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Akinwale AD, Parang K, Tiwari RK, Yamaki J. Mechanistic Study of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Cyclic Amphipathic Peptide [R 4W 4] against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 38927221 PMCID: PMC11201061 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are being explored as a potential strategy to combat antibiotic resistance due to their ability to reduce susceptibility to antibiotics. This study explored whether the [R4W4] peptide mode of action is bacteriostatic or bactericidal using modified two-fold serial dilution and evaluating the synergism between gentamicin and [R4W4] against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by a checkered board assay. [R4W4] exhibited bactericidal activity against bacterial isolates (MBC/MIC ≤ 4), with a synergistic effect with gentamicin against E. coli (FICI = 0.3) but not against MRSA (FICI = 0.75). Moreover, we investigated the mechanism of action of [R4W4] against MRSA by applying biophysical assays to evaluate zeta potential, cytoplasmic membrane depolarization, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) binding affinity. [R4W4] at a 16 mg/mL concentration stabilized the zeta potential of MRSA -31 ± 0.88 mV to -8.37 mV. Also, [R4W4] at 2 × MIC and 16 × MIC revealed a membrane perturbation process associated with concentration-dependent effects. Lastly, in the presence of BODIPY-TR-cadaverine (BC) fluorescence dyes, [R4W4] exhibited binding affinity to LTA comparable with melittin, the positive control. In addition, the antibacterial activity of [R4W4] against MRSA remained unchanged in the absence and presence of LTA, with an MIC of 8 µg/mL. Therefore, the [R4W4] mechanism of action is deemed bactericidal, involving interaction with bacterial cell membranes, causing concentration-dependent membrane perturbation. Additionally, after 30 serial passages, there was a modest increment of MRSA strains resistant to [R4W4] and a change in antibacterial effectiveness MIC [R4W4] and vancomycin by 8 and 4 folds with a slight change in Levofloxacin MIC 1 to 2 µg/mL. These data suggest that [R4W4] warrants further consideration as a potential AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajayi David Akinwale
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA (K.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA (K.P.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific–Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Jason Yamaki
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Zhao C, Yan S, Luo Y, Song Y, Xia X. Analyzing resistome in soil and Human gut: a study on the characterization and risk evaluation of antimicrobial peptide resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1352531. [PMID: 38591036 PMCID: PMC10999558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1352531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The limited existing knowledge regarding resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is hindering their broad utilization. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of AMP resistance, a pivotal factor in the exploration of alternative drug development in response to the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance. Methods We utilized metagenomic functional selection to analyze genes resistant to AMPs, with a specific focus on the microbiota in soil and the human gut. Through a combination of experimental methods and bioinformatics analyses, our investigation delved into the possibilities of the evolution of resistance to AMPs, as well as the transfer or interchange of resistance genes among the environment, the human body, and pathogens. Additionally, we examined the cross-resistance between AMPs and evaluated interactions among AMPs and conventional antibiotics. Results The presence of AMP resistance, including various resistance mechanisms, was observed in both soil and the human gut microbiota, as indicated by our findings. Significantly, the study underscored the facile evolution of AMP resistance and the potential for gene sharing or exchange among different environments. Notably, cross-resistance among AMPs was identified as a phenomenon, while cross-resistance between AMPs and antibiotics was found to be relatively infrequent. Conclusion The results of our study highlight the significance of taking a cautious stance when considering the extensive application of AMPs. It is imperative to thoroughly assess potential resistance risks, with a particular focus on the development of resistance to AMPs across diverse domains. A comprehensive grasp of these aspects is essential for making well-informed decisions and ensuring the responsible utilization of AMPs in the ongoing fight against antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Fleitas O, Fontes W, De Souza CM, Da Costa MC, Cardoso MH, Castro MS, Sousa MV, Ricart CAO, Ramada MHS, Duque HM, Porto WF, Silva ON, Franco OL. A proteomic perspective on the resistance response of Klebsiella pneumoniae to antimicrobial peptide PaDBS1R1. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:112-122. [PMID: 37966053 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic antimicrobial peptide, PaDBS1R1, has been reported as a powerful anti-Klebsiella pneumoniae antimicrobial. However, there is only scarce knowledge about whether K. pneumoniae could develop resistance against PaDBS1R1 and which resistance mechanisms could be involved. OBJECTIVES Identify via label-free shotgun proteomics the K. pneumoniae resistance mechanisms developed against PaDBS1R1. METHODS An adaptive laboratory evolution experiment was performed to obtain a PaDBS1R1-resistant K. pneumoniae lineage. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined through microdilution assay. Modifications in protein abundances between the resistant and sensitive lineages were measured via label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics. Enriched Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways were identified through over-representation analysis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033020. RESULTS K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 parental strain challenged with increased subinhibitory PaDBS1R1 concentrations allowed the PaDBS1R1-resistant K. pneumoniae lineage to emerge. Proteome comparisons between PaDBS1R1-resistant K. pneumoniae and PaDBS1R1-sensitive K. pneumoniae under PaDBS1R1-induced stress conditions enabled the identification and quantification of 1702 proteins, out of which 201 were differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). The profiled DAPs comprised 103 up-regulated proteins (adjusted P value < 0.05, fold change ≥ 2) and 98 down-regulated proteins (adjusted P value < 0.05, fold change ≤ 0.5). The enrichment analysis suggests that PhoPQ-guided LPS modifications and CpxRA-dependent folding machinery could be relevant resistance mechanisms against PaDBS1R1. CONCLUSIONS Based on experimental evolution and a label-free quantitative shotgun proteomic approach, we showed that K. pneumoniae developed resistance against PaDBS1R1, whereas PhoPQ-guided LPS modifications and CpxRA-dependent folding machinery appear to be relevant resistance mechanisms against PaDBS1R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Fleitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Camila M De Souza
