Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082) Supplementation Relieves Ulcerative Colitis by Affecting Intestinal Barrier Functions, Immunity-Related Gene Expression, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Pathways in Mice

The prophylaxis functions of Lactobacillus fermentum GLF-217 and Lactobacillus plantarum FLP-215 on ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota of mice

BACKGROUND

The strong connection between gut microbes and human health has been confirmed by an increasing number of studies. Although probiotics have been found to relieve ulcerative colitis, the mechanism varies by the species involved. In this study, the physiological, immune and pathological factors of mice were measured and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was conducted to investigate the potential mechanisms in preventing ulcerative colitis.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that ingestion of Lactobacillus fermentum GLF-217 and Lactobacillus plantarum FLP-215 significantly alleviated ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), as evidenced by the increase in body weight, food intake, water intake and colon length as well as the decrease in disease activity index, histopathological score and inflammatory factor. Both strains not only improved intestinal mucosa by increasing mucin-2 and zonula occludens-1, but also improved the immune system response by elevating interleukin-10 levels and decreasing the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. Moreover, L. fermentum GLF-217 and L. plantarum FLP-215 play a role in preventing DSS-induced colitis by regulating the structure of gut microbiota and promoting the formation of short-chain fatty acids.

CONCLUSIONS

This study may provide a reference for the prevention strategy of ulcerative colitis. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quercetin ameliorates bone loss in OVX rats by modulating the intestinal flora-SCFAs-inflammatory signaling axis

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common systemic skeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis, involving increased osteoclastic bone formation and decreased osteoblastic bone resorption. Quercetin is a plant polyphenol that has been found to exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Previous studies have demonstrated its potential to improve postmenopausal OP, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the anti-osteoporotic mechanism of quercetin based on the "intestinal flora - short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) - inflammatory" signaling axis.

METHODS

In this study, we established an ovariectomized (OVX)-induced rat model, quercetin intervention and evaluated the effects on rats following antibiotic (ABX) treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). After 6 weeks of intervention, the rats were euthanized, and samples from their femur, tibia, lumbar spine, serum, colon and feces were collected, and bone strength, intestinal flora structure, SCFAs levels and cytokine levels were assessed.

RESULTS

Quercetin modulates the intestinal flora by increasing potentially probiotic bacteria (i.e., Lactobacillales, Prevotellaceae, and Blautia) and decreasing potentially pathogenic bacteria (Desulfobacterota, Erysipelotrichales, Romboutsia, and Butyricoccaceae). It also increases SCFAs content and reduces colonic permeability by enhancing tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin). Furthermore, quercetin lowers proinflammatory cytokine levels (LPS, IL-1β, and TNF-α), which enhances bone strength and prevents OVX-induced bone loss.

CONCLUSIONS

Quercetin may effectively reduce bone loss in OVX rats via the "intestinal flora - SCFAs - inflammatory" signaling pathway.

Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus Strains Isolated From the Faecal Microbiota of Critically Endangered Hangul Deer (Cervus hanglu hanglu): Implications for Conservation Management

The mammalian gut microbiota plays a crucial role in promoting host health, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly employed as probiotics for their beneficial effects. The Hangul deer (Cervus hanglu hanglu), a critically endangered red deer subspecies found in the Indian subcontinent, requires meticulous health management for its conservation. This pioneering study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the in-vitro probiotic functional properties of LAB strains from the faeces of Hangul deer. A total of 27 LAB strains were isolated and identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing, followed by comprehensive probiotic characterization and safety assessment. Remarkably, four species exhibited robust resistance and survivability against varying pH levels and bile salts, along with high aggregation and co-aggregation capacities. Notably, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus mundtii strains displayed antibacterial activities. Safety assessment revealed the absence of hemolytic activity and virulence genes in all four strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus casseliflavus were susceptible to all tested antibiotics, while Enterococcus mundtii exhibited resistance to clindamycin, and Enterococcus gallinarum exhibited resistance to erythromycin. These findings suggest that the isolated LAB strains possess advantageous probiotic characteristics and hold potential as dietary supplements for promoting the health and disease management of Hangul deer.

Weissella paramesenteroides NRIC1542 inhibits dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice through regulating gut microbiota and SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a kind of recurrent inflammatory disorder of the intestinal tract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Weissella paramesenteroides NRIC1542 on colitis in mice. A colitis model was induced by adding 1.5% DSS to sterile distilled water for seven consecutive days. During this process, mice were administered different concentrations of W. paramesenteroides NRIC1542. Colitis was assessed by DAI, colon length and hematoxylin-eosin staining of colon sections. The expressions of NF-κB signaling proteins and the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin were detected by western blotting, and the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rDNA. The results showed that W. paramesenteroides NRIC1542 significantly reduced the degree of pathological tissue damage and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in colonic tissue, inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and increasing the expression of SIRT1, ZO-1 and occludin. In addition, W. paramesenteroides NRIC1542 can modulate the structure of the gut microbiota, characterized by increased relative abundance of Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Paraprevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 and Roseburia, and decrease the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Alloprevotella induced by DSS. The above results suggested that W. paramesenteroides NRIC1542 can protect against DSS-induced colitis in mice through anti-inflammatory, intestinal barrier maintenance and flora modulation.

The Role of the Intestinal Flora and Its Derivatives in Neurocognitive Disorders: A Narrative Review from Surgical Perspective

Perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction is a significant concern for population health, impacting postoperative recovery and increasing the financial burden on patients. With an increasing number of surgical procedures being performed, the prevention and management of perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction have garnered significant attention. While factors such as age, lifestyle, genetics, and education are known to influence the development of cognitive dysfunction, recent research has highlighted the role of the gut microbiota in neurological health. An increased abundance of pro-inflammatory gut microbiota can trigger and worsen neuroinflammation, neuronal cell damage, and impaired cellular autophagy. Moreover, the inflammation-promoting gut microbiota can disrupt immune function, impair neuroautophagy, and affect the production and circulation of extracellular vesicles and neurotransmitters. These factors collectively play a role in the onset and advancement of cognitive impairment. This narrative review delves into the molecular mechanisms through which gut microbiota and their derivatives contribute to cognitive impairment, focusing on the impact of anesthesia surgery, changes in gut microbial populations, and perioperative cognitive impairment associations. The study suggests that alterations in the abundance of various bacterial species and their metabolites pre- and post-surgery may be linked to postoperative cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the potential of probiotics or prebiotics in addressing cognitive impairment is discussed, offering a promising avenue for investigating the treatment of perioperative neurocognitive disorders.

