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Anuradha, Kumari M, Zinta G, Chauhan R, Kumar A, Singh S, Singh S. Genetic resources and breeding approaches for improvement of amaranth ( Amaranthus spp.) and quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa). Front Nutr 2023; 10:1129723. [PMID: 37554703 PMCID: PMC10405290 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1129723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the human population is more concerned about their diet and very specific in choosing their food sources to ensure a healthy lifestyle and avoid diseases. So people are shifting to more smart nutritious food choices other than regular cereals and staple foods they have been eating for a long time. Pseudocereals, especially, amaranth and quinoa, are important alternatives to traditional cereals due to comparatively higher nutrition, essential minerals, amino acids, and zero gluten. Both Amaranchaceae crops are low-input demanding and hardy plants tolerant to stress, drought, and salinity conditions. Thus, these crops may benefit developing countries that follow subsistence agriculture and have limited farming resources. However, these are underutilized orphan crops, and the efforts to improve them by reducing their saponin content remain ignored for a long time. Furthermore, these crops have very rich variability, but the progress of their genetic gain for getting high-yielding genotypes is slow. Realizing problems in traditional cereals and opting for crop diversification to tackle climate change, research should be focused on the genetic improvement for low saponin, nutritionally rich, tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses, location-specific photoperiod, and high yielding varietal development of amaranth and quinoa to expand their commercial cultivation. The latest technologies that can accelerate the breeding to improve yield and quality in these crops are much behind and slower than the already established major crops of the world. We could learn from past mistakes and utilize the latest trends such as CRISPR/Cas, TILLING, and RNA interference (RNAi) technology to improve these pseudocereals genetically. Hence, the study reviewed important nutrition quality traits, morphological descriptors, their breeding behavior, available genetic resources, and breeding approaches for these crops to shed light on future breeding strategies to develop superior genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha
- Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Kumari
- Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Division of Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Chauhan
- Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanatsujat Singh
- Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Satbeer Singh
- Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Sarker U, Lin YP, Oba S, Yoshioka Y, Hoshikawa K. Prospects and potentials of underutilized leafy Amaranths as vegetable use for health-promotion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:104-123. [PMID: 35487123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes environmental variation worldwide, which is one of the most serious threats to global food security. In addition, more than 2 billion people in the world are reported to suffer from serious malnutrition, referred to as 'hidden hunger.' Dependence on only a few crops could lead to the loss of genetic diversity and high fragility of crop breeding in systems adapting to global scale climate change. The exploitation of underutilized species and genetic resources, referred to as orphan crops, could be a useful approach for resolving the issue of adaptability to environmental alteration, biodiversity preservation, and improvement of nutrient quality and quantity to ensure food security. Moreover, the use of these alternative crops will help to increase the human health benefits and the income of farmers in developing countries. In this review, we highlight the potential of orphan crops, especially amaranths, for use as vegetables and health-promoting nutritional components. This review highlights promising diversified sources of amaranth germplasms, their tolerance to abiotic stresses, and their nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant values for vegetable purposes. Betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins), unique antioxidant components in amaranth vegetables, are also highlighted regarding their chemodiversity across amaranth germplasms and their stability and degradation. In addition, we discuss the physiological functions, antioxidant, antilipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the biosynthesis pathway, molecular, biochemical, genetics, and genomic mechanisms of betalains in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umakanta Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan
| | - Shinya Oba
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan; Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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YAROSHKO O. Achievements in Genetic Engineering of Amaranthus L. Representatives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2021. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.925737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Castellanos-Arévalo AP, Estrada-Luna AA, Cabrera-Ponce JL, Valencia-Lozano E, Herrera-Ubaldo H, de Folter S, Blanco-Labra A, Délano-Frier JP. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of grain (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) and leafy (A. hybridus) amaranths. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1143-1160. [PMID: 32430681 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic A. hypochondriacus and A. hybridus roots were generated. Further, a distinct plant regeneration program via somatic embryos produced from hairy roots was established. Work was implemented to develop an optimized protocol for root genetic transformation of the three grain amaranth species and A. hybridus, their presumed ancestor. Transformation efficiency was species-specific, being higher in A. hypochondriacus and followed by A. hybridus. Amaranthus cruentus and A. caudatus remained recalcitrant. A reliable and efficient Agrobacteruim rhizogenes-mediated transformation of these species was established using cotyledon explants infected with the previously untested BVG strain. Optimal OD600 bacterial cell densities were 0.4 and 0.8 for A. hypochondriacus and A. hybridus, respectively. Hairy roots of both amaranth species were validated by the amplification of appropriate marker genes and, when pertinent, by monitoring green fluorescent protein emission or β-glucuronidase activity. Embryogenic calli were generated from A. hypochondriacus rhizoclones. Subsequent somatic embryo maturation and germination required the activation of cytokinin signaling, osmotic stress, red light, and calcium incorporation. A crucial step to ensure the differentiation of germinating somatic embryos into plantlets was their individualization and subcultivation in 5/5 media containing 5% sucrose, 5 g/L gelrite, and 0.2 mg/L 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) previously acidified to pH 4.0 with phosphoric acid, followed by their transfer to 5/5 + 2iP media supplemented with 100 mg/L CaCl2. These steps were strictly red light dependent. This process represents a viable protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryo germination from grain amaranth transgenic hairy roots. Its capacity to overcome the recalcitrance to genetic transformation characteristic of grain amaranth has the potential to significantly advance the knowledge of several unresolved biological aspects of grain amaranths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Castellanos-Arévalo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Andrés A Estrada-Luna
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - José L Cabrera-Ponce
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Eliana Valencia-Lozano
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Cinvestav, UGA-LANGEBIO), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Cinvestav, UGA-LANGEBIO), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Alejandro Blanco-Labra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - John P Délano-Frier
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México.
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