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mylena C Da Costa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marlon H Cardoso
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, 79070900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carlos A O Ricart
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H S Ramada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Harry M Duque
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - William F Porto
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Osmar N Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Evangélica de Anapólis, University City, 75083-515 Anápolis-GO, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
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Chen X, Han J, Cai X, Wang S. Antimicrobial peptides: Sustainable application informed by evolutionary constraints. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108012. [PMID: 35752270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and global expansion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have deepened the need to develop novel antimicrobials. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as promising antibacterial agents because of their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and multifaceted mechanisms of action with non-specific targets. However, if AMPs are to be applied sustainably, knowledge of how they induce resistance in pathogenic bacteria must be mastered to avoid repeating the traditional antibiotic resistance mistakes currently faced. Furthermore, the evolutionary constraints on the acquisition of AMP resistance by microorganisms in the natural environment, such as functional compatibility and fitness trade-offs, inform the translational application of AMPs. Consequently, the shortcut to achieve sustainable utilization of AMPs is to uncover the evolutionary constraints of bacteria on AMP resistance in nature and find the tricks to exploit these constraints, such as applying AMP cocktails to minimize the efficacy of selection for resistance or combining nanomaterials to maximize the costs of AMP resistance. Altogether, this review dissects the benefits, challenges, and opportunities of utilizing AMPs against disease-causing bacteria, and highlights the use of AMP cocktails or nanomaterials to proactively address potential AMP resistance crises in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jinzhi Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xixi Cai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
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Balboa SJ, Hicks LM. Revealing AMP mechanisms of action through resistance evolution and quantitative proteomics. Methods Enzymol 2021; 663:259-271. [PMID: 35168792 PMCID: PMC10961912 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health issue that threatens our ability to treat common infections. AMR often emerges in bacteria through upregulation of proteins that allow a subpopulation of resistant bacteria to proliferate through natural selection. Identifying these proteins is crucial for understanding how AMR develops in bacteria and is essential in developing novel therapeutics to combat the threat of widespread AMR. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful tool for understanding the biochemical pathways of biological systems, lending remarkable insight into AMR mechanisms in bacteria through measuring the changing protein abundances as a result of antibiotic treatment. Here, we describe a serial passaging method for evolving resistance in bacteria that implements quantitative proteomics to reveal the differential proteomes of resistant bacteria. The focus herein is on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), but the approach can be generalized for any antimicrobial compound. Comparative proteomics of sensitive vs. resistance strains in response to AMP treatment reveals mechanisms to survive the bioactive compound and points to the mechanism of action for novel AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Balboa
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Zhan N, Zhang L, Yang H, Zheng Y, Wei X, Wang J, Shan A. Design and heterologous expression of a novel dimeric LL37 variant in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:143. [PMID: 34301247 PMCID: PMC8305873 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is produced by white blood cells (mainly neutrophils) and various epithelial cells, and has the outstanding advantages of participating in immune regulation, causing chemotaxis of immune cells and promoting wound healing. However, the central domain of LL37 needs to be improved in terms of antimicrobial activity. RESULTS In this study, the amino acid substitution method was used to improve the antimicrobial activity of the LL37 active center, and a dimeric design with a better selection index was selected. A flexible linker was selected and combined with the 6 × His-SUMO tag and LG was successfully expressed using Pichia pastoris as a host. Recombinant LG displayed strong antimicrobial activity by destroying the cell membrane of bacteria but had low hemolytic activity. In addition, compared with monomeric peptide FR, rLG had improved ability to tolerate salt ions. CONCLUSION This research provides new ideas for the production of modified AMPs in microbial systems and their application in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Licong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Yalan Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Xinke Wei
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China.
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