Beneficial Effect of Synbiotic Combination of Limosilactobacillus fermentum FS-10, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp1-IC and Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides in Colitis Murine Model

Therapies targeting gut microbiota are being extensively researched for colitis patients. In this study, we have tested the efficacy of indigenously isolated strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp1-IC and Limosilactobacillus fermentum FS-10 and their combination with short-chain fructooligosaccharides (sc-FOS) in mice models of DSS-induced colitis. For a desired efficacy, a synbiotic should be very meticulously formulated with the right choice of prebiotic and probiotic. Therefore, the ability of lactobacilli to utilize scFOS for growth was first tested by culturing the strains in a specially designed minimal media supplemented with scFOS as carbon source. The bacteria utilized scFOS and produced metabolites such as acetate and lactate. Thereafter, the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect was tested on markers such as TNF-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide and IL-10 in human monocyte (THP-1) and mouse macrophage (Raw 264.7) cell lines. The in vivo efficacy was studied in mice model of DSS-induced colitis, and the effect on the systemic and localized inflammatory markers was assessed in serum and colon tissue samples respectively. Administration of DSS elicited predominant clinical signs of weight loss, diarrhoea, faecal occult blood, increase in inflammatory markers and extensive damage of colon tissue. These symptoms were significantly reversed in all the treatment groups; however, the combination of lactobacilli and scFOS performed better than the individual ingredients. The study highlights the potential of the indigenous lactobacilli strains, scFOS and their combination for management of gut inflammation in colitis patients.

Aflatoxin B1 as a complicit in intestinal damage caused by Eimeria ovinoidalis in lambs: Novel insights to reveal parasite-gut battle

Mycotoxins, unavoidable contaminants in feed and feed ingredients, have the potential to influence the incidence and severity of various diseases upon ingestion. Sheep coccidiosis is an enteric disease caused by protozoa of Eimeria spp. However, the extent to which the presence of aflatoxin b1 (AFB1) synergistically exacerbates damage to intestinal health in lambs with Eimeria remains unclear. 50-day-old female lambs were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments for 15 days to assess the impact of AFB1 exposure on lambs with or without Eimeria (E.) ovinoidalis infection. Our findings reveal that AFB1 synergistically intensifies damage to intestinal health in lambs challenged by E. ovinoidalis. This is evidenced by disruptions to the intestinal microbiota and reductions in the production of short-chain fatty acids. AFB1 further aggravates damage to the cecal mechanical barrier. Additionally, AFB1 contributes to the entry of lipopolysaccharide into the bloodstream, activating the inflammatory response. Interestingly, AFB1 exposure history results in an early peak of oocyst excretion and a decreased number of oocyst excretion in E. ovinoidalis infected lambs. This may be closely linked to the destruction of the intestinal epithelial cell structure and its apoptosis, as indicated by a decreased ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax and increased caspase-3 levels. Mechanistically, proteomics analysis identified mitochondrial dysfunction (inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway) as the primary factor intensifying intestinal epithelial cell destruction caused by coccidia, exacerbated by AFB1 through the inhibiting the conversion of NADH to NAD+ in the cecum of lambs via down-regulation of the PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM pathway. Overall, these results offer novel insights into the AFB1 complicity in accelerating intestinal damage caused by E. ovinoidalis in lambs. Targeting the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway of the intestine may represent a new therapeutic strategy against the detrimental effects of mycotoxin and coccidia.

Can probiotics be used in the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma?

Asthma is a lifelong condition with varying degrees of severity and susceptibility to symptom control. Recent studies have examined the effects of individual genus, species, and strains of probiotic microorganisms on the course of asthma. The present review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on the use of probiotic microorganisms, mainly bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, in asthma prevention and treatment. Recent data from clinical trials and mouse models of allergic asthma indicate that probiotics have therapeutic potential in this condition. Animal studies indicate that probiotic microorganisms demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity, attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and reduce airway mucus secretion. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials found that combining multi-strain probiotics with prebiotics yielded promising outcomes in the treatment of clinical manifestations of asthma. It appears that probiotic supplementation is safe and significantly reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations, as well as improved forced expiratory volume and peak expiratory flow parameters, and greater attenuation of inflammation. Due to the small number of available clinical trials, and the use of a wide range of probiotic microorganisms and assessment methods, it is not possible to draw clear conclusions regarding the use of probiotics as asthma treatments.

Mechanism of Nicotiflorin in San-Ye-Qing rhizome for anti-inflammatory effect in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is on the rise globally and the development of drugs targeting UC is urgent. Finding the target of action of natural products is important for drug discovery, elucidation of drug action mechanism, and disease mechanism. San-Ye-Qing (SYQ), is an ancient herbal medicine, but whether the powder of its rhizome has pharmacological effects against UC and its mechanism of action are not clear.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of rhizome powder of SYQ in treating UC, and conduct an isolation and characterization of the chemical constituents of the powder. Further, screen the most potent compounds among them and determine the potential mechanism for treating UC.

METHODS

In vivo, the therapeutic effect of SYQ's rhizome powder on UC was assessed by mice's body weight, DAI score, colon length, tissue MPO activity, serum inflammatory markers, etc. Additionally, HPLC was used to isolate and identify the specific chemical components of SYQ's rhizome powder. Then, the most effective compounds and their therapeutic targets were analysed and screened in SYQ rhizome powder using network pharmacology, combined with CCK-8 assay, NO release assay and molecular docking assay, in conjunction with CETSA, DARTS, SPR and enzyme activity assay. Finally, the biological effects of the key compound on the targets were validated using Western blot and ELISA.

RESULTS

In vivo, SYQ rhizome powder effectively restored mice's body weight, lowered DAI and pathological score, downregulated the expression of inflammatory biomarkers, and restored colon length, as well as the colonic epithelial and mucus barriers. Afterward, 9 compounds were isolated and identified from the powder of the rhizomes of SYQ by HPLC. Nicotiflorin is the primary compound in SYQ with the highest concentration. According to both CCK-8 and NO release tests, Nicotiflorin is also the most efficacious compound. Combined with network pharmacological prediction, molecular docking analysis, CETSA, DARTS, SPR and enzyme activity assay, Nicotiflorin may ultimately suppress inflammation by targeting p65 and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, thereby attenuating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. To verify this conclusion, Western blot and ELISA experiments were conducted.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the extract from SYQ rhizomes has therapeutic properties for UC. Its active ingredient Nicotiflorin exerted potent anti-UC effects by binding to p65 and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasomes.

Potential Probiotic Weizmannia coagulans WC10 Improved Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Mice by Regulating the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Homeostasis

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common side effect of long-term and heavy antibiotic therapy. Weizmannia coagulans (W. coagulans) is an ideal probiotic because of its high viability, stability, and numerous health benefits to the host. In this study, the strains were first screened for W. coagulans WC10 (WC10) with a high combined ability based on their biological properties of gastrointestinal tolerance, adhesion, and short-chain fatty acid production ability. The effect of WC10 on mice with AAD was further evaluated. The results showed that WC10 was effective in improving the symptoms of AAD, effectively restoring antibiotic-induced weight loss, and reducing diarrhea status score and fecal water content. In addition, WC10 decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, alleviated intestinal tissue damage and inflammation, and improved intestinal epithelial barrier function by decreasing serum levels of enterotoxin, DAO, and D-lactic acid, and by increasing the expression of the intestinal mucosal immune factors sIgA and occludin. Importantly, the composition and function of the gut microbiota gradually recovered after WC10 treatment, increasing the number of SCFAs-producing Bifidobacterium and Roseburia. Subsequently, the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was examined and WC10 significantly increased acetate, propionate, and butyrate production. Additionally, metabolomic analysis also showed that WC10 reversed the antibiotic interference with major metabolic pathways. These findings provide a solid scientific basis for the future application of W. coagulans WC10 in the treatment of AAD.

Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on innate and adaptive immune responses following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a highly debilitating trauma to the central nervous system, currently lacking effective therapeutic strategies. The cascade of inflammatory responses induced by secondary damage following SCI disrupts the local immune environment at the injury site, ultimately exacerbating functional impairments post-injury. With advancing research on the gut-brain axis, evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota post-SCI amplifies inflammatory responses and plays a pivotal role in modulating post-injury immune-inflammatory responses. In this review article, we will explore the significant role of the gut microbiota and its metabolic products in modulating the responses of central and peripheral immune cells post-SCI, as well as their potential as therapeutic interventions for SCI treatment.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 fermented milk modulates inflammation and gut microbiota to alleviate acute colitis

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CIDCA 133 is a health-promoting bacterium that can alleviate gut inflammation and improve the epithelial barrier in a mouse model of mucositis. Despite these beneficial effects, the protective potential of this strain in other inflammation models, such as inflammatory bowel disease, remains unexplored. Herein, we examined for the first time the efficacy of Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 incorporated into a fermented milk formulation in the recovery of inflammation, epithelial damage, and restoration of gut microbiota in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Oral administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 fermented milk relieved colitis by decreasing levels of inflammatory factors (myeloperoxidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, toll-like receptor 2, nuclear factor-κB, interleukins 10 and 6, and tumor necrosis factor), secretory immunoglobulin A levels, and intestinal paracellular permeability. This immunobiotic also modulated the expression of tight junction proteins (zonulin and occludin) and the activation of short-chain fatty acids-related receptors (G-protein coupled receptors 43 and 109A). Colonic protection was effectively associated with acetate production and restoration of gut microbiota composition. Treatment with Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 fermented milk increased the abundance of Firmicutes members (Lactobacillus genus) while decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria (Helicobacter genus) and Bacteroidetes members (Bacteroides genus). These promising outcomes influenced the mice's mucosal healing, colon length, body weight, and disease activity index, demonstrating that this immunobiotic could be explored as an alternative approach for managing inflammatory bowel disease.

Postbiotic Administration Ameliorates Colitis and Inflammation in Rats Possibly through Gut Microbiota Modulation

Postbiotics are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that are beneficial to host health. Compared with probiotics, the postbiotic dose required for exerting obvious protective effects is unknown. Thus, we conducted a dose-dependent postbiotic intervention study in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis rats. The trial included five rat groups, including: control without DSS/postbiotic treatment, group C; 7-day DSS treatment, group D; 14-day low, medium, and high probiotic doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 g/kg; groups L, M, H, respectively) after DSS induction. We found that postbiotic intervention effectively mitigated the symptoms and inflammation in colitis rats, evidenced by the improved spleen index, less severe colon tissue damage, and changes in serum cytokine levels (decreases in tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β; increase in interleukin-10) in postbiotic groups compared with group D. Moreover, the therapeutic effect was dose-dependent. Fecal metabolomics analysis revealed that the postbiotic recipients had more anti-inflammatory metabolites, namely, salicyloyl phytophingosine, podophylloxin, securinine, baicalein, and diosmetin. Fecal metagenomics analysis revealed that the postbiotic recipients had more beneficial microbes and less pro-inflammatory bacteria. This study confirmed that postbiotics are effective in alleviating colitis in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings are of interest to food scientists, clinicians, and the health food industry.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Derived Indole-3-lactic Acid Ameliorates Intestinal Barrier Integrity through the AhR/Nrf2/NF-κB Axis

Our previous studies have shown that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DPUL-S164-derived indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) ameliorates intestinal epithelial cell barrier injury by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways and promoting tight junction protein expression. This study further explored the crucial substances of L. plantarum DPUL-S164 in alleviating intestinal barrier damage in mice through a dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Compared to dead L. plantarum DPUL-S164 (D-S164), live L. plantarum DPUL-S164 (S164) and its tryptophan metabolite, ILA, showed an effective ameliorating effect on the intestinal barrier injury of mice treated by antibiotic cocktail and sodium dextran sulfate, suggesting that the crucial substances of L. plantarum DPUL-S164 ameliorating intestinal barrier injury are its extracellular metabolites. Furthermore, S164 and its tryptophan metabolite, ILA, ameliorate intestinal barrier injury and suppress intestinal inflammation by activating the AhR-Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. These results suggest that L. plantarum DPUL-S164 ameliorates intestinal epithelial barrier damage in mice, primarily by producing ILA as a ligand to activate the AhR pathway.

Orally Administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CY12 Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Restoring the Intestinal Barrier and Inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB Pathway via Intestinal Microbiota Modulation

Oral ingestion of probiotics is a promising approach to relieving inflammatory disease through regulating the gut microbiota. A newly discovered strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CY12 (LCY12), obtained from cattle-yak milk, displayed numerous probiotic properties. These included enhanced viability in low pH and bile environments, adhesion capabilities, and potent antimicrobial effects. The research aimed to explore the beneficial impacts of the novel LCY12 strain on colitis in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results of the study showed that administration of LCY12 effectively helped to reduce the negative effects of DSS-induced body weight loss, disease activity index score, colon length shortening, loss of goblet cells, and overall histopathological scores in the intestines. Simultaneously, LCY12 administration significantly alleviated intestinal inflammation and safeguarded intestinal barrier integrity by enhancing IL-10 levels, while dampening IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production. Additionally, LCY12 boosted the presence of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, LCY12 hindered the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway by downregulating TLR4 and MyD88 expression, inactivating phosphorylated IκBα, and preventing translocation of NF-κB p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The LCY12 also increased specific intestinal microbial communities and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Altogether, LCY12 oral administration alleviated colitis induced with DSS in mice by improving intestinal barrier function and regulating inflammatory cytokines, SCFA production, and intestinal microbiota.

Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: Is there sufficient evidence?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to chronic inflammatory disorders of the gut. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two subtypes of IBD. Evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota plays a role in the pathogenesis of IBD, so probiotics have garnered a lot of interest as a potential treatment or prevention for IBD. However, clinical evidence of the efficacy of probiotics is still debatable. We performed a literature review. An advanced search considered clinical studies on probiotic for IBD from inception to 2023 in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. In the treatment of UC with probiotics, only Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for maintenance treatment of UC in remission, and Bifidobacterium and VSL#3 for induction of remission in patients with mild to moderately active UC have shown strong evidence. Currently, there are no definitive conclusions regarding the effectiveness of probiotics in CD. The mechanism of probiotic treatment for IBD may be related to reducing oxidative stress, repairing the intestinal barrier, regulating intestinal flora balance, and modulating intestinal immune response. Differences in the benefits of probiotics between CD and UC may be attributable to the different lesion extent and immune-mediated pathophysiology. More robust randomized clinical trials are required to validate the efficacy and safety of diverse probiotic strains in IBD.

Characterization of Genomic, Physiological, and Probiotic Features of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JS21 Strain Isolated from Traditional Fermented Jiangshui

This study aimed to understand the genetic and metabolic traits of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JS21 strain and its probiotic abilities through laboratory tests and computer analysis. L. plantarum JS21 was isolated from a traditional fermented food known as "Jiangshui" in Hanzhong city. In this research, the complete genetic makeup of JS21 was determined using Illumina and PacBio technologies. The JS21 genome consisted of a 3.423 Mb circular chromosome and five plasmids. It was found to contain 3023 protein-coding genes, 16 tRNA genes, 64 rRNA operons, 40 non-coding RNA genes, 264 pseudogenes, and six CRISPR array regions. The GC content of the genome was 44.53%. Additionally, the genome harbored three complete prophages. The evolutionary relationship and the genome collinearity of JS21 were compared with other L. plantarum strains. The resistance genes identified in JS21 were inherent. Enzyme genes involved in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and phosphoketolase (PK) pathways were detected, indicating potential for facultative heterofermentative pathways. JS21 possessed bacteriocins plnE/plnF genes and genes for polyketide and terpenoid assembly, possibly contributing to its antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli (K88), Staphylococcus aureus (CMCC 26003), and Listeria monocytogenes (CICC 21635). Furthermore, JS21 carried genes for Na+/H+ antiporters, F0F1 ATPase, and other stress resistance genes, which may account for its ability to withstand simulated conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract in vitro. The high hydrophobicity of its cell surface suggested the potential for intestinal colonization. Overall, L. plantarum JS21 exhibited probiotic traits as evidenced by laboratory experiments and computational analysis, suggesting its suitability as a dietary supplement.

Novel Synergistic Probiotic Intervention: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Ameliorative Effects on Immunity, Gut Barrier, and Metabolism of Mice during Salmonella typhimurium Infection

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a probiotic mixture comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus 1.3251) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum 9513) against S. typhimurium, utilizing transcriptome and metabolomic analyses, a novel approach that has not been previously documented. Twenty-four SPF-BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control negative group (CNG); positive control group (CPG); probiotic-supplemented non-challenged group (LAPG); and probiotic-supplemented Salmonella-challenged group (LAPST). An RNA-sequencing analysis of small intestinal (ileum) tissue revealed 2907 upregulated and 394 downregulated DEGs in the LAPST vs. CPG group. A functional analysis of DEGs highlighted their significantly altered gene ontology (GO) terms related to metabolism, gut integrity, cellular development, and immunity (p ≤ 0.05). The KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LAPST group were primarily involved in pathways related to gut integrity, immunity, and metabolism, such as MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, the tryptophan metabolism, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, ECM-receptor interaction, and others. Additionally, the fecal metabolic analysis identified 1215 upregulated and 305 downregulated metabolites in the LAPST vs. CPG group, implying their involvement in KEGG pathways including bile secretion, propanoate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption, which are vital for maintaining barrier integrity, immunity, and metabolism. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the administration of a probiotic mixture improves immunity, maintains gut homeostasis and barrier integrity, and enhances metabolism in Salmonella infection.

Evaluation of different probiotics on growth, body composition, antioxidant capacity, and histoarchitecture of Mugil capito

We investigated the dietary effects of the single application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and their combination on growth, proximate composition of whole fish body, antioxidant defense, and histoarchitecture of hapa-reared Mugil capito. Healthy fish (Fish weighed = 10.30 ± 0.10 g at first) were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups, each with three replicates. These groups were designed as follows: (1) a group fed a basal diet without probiotics (control), (2) a group fed a diet containing S. cerevisiae (4 g/kg diet), (3) a group fed a diet containing L. bulgaricus (2 g/kg diet), and (4) the last group fed a diet containing a combination of both, all for a duration of 60 days. Probiotic-treated groups showed significantly better growth and nutrition utilization than the control group. Significant differences were observed in the crude fat and crude protein contents among the groups, with the combination group exhibiting the highest levels. However, there were no significant variations in ash content across all groups. The highest hepatic antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activities) was observed in the combination group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations were decreased significantly in all probiotic groups, suggesting improved oxidative stress resilience in these groups. The histomorphological analysis of the hepatopancreatic tissues revealed well-arranged parenchyma, increased glycogen storage, and melanomacrophage centers in probiotic-treated groups, particularly the combined probiotics group. Furthermore, the probiotic supplementation improved the histoarchitecture of the intestinal villi compared to the control group. To put it briefly, combined dietary administration of these probiotics improved growth, body composition, antioxidant defenses, and hepatic and intestinal health in hapa-reared M. capito, highlighting their promising role in promoting welfare and productivity.

A multi-omic assessment of the mechanisms of intestinal microbes used to treat diarrhea in early-weaned lambs

Transplant of donor microbiota can significantly alter the structure of the host's intestinal microbiota and alleviate early weaning stress. Screening for alternative-resistant products by transplanting fecal bacteria from healthy lambs is a current research trend in the livestock industry. In the present study, fecal microbiota transplantation was performed in lambs with diarrhea during early weaning. The transplanted fecal microbiota greatly reduced the diarrhea and serum inflammatory factor levels caused by early weaning. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that fecal microbiota transplantation alleviated colonic inflammation and increased the expression of colonic ion transport proteins. In addition, the levels of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia Shigella decreased in the jejunum, cecum, and colon of the lambs; meanwhile, the levels of Bifidobacterium and multiple secondary bile acids, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, increased in the colon. Furthermore, the abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly negatively correlated with the diarrhea index. The fecal microbiota transplantation reshaped the intestinal microbiota of early-weaned lambs, protected the intestinal physiology and immune barrier, and reduced weaning stress. In addition to making available bacteriological products for controlling intestinal inflammation in young lambs, this study offers a theoretical framework and technical system for the mechanisms by which microbiota transplantation regulates intestinal health in young lambs.IMPORTANCEBefore weaning, the digestive system of lambs is not well developed; hence, its resistance to infectious diseases is weak. Under intensive feeding systems, lambs can easily be stressed and the risk of bacterial infection is high, which causes diarrhea, which in turn may cause mortality and significant economic losses to the livestock industry. With the elimination of antibiotics in animal feed, the incidence of mortality due to intestinal illnesses in lambs has gradually increased. There are several types of probiotics routinely used in young animals, but the effects and processes of their usage have only been assessed in monogastric animals. The lack of data on ruminants, particularly sheep, has severely hampered the process of efficient and healthy sheep breeding. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective and safe functional supplements for lambs.

