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Aripova N, Kremer JM, Pappas DA, Reed G, England BR, Robinson BH, Curtis JR, Thiele GM, Mikuls TR. Anti-citrullinated protein antibody profiles predict changes in disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis initiating biologics. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:542-550. [PMID: 37252826 PMCID: PMC10836988 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether an expanded antigen-specific ACPA profile predicts changes in disease activity in patients with RA initiating biologics. METHODS The study included participants from a prospective, non-randomized, observational RA cohort. For this sub-study, treatment groups of interest included biologic-naïve initiating anti-TNF, biologic-exposed initiating non-TNF, and biologic-naïve initiating abatacept. ACPAs to 25 citrullinated peptides were measured using banked enrolment serum. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and associations of resulting principal component (PC) scores (in quartiles) and anti-CCP3 antibody (≤15, 16-250 or >250 U/ml) with EULAR (good/moderate/none) treatment response at 6 months were examined using adjusted ordinal regression models. RESULTS Participants (n = 1092) had a mean age of 57 (13) years and 79% were women. At 6 months, 68.5% achieved a moderate/good EULAR response. There were three PCs that cumulatively explained 70% of variation in ACPA values. In models including the three components and anti-CCP3 antibody category, only PC1 and PC2 were associated with treatment response. The highest quartile for PC1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.76; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.53) and for PC2 (OR 1.74; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.46) were associated with treatment response after multivariable adjustment. There was no evidence of interaction between PCs and treatment group in EULAR responses (P-value for interaction >0.1). CONCLUSION An expanded ACPA profile appears to be more strongly associated with biologic treatment response in RA than commercially available anti-CCP3 antibody levels. However, further enhancements to PCA will be needed to effectively prioritize between different biologics available for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozima Aripova
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joel M Kremer
- CorEvitas LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
- The Corrona Research Foundation, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dimitrios A Pappas
- CorEvitas LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
- The Corrona Research Foundation, Albany, NY, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Reed
- CorEvitas LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
- The Corrona Research Foundation, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bryant R England
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bill H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine & VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Curtis
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ted R Mikuls
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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Curtis JR, Kremer JM, Reed G, John AK, Pappas DA. TNFi Cycling Versus Changing Mechanism of Action in TNFi-Experienced Patients: Result of the Corrona CERTAIN Comparative Effectiveness Study. ACR Open Rheumatol 2021; 4:65-73. [PMID: 34741435 PMCID: PMC8754009 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparative effectiveness research can inform treatment decisions regarding the choice of biologics for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) and non-TNFis (nTNFis) in real-world patients with RA and past TNFi experience. METHODS Comparative Effectiveness Registry to study Therapies for Arthritis and Inflammatory Conditions (CERTAIN) was nested within the United States Corrona registry. Adult patients with RA with moderate to high disease activity (Clinical Disease Activity Index [CDAI] >10) with exposure to one or more prior TNFis who were switching to a new TNFi or nTNFi (choice of therapy per physician choice) were enrolled. The primary outcome was the achievement of low disease activity (LDA) at 12 months (CDAI ≤10; disease activity score in 28 joints based on C-reactive protein [DAS28-CRP] <2.67). Propensity score modeling probability of treatment with nTNFi versus TNFi adjusted for imbalanced factors. The response rate was modeled using mixed-effect logistic regression models, adjusting for a priori and imbalanced baseline factors and accounting for the practice-related treatment patterns. RESULTS After applying inclusion criteria, 939 biologic initiations were analyzed, 505 (53.7%) nTNFis and 434 (46.3%) TNFis. Patients who started nTNFis were significantly more likely to have longer disease duration, more prior TNFi use, and higher patient fatigue scores and were more likely to have government insurance. At 12 months, 28% of nTNFi and 24% of TNFi initiators were in LDA by CDAI, and 22% of nTNFi and 19% of TNFi initiators were in LDA by DAS28-CRP. After multivariable adjustment and controlling for the influence of site-related confounding, there were no significant differences in the likelihood to reach LDA by CDAI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-1.62) or DAS28-CRP (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI, 0.77-1.75). CONCLUSION In this large, real-world study enrolling patients with RA with prior TNFi exposure, switching to an nTNFi biologic was comparable in its clinical effectiveness with switching to another TNFi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel M Kremer
- Albany Medical Center, The Corrona Research Foundation, Albany, New York
