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Adnan N, Haq MA, Akter S, Sajal SMSA, Islam MF, Mou TJ, Jamiruddin MR, Jubyda FT, Islam MS, Tuli JF, Liza SM, Hossain S, Islam Z, Ahmed S, Khandker SS, Hossain R, Ahmed MF, Khondoker MU, Azmuda N, Parvez MAK. Antibody Response after Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccination in a Bangladeshi Residential University Cohort. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:482. [PMID: 38793733 PMCID: PMC11125736 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination strategies, including heterologous prime-boost regimens and additional booster doses, aim to optimize immune responses. However, seroepidemiological studies on immune responses to different COVID-19 vaccine types and schedules remain limited. This study investigated antibody levels following homologous and heterologous prime-and-boost COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh. In a cohort of 606 participants who received first/second/booster doses of vaccines (AstraZeneca, Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Sinopharm), anti-spike IgG and anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels were measured. Antibody titer variations with respect to age, gender, intervals between doses, and prior infection status were analyzed. mRNA vaccines elicited the highest antibody levels after homologous and heterologous boosting. The AstraZeneca booster resulted in a sharp titer decline rate of ~0.04 units per day. Second or booster vaccine doses significantly increased antibody levels, especially in males (p < 0.05). Older age correlated with higher titers, likely reflecting previous infection, which was further confirmed by the elevation of anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels. About 95.5% of non-Sinopharm recipients were anti-nucleocapsid IgG positive, suggesting prior exposure exceeding self-reported infections (12.5%). mRNA and heterologous COVID-19 boosting enhances humoral immunity over homologous prime-boost vector/inactivated vaccination. However, waning immunity merits further investigation across vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Adnan
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | | | - Salma Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - S. M. Shafiul Alam Sajal
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Biotech Limited, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.M.S.A.S.); (S.S.K.); (R.H.); (M.U.K.)
| | - Md. Fokhrul Islam
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK;
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Taslin Jahan Mou
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK;
| | | | - Fatema Tuz Jubyda
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Md. Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jamsheda Ferdous Tuli
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Syeda Moriam Liza
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Sharif Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.H.); (Z.I.)
| | - Zinia Islam
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.H.); (Z.I.)
| | - Sohel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh;
| | - Shahad Saif Khandker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Biotech Limited, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.M.S.A.S.); (S.S.K.); (R.H.); (M.U.K.)
| | - Rubel Hossain
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Biotech Limited, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.M.S.A.S.); (S.S.K.); (R.H.); (M.U.K.)
| | - Md. Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Mohib Ullah Khondoker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Biotech Limited, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.M.S.A.S.); (S.S.K.); (R.H.); (M.U.K.)
- Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Nafisa Azmuda
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (T.J.M.); (F.T.J.); (M.S.I.); (J.F.T.); (S.M.L.); (M.F.A.); (N.A.)
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Rothoeft T, Maier C, Talarico A, Hoffmann A, Schlegtendal A, Lange B, Petersmann A, Denz R, Timmesfeld N, Toepfner N, Vidal-Blanco E, Pfaender S, Lücke T, Brinkmann F. Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w. [PMID: 38499828 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. METHODS 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3-26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). RESULTS All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. CONCLUSION Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rothoeft
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - C Maier
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Talarico
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Hoffmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Schlegtendal
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - A Petersmann
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Denz
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Timmesfeld
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Vidal-Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T Lücke
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Brinkmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
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Fung CYJ, Scott M, Lerner-Ellis J, Taher J. Applications of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing: impact of test performance, sample matrices, and patient characteristics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:70-88. [PMID: 37800891 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2254390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory testing has been a key tool in managing the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic. While rapid antigen and PCR testing has proven useful for diagnosing acute SARS-CoV-2 infections, additional testing methods are required to understand the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections on immune response. Serological testing, a well-documented laboratory practice, measures the presence of antibodies in a sample to uncover information about host immunity. Although proposed applications of serological testing for clinical use have previously been limited, current research into SARS-CoV-2 has shown growing utility for serological methods in these settings. To name a few, serological testing has been used to identify patients with past infections and long-term active disease and to monitor vaccine efficacy. Test utility and result interpretation, however, are often complicated by factors that include poor test sensitivity early in infection, lack of immune response in some individuals, overlying infection and vaccination responses, lack of standardization of antibody titers/levels between instruments, unknown titers that confer immune protection, and large between-individual biological variation following infection or vaccination. Thus, the three major components of this review will examine (1) factors that affect serological test utility: test performance, testing matrices, seroprevalence concerns and viral variants, (2) patient factors that affect serological response: timing of sampling, age, sex, body mass index, immunosuppression and vaccination, and (3) informative applications of serological testing: identifying past infection, immune surveillance to guide health practices, and examination of protective immunity. SARS-CoV-2 serological testing should be beneficial for clinical care if it is implemented appropriately. However, as with other laboratory developed tests, use of SARS-CoV-2 serology as a testing modality warrants careful consideration of testing limitations and evaluation of its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yiu Jordan Fung
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Scott
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Lerner-Ellis
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nam M, Cha JH, Kim SW, Kim SB, Lee KB, Chung YS, Yun SG, Nam MH, Lee CK, Cho Y. Performance Evaluation of Three Antibody Binding Assays, a Neutralizing Antibody Assay, and an Interferon-Gamma Release Assay for SARS-CoV-2 According to Vaccine Type in Vaccinated Group. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3688. [PMID: 38132272 PMCID: PMC10742828 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of SARS-CoV-2 assays in the vaccinated group using receptor-binding domain antibody assays (RBD Ab assay), neutralizing antibody assay (nAb assay), and interferon-gamma release assay (IGR assay). We also compared the performance of the SARS-CoV-2 assays based on vaccine type in a large population. We collected 1851 samples from vaccinated individuals with vector, mix-and-match (MM), and mRNA vaccines. The performance of the RBD Ab assays was assessed by SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott Laboratories, Sligo, Ireland), SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The nAb assay was assessed by cPass SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody detection kits (GenScript, NJ, USA). The IGR assay was assessed by QuantiFERON (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands). Median values of the RBD Ab assays and nAb assay sequentially increased after the first and second vaccinations. RBD Ab assays and nAb assay showed very strong correlations. The median values of the RBD Ab, nAb, and IGR were higher in the mRNA vaccine group than in the vector and MM vaccine groups. The agreement and correlation among the RBD Ab assays, nAb assay, and IGR assay were higher in the mRNA vaccine group than in the vector and MM vaccine groups. We compared the performance of the RBD Ab assay, nAb assay, and IGR assay based on the vaccine types using the RBD Ab, nAb, and IGR assays. This study provides a better understanding of the assessment of humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (M.N.); (S.G.Y.); (M.-H.N.); (C.K.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-W.K.)
