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Leung KY, Metting E, Ebbers W, Veldhuijzen I, Andeweg SP, Luijben G, de Bruin M, Wallinga J, Klinkenberg D. Effectiveness of a COVID-19 contact tracing app in a simulation model with indirect and informal contact tracing. Epidemics 2024; 46:100735. [PMID: 38128242 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing was used to identify individuals who had been in contact with a confirmed case so that these contacted individuals could be tested and quarantined to prevent further spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Many countries developed mobile apps to find these contacted individuals faster. We evaluate the epidemiological effectiveness of the Dutch app CoronaMelder, where we measure effectiveness as the reduction of the reproduction number R. To this end, we use a simulation model of SARS-CoV-2 spread and contact tracing, informed by data collected during the study period (December 2020 - March 2021) in the Netherlands. We show that the tracing app caused a clear but small reduction of the reproduction number, and the magnitude of the effect was found to be robust in sensitivity analyses. The app could have been more effective if more people had used it, and if notification of contacts could have been done directly by the user and thus reducing the time intervals between symptom onset and reporting of contacts. The model has two innovative aspects: i) it accounts for the clustered nature of social networks and ii) cases can alert their contacts informally without involvement of health authorities or the tracing app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yin Leung
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Esther Metting
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Data Science Center in Health, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Primary Care, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Operations, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Ebbers
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Veldhuijzen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn P Andeweg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Guus Luijben
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health and Society, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Bruin
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health and Society, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Biomedical Datasciences, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Don Klinkenberg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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den Hartog G, Andeweg SP, Hoeve CE, Smits G, Voordouw B, Eggink D, Knol MJ, van Binnendijk RS. Assessment of hybrid population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following breakthrough infections of distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants by the detection of antibodies to nucleoprotein. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18394. [PMID: 37884642 PMCID: PMC10603038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity induced by vaccination and infection, referred to as hybrid immunity, provides better protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to immunity induced by vaccinations alone. To assess the development of hybrid immunity we investigated the induction of Nucleoprotein-specific antibodies in PCR-confirmed infections by Delta or Omicron in vaccinated individuals (n = 520). Eighty-two percent of the participants with a breakthrough infection reached N-seropositivity. N-seropositivity was accompanied by Spike S1 antibody boosting, and independent of vaccination status or virus variant. Following the infection relatively more antibodies to the infecting virus variant were detected. In conclusion, these data show that hybrid immunity through breakthrough infections is hallmarked by Nucleoprotein antibodies and broadening of the Spike antibody repertoire. Exposure to future SARS-CoV-2 variants may therefore continue to maintain and broaden vaccine-induced population immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn P Andeweg
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christina E Hoeve
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gaby Smits
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bettie Voordouw
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J Knol
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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van Iersel SCJL, Backer JA, van Gaalen RD, Andeweg SP, Munday JD, Wallinga J, van Hoek AJ, Maxwell A, Niessen A, Teirlinck A, Valk AW, van Benthem B, de Gier B, Boudewijns B, Verstraten C, Laarman C, Berry D, van Wees D, van Meijeren D, Klinkenberg D, Vos E, Geubbels E, Jongenotter F, Petit F, Dijkstra F, Broekhaar G, Willekens G, de Melker H, Veldhuijzen I, Polman J, Kassteele JVD, Heijne J, van Heereveld J, Kemmeren J, Bulsink K, Ainslie K, Wielders L, van Asten L, Jenniskens L, Soetens L, Mulder M, Schipper M, de Lange M, Middeldorp M, Kooijman M, de Dreu M, Knol M, Smorenburg N, Neppelenbroek N, van den Berg P, de Boer P, Bressane Lima PDO, van Gageldonk-Lafeber R, Wijburg S, McDonald S, Zadeh SA, de Bruijn S, Wierenga S, Hahne S, Lanooij S, van den Hof S, Keijser S, Smit T, Dalhuisen T, Faber T, Boere T. Empirical evidence of transmission over a school-household network for SARS-CoV-2; exploration of transmission pairs stratified by primary and secondary school. Epidemics 2023; 43:100675. [PMID: 36889158 PMCID: PMC9968452 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children play a key role in the transmission of many infectious diseases. They have many of their close social encounters at home or at school. We hypothesized that most of the transmission of respiratory infections among children occur in these two settings and that transmission patterns can be predicted by a bipartite network of schools and households. AIM AND METHODS To confirm transmission over a school-household network, SARS-CoV-2 transmission pairs in children aged 4-17 years were analyzed by study year and primary/secondary school. Cases with symptom onset between 1 March 2021 and 4 April 2021 identified by source and contact-tracing in the Netherlands were included. In this period, primary schools were open and secondary school students attended class at least once per week. Within pairs, spatial distance between the postcodes was calculated as the Euclidean distance. RESULTS A total of 4059 transmission pairs were identified; 51.9% between primary schoolers; 19.6% between primary and secondary schoolers; 28.5% between secondary schoolers. Most (68.5%) of the transmission for children in the same study year occurred at school. In contrast, most of the transmission of children from different study years (64.3%) and most primary-secondary transmission (81.7%) occurred at home. The average spatial distance between infections was 1.2 km (median 0.4) for primary school pairs, 1.6 km (median 0) for primary-secondary school pairs and 4.1 km (median 1.2) for secondary school pairs. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence of transmission on a bipartite school-household network. Schools play an important role in transmission within study years, and households play an important role in transmission between study years and between primary and secondary schools. Spatial distance between infections in a transmission pair reflects the smaller school catchment area of primary schools versus secondary schools. Many of these observed patterns likely hold for other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senna C J L van Iersel
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Jantien A Backer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rolina D van Gaalen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn P Andeweg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - James D Munday
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Jan van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Andeweg SP, Vennema H, Veldhuijzen I, Smorenburg N, Schmitz D, Zwagemaker F, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Hahné SJM, Reusken C, Knol MJ, Eggink D. Elevated risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants compared with Alpha variant in vaccinated individuals. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabn4338. [PMID: 35862508 PMCID: PMC9580257 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) break through infection- or vaccine-induced immunity is not well understood. We analyzed 28,578 sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples from individuals with known immune status obtained through national community testing in the Netherlands from March to August 2021. We found evidence of an increased risk of infection by the Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), or Delta (B.1.617.2) variants compared with the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant after vaccination. No clear differences were found between vaccines. However, the effect was larger in the first 14 to 59 days after complete vaccination compared with ≥60 days. In contrast to vaccine-induced immunity, there was no increased risk for reinfection with Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants relative to the Alpha variant in individuals with infection-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn P. Andeweg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Irene Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Naomi Smorenburg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Dennis Schmitz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Florian Zwagemaker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Arianne B. van Gageldonk-Lafeber
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Susan J. M. Hahné
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J. Knol
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - SeqNeth Molecular surveillance group†
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Andeweg SP, de Gier B, Vennema H, van Walle I, van Maarseveen N, Kusters NE, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, van den Hof S, Eggink D, Knol MJ. Higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 infection than of BA.2 infection after previous BA.1 infection, the Netherlands, 2 May to 24 July 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200724. [PMID: 36795499 PMCID: PMC9936591 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.7.2200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn summer 2022, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 became dominant in Europe. In vitro studies have shown a large reduction of antibody neutralisation for this variant.AimWe aimed to investigate differences in protection from previous infection and/or vaccination against infection with Omicron BA.4/5 vs BA.2.MethodsWe employed a case-only approach including positive PCR tests from community testing between 2 May and 24 July 2022 that were tested for S gene target failure (SGTF), which distinguishes BA.4/5 from BA.2 infection. Previous infections were categorised by variant using whole genome sequencing or SGTF. We estimated by logistic regression the association of SGTF with vaccination and/or previous infection, and of SGTF of the current infection with the variant of the previous infection, adjusting for testing week, age group and sex.ResultsThe percentage of registered previous SARS-CoV-2 infections was higher among 19,836 persons infected with Omicron BA.4/5 than among 7,052 persons infected with BA.2 (31.3% vs 20.0%). Adjusting for testing week, age group and sex, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3-1.5). The distribution of vaccination status did not differ for BA.4/5 vs BA.2 infections (aOR = 1.1 for primary and booster vaccination). Among persons with a previous infection, those currently infected with BA4/5 had a shorter interval between infections, and the previous infection was more often caused by BA.1, compared with those currently infected with BA.2 (aOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.6).ConclusionOur results suggest immunity induced by BA.1 is less effective against BA.4/5 infection than against BA.2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn P Andeweg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Brechje de Gier
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo van Walle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje van Maarseveen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Kusters
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hester E de Melker
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan JM Hahné
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J Knol
