1
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Anselmi M, Hub JS. Atomistic ensemble of active SHP2 phosphatase. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1289. [PMID: 38129686 PMCID: PMC10739809 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SHP2 phosphatase plays an important role in regulating several intracellular signaling pathways. Pathogenic mutations of SHP2 cause developmental disorders and are linked to hematological malignancies and cancer. SHP2 comprises two tandemly-arranged SH2 domains, a catalytic PTP domain, and a disordered C-terminal tail. Under physiological, non-stimulating conditions, the catalytic site of PTP is occluded by the N-SH2 domain, so that the basal activity of SHP2 is low. Whereas the autoinhibited structure of SHP2 has been known for two decades, its active, open structure still represents a conundrum. Since the oncogenic mutant SHP2E76K almost completely populates the active, open state, this mutant has been extensively studied as a model for activated SHP2. By molecular dynamics simulations and accurate explicit-solvent SAXS curve predictions, we present the heterogeneous atomistic ensemble of constitutively active SHP2E76K in solution, encompassing a set of conformational arrangements and radii of gyration in agreement with experimental SAXS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Anselmi
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Jochen S Hub
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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2
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Yu C, Li Z, Nie C, Chang L, Jiang T. Targeting Src homology phosphatase 2 ameliorates mouse diabetic nephropathy by attenuating ERK/NF-κB pathway-mediated renal inflammation. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:362. [PMID: 38110973 PMCID: PMC10729421 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal inflammation is a pivotal mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP2) has been demonstrated to be linked to diabetes-induced inflammation, yet its roles and explicit molecular mechanisms in DN remain unexplored. Here, we report that SHP2 activity is upregulated in both DN patients and db/db mice. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of SHP2 with its specific inhibitor PHPS1 alleviates DN in db/db mice and attenuates renal inflammation. In vitro, PHPS1 administration prevents inflammatory responses in HK-2 cells stimulated by high glucose (HG). Mechanistically, PHPS1 represses HG-induced activation of the proinflammatory ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and these inhibitory effects are blocked in the presence of an ERK specific inhibitor, hence demonstrating that PHPS1 suppresses ERK/NF-κB pathway-mediated inflammation. Moreover, PHPS1 retards ERK/NF-κB pathway activation in db/db mice, and histologically, SHP2 activity is positively correlated with ERK/NF-κB activation in DN patients. Taken together, these findings identify SHP2 as a potential therapeutic target and show that its pharmacological inhibition might be a promising strategy to mitigate DN. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuili Nie
- Division of Pediatrics Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Jiyan Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China.
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3
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Taylor AM, Williams BR, Giordanetto F, Kelley EH, Lescarbeau A, Shortsleeves K, Tang Y, Walters WP, Arrazate A, Bowman C, Brophy E, Chan EW, Deshmukh G, Greisman JB, Hunsaker TL, Kipp DR, Saenz Lopez-Larrocha P, Maddalo D, Martin IJ, Maragakis P, Merchant M, Murcko M, Nisonoff H, Nguyen V, Nguyen V, Orozco O, Owen C, Pierce L, Schmidt M, Shaw DE, Smith S, Therrien E, Tran JC, Watters J, Waters NJ, Wilbur J, Willmore L. Identification of GDC-1971 (RLY-1971), a SHP2 Inhibitor Designed for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13384-13399. [PMID: 37774359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 mediates RAS-driven MAPK signaling and has emerged in recent years as a target of interest in oncology, both for treating with a single agent and in combination with a KRAS inhibitor. We were drawn to the pharmacological potential of SHP2 inhibition, especially following the initial observation that drug-like compounds could bind an allosteric site and enforce a closed, inactive state of the enzyme. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of GDC-1971 (formerly RLY-1971), a SHP2 inhibitor currently in clinical trials in combination with KRAS G12C inhibitor divarasib (GDC-6036) for the treatment of solid tumors driven by a KRAS G12C mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Taylor
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bret R Williams
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fabrizio Giordanetto
- D. E. Shaw Research, 120 W. 45th St., 39th Fl., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Kelley
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - André Lescarbeau
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelley Shortsleeves
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yong Tang
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - W Patrick Walters
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alfonso Arrazate
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Christine Bowman
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Erin Brophy
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emily W Chan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Gauri Deshmukh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Jack B Greisman
- D. E. Shaw Research, 120 W. 45th St., 39th Fl., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Thomas L Hunsaker
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - D Randal Kipp
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Danilo Maddalo
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Iain J Martin
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul Maragakis
- D. E. Shaw Research, 120 W. 45th St., 39th Fl., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Mark Merchant
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Mark Murcko
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hunter Nisonoff
- D. E. Shaw Research, 120 W. 45th St., 39th Fl., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Olivia Orozco
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher Owen
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Levi Pierce
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Molly Schmidt
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, 120 W. 45th St., 39th Fl., New York, New York 10036, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 701 West 168th St., New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sherri Smith
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric Therrien
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, 24th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - John C Tran
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Jim Watters
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nigel J Waters
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremy Wilbur
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney St., Cambridge,, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lindsay Willmore
- D. E. Shaw Research, 120 W. 45th St., 39th Fl., New York, New York 10036, United States