| | - Jae Hyun Cha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-W.K.)
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-W.K.)
| | - Sun Bean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (S.B.K.); (K.-B.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Ki-Byung Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (S.B.K.); (K.-B.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - You-Seung Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (S.B.K.); (K.-B.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Seung Gyu Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (M.N.); (S.G.Y.); (M.-H.N.); (C.K.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-W.K.)
| | - Myung-Hyun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (M.N.); (S.G.Y.); (M.-H.N.); (C.K.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-W.K.)
| | - Chang Kyu Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (M.N.); (S.G.Y.); (M.-H.N.); (C.K.L.)
| | - Yunjung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (M.N.); (S.G.Y.); (M.-H.N.); (C.K.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.-W.K.)
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Hoffmann JP, Liu JA, Seddu K, Klein SL. Sex hormone signaling and regulation of immune function. Immunity 2023; 56:2472-2491. [PMID: 37967530 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for biological sex differences in the immune system has intensified, with considerable literature pointing toward sex hormonal influences on immune cell function. Sex steroids, including estrogens, androgens, and progestins, have profound effects on immune function. As such, drastic changes in sex steroid concentrations that occur with aging (e.g., after puberty or during the menopause transition) or pregnancy impact immune responses and the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases. The effect of sex steroids on immunity involves both the concentration of the ligand and the density and distribution of genomic and nongenomic receptors that serve as transcriptional regulators of immune cellular responses to affect autoimmunity, allergy, infectious diseases, cancers, and responses to vaccines. The next frontier will be harnessing these effects of sex steroids to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Hoffmann
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer A Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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St Clair LA, Chaulagain S, Klein SL, Benn CS, Flanagan KL. Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:225-251. [PMID: 37695431 PMCID: PMC10917449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex and age have profound effects on immune responses throughout the lifespan and impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Mounting evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies show that males and females respond differentially to vaccination throughout the lifespan. Within age groups, females tend to produce greater vaccine-induced immune responses than males, with sex differences apparent across all age groups, but are most pronounced among reproductive aged individuals. Females report more adverse effects following vaccination than males. Females, especially among children under 5 years of age, also experience more non-specific effects of vaccination. Despite these known sex- and age-specific differences in vaccine-induced immune responses and outcomes, sex and age are often ignored in vaccine research. Herein, we review the known sex differences in the immunogenicity, effectiveness, reactogenicity, and non-specific effects of vaccination over the lifespan. Ways in which these data can be leveraged to improve vaccine research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A St Clair
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Institute of Clinical Research and Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
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Outliers Matter—Correlation between S1 IgG SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102067. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or infection with SARS-CoV-2 will lead to the development of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, even despite having high levels of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, (re-)infection may occur. We thus examined 2994 consecutive blood samples of outpatients from the Berlin-Brandenburg area in Germany in which IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies were determined from the same sample. When analyzing the entire study population (2994 outpatients), we saw that S1 IgG antibodies (women: 223.98 ± 3.81; men: 207.80 ± 4.59; p = 0.014) and neutralizing antibodies (women: 66.65 ± 0.82; men: 62.88 ± 1.01; p = 0.021) are slightly higher in women than in men. Curve fitting revealed a good non-linear relationship between S1 IgG and neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, 51 out of the 2994 blood samples from individual subjects were positive with regard to the neutralizing antibodies and at the same time negative for S1 IgG antibodies, and 112 out of the 2994 blood samples from individual subjects were negative with regard to the neutralizing antibodies and at the same time positive for S1 IgG antibodies. In conclusion, our study shows that there is a relevant number of patients who, despite developing significant titers of S1 antibodies, do not have relevant amounts of neutralizing antibody titers and are probably at high risk of (re-)infection.
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