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Backer JA, Eggink D, Andeweg SP, Veldhuijzen IK, van Maarseveen N, Vermaas K, Vlaemynck B, Schepers R, van den Hof S, Reusken CB, Wallinga J. Shorter serial intervals in SARS-CoV-2 cases with Omicron BA.1 variant compared with Delta variant, the Netherlands, 13 to 26 December 2021. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2200042. [PMID: 35144721 PMCID: PMC8832521 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.6.2200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has a growth advantage over the Delta variant because of higher transmissibility, immune evasion or shorter serial interval. Using S gene target failure (SGTF) as indication for Omicron BA.1, we identified 908 SGTF and 1,621 non-SGTF serial intervals in the same period. Within households, the mean serial interval for SGTF cases was 0.2-0.6 days shorter than for non-SGTF cases. This suggests that the growth advantage of Omicron is partly due to a shorter serial interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantien A Backer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn P Andeweg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irene K Veldhuijzen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje van Maarseveen
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vermaas
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Susan van den Hof
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Bem Reusken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Eggink D, Andeweg SP, Vennema H, van Maarseveen N, Vermaas K, Vlaemynck B, Schepers R, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, van den Hof S, Reusken CB, Knol MJ. Increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 compared with Delta in vaccinated and previously infected individuals, the Netherlands, 22 November 2021 to 19 January 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2101196. [PMID: 35086609 PMCID: PMC8796294 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.4.2101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant are rapidly increasing worldwide. Among 174,349 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals (≥ 12 years), we observed an increased risk of S gene target failure, predictive of the Omicron variant, in vaccinated (odds ratio (OR): 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4-3.7) and previously infected individuals (OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 3.8-4.7) compared with infected naïve individuals. This suggests vaccine- or infection-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infections is less effective against the Omicron than the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Eggink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn P Andeweg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje van Maarseveen
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vermaas
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Bem Reusken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J Knol
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Eggink D, Andeweg SP, Vennema H, van Maarseveen N, Vermaas K, Vlaemynck B, Schepers R, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, van den Hof S, Reusken CB, Knol MJ. Increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 compared with Delta in vaccinated and previously infected individuals, the Netherlands, 22 November 2021 to 19 January 2022. Euro Surveill 2022. [PMID: 35086609 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.20.21268121v1.full.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant are rapidly increasing worldwide. Among 174,349 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals (≥ 12 years), we observed an increased risk of S gene target failure, predictive of the Omicron variant, in vaccinated (odds ratio (OR): 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4-3.7) and previously infected individuals (OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 3.8-4.7) compared with infected naïve individuals. This suggests vaccine- or infection-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infections is less effective against the Omicron than the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Eggink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn P Andeweg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje van Maarseveen
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vermaas
- Saltro Diagnostic Center for Primary Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Bem Reusken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J Knol
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Andeweg SP, Schepp RM, van de Kassteele J, Mollema L, Berbers GAM, van Boven M. Population-based serology reveals risk factors for RSV infection in children younger than 5 years. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8953. [PMID: 33903695 PMCID: PMC8076290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Underlying risk factors for RSV infection in the general population are not well understood, as previous work has focused on severe outcomes of infection in a clinical setting. Here we use RSV-specific IgG and IgA antibody measurements from two population-based cross-sectional serosurveys carried out in the Netherlands (n = 682) to classify children up to 5 years as seronegative or seropositive. We employ a generalized additive model to estimate the probability of prior RSV infection as function of age, date of birth within the year, and other risk factors. The analyses show that the majority of children have experienced a RSV infection before the age of 2 years. Age and birthdate are strong predictors of RSV infection in the first years of life, and children born in summer have higher estimated probability of infection than those born in winter [e.g., 0.56 (95% CI 0.45–0.66) vs. 0.32 (0.21–0.45) at age 1 year]. Our analyses reveal that the mean age at infection depends on date of birth, which has implications for the design of vaccination programmes and prioritisation schemes for the prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn P Andeweg
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Rutger M Schepp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van de Kassteele
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Mollema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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