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Kanumuri R, Pasupuleti SK, Burns SS, Ramdas B, Kapur R. Targeting SHP2 phosphatase in hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:319-332. [PMID: 35503226 PMCID: PMC9239432 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2066518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed, non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the PTPN11 gene. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PTPN11 are associated with the development of various hematological malignancies and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML). Preclinical studies performed with allosteric SHP2 inhibitors and combination treatments of SHP2 inhibitors with inhibitors of downstream regulators (such as MEK, ERK, and PD-1/PD-L1) demonstrate improved antitumor benefits. However, the development of novel SHP2 inhibitors is necessary to improve the therapeutic strategies for hematological malignancies and tackle drug resistance and disease relapse. AREAS COVERED This review examines the structure of SHP2, its function in various signaling cascades, the consequences of constitutive activation of SHP2 and potential therapeutic strategies to treat SHP2-driven hematological malignancies. EXPERT OPINION While SHP2 inhibitors have exhibited promise in preclinical trials, numerous challenges remain in translation to the clinic, including drug resistance. Although PROTAC-based SHP2 degraders show better efficacy than SHP2 inhibitors, novel strategies need to be designed to improve SHP2-specific therapies in hematologic malignancies. Genome-wide CRISPR screening should also be used to identify molecules that confer resistance to SHP2 inhibitors. Targeting these molecules together with SHP2 can increase the target specificity and reduce drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kanumuri
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Santhosh Kumar Pasupuleti
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sarah S Burns
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Hexachlorophene, a selective SHP2 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation and metastasis of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells by inhibiting RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 441:115988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chen XX, Tao T, Gao S, Wang H, Zhou XM, Gao YY, Hang CH, Li W. Knock-Down of CD24 in Astrocytes Aggravates Oxyhemoglobin-Induced Hippocampal Neuron Impairment. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:590-600. [PMID: 34665391 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), as one of the most severe hemorrhagic strokes, is closely related to neuronal damage. Neurogenesis is a promising therapy, however, reliable targets are currently lacking. Increasing evidence has indicated that CD24 is associated with the growth of hippocampal neurons and the regulation of neural stem/precursor cell proliferation. To investigate the potential effect of CD24 in astrocytes on neuron growth in the hippocampus, we used a Transwell co-culture system of hippocampal astrocytes and neurons, and oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) was added to the culture medium to mimic SAH in vitro. A specific lentivirus was used to knock down CD24 expression in astrocytes, which was verified by western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescent staining. Astrocyte activation, neurite elongation, neuronal apoptosis, and cell viability were also assessed. We first determined the augmented expression level of CD24 in hippocampal astrocytes after SAH. A similar result was observed in cultured astrocytes exposed to OxyHb, and a corresponding change in SHP2/ERK was also noticed. CD24 in astrocytes was then downregulated by the lentivirus, which led to the impairment of axons and dendrites on the co-cultured neurons. Aggravated neuronal apoptosis was induced by the CD24 downregulation in astrocytes, which might be a result of a lower level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In conclusion, the knock-down of CD24 in astrocytes suppressed hippocampal neuron growth, in which the SHP2-ERK signaling pathway and BNDF were possibly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medicine University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Yue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Liu M, Gao S, Elhassan RM, Hou X, Fang H. Strategies to overcome drug resistance using SHP2 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3908-3924. [PMID: 35024315 PMCID: PMC8727779 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoded by PTPN11, the SHP2 (Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2) is widely recognized as a carcinogenic phosphatase. As a promising anti-cancer drug target, SHP2 regulates many signaling pathways such as RAS-RAF-ERK, PI3K-AKT and JAK-STAT. Meanwhile, SHP2 plays a significant role in regulating immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Heretofore, five SHP2 allosteric inhibitors have been recruited in clinical studies for the treatment of cancer. Most recently, studies have proved the therapeutic potential of SHP2 inhibitor in overcoming drug resistance of kinase inhibitors and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade. Herein, we review the structure, function and small molecular inhibitors of SHP2, and highlight recent progress in overcoming drug resistance using SHP2 inhibitor. We hope this review would facilitate the future clinical development of SHP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuben Hou
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 531 88381168.
| | - Hao Fang
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 531 88381168.
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The loops of the N-SH2 binding cleft do not serve as allosteric switch in SHP2 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025107118. [PMID: 33888588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src-homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase SHP2 is a critical regulator of signal transduction, being implicated in cell growth and differentiation. Activating mutations cause developmental disorders and act as oncogenic drivers in hematologic cancers. SHP2 is activated by phosphopeptide binding to the N-SH2 domain, triggering the release of N-SH2 from the catalytic PTP domain. Based on early crystallographic data, it has been widely accepted that opening of the binding cleft of N-SH2 serves as the key "allosteric switch" driving SHP2 activation. To test the putative coupling between binding cleft opening and SHP2 activation as assumed by the allosteric switch model, we critically reviewed structural data of SHP2, and we used extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and free energy calculations of isolated N-SH2 in solution, SHP2 in solution, and SHP2 in a crystal environment. Our results demonstrate that the binding cleft in N-SH2 is constitutively flexible and open in solution and that a closed cleft found in certain structures is a consequence of crystal contacts. The degree of opening of the binding cleft has only a negligible effect on the free energy of SHP2 activation. Instead, SHP2 activation is greatly favored by the opening of the central β-sheet of N-SH2. We conclude that opening of the N-SH2 binding cleft is not the key allosteric switch triggering SHP2 activation.