Bifidobacterium improves oestrogen-deficiency-induced osteoporosis in mice by modulating intestinal immunity

Osteoporosis has become one of the major diseases that threaten the health of middle-aged and elderly people, and with the growth of an ageing population, more and more people are affected by osteoporosis these days. In recent years, intestinal flora has been found to affect the host immune system, and an overactive immune system is closely related to bone resorption. Probiotics can effectively improve bone density and strength, reduce bone loss, and improve osteoporosis, but their mechanism of action and relationship with intestinal microbiota are still unclear. In this study, two strains of Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacterium bifidum FL228.1 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis F1-7) that can alleviate intestinal inflammation were screened based on previous experiments. Through the construction of an ovariectomized mouse model, the improvement of osteoporosis by Bifidobacterium was detected, and the influence of Bifidobacterium on intestinal immunity was explored. The results show that Bifidobacterium treatment significantly improved bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV), and trabecular number (Tb·N), and effectively suppressed bone loss. Furthermore, Bifidobacterium treatment could inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the gut, alleviate gut inflammation, and thus suppress excessive osteoclast generation. Its mechanism of action includes factors that protect the mucosal barrier, including occludin, ZO-1, claudin-2, and MUC2, and the reduction of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. B. bifidum FL228.1 increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the colon, including Lactobacillus and Colidextribacter. B. animalis F1-7 increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and decreased the abundance of Desulfovibrio and Ruminococcus in the colon. These research findings expand our understanding of the gut-bone axis and provide new guidance for the development of probiotic-based therapies for osteoporosis in the future.

Fecal bacteria-free filtrate transplantation is proved as an effective way for the recovery of radiation-induced individuals in mice

Background

Ionizing radiation can cause intestinal microecological dysbiosis, resulting in changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota. Altered gut microbiota is closely related to the development and progression of radiation-induced intestinal damage. Although microbiota-oriented therapeutic options such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have shown some efficacy in treating radiation toxicity, safety concerns endure. Therefore, fecal bacteria-free filtrate transplantation (FFT), which has the potential to become a possible alternative therapy, is well worth investigating. Herein, we performed FFT in a mouse model of radiation exposure and monitored its effects on radiation damage phenotypes, gut microbiota, and metabolomic profiles to assess the effectiveness of FFT as an alternative therapy to FMT safety concerns.

Results

FFT treatment conferred radioprotection against radiation-induced toxicity, representing as better intestinal integrity, robust proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines homeostasis, and accompanied by significant shifts in gut microbiome. The bacterial compartment of recipients following FFT was characterized by an enrichment of radioprotective microorganisms (members of family Lachnospiraceae). Furthermore, metabolome data revealed increased levels of microbially generated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of FFT mice.

Conclusions

FFT improves radiation-induced intestinal microecological dysbiosis by reshaping intestinal mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota configurations, and host metabolic profiles, highlighting FFT regimen as a promising safe alternative therapy for FMT is effective in the treatment of radiation intestinal injury.

Draft genome sequence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KCKM 0106, isolated from mustard leaf kimchi

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KCKM 0106, isolated from mustard leaf kimchi, demonstrates probiotic properties, such as acid tolerance and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. We present the draft genome sequence of L. plantarum KCKM 0106, comprising 3,328,662 bp and 44.4% GC content.

Integrative analysis with microbial modelling and machine learning uncovers potential alleviators for ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a challenging form of inflammatory bowel disease, and its etiology is intricately linked to disturbances in the gut microbiome. To identify the potential alleviators of UC, we employed an integrative analysis combining microbial community modeling with advanced machine learning techniques. Using metagenomics data sourced from the Integrated Human Microbiome Project, we constructed individualized microbiome community models for each participant. Our analysis highlighted a significant decline in both α and β-diversity of strain-level microbial populations in UC subjects compared to controls. Distinct differences were also observed in the predicted fecal metabolite profiles and strain-to-metabolite contributions between the two groups. Using tree-based machine learning models, we successfully identified specific microbial strains and their associated metabolites as potential alleviators of UC. Notably, our experimental validation using a dextran sulfate sodium-induced UC mouse model demonstrated that the administration of Parabacteroides merdae ATCC 43,184 and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine provided notable relief from colitis symptoms. In summary, our study underscores the potential of an integrative approach to identify novel therapeutic avenues for UC, paving the way for future targeted interventions.

Lactobacillus plantarum modulate gut microbiota and intestinal immunity in cyclophosphamide-treated mice model

Gut microbiota (GM) contributes to the production of immune-regulatory molecules and cytokines. However, our understanding regarding intricate relationship between Lactobacillus plantarum and GM on regulation of immune function remained limited. To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on an immunosuppressed mouse model, we employed cyclophosphamide treatment and conducted various analysis including H&E (hematoxylin-eosin staining), immunohistochemistry, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and RT-PCR. Our results demonstrated that the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum had significant immunoenhancing effects in the immune-suppressed mice, as evidenced by the restoration of functional expression of specific immune markers in the spleen and an increase in the number of goblet cells in intestine (P < 0.05). Microbial taxonomic analysis revealed alterations in the gut microbiota composition, characterized by a decrease in the richness of Firmicutes and an increase in the proportion of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria following cyclophosphamide treatment. Furthermore, cyclophosphamide treatment significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05), which were subsequently restored after administration of Lactobacillus plantarum. These observations provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between probiotics, gut microbiota, and immune system functioning.

Ligilactobacillus salivarius CNCM I-4866, a potential probiotic candidate, shows anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this work was to characterize a new strain of Ligilactobacillus salivarius (CNCM I-4866) (CNCM I-4866) to address its potential as probiotic with a special focus on intestinal inflammation. Potential anti-inflammatory abilities of this strain were evaluated through in vivo and in vitro experiments.

METHODS

Firstly, the strain was tested in a murine acute inflammation colitis model induced by DNBS. In vitro characterization was then performed with diverse tests: modulation capability of intestinal permeability; study of the impact on immunity profile through cytokines dosage; capacity to inhibit pathogens and adhere to intestinal cells lines. Production of metabolites, antibiotic resistance and survival to gastro-intestinal tract conditions were also tested.

RESULTS

In vitro assay has shown a reduction of colonic damage and markers of inflammation after treatment with CNCM I-4866. Transcriptomic analysis performed on colons showed the capacity of the strain to down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. L. salivarius CNCM I-4866 exerted anti-inflammatory profile by reducing IL-8 production by TNF-α stimulated cell and modulated cytokines profile on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). It protected intestinal integrity by increasing trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) on Caco-2 TNF-α inflamed cells. Additionally, L. salivarius CNCM I-4866 displayed inhibition capacity on several intestinal pathogens and adhered to eukaryotic cells. Regarding safety and technical concerns, CNCM I-4866 was highly resistant to 0.3% of bile salts and produced mainly L-lactate. Finally, strain genomic characterization allowed us to confirm safety aspect of our strain, with no antibiotic gene resistance found.