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Johansson FD, Collins JE, Yau V, Guan H, Kim SC, Losina E, Sontag D, Stratton J, Trinh H, Greenberg J, Solomon DH. Predicting Response to Tocilizumab Monotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Real-world Data Analysis Using Machine Learning. J Rheumatol 2021; 48:1364-1370. [PMID: 33934070 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.201626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tocilizumab (TCZ) has shown similar efficacy when used as monotherapy as in combination with other treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We derived a remission prediction score for TCZ monotherapy (TCZm) using RCT data and performed an external validation of the prediction score using real-world data (RWD). METHODS We identified patients in the Corrona RA registry who used TCZm (n = 452), and matched the design and patients from 4 RCTs used in previous work (n = 853). Patients were followed to determine remission status at 24 weeks. We compared the performance of remission prediction models in RWD, first based on variables determined in our prior work in RCTs, and then using an extended variable set, comparing logistic regression and random forest models. We included patients on other biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug monotherapies (bDMARDm) to improve prediction. RESULTS The fraction of patients observed reaching remission on TCZm by their follow-up visit was 12% (n = 53) in RWD vs 15% (n = 127) in RCTs. Discrimination was good in RWD for the risk score developed in RCTs, with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.69 (95% CI 0.62-0.75). Fitting the same logistic regression model to all bDMARDm patients in the RWD improved the AUROC on held-out TCZm patients to 0.72 (95% CI 0.63-0.81). Extending the variable set and adding regularization further increased it to 0.76 (95% CI 0.67-0.84). CONCLUSION The remission prediction scores, derived in RCTs, discriminated patients in RWD about as well as in RCTs. Discrimination was further improved by retraining models on RWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik D Johansson
- F.D. Johansson, Assistant Professor, PhD, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Jamie E Collins
- J.E. Collins, Assistant Professor, PhD, E. Losina, PhD, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent Yau
- V. Yau, Principal Data Scientist, PhD, H. Trinh, PhD, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hongshu Guan
- H. Guan, Sr Statistical Programmer, Biostatistician, MS, J. Stratton, BA, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seoyoung C Kim
- S.C. Kim, Associate Professor of Medicine, MD, ScD, D.H. Solomon, Professor of Medicine, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, and Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Losina
- J.E. Collins, Assistant Professor, PhD, E. Losina, PhD, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Sontag
- D. Sontag, Associate Professor, PhD, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacklyn Stratton
- H. Guan, Sr Statistical Programmer, Biostatistician, MS, J. Stratton, BA, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huong Trinh
- V. Yau, Principal Data Scientist, PhD, H. Trinh, PhD, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Greenberg
- J. Greenberg, Chief Medical Officer, MD, MPH, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, and Corrona, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- S.C. Kim, Associate Professor of Medicine, MD, ScD, D.H. Solomon, Professor of Medicine, MD, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, and Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Solomon DH, Xu C, Collins J, Kim SC, Losina E, Yau V, Johansson FD. The sequence of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: pathways to and predictors of tocilizumab monotherapy. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:26. [PMID: 33446261 PMCID: PMC7807904 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous non-biologic and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Typical sequences of bDMARDs are not clear. Future treatment policies and trials should be informed by quantitative estimates of current treatment practice. METHODS We used data from Corrona, a large real-world RA registry, to develop a method for quantifying sequential patterns in treatment with bDMARDs. As a proof of concept, we study patients who eventually use tocilizumab monotherapy (TCZm), an IL-6 antagonist with similar benefits used as monotherapy or in combination. Patients starting a bDMARD were included and were followed using a discrete-state Markov model, observing changes in treatments every 6 months and determining whether they used TCZm. A supervised machine learning algorithm was then employed to determine longitudinal patient factors associated with TCZm use. RESULTS 7300 patients starting a bDMARD were followed for up to 5 years. Their median age was 58 years, 78% were female, median disease duration was 5 years, and 57% were seropositive. During follow-up, 287 (3.9%) reported use of TCZm with median time until use of 25.6 (11.5, 56.0) months. Eighty-two percent of TCZm use began within 3 years of starting any bDMARD. Ninety-three percent of TCZm users switched from TCZ combination, a TNF inhibitor, or another bDMARD. Very few patients are given TCZm as their first DMARD (0.6%). Variables associated with the use of TCZm included prior use of TCZ combination therapy, older age, longer disease duration, seronegative, higher disease activity, and no prior use of a TNF inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Improved understanding of treatment sequences in RA may help personalize care. These methods may help optimize treatment decisions using large-scale real-world data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
| | - Chang Xu
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jamie Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Seoyoung C Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Elena Losina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Vincent Yau
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
