivizumab with emerging prophylactics like nirsevimab aiming to optimize RSV prophylaxis and improve preterm infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger M. Schepp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Kaczorowska
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
| | - Pieter G. M. van Gageldonk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
| | - Elsbeth D. M. Rouers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Sanders
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia C. J. Bruijning-Verhagen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A. M. Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.K.)
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Wilkins D, Yuan Y, Chang Y, Aksyuk AA, Núñez BS, Wählby-Hamrén U, Zhang T, Abram ME, Leach A, Villafana T, Esser MT. Durability of neutralizing RSV antibodies following nirsevimab administration and elicitation of the natural immune response to RSV infection in infants. Nat Med 2023; 29:1172-1179. [PMID: 37095249 PMCID: PMC10202809 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Nirsevimab is an extended half-life monoclonal antibody specific for the prefusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein, which has been studied in preterm and full-term infants in the phase 2b and phase 3 MELODY trials. We analyzed serum samples collected from 2,143 infants during these studies to characterize baseline levels of RSV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), duration of RSV NAb levels following nirsevimab administration, the risk of RSV exposure during the first year of life and the infant's adaptive immune response to RSV following nirsevimab administration. Baseline RSV antibody levels varied widely; consistent with reports that maternal antibodies are transferred late in the third trimester, preterm infants had lower baseline RSV antibody levels than full-term infants. Nirsevimab recipients had RSV NAb levels >140-fold higher than baseline at day 31 and remained >50-fold higher at day 151 and >7-fold higher at day 361. Similar seroresponse rates to the postfusion form of RSV F protein in nirsevimab recipients (68-69%) compared with placebo recipients (63-70%; not statistically significant) suggest that while nirsevimab protects from RSV disease, it still allows an active immune response. In summary, nirsevimab provided sustained, high levels of NAb throughout an infant's first RSV season and prevented RSV disease while allowing the development of an immune response to RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yue Chang
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia A Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Beatriz Seoane Núñez
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrika Wählby-Hamrén
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Michael E Abram
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Leach
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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den Hartog G, van Kasteren PB, Schepp RM, Teirlinck AC, van der Klis FRM, van Binnendijk RS. Decline of RSV-specific antibodies during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:23-25. [PMID: 36463892 PMCID: PMC9714975 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Anne C Teirlinck
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 Bilthoven, Netherlands
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7
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Divergent age-related humoral correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in older and young adults: a pilot, controlled, human infection challenge model. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e405-e416. [PMID: 36098319 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are typically more severe in older adults. Older adults are more vulnerable to infection and do not respond effectively to vaccines due to a combination of immunosenescence, so-called inflamm-ageing, and accumulation of comorbidities. Although age-related changes in immune responses have been described, the causes of this enhanced respiratory disease in older adults remain poorly understood. We therefore performed volunteer challenge with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in groups of younger and older adult volunteers. The aim of this study was to establish the safety and tolerability of this model and define age-related clinical, virological, and immunological outcomes. METHODS In this human infection challenge pilot study, adults aged 18-55 years and 60-75 years were assessed for enrolment using protocol-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Symptoms were documented by self-completed diaries and viral load determined by quantitative PCR of nasal lavage. Peripheral blood B cell frequencies were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot and antibodies against pre-fusion and post-fusion, NP, and G proteins in the blood and upper respiratory tract were measured. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03728413. FINDINGS 381 adults aged 60-75 years (older cohort) and 19 adults aged 18-55 years (young cohort) were assessed for enrolment using protocol-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria between Nov 12, 2018, and Feb 26, 2020. 12 healthy volunteers aged 60-75 years and 21 aged 18-55 years were inoculated intranasally with RSV Memphis-37. Nine (67%) of the 12 older volunteers became infected, developing mild-to-moderate upper respiratory tract symptoms that resolved without serious adverse events or sequelae. Viral load peaked on day 6 post-inoculation and symptoms peaked between days 6 and 8. Increases in circulating IgG-positive and IgA-positive antigen-specific plasmablasts, serum neutralising antibodies, and pre-F specific IgG were similar younger and older adults. However, in contrast to young participants, secretory IgA titres in older volunteers failed to increase during infection and, unlike serum IgG, did not correlate with protection. INTERPRETATION Better understanding of age-related differences in clinical outcomes and immune correlates of protection can overcome reduction in vaccine efficacy with advancing age. We identify correlates of protection in older adults, revealing previously unrecognised factors which might have implications for targeted vaccine discovery and drug development in this vulnerable group. FUNDING Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline EMINENT Consortium.