DISCUSSION

Taken together, these results indicate that L. salivarius CNCM I-4866 could be a good probiotic candidate for intestinal inflammation, especially with its steady anti-inflammatory profile.

Probiotic Potential of Bacillus sp. 62A Isolated from a Marine Extreme Environment

Antimicrobial resistance is an important health concern globally, and probiotics are considered an alternative to minimize it. The present study examined the in vitro probiotic characteristics and in vivo immunomodulatory potential of Bacillus sp. 62A - an extremophile bacterium. Bacillus sp. 62A was evaluated in vitro for its cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility, and resistance to gastrointestinal conditions (bile salts, low pH, and intestinal adherence). Additionally, the immunomodulatory effect of Bacillus sp. 62A was studied in mice. The animals were supplemented daily with phosphate-buffered saline (control) and Bacillus sp. 62A at 1 × 108 colony forming units (CFU). Samples were taken on days 5 and 10. Isolated splenocytes were challenged with Escherichia coli for immunological analyses and immune-related gene expression. Serum and feces were collected for IgA and IgG determination. Bacillus sp. 62A did not show cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, or resistance to antibiotics. Furthermore, the bacterium has autoaggregation and intestinal adhesion capacities and grows in the presence of bile salts and low pH. Bacillus supplementation in mice improved respiratory burst activity, nitric oxide production, and IL-1β and IL-6 gene expressions, mainly at 10 days. After E. coli challenge, Bacillus supplementation in mice induced an anti-inflammatory response through a decrease in immunological parameters and an increase in IL-10 gene expression. Moreover, serum IgA and IgG and fecal IgG augmented in supplemented mice. In conclusion, Bacillus sp. 62A has biosafe and immunomodulatory probiotic potential.

Mechanistic insights into the role of probiotics in modulating immune cells in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a persistent inflammatory disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract, mainly the colon, which is defined by inflammatory responses and the formation of ulcers. Probiotics have been shown to directly impact various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B cells. By interacting with cell surface receptors, they regulate immune cell activity, produce metabolites that influence immune responses, and control the release of cytokines and chemokines.

METHODS

This article is a comprehensive review wherein we conducted an exhaustive search across published literature, utilizing reputable databases like PubMed and Web of Science. Our focus centered on pertinent keywords, such as "UC," 'DSS," "TNBS," "immune cells," and "inflammatory cytokines," to compile the most current insights regarding the therapeutic potential of probiotics in managing UC.

RESULTS

This overview aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the effects of probiotics on immune cells in relation to UC. Probiotics have a crucial role in promoting the proliferation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are necessary for preserving immunological homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses. They also decrease the activation of pro-inflammatory cells like T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells, contributing to UC development. Thus, probiotics significantly impact both direct and indirect pathways of immune cell regulation in UC, promoting Treg differentiation, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cell activation, and regulating cytokine and chemokine release.

CONCLUSION

Probiotics demonstrate significant potential in modulating the immune reactions in UC. Their capacity to modulate different immune cells and inflammation-related processes makes them a promising therapeutic approach for managing UC. However, further studies are warranted to optimize their use and fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects in UC treatment.

Benefits of Combining Sonchus brachyotus DC. Extracts and Synbiotics in Alleviating Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, commonly abbreviated to NAFLD, is a pervasive ailment within the digestive system, exhibiting a rising prevalence, and impacting individuals at increasingly younger ages. Those afflicted by NAFLD face a heightened vulnerability to the onset of profound liver fibrosis, cardiovascular complications, and malignancies. Currently, NAFLD poses a significant threat to human health, and there is no approved therapeutic treatment for it. Recent studies have shown that synbiotics, which regulate intestinal microecology, can positively impact glucolipid metabolism, and improve NAFLD-related indicators. Sonchus brachyotus DC., a Chinese herb, exhibits hepatoprotective and potent antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential therapeutic use in NAFLD. Our preclinical animal model investigation suggests that the synergy between Sonchus brachyotus DC. extracts and synbiotics is significantly more effective in preventing and treating NAFLD, compared to the isolated use of either component. As a result, this combination holds the potential to introduce a fresh and encouraging therapeutic approach to addressing NAFLD.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea by Regulating Intestinal Inflammation and Gut Microbiota

Probiotics are widely recognized for their ability to prevent and therapy antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). This study was designed to evaluate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 ability to prevent colon inflammation and its effect on gut microbial composition in a mouse model of AAD. The mice were intragastrically administered triple antibiotics for 7 days and then subjected to L. plantarum ELF051 for 14 days. The administration of L. plantarum ELF051 ameliorated the pathological changes in the colon tissue, downregulated interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and upregulated IL-10, and increased the intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 also regulated the Toll-like receptor/myeloid differentiation primary response 88/nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/ NF-κB (PI3K/AKT/ NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathways. 16S rRNA analyses showed that L. plantarum ELF051 increased the abundance and diversity of gut bacteria, restoring gut microbiota imbalance. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that lactobacilli are closely associated with inflammatory markers and SCFAs. This work demonstrated that L. plantarum ELF051 can attenuate antibiotic-induced intestinal inflammation in a mouse AAD model by suppressing the pro-inflammatory response and modulating the gut microbiota.

Comparison of Neuroprotection and Regulating Properties on Gut Microbiota between Selenopeptide Val-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-SeMet and Its Native Peptide Val-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Met In Vitro and In Vivo

Selenopeptides are promising candidates for intervening in neuroinflammation; however, the key role of selenium (Se) in selenopeptides remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we compared the neuroprotective effects of selenopeptide Val-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-SeMet (namely, Se-P1) and its native peptide Val-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Met (namely, P1). Our results demonstrate that Se-P1 treatment exhibits superior antioxidant and antineuroinflammatory effects in PC12 cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injured mice compared to P1. Moreover, the administration of Se-P1 and P1 resulted in a shift in the gut microbiota composition. Notably, during LPS-induced injury, Se-P1 treatment demonstrated greater stability in maintaining gut microbiota composition compared to P1 treatment. Specifically, Se-P1 may have a positive impact on gut microbiota dysbiosis by modulating inflammatory-related bacteria such as enhancing Lactobacillus abundance while reducing that of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. Furthermore, the alteration of metabolites induced by Se-P1 treatment exhibited a significant correlation with gut microbiota, subsequently modulating the inflammatory-related metabolic pathways including histidine metabolism, lysine degradation, and purine metabolism. These findings suggest that organic Se contributes to the bioactivities of Se-P1 in mitigating neuroinflammation in LPS-injured mice compared to P1. These findings hold significant value for the development of potential preventive or therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases and introduce novel concepts in selenopeptide nutrition and supplementation recommendations.