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Murray K, Turk M, Alammari Y, Young F, Gallagher P, Saber T, Fearon U, Veale DJ. Long-term remission and biologic persistence rates: 12-year real-world data. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 33441191 PMCID: PMC7807520 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biologic therapies have greatly improved outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Yet, our ability to predict long-term remission and persistence or continuation of therapy remains limited. This study explores predictors of remission and persistence of the initial biologic therapy in patients after 12 years. Furthermore, outcomes with adalimumab and etanercept are compared. Patients and methods RA and PsA patients were prospectively recruited from a biologic clinic. Outcomes on commencing therapy, at 1 year and 12 years were reviewed. Demographics, medications, morning stiffness, patient global health score, tender and swollen joint counts, antibody status, CRP and HAQ were collected. Outcomes at 1 year and 12 years are reported and predictors of biologic persistence and EULAR-defined remission (DAS28-CRP < 2.6) are examined with univariate and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 403 patients (274 RA and 129 PsA) were analysed. PsA patients were more likely to be male, in full-time employment and have completed higher education. PsA had higher remission rates than RA at both 1 year (60.3% versus 34.5%, p < 0.001) and 12 years (91.3% versus 60.6%, p < 0.001). This difference persisted when patients were matched for baseline disease activity (p < 0.001). Biologic continuation rates were high for RA and PsA at 1 year (49.6% versus 58.9%) and 12 years (38.2% versus 52.3%). In PsA, patients starting on etanercept had lower CRP at 12 years (p = 0.041). Multivariate analysis showed 1-year continuation [OR 4.28 (1.28–14.38)] and 1-year low-disease activity [OR 3.90 (95% CI 1.05–14.53)] was predictive of a 12-year persistence. Persistence with initial biologic at 12 years [OR 4.98 (95% CI 1.83–13.56)] and male gender [OR 4.48 (95% CI 1.25–16.01)] predicted 12 year remission. Conclusions This is the first study to show better response to biologic therapy in PsA compared to RA at 12 years. Long-term persistence with initial biologic agent was high and was predicted by biologic persistence and low-disease activity at 1 year. Interestingly, PsA patients had higher levels of employment, educational attainment, and long-term remission rates compared to RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Murray
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,EULAR Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Matthew Turk
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.,EULAR Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yousef Alammari
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.,EULAR Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Young
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.,EULAR Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Phil Gallagher
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.,EULAR Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tajvur Saber
- Lady Reading Hospital, Soekarno Rd, PTCL Colony Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D06 R590, Ireland
| | - Douglas J Veale
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.,EULAR Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin, Ireland
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Pappas DA, St John G, Etzel CJ, Fiore S, Blachley T, Kimura T, Punekar R, Emeanuru K, Choi J, Boklage S, Kremer JM. Comparative effectiveness of first-line tumour necrosis factor inhibitor versus non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor biologics and targeted synthetic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a large US registry study. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:96-102. [PMID: 32719038 PMCID: PMC7788059 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the comparative effectiveness of a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) versus a non-TNFi (biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs)) as the first-line treatment following conventional synthetic DMARDs, as well as potential modifiers of response, observed in US clinical practice. Methods Data were from a large US healthcare registry (Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry). The analysis included patients (aged ≥18 years) with a documented diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a valid baseline Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score of >2.8 and no prior bDMARD or tsDMARD use. Outcomes were captured at 1-year postinitiation of a TNFi (adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, golimumab or infliximab) or a non-TNFi (abatacept, tocilizumab, rituximab, anakinra or tofacitinib) and included CDAI, 28-Joint Modified Disease Activity Score, patient-reported outcomes (including the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, EuroQol-5 Dimension score, sleep, anxiety, morning stiffness and fatigue) and rates of anaemia. Groups were propensity score-matched at baseline to account for potential confounding. Results There were no statistically significant differences observed between the TNFi and non-TNFi treatment groups for outcomes assessed, except the incidence rate ratio for anaemia, which slightly favoured the TNFi group (19.04 per 100 person-years) versus the non-TNFi group (24.01 per 100 person-years, p=0.03). No potential effect modifiers were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions The findings of no significant differences in outcomes between first-line TNF versus first-line non-TNF groups support RA guidelines, which recommend individualised care based on clinical judgement and consideration of patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios A Pappas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA .,Corrona, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Toshio Kimura
- Medical Analytics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan Boklage
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Joel M Kremer