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Tang K, Jia YN, Yu B, Liu HM. Medicinal chemistry strategies for the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 inhibitors and PROTAC degraders. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112657. [PMID: 32738411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the PTPN11 gene, the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and contributes to immune surveillance via programmed cell death pathway (PD-1/PD-L1). To date, numerous SHP2 inhibitors have been developed, some of them have advanced into clinical trials. Moreover, the first PROTAC degrader SHP2-D26 has been proved to effectively induce degradation of SHP2, which may open a new avenue for targeted SHP2 therapies. In this review, we systematically summarized the development of SHP2 inhibitors with a particular focus on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies, crystal structures or binding models, and their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Military of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yao-Nan Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Military of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Military of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Military of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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10
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Therapeutic potential of targeting SHP2 in human developmental disorders and cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112117. [PMID: 32061959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival via releasing intramolecular autoinhibition and modulating various signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Mutations and aberrant expression of SHP2 are implicated in human developmental disorders, leukemias and several solid tumors. As an oncoprotein in some cancers, SHP2 represents a rational target for inhibitors to interfere. Nevertheless, its tumor suppressive effect has also been uncovered, indicating the context-specificity. Even so, two types of SHP2 inhibitors including targeting catalytic pocket and allosteric sites have been developed associated with resolved cocrystal complexes. Herein, we describe its structure, biological function, deregulation in human diseases and summarize recent advance in development of SHP2 inhibitors, trying to give an insight into the therapeutic potential in future.
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11
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Wang H, Zhou XM, Xu WD, Tao T, Liu GJ, Gao YY, Lu Y, Wu LY, Yu Z, Yuan B, Hang CH, Li W. Inhibition of Elevated Hippocampal CD24 Reduces Neurogenesis in Mice With Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 245:321-329. [PMID: 31421380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the adult rodents' brain, CD24 expression is restricted to immature neurons located in the neurogenesis areas. Our previous studies have confirmed that CD24 expression could be markedly elevated in the cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury (TBI) both in humans and in mice. Although there is a close relationship between CD24 and neurogenesis, it remains unknown about the specific role of CD24 in neurogenesis areas after TBI. Here, the expression of CD24 was detected in the ipsilateral hippocampus by the Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RNA interference was applied to investigate the effects of CD24 on post-traumatic neurogenesis. Brain sections were labeled with CD24 and doublecortin (DCX) via immunofluorescence. The Morris water maze test was used to assess cognitive functions. The results indicated that both mRNA and protein levels of CD24 were markedly elevated in the hippocampus after TBI. Meanwhile, TBI could cause a decrease of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Downregulation of CD24 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Meanwhile, inhibition of CD24 could reduce the number of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus area and impair cognitive functions of the TBI mice. These data suggested that hippocampal expression of CD24 might positively regulate neurogenesis and improve cognitive functions after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Jie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Yue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuancheng Renjie Hospital, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Gu Z, Fang X, Li C, Chen C, Liang G, Zheng X, Fan Q. Increased PTPRA expression leads to poor prognosis through c-Src activation and G1 phase progression in squamous cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:489-497. [PMID: 28656243 PMCID: PMC5505127 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPRA is reported to be involved in cancer development and progression through activating the Src family kinase (SFK) signaling pathways, however, the roles of PTPRA in the squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) development are unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical relevance and biological roles of PTPRA in SCC. We found that PTPRA was upregulated in squamous cell lung cancer compared to matched normal tissues at the mRNA (N=20, P=0.004) and protein expression levels (N=75, P<0.001). Notably, high mRNA level of PTPRA was significantly correlated with poorer prognosis in 675 SCC patients from the Kaplan-Meier plotter database. With 75 cases, we found that PTPRA protein expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (P=0.002), lymph node metastasis (P=0.008), depth of tumor invasion (P<0.001) and clinical stage (P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier plot suggested that high expression of PTPRA had poorer overall survival in SCC patients (P=0.009). Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that PTPRA expression was an independent prognostic factor in SCC patients. In the cellular models, PTPRA promotes SCC cell proliferation through modulating Src activation as well as cell cycle progression. In conclusion, higher PTPRA level was associated with worse prognosis of SCC patients and PTPRA could promote the cell cycle progression through stimulating the c-Src signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Gu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xuqian Fang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, P.R. China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Changqiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, P.R. China
| | - Guangshu Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xinming Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Qishi Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ruijin Hospital North, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, P.R. China
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