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Zhang Y, Gu X, Li X, Zhao Q, Hu X, Huang R, Xu J, Yin Z, Zhou Q, Li A, Shi P. Occurrence and risk assessment of azole fungicides during the urban water cycle: A year-long study along the Yangtze River, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:16-25. [PMID: 38408817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Azole fungicides (AFs) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of fungal diseases in agricultural crops. However, limited studies are addressing the fate and ecological risk of AFs in the urban water cycle at a large watershed scale. To address this gap, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and ecological risk of twenty AFs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River across four seasons. Carbendazim (CBA), tebuconazole (TBA), tricyclazole (TCA), and propiconazole (PPA) were found to be the dominant compounds. Their highest concentrations were measured in January (188.3 ng/L), and November (2197.1 ng/L), July (162.0 ng/L), and November (1801.9 ng/L), respectively. The comparison between wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and surface water suggested that industrial WWTPs are major sources of AFs in the Yangtze River. In particular, TBA and PPA were found to be the most recalcitrant AFs in industrial WWTPs, while difenoconazole (DFA) was found to be the most potent pollutant in municipal WWTPs, with an average removal rate of less than 60%. The average risk quotient (RQ) for the entire AFs was 6.45 in the fall, which was higher than in January (0.98), April (0.61), and July (0.40). This indicates that AFs in surface water posed higher environmental risks during the dry season. Additionally, the exposure risk of AFs via drinking water for sensitive populations deserves more attention. This study provides benchmark data on the occurrence of AFs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and offers suggestions for better reduction of AFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinjie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qiuyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Jiangsu Province Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Jiangsu Province Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zilong Yin
- Jiangsu Province Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Pan X, Wei J, Wang M, Zhang J, Xu Z, Wei H, Lai N, Nian K, Zhang R, Zhang X. Comparative studies of transformation behaviors and mechanisms of halophenols in multiple chemical oxidative systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161756. [PMID: 36690111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to wide applications, halophenols (HPs), especially bromophenols, chlorophenols, and fluorophenols, are commonly detected but resistant to biological removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study investigated the overall transformation behaviors of three representative HPs (2,4-dichlorophenol: 24-DCP, 2,4-dibromophenol: 24-DBP, 2,4-difluorophenol: 24-DFP) in six chemical oxidative systems (KMnO4, K2FeO4, NaClO, O3, UV, and persulfate (PS)). The results revealed fast removal of selected HPs by O3, PS and K2FeO4, while a large discrepancy in their removal efficiencies occurred under UV irradiation, KMnO4 oxidation and particularly chlorination. Based on the analysis of the identified intermediates and products, coupling among the five routes was the general route, and dimers were the main intermediates for HP oxidation. The effect of the halogen atom on the transformation pathways of HPs was highly reaction type dependent. Among the six chemical treatments, PS could induce HPs to yield relatively low-molecular-weight polymers and obtain the highest coupling degree. Transition state (TS) calculations showed that the H atom linked to the phenoxy group of HPs was the most easily abstracted by hydroxyl radicals to form the coupling precursor, i.e., phenoxy radicals. This high coupling behavior further resulted in the increased toxicity to green algae. Characterization revealed that HP reaction solutions treated with PS had a severely negative effect on algae growth, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, and the antioxidant enzyme system. These findings can shed light on the reaction mechanisms of advanced oxidation technologies and some risk management and control of PS technique may be considered when treating phenolic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Pan
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Junyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Wang
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhiming Xu
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Haojie Wei
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Nami Lai
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kainan Nian
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, Hefei 230601, China.
