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Templ J, Schnürch M. Strategies for Using Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Alternative Reagents in Alkylations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400675. [PMID: 38587031 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Alkylation reactions are pivotal in organic chemistry, with wide-ranging utilization across various fields of applied synthetic chemistry. However, conventional reagents employed in alkylations often pose substantial health and exposure risks. Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) present a promising alternative for these transformations offering significantly reduced hazards as they are non-cancerogenic, non-mutagenic, non-flammable, and non-corrosive. Despite their potential, their use in direct organic transformations remains relatively unexplored. This review outlines strategies for utilizing QAS as alternative reagents in alkylation reactions, providing researchers with safer approaches to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Wien, AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Schnürch
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Wien, AUSTRIA
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Gong Y, Sun J, Wang X, Barrett H, Peng H. Identification of Hydrocarbon Sulfonates as Previously Overlooked Transthyretin Ligands in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10227-10239. [PMID: 38817092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Incidences of thyroid disease, which has long been hypothesized to be partially caused by exposure to thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals (TDCs), have rapidly increased in recent years. However, known TDCs can only explain a small portion (∼1%) of in vitro human transthyretin (hTTR) binding activities in environmental samples, indicating the existence of unknown hTTR ligands. In this study, we aimed to identify the major environmental hTTR ligands by employing protein Affinity Purification with Nontargeted Analysis (APNA). hTTR binding activities were detected in all 11 indoor dust and 9 out of 10 sewage sludge samples by the FITC-T4 displacement assay. By using APNA, 31 putative hTTR ligands were detected including perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Two of the most abundant ligands were identified as hydrocarbon surfactants (e.g., dodecyl benzenesulfonate). Moreover, another abundant ligand was surprisingly identified as a disulfonate fluorescent brightener, 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl sodium (CBS). CBS was validated as a nM-affinity hTTR ligand with an IC50 of 345 nM. In total, hydrocarbon surfactants and fluorescent brighteners explain 1.92-17.0 and 5.74-54.3% of hTTR binding activities in dust and sludge samples, respectively, whereas PFOS only contributed <0.0001%. Our study revealed for the first time that hydrocarbon sulfonates are previously overlooked hTTR ligands in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Lin HC, Kidonakis M, Kaniraj JP, Kholomieiev I, Fridrich B, Stuart MCA, Minnaard AJ. The synthesis of fructose-based surfactants. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:4715-4722. [PMID: 38654980 PMCID: PMC11033973 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc00399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of a new class of surfactants that is based on the bioderived building blocks fructose, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and hydroxy propionitrile (cyanoethanol, 3-HP). The synthesis is scalable, is carried out at ambient conditions, and does not require chromatography. The produced surfactants have excellent surfactant properties with critical micelle concentrations and Krafft points comparable to current glucose-based surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chien Lin
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marios Kidonakis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J P Kaniraj
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ihor Kholomieiev
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Balint Fridrich
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- SustaCons Klauzal street 30 1072 Budapest Hungary
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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Yang C, Gong Y, Qu Y, Li J, Yang B, Li R, Zhang DS, Wang B, Ding Y, Zhang B. Formulation improvement of a concentrated enzyme detergent for high-speed rail trains through life cycle assessment methodology. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37363029 PMCID: PMC10030342 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
High-speed rail has been operating in more than 25 countries (mainly in Asia, Europe and North America), and has become an important part of global economic development. However, the cleaning and maintenance of high-speed rail is a comprehensive task, which may easily cause environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze and improve the sustainability of the formulation and production process of a concentrated complex enzyme detergent used as the maintenance agent for high-speed trains via the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The eFootprint software system with built-in China, European and Swiss Ecoinvent databases was used to establish the LCA model with the system boundary being from cradle to gate. The LCA model showed that the production of 1 kg of concentrated detergent generates the global warming potential of 2.53 kg CO2 eq, and other environmental emissions including acidification potential of 0.01 kg SO2 eq, eutrophication potential of 3.76E-03 kg PO43-eq, inhalable inorganic matter of 3.17E-03 kg PM2.5 eq, ozone depletion potential of 5.3E-06 kg CFC-11 eq, photochemical ozone formation potential of 3.44E-03 kg NMVOC eq, primary energy demand of 3.17 MJ, abiotic depletion potential of 4.97E-6 kg antimony eq, and water use of 0.84 kg. LCA results are not strongly dependent to the assumptions of the research, and the uncertainties of LCA results are between 8 and 16%, which is mainly due to the regional differences in technology sources, the year of technical data collection, and the representativeness of technology collection companies. Carbon footprint analysis showed that the production processes of enzyme stabilizer (glycerol) and surfactants contributed the most, while changes in power consumption during production and transportation distance of raw materials had limited effect on total carbon emissions. Therefore, the formulation of the concentrated complex enzymatic detergent was improved based on the LCA results. The new formulations with less enzyme stabilizer showed similar detergency to the original formulation. The new formulations could reduce carbon emissions by 5,500-9,200 tons per year and save between $4.4 and $7.4 million in annual production of 10,000 tons. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03122-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yinhang Qu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Bohan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Baowei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Yigang Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Chemical Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei, China
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