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8
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Jadhao SJ, Ha B, McCracken C, Gebretsadik T, Rosas-Salazar C, Chappell J, Das S, Hartert T, Anderson LJ. Performance evaluation of antibody tests for detecting infant respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3439-3445. [PMID: 33325064 PMCID: PMC8046717 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of respiratory tract disease in young children and throughout life. Infant infection is also associated with later respiratory morbidity including asthma. With a prospective birth cohort study of RSV and asthma, we evaluated the performance of an RSV antibody enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) for detecting prior infant RSV infection. Infant RSV infection was determined by biweekly respiratory illness surveillance plus RSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in their first RSV season and serum RSV antibodies after the season at approximately 1 year of age. RSV antibodies were detected by RSV A and B lysate EIA. Antibody and PCR results on 1707 children included 327 RSV PCR positive (PCR+) and 1380 not RSV+. Of 327 PCR+ children, 314 (96%) were lysate EIA positive and 583 out of 1380 (42%) children not PCR+ were positive. We compared the lysate EIA to RSV F, group A G (Ga), and group B G (Gb) protein antibody EIAs in a subset of 226 sera, 118 PCR+ children (97 group A and 21 group B) and 108 not PCR+. In this subset, 117 out of 118 (99%) RSV PCR+ children were positive by both the F and lysate EIAs and 103 out of 118 (87%) were positive by the Ga and/or Gb EIAs. Comparison of the two G EIAs indicated the infecting group correctly in 100 out of 118 (86%) and incorrectly in 1 out of 118 (1%). The lysate and F EIAs are sensitive for detecting infant infection and the two G EIAs can indicate the group of an earlier primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadhan J. Jadhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Binh Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christian Rosas-Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Chappell
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Suman Das
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tina Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Andeweg SP, Schepp RM, van de Kassteele J, Mollema L, Berbers GAM, van Boven M. Population-based serology reveals risk factors for RSV infection in children younger than 5 years. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8953. [PMID: 33903695 PMCID: PMC8076290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Underlying risk factors for RSV infection in the general population are not well understood, as previous work has focused on severe outcomes of infection in a clinical setting. Here we use RSV-specific IgG and IgA antibody measurements from two population-based cross-sectional serosurveys carried out in the Netherlands (n = 682) to classify children up to 5 years as seronegative or seropositive. We employ a generalized additive model to estimate the probability of prior RSV infection as function of age, date of birth within the year, and other risk factors. The analyses show that the majority of children have experienced a RSV infection before the age of 2 years. Age and birthdate are strong predictors of RSV infection in the first years of life, and children born in summer have higher estimated probability of infection than those born in winter [e.g., 0.56 (95% CI 0.45–0.66) vs. 0.32 (0.21–0.45) at age 1 year]. Our analyses reveal that the mean age at infection depends on date of birth, which has implications for the design of vaccination programmes and prioritisation schemes for the prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn P Andeweg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van de Kassteele
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Mollema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Yuen RR, Steiner D, Pihl RMF, Chavez E, Olson A, Smith EL, Baird LA, Korkmaz F, Urick P, Sagar M, Berrigan JL, Gummuluru S, Corley RB, Quillen K, Belkina AC, Mostoslavsky G, Rifkin IR, Kataria Y, Cappione AJ, Gao W, Lin NH, Bhadelia N, Snyder-Cappione JE. Novel ELISA Protocol Links Pre-Existing SARS-CoV-2 Reactive Antibodies With Endemic Coronavirus Immunity and Age and Reveals Improved Serologic Identification of Acute COVID-19 via Multi-Parameter Detection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:614676. [PMID: 33897682 PMCID: PMC8062931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.614676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically impacted work, economy, and way of life. Sensitive measurement of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies would provide new insight into pre-existing immunity, virus transmission dynamics, and the nuances of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. To date, existing SARS-CoV-2 serology tests have limited utility due to insufficient reliable detection of antibody levels lower than what is typically present after several days of symptoms. To measure lower quantities of SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG, and IgA with higher resolution than existing assays, we developed a new ELISA protocol with a distinct plate washing procedure and timed plate development via use of a standard curve. Very low optical densities from samples added to buffer coated wells at as low as a 1:5 dilution are reported using this 'BU ELISA' method. Use of this method revealed circulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid protein (N) reactive antibodies (IgG, IgM, and/or IgA) in 44 and 100 percent of pre-pandemic subjects, respectively, and the magnitude of these antibodies tracked with antibody levels of analogous viral proteins from endemic coronavirus (eCoV) strains. The disease status (HIV, SLE) of unexposed subjects was not linked with SARS-CoV-2 reactive antibody levels; however, quantities were significantly lower in subjects over 70 years of age compared with younger counterparts. Also, we measured SARS-CoV-2 RBD- and N- specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies from 29 SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals at varying disease states, including 10 acute COVID-19 hospitalized subjects with negative serology results by the EUA approved Abbott IgG chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Measurements of SARS-CoV-2 RBD- and N- specific IgM, IgG, IgA levels measured by the BU ELISA revealed higher signal from 9 of the 10 Abbott test negative COVID-19 subjects than all pre-pandemic samples for at least one antibody specificity/isotype, implicating improved serologic identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection via multi-parameter, high sensitive antibody detection. We propose that this improved ELISA protocol, which is straightforward to perform, low cost, and uses readily available commercial reagents, is a useful tool to elucidate new information about SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity and has promising implications for improved detection of all analytes measurable by this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dylan Steiner