Recent updates on correlation between reactive oxygen species and synbiotics for effective management of ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is presently considered a multifactorial pathology, which may lead to persistent inflammatory action of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) because of an improperly managed immunological reactivity to the intestinal microbiota found in the GIT. The immune response to common commensal microbes plays an essential role in intestinal inflammation related to UC synbiotics, and it is an important element in the optimal therapy of UC. Therefore, synbiotics, i.e., a mixture of prebiotics and probiotics, may help control the diseased state. Synbiotics alleviate the inflammation of the colon by lowering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improving the level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Prebiotic supplementation is not a common practice at the moment, despite numerous research findings proving that the benefits of both probiotics and prebiotics encourage their continued existence and positioning in the GIT, with positive effects on human health by managing the inflammatory response. However, the fact that there have been fewer studies on the treatment of UC with different probiotics coupled with selected prebiotics, i.e., synbiotics, and the outcomes of these studies have been very favorable. This evidence-based study explores the possible role of ROS, SOD, and synbiotics in managing the UC. The proposed review also focuses on the role of alteration of gut microbiota, antioxidant defense in the gastrointestinal tract, and the management of UC. Thus, the current article emphasizes oxidative stress signaling in the GI tract, oxidative stress-based pathomechanisms in UC patients, and UC therapies inhibiting oxidative stress' effects.

Arecoline aggravates acute ulcerative colitis in mice by affecting intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites

Arecoline is an alkaloid extracted from betel nut, which has various pharmacological effects. In the present study, we showed that arecoline aggravated experimental acute ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. We measured body weight and colon length, evaluated disease activity index, colon pathology sections, and levels of colonic inflammatory factors. Arecoline exacerbated the clinical signs of UC and the colonic inflammatory response in mice. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples showed a significant decrease in the percentage of probiotic bacteria Ligilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus and Lactobacillus and a significant increase in the percentage of conditionally pathogenic bacteria Odoribacter and Bacteroides after arecoline treatment. Serum untargeted metabolomics showed that arecoline intervention reduced the levels of ergothioneine, pentostatin, diadenosine tetraphosphate and other metabolites and modulated nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, metabolic pathways, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and other metabolic pathways of intestinal microorganisms. According to the combined microbial and metabolite analysis, arecoline influences metabolite levels by modulating the intestinal microbiota. In summary, it was found that arecoline treatment exacerbated colonic injury and intestinal inflammatory responses in UC mice, disrupted the host's intestinal flora, and affected changes in flora metabolites, thereby exacerbating the development of colonic inflammation. Therefore, the consumption of betel nut can be associated with the risk of aggravating UC.

Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has become a worldwide public health problem, and the prevalence of the disease among children has been increasing. The pathogenesis of UC has not been elucidated, but dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is considered the main cause of chronic intestinal inflammation. This review focuses on the therapeutic effects of probiotics on UC and the potential mechanisms involved. In animal studies, probiotics have been shown to alleviate symptoms of UC, including weight loss, diarrhea, blood in the stool, and a shortened colon length, while also restoring intestinal microecological homeostasis, improving gut barrier function, modulating the intestinal immune response, and attenuating intestinal inflammation, thereby providing theoretical support for the development of probiotic-based microbial products as an adjunctive therapy for UC. However, the efficacy of probiotics is influenced by factors such as the bacterial strain, dose, and form. Hence, the mechanisms of action need to be investigated further. Relevant clinical trials are currently lacking, so the extension of animal experimental findings to clinical application requires a longer period of consideration for validation.

Dietary Supplementation of Ancientino Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Ancientino, a complex dietary fiber supplement mimicking the ancient diet, has improved chronic heart failure, kidney function, and constipation. However, its effect on ulcerative colitis is unknown. This study explores the impact of Ancientino on colitis caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and its mechanisms. Data analyses showed that Ancientino alleviated bodyweight loss, colon shortening and injury, and disease activity index (DAI) score, regulated levels of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)), reduced intestinal permeability (d-lactate and endotoxin), fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran), and diamine oxidase (DAO), repaired colonic function (ZO-1 and occludin), and suppressed oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) in vivo and in vitro. In short, this study demonstrated that Ancientino alleviates colitis and exerts an anticolitis effect by reducing inflammatory response, suppressing oxidative stress, and repairing intestinal barrier function. Thus, Ancientino may be an effective therapeutic dietary resource for ulcerative colitis.

Diarrhea accompanies intestinal inflammation and intestinal mucosal microbiota dysbiosis during fatigue combined with a high-fat diet

OBJECTIVE

It was reported fatigue or a high-fat diet triggers diarrhea, and intestinal microbiota may play central roles in diarrhea. Therefore, we investigated the association between the intestinal mucosal microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier from fatigue combined with a high-fat diet.

METHOD

This study divided the Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male mice into the normal group (MCN) and the standing united lard group (MSLD). The MSLD group stood on water environment platform box for 4 h/day for 14 days, and 0.4 mL lard was gavaged from day 8, twice daily for 7 days.

RESULT

After 14 days, Mice in the MSLD group showed diarrhea symptoms. The pathological analysis showed structural damage to the small intestine in the MSLD group, with an increasing trend of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17, and inflammation accompanied by structural damage to the intestine. Fatigue combined with a high-fat diet considerably decreased Limosilactobacillus vaginalis and Limosilactobacillus reuteri, and among them, Limosilactobacillus reuteri positively associated with Muc2 and negatively with IL-6.

CONCLUSION

The interactions between Limosilactobacillus reuteri and intestinal inflammation might be involved in the process of intestinal mucosal barrier impairment in fatigue combined with high-fat diet-induced diarrhea.

Curative effects of crocin in ulcerative colitis via modulating apoptosis and inflammation

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with characteristic inflammation to mucosal cells in rectum and colon leading to lesions in mucosa and submucosa. Moreover, crocin is a carotenoid compound among active constituents of saffron with many pharmacological effects as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Therefore, we aimed to investigate therapeutic effects of crocin against UC through affecting the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. For induction of UC in rats, intracolonic 2 ml of 4% acetic acid was used. After induction of UC, part of rats was treated with 20 mg/kg crocin. cAMP was measured using ELISA. Moreover, we measured gene and protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X (BAX), caspase-3/8/9, NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β/4/6/10. Colon sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue or immune-stained with anti-TNF-α antibodies. Microscopic images of colon sections in UC group revealed destruction of intestinal glands associated with infiltration of inflammatory cell and severe hemorrhage. While images stained with Alcian blue showed damaged and almost absent intestinal glands. Crocin treatment ameliorated morphological changes. Finally, crocin significantly reduced expression levels of BAX, caspase-3/8/9, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, associated with increased levels of cAMP and expression of BCL2, IL-4 and IL-10. In conclusion, protective of action of crocin in UC is proved by restoration of normal weight and length of colon as well as improvement of morphological structure of colon cells. The mechanism of action of crocin in UC is indicated by activation of anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermented Dandelion Improves Hyperuricemia and Regulates Gut Microbiota