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3
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Tang C, Zhu Y, Liang Y, Zeng YH, Peng X, Mai BX, Xu J, Huang Q, Lin H. First Discovery of Iodinated Polyfluoroalkyl Acids by Nontarget Mass-Spectrometric Analysis and Iodine-Specific Screening Algorithm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1378-1390. [PMID: 36622151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids are a large category of crucial environmental pollutants of global concern. Besides known PFAAs, numerous unknown species may exist in the environment, urgently needing discovery and characterization. This study implemented nontarget analysis for a group of novel PFAA pollutants, viz., iodinated PFAAs (I-PFAAs) in wastewater from a fluorochemical manufacturing park by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with an iodine-specific data-processing algorithm. The algorithm took into account the diagnostic fragment iodine ion (I-) together with carbon and sulfur isotopologue distributions. In total, 18 I-PFAA formulas involving 21 congeners were identified. Semiquantification was conducted, and the total concentrations of I-PFAAs were 1.9-274.7 μg/L, indicating severe pollution of I-PFAAs in the wastewater. The determined concentrations along with predicted environmental behaviors and toxicities demonstrate that I-PFAAs merit further in-depth investigation. The analytical method including the instrumental analysis and data-processing algorithm can be extended to screening and identification of I-PFAAs in other matrices. Furthermore, the analysis results for the first time provide recognition on the occurrence, distribution features, and pollution status of I-PFAAs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Yizhe Zhu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
| | - Yutao Liang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia30223, United States
| | - Hui Lin
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan523808, China
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Sun XH, Wu J, Yu YC, Shen ZC, Ali MM, Du ZX. Synthesis of magnetic metal-organic framework for efficient adsorption of disinfection by-products in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Varsegov IS, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Shavrina IS, Lebedev AT. A Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Study of the Transformation of the Benzalkonium Cation in Aqueous Solutions under the Action of Active Bromine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9924194 DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822140088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. S. Varsegov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - N. V. Ul’yanovskii
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - D. S. Kosyakov
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - I. S. Shavrina
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - A. T. Lebedev
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility Center “Arktika”, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Tang C, Chen G, Liang Y, Liao J, Lin H, Huang C, Zeng Y, Luo X, Peng X, Mai B. Nontarget analysis and comprehensive characterization of halogenated organic pollutants by GC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS in association with chromatogram segmentation and Cl/Br-specific screening algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Detenchuk EA, Mazur DM, Latkin TB, Lebedev AT. Halogen substitution reactions of halobenzenes during water disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133866. [PMID: 35134400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although being successfully applied all over the world for more than 100 years water disinfection by means of chlorination possesses certain drawbacks, first of all formation of hazardous disinfection by-products (DBP). Aromatic halogenated DBPs significantly contribute to the total organic halogen and developmental toxicity of chlorinated water. The present study deals with investigation of possible substitution of one halogen for another in aromatic substrates in conditions of aqueous chlorination/bromination. The reaction showed high yields especially in case of substrates with proper position of an activating group in the aromatic ring. Thus, ipso-substitution of iodine by chlorine is the main process of aqueous chlorination of para-iodoanisole. Oxidation of the eliminating I+ ions into non-reactive IO3- species facilitates the substitution. Oxidation of eliminating Br+ is not so easy while being highly reactive it attacks initial substrates forming polybrominated products. Substitution of iodine and bromine by chlorine may also involve migration of electrophilic species inside the aromatic ring resulting in larger number of isomeric DBPs. Substitution of chlorine by bromine in aromatic substrates during aqueous bromination is not so pronounced as substitution of bromine by chlorine in aqueous chlorination due to higher electronegativity of chlorine atom. However, formation of some chlorine-free polybrominated products proves possibility of that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Detenchuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D M Mazur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - T B Latkin
- Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - A T Lebedev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Core Facility "Arktika", nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
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8
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High-performance nontarget analysis of halogenated organic compounds in tap water, fly ash, soil and sediment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and scripting approaches based on Cl/Br-specific search algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Li X, Zhang X, Xie S, Ge Y, Feng L, Li W. Optimized preparation and performance evaluation of a bifunctional chitosan-modified flocculant. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20857-20865. [PMID: 35919138 PMCID: PMC9301686 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the diversification of pollutants in current sewage, further improving the application efficiency of water treatment agents and realizing multi-functionalization are important directions for the research of water treatment agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-constructive of Collaborative Innovation Center for MSW Comprehensive Utilization, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Shiyu Xie