- Corrona, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.,Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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Reed GW, Gerber RA, Shan Y, Takiya L, Dandreo KJ, Gruben D, Kremer J, Wallenstein G. Real-World Comparative Effectiveness of Tofacitinib and Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors as Monotherapy and Combination Therapy for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatol Ther 2019; 6:10.1007/s40744-019-00177-4. [PMID: 31707603 PMCID: PMC6858427 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-019-00177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No published studies exist comparing the effectiveness of tofacitinib with other advanced therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in real-world clinical practice. Here, we report differences in effectiveness of tofacitinib compared with standard of care, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), with or without concomitant methotrexate (MTX), using US Corrona registry data. METHODS This observational cohort study included RA patients receiving tofacitinib (from 6 November 2012; N = 558) or TNFi (from 1 November 2001; N = 8014) with or without MTX until 31 July 2016. Efficacy outcomes at 6 months included modified American College of Rheumatology 20% responses, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Pain. Outcomes were compared between patients receiving TNFi and tofacitinib with or without MTX and by line of therapy. Outcomes within therapy lines were compared using propensity-score matching; between-group differences were estimated using mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS Patients receiving tofacitinib had longer RA duration and a greater proportion had previously received biologics than those receiving TNFi; other baseline characteristics were comparable. In patients receiving second- and third-line TNFi therapy, CDAI low disease activity/remission response rates were significantly better with concomitant MTX. Too few patients received tofacitinib as second line for meaningful assessment. No significant differences were observed in outcomes between tofacitinib as monotherapy and tofacitinib with concomitant MTX. CONCLUSIONS In clinical practice, TNFi efficacy is improved with concomitant MTX in the second and third line. In the third/fourth line, patients are likely to achieve similar efficacy with tofacitinib monotherapy, or TNFi or tofacitinib in combination with MTX. FUNDING Pfizer Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Reed
- Corrona Research Foundation, Albany, NY, USA.
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Cho SK, Sung YK. A paradigm shift in studies based on rheumatoid arthritis clinical registries. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:974-981. [PMID: 30759964 PMCID: PMC6718765 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2018.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical research is the study of aspects of patient health or illness that are closely related to clinical practice. In the late 20th and early 21th century, outcomes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improved dramatically due to breakthroughs in new drugs. Patient-reported outcome measures now play a significant role in the drug development process as study endpoints in clinical trials of new therapies, and this has led to increased interest in the patient's perspective, drug safety and treatment outcomes in clinical practice. In accordance with these needs, many prospective cohorts for RA patients and registries of biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs have been actively conducted in the United States and European and Asian countries. A gradual shift is taking place in the major outcomes of clinical research using these prospective cohorts and registries. This article will introduce representative registries for RA in each country set up in the early 2000s and will discuss future perspectives in clinical research on RA patients using such clinical registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Sung
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Yoon-Kyoung Sung, M.D. Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 222-1 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea Tel: +82-2-2290-9250 Fax: +82-2-2298-8231 E-mail:
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Pappas DA, Rebello S, Liu M, Schenfeld J, Li Y, Collier DH, Accortt NA. Therapy with Biologic Agents After Diagnosis of Solid Malignancies: Results from the Corrona Registry. J Rheumatol 2019; 46:1438-1444. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Guidelines suggest that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with previously treated solid malignancy may be treated as patients without such history. The recommendation is based on limited evidence, and rheumatologists and patients are frequently hesitant to start or continue biologic therapy after a cancer diagnosis. The objective of this study was to describe biologic use in real-world patients with RA following a malignancy diagnosis.Methods.RA patients enrolled in the Corrona registry and diagnosed with solid malignancy with at least 1 followup visit within 12 months after diagnosis were included in this analysis. The proportion of patients continuing or initiating biological/targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD/tsDMARD) after diagnosis was estimated. Median time to initiation of bDMARD/tsDMARD after diagnosis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the proportion initiating biologic treatment in 6-month time intervals was estimated using the life-table method.Results.There were 880 patients who met inclusion criteria with 2585 person-years total followup time postdiagnosis. Of those, 367 (41.7%) were treated with bDMARD/tsDMARD within 12 months preceding malignancy, of whom 270 (30.7%) were taking such agents at first postdiagnosis visit. Forty-four (5%) switched biologic agents within 36 months and an additional 90 patients (10.2%) started a biologic. The majority of bDMARD/tsDMARD initiations during followup was a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi; 53.5%).Conclusion.In real-world practice, nearly one-third of RA patients with a cancer diagnosis were treated with systemic therapy in the immediate visit after malignancy diagnosis and a considerable percentage of malignancy survivors initiated biologic therapy within 3 years. The majority of bDMARD/tsDMARD initiations post-malignancy diagnosis was a TNFi.