Foodborne prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia (HUA) has received widespread attention. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can improve intestinal function, while traditional medicine dandelion has the functions of detoxification and detumescence. Whether LAB fermented dandelion has any effects on HUA and the underlying mechanism is not clear. To address these questions, Lactobacillus acidophilus was selected or maximal xanthine oxidase activity. The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented dandelion (LAFD) on uric acid metabolism was evaluated by the HUA mouse model. Expression levels of UA, BUN, CRE, XOD, and inflammatory factors in serum were detected. Paraffin sections and staining were used to observe the kidney and small intestine, and mRNA expression of GLUT9, URAT1, OAT1, and ABCG2 related to uric acid metabolism were investigated. Furthermore, the intestinal flora was studied by contents of the cecum and high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that LAFD had a significant inhibitory effect on XOD in vitro (p < 0.01). LAFD could reduce the levels of UA, BUN, CRE, XOD, IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF- α in serum (p < 0.05), thus inhibiting inflammatory reaction, and reducing UA by decreasing the mRNA expression of GLUT9, URAT1 in kidney and increasing the mRNA expression of OAT1 and ABCG2 in kidney and small intestine (p < 0.05). In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis demonstrated that LAFD treatment can help restore the imbalance of the intestinal microbial ecosystem and reverse the changes in Bacterodietes/Firmicutes, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae in mice with HUA. It is suggested that the mechanism of LAFD in treating HUA may be related to the regulation of the mRNA expressions of GLUT9, URAT1, OAT1, and ABCG2 in the kidney and small intestine, as well as the regulation of intestinal flora, which provides the experimental basis for the development of new plant fermented products.

Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum improves the effects of tacrolimus on colitis in a mouse model

The gut microbiome has been considered to play an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our previous study reported that tacrolimus-altered gut microbiota elicited immunoregulatory effects in both colonic mucosa and circulation, contributing to an increased allograft survival rate in mice. Here, we aimed to observe the changes in the tacrolimus-induced microbiome in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and explore the possibility and efficacy of combination therapy with tacrolimus and the microbiome on colitis. Mice were divided into the control, DSS, tacrolimus monotherapy and tacrolimus plus Lactobacillus plantarum 550 (Lacto)-treated groups. The body weight, stool consistency, hematochezia and survival of mice were observed daily. Total RNA from colonic mucosa was extracted and subjected to transcriptome sequencing. Cecal contents were collected and the 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to characterize the gut microbiome and the ultrahigh- performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for targeted quantification of bile acids. The results confirmed that tacrolimus significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Beneficial alterations of the gut microbiome characterized by a remarkable expansion of the genus Lactobacillus were induced by tacrolimus treatment. Oral supplementation with Lacto further improved the tacrolimus-mediated suppression of body weight loss in colitis, while the survival time of mice was further prolonged and the inflammation of colonic mucosa was obviously relieved. The immune and inflammation-related signaling pathways, including IFN-γ and IFN-α response, allograft rejection, IL2 STAT5 signaling and the inflammatory response pathways, were further downregulated in the tacrolimus plus Lacto cotreatment group. Cotreatment also improved the diversity of the gut microbiome and rescued the concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) in colitis. The latter was positively correlated with the abundance of Lactobacillus but negatively related to the disease activity index score. Overall, our results indicated that Lactobacillus plantarum promoted the therapeutic effect of tacrolimus in experimental colitis, offering a promising strategy to combine tacrolimus and Lactobacillus in the treatment of colitis patients.

Gut microbiome-based strategies for host health and disease

Host health and disease are influenced by changes in the abundance and structure of intestinal flora. Current strategies are focused on regulating the structure of intestinal flora to ensure host health by alleviating disease. However, these strategies are limited by multiple factors, such as host genotype, physiology (microbiome, immunity, and gender), intervention, and diet. Accordingly, we reviewed the prospects and limitations of all strategies regulating the structure and abundance of microflora, including probiotics, prebiotics, diet, fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, and phages. Some new technologies that can improve these strategies are also introduced. Compared with other strategies, diets and prebiotics are associated with reduced risk and high security. Besides, phages have the potential for application in the targeted regulation of intestinal microbiota due to their high specificity. Notably, the variability in individual microflora and their metabolic response to different interventions should be considered. Future studies should use artificial intelligence combined with multi-omics to investigate the host genome and physiology based on factors, such as blood type, dietary habits, and exercise, in order to develop individualized intervention strategies to improve host health.

Integrating Transcriptomics and Metabolomics to Explore the Novel Pathway of Fusobacterium nucleatum Invading Colon Cancer Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy with a very high incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteria and their metabolites play a role in inducing and promoting CRC; however, no studies on the exchange of information between Fusobacterium nucleatum extracellular vesicles (Fnevs) and CRC cells have been reported. Our research shows that Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC25586 secretes extracellular vesicles carrying active substances from parental bacteria which are endocytosed by colon cancer cells. Moreover, Fnevs promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells and inhibit apoptosis; they also improve the ability of CRC cells to resist oxidative stress and SOD enzyme activity. The genes differentially expressed after transcriptome sequencing are mostly involved in the positive regulation of tumor cell proliferation. After detecting differential metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Fnevs were found to promote cell proliferation by regulating amino acid biosynthesis in CRC cells and metabolic pathways such as central carbon metabolism, protein digestion, and uptake in cancer. In summary, this study not only found new evidence of the synergistic effect of pathogenic bacteria and colon cancer tumor cells, but also provides a new direction for the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of colon cancer.

Ameliorative effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: involvement of intestinal barrier remodeling in mice

Background

Ginsenoside Rg1, a major bioactive ingredient of Panax notoginseng, has been shown to reduce gut inflammation and ameliorate experimental colitis in mice. However, it is not yet known whether it affects the intestinal barrier injury of colitis.

Methods

This study explored the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on intestinal barrier injury in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice through an ultrastructure observation of the colonic mucosa and analysis of the expression of colonic cytoplasmatic zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein.

Results

Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1, especially high-dose use, significantly ameliorated colonic histopathologic features and the severity of the colitis and reduced colonic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and increase IL-4 levels in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. Its observed efficacy was comparable to that of 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a first-line therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis. Notably, ginsenoside Rg1 administration was shown to up-regulate the expression of colonic ZO-1 protein, and it repaired the intestinal barrier structure in DSS-induced colitis mice.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 treatment can significantly ameliorate the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice, which involves intestinal barrier structure remodeling through lowering the levels of the colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. These results suggest the potential therapeutic use of ginsenoside Rg1 as a promising approach for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).