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- PiBS Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Chavez
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alex Olson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erika L Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lillia A Baird
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Filiz Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia Urick
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob L Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronald B Corley
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karen Quillen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian R Rifkin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Renal Section, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yachana Kataria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nina H Lin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nahid Bhadelia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Zylbersztejn A, Pembrey L, Goldstein H, Berbers G, Schepp R, van der Klis F, Sande C, Mason D, Wright J, Smyth R, Hardelid P. Respiratory syncytial virus in young children: community cohort study integrating serological surveys, questionnaire and electronic health records, Born in Bradford cohort, England, 2008 to 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26. [PMID: 33573711 PMCID: PMC7879500 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.6.2000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in infants. Aim To describe RSV epidemiology in children in the community in a high-income setting. Methods We used stored blood samples from the United Kingdom Born in Bradford cohort study that had been collected at birth, age 1 and 2 years old, tested for IgG RSV postfusion F antibody and linked to questionnaires and primary and hospital care records. We used finite mixture models to classify children as RSV infected/not infected according to their antibody concentrations at age 1 and 2 years. We assessed risk factors for primary RSV infection at each age using Poisson regression models. Results The study cohort included 700 children with cord blood samples; 490 had additional blood samples taken at both ages 1 and 2 years old. Of these 490 children, 258 (53%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 48–57%) were first infected with RSV at age 1, 99 of whom (38%; 95% CI: 33–43%) had been in contact with healthcare during peak RSV season (November–January). Having older siblings, birth in October–June and attending formal childcare were associated with risk of RSV infection in infancy. By age 2, a further 164 of 490 children (33%; 95% CI: 29–38%) had been infected. Conclusion Over half of children experienced RSV infection in infancy, a further one third had evidence of primary RSV infection by age 2, and one in seven remained seronegative by their second birthday. These findings will inform future analyses to assess the cost-effectiveness of RSV vaccination programmes in high-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Zylbersztejn
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Pembrey
- Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Goldstein
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Berbers
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Schepp
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona van der Klis
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Charles Sande
- Kemri-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Smyth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Hardelid
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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12
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den Hartog G, Schepp RM, Kuijer M, GeurtsvanKessel C, van Beek J, Rots N, Koopmans MPG, van der Klis FRM, van Binnendijk RS. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Detection for Seroepidemiology: A Multiplex Analysis Approach Accounting for Accurate Seroprevalence. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1452-1461. [PMID: 32766833 PMCID: PMC7454740 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates better understanding of the kinetics of antibody production induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to develop a high-throughput multiplex assay to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 to assess immunity to the virus in the general population. Methods Spike protein subunits S1 and receptor binding domain, and nucleoprotein were coupled to microspheres. Sera collected before emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (n = 224) and of non-SARS-CoV-2 influenza-like illness (n = 184), and laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 115) with various severities of COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG concentrations. Results Our assay discriminated SARS-CoV-2–induced antibodies and those induced by other viruses. The assay specificity was 95.1%–99.0% with sensitivity 83.6%–95.7%. By merging the test results for all 3 antigens a specificity of 100% was achieved with a sensitivity of at least 90%. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients developed higher IgG concentrations and the rate of IgG production increased faster compared to nonhospitalized cases. Conclusions The bead-based serological assay for quantitation of SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies proved to be robust and can be conducted in many laboratories. We demonstrated that testing of antibodies against multiple antigens increases sensitivity and specificity compared to single-antigen–specific IgG determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marjan Kuijer