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Accortt NA, Lesperance T, Liu M, Rebello S, Trivedi M, Li Y, Curtis JR. Impact of Sustained Remission on the Risk of Serious Infection in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2018; 70:679-684. [PMID: 28960869 PMCID: PMC5947836 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective This retrospective analysis examined how sustained remission impacted risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) enrolled in a clinical registry. Methods Inclusion criteria included RA diagnosis, age ≥18 years, and ≥2 Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores followed by a followup visit. Index date was the second of 2 visits in which a patient had sustained remission (CDAI ≤2.8), low disease activity (LDA; 2.8 < CDAI ≤10), or moderate‐to‐high disease activity (MHDA; CDAI >10). Followup extended from the index date until first serious infection (requiring intravenous antibiotics or hospitalization) or last followup visit. The crude incidence rate (IR) per 100 patient‐years for serious infections was calculated for the sustained remission, LDA, and MHDA groups. The multivariable‐adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) (adjusted for age, sex, and prednisone dose) compared serious infection rates across disease activity groups. Results Most patients were female (>70%); mean age was approximately 60 years. The crude IR (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) per 100 patient‐years for serious infections was 1.03 (0.85–1.26) in the sustained remission group (n = 3,355), 1.92 (1.68–2.19) in the sustained LDA group (n = 3,912), and 2.51 (2.23–2.82) in the sustained MHDA group (n = 5,062). Compared to sustained remission, the serious infection rate was higher in sustained LDA (adjusted IRR 1.69 [95% CI 1.32–2.15]). Compared to sustained LDA, the serious infection rate was higher in sustained MHDA (adjusted IRR 1.30 [95% CI 1.09–1.56]). Conclusion In this study, lower RA disease activity was associated with lower serious infection rates. This finding may motivate patients and health care providers to strive for remission rather than only LDA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Liu
- Corrona LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Youfu Li
- University of Massachusetts, Worcester
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11
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Jin S, Li M, Fang Y, Li Q, Liu J, Duan X, Liu Y, Wu R, Shi X, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Yu C, Wang Q, Tian X, Zhao Y, Zeng X. Chinese Registry of rheumatoid arthritis (CREDIT): II. prevalence and risk factors of major comorbidities in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:251. [PMID: 29141688 PMCID: PMC5688621 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis patients are at higher risk of developing comorbidities. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of major comorbidities in Chinese rheumatoid arthritis patients. We also aimed to identify factors associated with these comorbidities. Methods Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics and comorbidity data from RA patients enrolled in the Chinese Registry of rhEumatoiD arthrITis (CREDIT) from Nov 2016 to August 2017 were presented and compared with those from five other registries across the world. Possible factors related to three major comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, fragility fracture and malignancy) were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 13,210 RA patients were included (80.6% female, mean age 52.9 years and median RA duration 4.0 years). Baseline prevalence rates of major comorbidities were calculated: CVD, 2.2% (95% CI 2.0–2.5%); fragility fracture, 1.7% (95% CI 1.5–1.9%); malignancy, 0.6% (95% CI 0.5–0.7%); overall major comorbidities, 4.2% (95% CI 3.9–4.6%). Advanced age was associated with all comorbidities. Male gender and disease duration were positively related to CVD. Female sex and longer disease duration were potential risk factors for fragility fractures. Ever use of methotrexate (MTX) was negatively related to baseline comorbidities. Conclusions Patients with rheumatoid arthritis in China have similar prevalence of comorbidities with other Asian countries. Advanced age and long disease duration are possible risk factors for comorbidities. On the contrary, MTX may protect RA patients from several major comorbidities, supporting its central role in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1457-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongfei Fang
- Department of Rheumatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Jiujiang No.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinwang Duan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio-statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Ave, 100730, Beijing, China.