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yaling Ge
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Li Feng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, Waihuan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
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Mazur DM, Lebedev AT. Transformation of Organic Compounds during Water Chlorination/Bromination: Formation Pathways for Disinfection By-Products (A Review). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 77. [PMCID: PMC9924213 DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822140052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The purity of drinking water is an important issue of the human life quality. Water disinfection has saved millions people from the diseases spread with water. However, that procedure has a certain drawback due to formation of toxic organic disinfection products. Establishing the structures of these products and the mechanisms of their formation and diminishing their levels in drinking water represent an important task for chemistry and medicine, while mass spectrometry is the most efficient tool for the corresponding studies. The current review throws light upon natural and anthropogenic sources of the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and the mechanisms of their formation related to the structural peculiarities and the presence of functional groups. In addition to chlorination, bromination is discussed since it is used quite often as an alternative method of disinfection, particularly, for the purification of swimming pool water. The benefits of the contemporary GC/MS and LC/MS methods for the elucidation of DBP structures and study of the mechanisms of their formation are discussed. The reactions characteristic for various functional groups and directions of transformation of certain classes of organic compounds in conditions of aqueous chlorination/bromination are also covered in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Mazur
- Organic Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. T. Lebedev
- M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Colombo R, Souza AT. Degradation of ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) during chlorination: Tentative identification and toxicity prediction of its disinfection by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130656. [PMID: 33933999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have reported the presence of ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) in waters, and the content of this repellent is expected to rise significantly in the future. There are extremely scarce data in the literature regarding the behavior of IR3535 and its derivatives in water. The present work reports the results obtained from experiments conducted under controlled conditions aiming at investigating the transformation of IR3535 in chlorinated water, in addition to an attempt to identify its disinfection by-products (DBPs). The work also reports the findings of analyses conducted in swimming pool water samples which sought to investigate the presence and content of IR3535 and its targeted DBPs in these samples. The results obtained in the controlled experiments show that IR3535 is not completely degraded under the chlorinated conditions evaluated and 9 DBPs were tentatively identified. The presence of IR3535 was detected in both adults and children's pool water samples at concentrations ranging from 62 ng L-1 to 114 ng L-1. Some of the DBPs identified in the controlled experiments were also detected in the pool water samples. The toxicity of the 9 DBPs identified was evaluated using the QSAR model, where some by-products presented mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Colombo
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, R. Arlindo Béttio, 100, Vila Guaraciaba, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alanis Tiozzo Souza
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, R. Arlindo Béttio, 100, Vila Guaraciaba, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Varsegov IS, Popov MS, Lebedev AT. Identification of novel disinfection byproducts in pool water: Chlorination of the algaecide benzalkonium chloride. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124801. [PMID: 31520969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of public swimming pools requires numerous technological steps. One of the most important issues involves microbiological safety. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) encompasses homologous alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides with various alkyl chains, in particular C12 and C14, and is known as a popular algaecide for keeping water clean. In addition to BAC, NaOCl and UV-irradiation are also used to treat pool water as additional technological steps. Therefore, BAC itself can become a precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). High-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), with accurate mass measurements, has allowed the discovery of several groups of DBPs that are related to BAC in public pool water in Arkhangelsk (Russia). These DBPs include numerous isomeric monochlorinated derivatives ([C21H37ClN]+ and [C23H41ClN]+), hydroxyl derivatives ([C21H38NO]+ and [C23H42NO]), carbonyl ([C21H36NO]+ and [C23H40NO]+), and dicarbonyl derivatives ([C21H34NO2]+ and [C23H38NO2]+). In addition, chlorinated alcohols, ketones and ketoalcohols of BAC were also detected, including [C21H35ClNO]+, [C21H37ClNO]+ and [C21H35ClNO2]+ for BAC-12; and [C23H39ClNO]+, [C23H41ClNO]+ and [C23H39ClNO2]+ for BAC-14. MS/MS allowed reliable elucidation of the structures of novel DBPs, proving that chlorination starts via radical substitution in the long aliphatic chains of BAC. UV-irradiation dramatically accelerates the reaction completely destroying the original compounds in less than an hour, while the array of the intermediate products remains the same as in the dark. The formation of other DBPs proceeds due to further reactions of these primary products. The concentrations of novel DBPs in pool water reach μg L-1 levels. These conclusions were proved by conducting model reactions of BAC with NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Varsegov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Mark S Popov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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