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Rots
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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13
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Berbers G, Mollema L, van der Klis F, den Hartog G, Schepp R. Antibody Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Cross-Sectional Serosurveillance Study in the Dutch Population Focusing on Infants Younger Than 2 Years. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:269-278. [PMID: 32964923 PMCID: PMC8280491 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) generally causes mild disease but can cause severe infections in (premature) infants and elderly adults. Here, we studied RSV-specific antibody concentrations throughout life with emphasis on infants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods Sera (N = 2655) from 2 nationwide cross-sectional studies in the Netherlands including individuals aged 0–90 years were analyzed for IgG and IgA antibodies to RSV prefusion F, postfusion F, N, Ga, and Gb proteins and for antibody avidity in 42 COPD patients. Results Maternal IgG concentrations declined to age 10–12 months. After the first year of life, approximately 40% of children lacked infection-induced IgA antibodies and may therefore be uninfected. All Dutch children showed serological evidence of RSV infection by age 3 years. Antibody concentrations reached a plateau by age 5–9 years and remains constant throughout life. COPD patients had similar levels and avidity of RSV-specific IgG antibodies compared with age-matched healthy controls. Conclusions RSV-IgG antibody patterns throughout life can be used to estimate the degree of immunity acquisition to RSV and to identify groups at increased risk of infection. Seroprevalence of IgA could be a proxy to determine RSV infection in children younger than 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Berbers
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Mollema
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona van der Klis
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Schepp
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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14
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Antibody and Local Cytokine Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00577-20. [PMID: 32878928 PMCID: PMC7471002 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00577-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe morbidity and mortality in certain risk groups, especially infants and older adults. Currently no (prophylactic) treatment is available, except for a partially effective yet highly expensive monoclonal antibody. RSV therefore remains a major public health concern. To allow targeted development of novel vaccines and therapeutics, it is of great importance to understand the immunological mechanisms that underlie (protection from) severe disease in specific risk populations. Since most RSV-related studies focus on infants, there are only very limited data available concerning the response to RSV in the elderly population. Therefore, in this study, RSV-induced antibody responses and local cytokine secretion were assessed in community-dwelling older adults. These data provide novel insights that will benefit ongoing efforts to design safe and effective prevention and treatment strategies for RSV in an understudied risk group. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognized for causing severe morbidity and mortality in older adults, but there are few studies on the RSV-induced immune response in this population. Information on the immunological processes at play during RSV infection in specific risk groups is essential for the rational and targeted design of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we assessed the antibody and local cytokine response to RSV infection in community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years of age). During three winters, serum and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from study participants during acute respiratory infection and recovery. RSV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and virus neutralization assays were performed on serum samples from RSV-infected individuals (n = 41) and controls (n = 563 and n = 197, respectively). Nasal RSV IgA and cytokine concentrations were determined using multiplex immunoassays in a subset of participants. An in vitro model of differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells was used to assess RSV-induced cytokine responses over time. A statistically significant increase in serum neutralization titers and IgG concentrations was observed in RSV-infected participants compared to controls. During acute RSV infection, a statistically significant local upregulation of beta interferon (IFN-β), IFN-λ1, IFN-γ, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10, CXCL8, and CXCL10 was found. IFN-β, IFN-λ1, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were also upregulated in the epithelial model upon RSV infection. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the basic immune response to RSV infection in an important and understudied risk population, providing leads for future studies that are essential for the prevention and treatment of severe RSV disease in older adults. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe morbidity and mortality in certain risk groups, especially infants and older adults. Currently no (prophylactic) treatment is available, except for a partially effective yet highly expensive monoclonal antibody. RSV therefore remains a major public health concern. To allow targeted development of novel vaccines and therapeutics, it is of great importance to understand the immunological mechanisms that underlie (protection from) severe disease in specific risk populations. Since most RSV-related studies focus on infants, there are only very limited data available concerning the response to RSV in the elderly population. Therefore, in this study, RSV-induced antibody responses and local cytokine secretion were assessed in community-dwelling older adults. These data provide novel insights that will benefit ongoing efforts to design safe and effective prevention and treatment strategies for RSV in an understudied risk group.