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12
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Reed GW, Collier DH, Koenig AS, Saunders KC, Pappas DA, Litman HJ, Kremer JM, Kotak S. Clinical and demographic factors associated with change and maintenance of disease severity in a large registry of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:81. [PMID: 28449692 PMCID: PMC5406915 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined models to predict disease activity transitions from moderate to low or severe and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Data from RA patients enrolled in the Corrona registry (October 2001 to August 2014) were analyzed. Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) definitions were used for low (≤10), moderate (>10 and ≤22), and severe (>22) disease activity states. A Markov model for repeated measures allowing for covariate dependence was used to model transitions between three (low, moderate, severe) states and estimate population transition probabilities. Mean sojourn times were calculated to compare length of time in particular states. Logistic regression models were used to examine impacts of covariates (time between visits, chronological year, disease duration, age) on disease states. Results Data from 29,853 patients (251,375 visits) and a sub-cohort of 9812 patients (46,534 visits) with regular visits (every 3–9 months) were analyzed. The probability of moving from moderate to low or severe disease by next visit was 47% and 18%, respectively. Patients stayed in moderate disease for mean 4.25 months (95% confidence interval: 4.18–4.32). Transition probabilities showed 20% of patients with low disease activity moved to moderate or severe disease within 6 months; >35% of patients with moderate disease remained in moderate disease after 6 months. Results were similar for the regular-visit sub-cohort. Significant interactions with prior disease state were seen with chronological year and disease duration. Conclusion A substantial proportion of patients remain in moderate disease, emphasizing the need for treat-to-target strategies for RA patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1289-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Reed
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA. .,Corrona LLC, Southborough, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios A Pappas
- Corrona LLC, Southborough, MA, USA.,Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joel M Kremer
- Corrona LLC, Southborough, MA, USA.,Albany Medical College and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, NY, USA
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Rathbun AM, Harrold LR, Reed GW. A Prospective Evaluation of the Effects of Prevalent Depressive Symptoms on Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated With Biologic Response Modifiers. Clin Ther 2016; 38:1759-1772.e3. [PMID: 27368116 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depressive symptoms are common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may affect disease activity and treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine if prevalent depressive symptoms modify biologic treatment response through their effect on RA disease activity. METHODS RA patients with depressive symptoms, initiating biologic treatment, were identified from a US RA registry sample. Patients with depression were compared with control subjects (ie, those patients with no reports of depressive symptoms at, or before, initiating therapy) in terms of clinical disease activity index (CDAI) remission and low disease activity (LDA), and the changes in the component measures that comprise this scale at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Inverse probability weighting was used to account for differences in baseline disease severity, concomitant treatment characteristics, and other possible confounders. Logistic and linear regression models estimated differences in response rates and changes in component disease activity measures. FINDINGS Depressive symptoms were associated with a decreased likelihood of CDAI remission at 6 months (odds ratio, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.19-0.96]) but not at 12 months (odds ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.43-1.60]), and there was no effect on CDAI LDA. Adjusted core component measurement changes showed smaller decreases in global assessment ratings in patients with depressive symptoms; these associations were not statistically significant. IMPLICATIONS Poorer treatment outcomes among RA patients with depressive symptoms may be a result of higher baseline disease severity. Adjusted estimates indicated symptoms of depression only affected remission at 6 months' follow-up through patient and physician global assessments. Thus, any impact of depressive symptoms during biologic treatment might not be due to a definitive impact on joint swelling and tenderness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Rathbun
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Leslie R Harrold
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; CORRONA, Inc., Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - George W Reed
- CORRONA, Inc., Southborough, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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14
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Harrold LR, Reed GW, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Solomon DH, Hochberg MC, Kavanaugh A, Saunders KC, Shan Y, Spruill TM, Pappas DA, Greenberg JD. Identifying factors associated with concordance with the American College of Rheumatology rheumatoid arthritis treatment recommendations. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:94. [PMID: 27118040 PMCID: PMC4845312 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors associated with care concordant with the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are unknown. METHODS We identified a national cohort of biologic-naive patients with RA with visits between December 2008 and February 2013. Treatment acceleration (initiation or dose escalation of biologic and nonbiologic DMARDs) in response to moderate to high disease activity (using the Clinical Disease Activity Index) was assessed. The population was divided into two subcohorts: (1) methotrexate (MTX)-only users and (2) multiple nonbiologic DMARD users. In both subcohorts, we compared the characteristics of patients who received care consistent with the ACR recommendations (e.g., prescriptions for treatment acceleration) and their providers with the characteristics of those who did not at the conclusion of one visit and over two visits, using logistic regression and adjusting for clustering of patients by rheumatologist. RESULTS Our study included 741 MTX monotherapy and 995 multiple nonbiologic DMARD users cared for by 139 providers. Only 36.2 % of MTX monotherapy users and 39.6 % of multiple nonbiologic DMARD users received care consistent with the recommendations after one visit, which increased over two visits to 78.3 % and 76.2 %, respectively (25-30 % achieved low disease activity by the second visit without DMARD acceleration). Increasing time since the ACR publication on RA treatment recommendations was not associated with improved adherence. CONCLUSIONS Allowing two encounters for treatment acceleration was associated with an increase in care concordant with the recommendations; however, time since publication was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R. Harrold
