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Pollegioni L, Rosini E, Molla G. Advances in Enzymatic Synthesis of D-Amino Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3206. [PMID: 32369969 PMCID: PMC7247363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, the D-enantiomers of amino acids (D-AAs) are not used for protein synthesis and during evolution acquired specific and relevant physiological functions in different organisms. This is the reason for the surge in interest and investigations on these "unnatural" molecules observed in recent years. D-AAs are increasingly used as building blocks to produce pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In past years, a number of methods have been devised to produce D-AAs based on enantioselective enzymes. With the aim to increase the D-AA derivatives generated, to improve the intrinsic atomic economy and cost-effectiveness, and to generate processes at low environmental impact, recent studies focused on identification, engineering and application of enzymes in novel biocatalytic processes. The aim of this review is to report the advances in synthesis of D-AAs gathered in the past few years based on five main classes of enzymes. These enzymes have been combined and thus applied to multi-enzymatic processes representing in vitro pathways of alternative/exchangeable enzymes that allow the generation of an artificial metabolism for D-AAs synthetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianluca Molla
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.P.); (E.R.)
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Huccetogullari D, Luo ZW, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for production of aromatic compounds. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:41. [PMID: 30808357 PMCID: PMC6390333 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering has been enabling development of high performance microbial strains for the efficient production of natural and non-natural compounds from renewable non-food biomass. Even though microbial production of various chemicals has successfully been conducted and commercialized, there are still numerous chemicals and materials that await their efficient bio-based production. Aromatic chemicals, which are typically derived from benzene, toluene and xylene in petroleum industry, have been used in large amounts in various industries. Over the last three decades, many metabolically engineered microorganisms have been developed for the bio-based production of aromatic chemicals, many of which are derived from aromatic amino acid pathways. This review highlights the latest metabolic engineering strategies and tools applied to the biosynthesis of aromatic chemicals, many derived from shikimate and aromatic amino acids, including L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan. It is expected that more and more engineered microorganisms capable of efficiently producing aromatic chemicals will be developed toward their industrial-scale production from renewable biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Huccetogullari
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zi Wei Luo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and Bioinformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang D, Jing X, Zhang W, Nie Y, Xu Y. Highly selective synthesis of d-amino acids from readily available l-amino acids by a one-pot biocatalytic stereoinversion cascade. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29927-29935. [PMID: 35531513 PMCID: PMC9072125 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06301c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Amino acids are key intermediates required for the synthesis of important pharmaceuticals. However, establishing a universal enzymatic method for the general synthesis of d-amino acids from cheap and readily available precursors with few by-products is challenging. In this study, we constructed and optimized a cascade enzymatic route involving l-amino acid deaminase and d-amino acid dehydrogenase for the biocatalytic stereoinversions of l-amino acids into d-amino acids. Using l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) as a model substrate, this artificial biocatalytic cascade stereoinversion route first deaminates l-Phe to phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) through catalysis involving recombinant Escherichia coli cells that express l-amino acid deaminase from Proteus mirabilis (PmLAAD), followed by stereoselective reductive amination with recombinant meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from Symbiobacterium thermophilum (StDAPDH) to produce d-phenylalanine (d-Phe). By incorporating a formate dehydrogenase-based NADPH-recycling system, d-Phe was obtained in quantitative yield with an enantiomeric excess greater than 99%. In addition, the cascade reaction system was also used to stereoinvert a variety of aromatic and aliphatic l-amino acids to the corresponding d-amino acids by combining the PmLAAD whole-cell biocatalyst with the StDAPDH variant. Hence, this method represents a concise and efficient route for the asymmetric synthesis of d-amino acids from the corresponding l-amino acids. An efficient one-pot biocatalytic cascade was developed for synthesis of d-amino acids from readily available l-amino acids via stereoinversion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zhang
- School of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xiaoran Jing
- School of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Wenli Zhang
- School of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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Zhu L, Feng G, Ge F, Song P, Wang T, Liu Y, Tao Y, Zhou Z. One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of D-Arylalanines Using Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase and L-Amino Acid Deaminase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:75-89. [PMID: 29882193 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (AvPAL) from Anabaena variabilis catalyzes the amination of substituent trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) to produce racemic D,L-enantiomer arylalanine mixture owing to its low stereoselectivity. To produce high optically pure D-arylalanine, a modified AvPAL with high D-selectivity is expected. Based on the analyses of catalytic mechanism and structure, the Asn347 residue in the active site was proposed to control stereoselectivity. Therefore, Asn347 was mutated to construct mutant AvPAL-N347A, the stereoselectivity of AvPAL-N347A for D-enantiomer arylalanine was 2.3-fold higher than that of wild-type AvPAL (WtPAL). Furthermore, the residual L-enantiomer product in reaction solution could be converted into the D-enantiomer product through stereoselective oxidation by PmLAAD and nonselective reduction by reducing agent NH3BH3. At optimal conditions, the conversion rate of t-CA and optical purity (enantiomeric excess (eeD)) of D-phenylalanine reached 82% and exceeded 99%, respectively. The two enzymes displayed activity toward a broad range of substrate and could be used to efficiently synthesize D-arylalanine with different groups on the phenyl ring. Among these D-arylalanines, the yield of m-nitro-D-phenylalanine was highest and reached 96%, and the eeD exceeded 99%. This one-pot synthesis using AvPAL and PmLAAD has prospects for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbao Zhu
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Feng
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ge
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Taotao Wang
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
| | - Yugui Tao
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 8 Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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Xue YP, Cao CH, Zheng YG. Enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1516-1561. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the progress achieved in the enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids from prochiral substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Cheng-Hao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
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Walton CJW, Parmeggiani F, Barber JEB, McCann JL, Turner NJ, Chica RA. Engineered Aminotransferase for the Production of d
-Phenylalanine Derivatives Using Biocatalytic Cascades. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J. W. Walton
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Janet E. B. Barber
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Jenna L. McCann
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Roberto A. Chica
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 10 Marie-Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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Liu SP, Zhang L, Mao J, Ding ZY, Shi GY. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of phenylpyruvate derivatives. Metab Eng 2015; 32:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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