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15
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van Erp EA, Lakerveld AJ, de Graaf E, Larsen MD, Schepp RM, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Ahout IM, de Haan CA, Wuhrer M, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, Vidarsson G, van Kasteren PB. Natural killer cell activation by respiratory syncytial virus-specific antibodies is decreased in infants with severe respiratory infections and correlates with Fc-glycosylation. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1112. [PMID: 32099650 PMCID: PMC7029726 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants, and there is no vaccine available. In early life, the most important contributors to protection against infectious diseases are the innate immune response and maternal antibodies. However, antibody-mediated protection against RSV disease is incompletely understood, as both antibody levels and neutralisation capacity correlate poorly with protection. Since antibodies also mediate natural killer (NK) cell activation, we investigated whether this functionality correlates with RSV disease. Methods We performed an observational case-control study including infants hospitalised for RSV infection, hernia surgery or RSV-negative respiratory viral infections. We determined RSV antigen-specific antibody levels in plasma using a multiplex immunoassay. Subsequently, we measured the capacity of these antibodies to activate NK cells. Finally, we assessed Fc-glycosylation of the RSV-specific antibodies by mass spectrometry. Results We found that RSV-specific maternal antibodies activate NK cells in vitro. While concentrations of RSV-specific antibodies did not differ between cases and controls, antibodies from infants hospitalised for severe respiratory infections (RSV and/or other) induced significantly less NK cell interferon-γ production than those from uninfected controls. Furthermore, NK cell activation correlated with Fc-fucosylation of RSV-specific antibodies, but their glycosylation status did not significantly differ between cases and controls. Conclusion Our results suggest that Fc-dependent antibody function and quality, exemplified by NK cell activation and glycosylation, contribute to protection against severe RSV disease and warrant further studies to evaluate the potential of using these properties to evaluate and improve the efficacy of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands.,Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Medical Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anke J Lakerveld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Graaf
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mads D Larsen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Ml Ahout
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Medical Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Am de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Virology Division Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Medical Immunology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Puck B van Kasteren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
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16
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Kazakova A, Kakkola L, Ziegler T, Syrjänen R, Päkkilä H, Waris M, Soukka T, Julkunen I. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1pdm09) vaccine induced high levels of influenza-specific IgG and IgM antibodies as analyzed by enzyme immunoassay and dual-mode multiplex microarray immunoassay methods. Vaccine 2020; 38:1933-1942. [PMID: 31987689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses continue to circulate throughout the world as yearly epidemics or occasional pandemics. Influenza infections can be prevented by seasonal multivalent or monovalent pandemic vaccines. In the present study, we describe a novel multiplex microarray immunoassay (MAIA) for simultaneous measurement of virus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies using Pandemrix-vaccinated adult sera collected at day 0 and 28 and 180 days after vaccination as the study material. MAIA showed excellent correlation with a conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in both IgG and IgM anti-influenza A antibodies and good correlation with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Pandemrix vaccine induced 5-30 fold increases in anti-H1N1pdm09 influenza antibodies as measured by HI, EIA or MAIA. A clear increase in virus-specific IgG antibodies was found in 93-97% of vaccinees by MAIA and EIA. Virus-specific IgM antibodies were found in 90-92% of vaccinees by MAIA and EIA, respectively and IgM antibodies persisted for up to 6 months after vaccination in 55-62% of the vaccinees. Pandemic influenza vaccine induced strong anti-influenza A IgG and IgM responses that persisted several months after vaccination. MAIA was demonstrated to be an excellent method for simultaneous measurement of antiviral IgG and IgM antibodies against multiple virus antigens. Thus the method is well suitable for large scale epidemiological and vaccine immunity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kazakova
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Thedi Ziegler
- Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 1, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ritva Syrjänen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Päkkilä
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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