- />Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, AC7-201, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - George W. Reed
- />Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, AC7-201, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
- />Corrona, LLC, Southborough, MA USA
| | - Joel M. Kremer
- />Albany Medical College and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Shan
- />Corrona, LLC, Southborough, MA USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey D. Greenberg
- />Corrona, LLC, Southborough, MA USA
- />New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
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15
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Schlesinger N, Etzel CJ, Greenberg J, Kremer J, Harrold LR. Gout Prophylaxis Evaluated According to the 2012 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines: Analysis from the CORRONA Gout Registry. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:924-30. [PMID: 26980578 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.150345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze prophylaxis using the CORRONA (COnsortium of Rheumatology Researchers Of North America) Gout Registry according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines, and to evaluate whether differences in disease characteristics influenced prophylaxis. METHODS All patients with gout in the CORRONA Gout Registry between November 1, 2012, and November 26, 2013, were included. They were divided into 2 groups: "receiving prophylaxis" versus "not receiving prophylaxis" at the time of enrollment. Patients having a flare at time of visit were excluded. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the factors associated with prophylaxis. RESULTS There were 1049 patients with gout available for analysis. There were 441 patients (42%) receiving prophylaxis and 608 (58%) not receiving prophylaxis. The most common drugs used for prophylaxis were colchicine (78%) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (32%). Prophylaxis drug combination was used by 45 patients (10.2%). Patients in the "receiving prophylaxis" group were more likely to have a gout duration of ≤ 1 year (n = 68, p < 0.001), ≥ 1 flare in the year previous to enrollment (p < 0.001), ≥ 1 healthcare uses in the last year [Emergency Department (p = 0.029); outpatient visit to primary care, rheumatologist, or urgent care clinic (p < 0.001)], have tophi (p < 0.001), report pain > 3 (p = 0.001), and have disease activity > 10 (p < 0.001) compared with patients in the "not receiving prophylaxis" group. CONCLUSION Forty-two percent of patients with gout in the CORRONA Gout Registry were receiving prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was significantly more common in patients with a higher disease burden and activity, which is in agreement with the ACR guidelines. Our study highlights disease characteristics influencing prophylaxis and furthers our knowledge on current use of flare prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Schlesinger
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Corrona LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.N. Schlesinger, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; C.J. Etzel, PhD, Corrona LLC, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; J. Greenberg, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and Corrona LLC; J. Kremer, MD, Director, the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College; L.R. Harrold, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School.
| | - Carol J Etzel
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Corrona LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.N. Schlesinger, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; C.J. Etzel, PhD, Corrona LLC, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; J. Greenberg, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and Corrona LLC; J. Kremer, MD, Director, the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College; L.R. Harrold, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Jeff Greenberg
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Corrona LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.N. Schlesinger, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; C.J. Etzel, PhD, Corrona LLC, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; J. Greenberg, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and Corrona LLC; J. Kremer, MD, Director, the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College; L.R. Harrold, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Joel Kremer
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Corrona LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.N. Schlesinger, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; C.J. Etzel, PhD, Corrona LLC, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; J. Greenberg, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and Corrona LLC; J. Kremer, MD, Director, the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College; L.R. Harrold, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Leslie R Harrold
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Corrona LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.N. Schlesinger, MD, Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; C.J. Etzel, PhD, Corrona LLC, and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; J. Greenberg, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and Corrona LLC; J. Kremer, MD, Director, the Center for Rheumatology, Albany Medical College; L.R. Harrold, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
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16
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Rathbun AM, Harrold LR, Reed GW. Temporal effect of depressive symptoms on the longitudinal evolution of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015; 67:765-75. [PMID: 25384985 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is common in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) population, yet little is known of its effect on the course of disease activity. The aim of our study was to determine if prevalent and incident depressive symptoms influenced longitudinal changes in RA disease activity. METHODS RA patients with and without depressive symptoms were identified using single-item questions from an existing registry sample. Mixed-effects models were used to examine changes in disease activity over 2 years in those with and without prevalent and incident depressive symptoms. Outcome variables included composite disease activity, joint counts, global assessments, pain, function, and acute-phase reactants. Model-based outcome estimations at the index dates and corresponding 1- and 2-year changes were calculated. RESULTS Rates of disease activity change were significantly different in patients with a lifetime prevalence of symptomology, but not incident depressive symptoms, when compared to controls. Prior symptoms were associated with slower rates of disease activity decline, evidenced by the estimated 1-year Clinical Disease Activity Index changes: -3.0 (-3.3, -2.6) and -4.0 (-4.3, -3.6) in patients with and without lifetime prevalence, respectively. Analogous results were obtained for most of the other disease activity outcomes; although, there was no temporal effect of prevalent symptoms of depression on swollen joints and acute-phase reactants. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms temporally influence the evolution of RA disease activity, and the magnitude is dependent on the time of symptomatic onset. However, the effect is limited to patient-reported pain, global assessment, and function, as well as physician-reported global assessment and tender joints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George W Reed
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and CORRONA, Southborough, Massachusetts
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17
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Abstract
Epidemiology research is a vital component of clinical studies in all medical fields. This Review provides a brief introduction to the methodology and interpretation of population and clinical epidemiology studies of musculoskeletal disorders. Data sources (including 'big data' and the issue of missing data), study design (cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, including clinical trial design) and the interpretation of study results are discussed with examples from the field of rheumatology, particularly using findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Two or more treatments can be compared in clinical trials using a variety of study designs including superiority, noninferiority or equivalence. The different types of risk in epidemiological studies-absolute, attributable, background and relative-are important concepts in epidemiological research and their relative usefulness to clinicians and patients should be considered carefully. The potential pitfalls and challenges of generalizing the results of epidemiological studies to understanding disease aetiology and to clinical practice are also emphasized. The aim of the Review is to help readers to critically appraise published articles that use epidemiological designs or methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah P M Symmons
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Newman ED, Lerch V, Billet J, Berger A, Kirchner HL. Improving the quality of care of patients with rheumatic disease using patient-centric electronic redesign software. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015; 67:546-53. [PMID: 25417958 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic health records (EHRs) are not optimized for chronic disease management. To improve the quality of care for patients with rheumatic disease, we developed electronic data capture, aggregation, display, and documentation software. METHODS The software integrated and reassembled information from the patient (via a touchscreen questionnaire), nurse, physician, and EHR into a series of actionable views. Core functions included trends over time, rheumatology-related demographics, and documentation for patient and provider. Quality measures collected included patient-reported outcomes, disease activity, and function. The software was tested and implemented in 3 rheumatology departments, and integrated into routine care delivery. Post-implementation evaluation measured adoption, efficiency, productivity, and patient perception. RESULTS Over 2 years, 6,725 patients completed 19,786 touchscreen questionnaires. The software was adopted for use by 86% of patients and rheumatologists. Chart review and documentation time trended downward, and productivity increased by 26%. Patient satisfaction, activation, and adherence remained unchanged, although pre-implementation values were high. A strong correlation was seen between use of the software and disease control (weighted Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.5927, P = 0.0095), and a relative increase in patients with low disease activity of 3% per quarter was noted. CONCLUSION We describe innovative software that aggregates, stores, and displays information vital to improving the quality of care for patients with chronic rheumatic disease. The software was well-adopted by patients and providers. Post-implementation, significant improvements in quality of care, efficiency of care, and productivity were demonstrated.
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19
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Harrold LR, Reed GW, Shewade A, Magner R, Saunders KC, John A, Kremer JM, Greenberg JD. Effectiveness of Rituximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Prior Exposure to Anti-TNF: Results from the CORRONA Registry. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:1090-8. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To characterize the real-world effectiveness of rituximab (RTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods.Clinical effectiveness at 12 months was assessed in patients who were prescribed RTX based on the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Change in CDAI was calculated (CDAI at 12 mos minus at initiation). Achievement of remission or low disease activity (LDA; CDAI ≤ 10) among those with moderate/high disease activity at the time of RTX initiation was compared based on prior anti-tumor necrosis factor agent (anti-TNF) use (1 vs ≥ 2) using logistic regression models.Results.Patients (n = 265) were followed for 12 months with a mean change in CDAI of −8.1 (95% CI −9.8 – −6.4). Of the 218 patients with moderate/high disease activity at baseline, patients with 1 prior anti-TNF (baseline CDAI 25.0) demonstrated a mean change in CDAI of −10.1 (95% CI −13.2 – −7.0); patients with ≥ 2 prior anti-TNF (baseline CDAI 30.0) demonstrated a mean change of −10.5 (95% CI −12.9 – −8.0). The unadjusted OR for achieving LDA/remission in patients with moderate/high disease activity at baseline exposed to ≥ 2 versus 1 prior anti-TNF was 0.40 (95% CI 0.22–0.73), which was robust to 4 different adjusted models (OR range 0.38–0.44).Conclusion.A good clinical response was observed in all patients; however, patients previously treated with 1 anti-TNF, who had lower baseline CDAI and a greater opportunity for clinical improvement compared with patients previously treated with ≥ 2 anti-TNF, were more likely to achieve LDA/remission.
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Codreanu C, Damjanov N. Safety of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: data from randomized controlled trials and registries. Biologics 2015; 9:1-6. [PMID: 25670881 PMCID: PMC4315467 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s68949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of biologics has significantly changed the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Biologics selectively target components of the immune system, resulting in better disease control. However, the growing use of biologics in RA has increased safety concerns among rheumatologists. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and registries are the most reliable sources of clinical safety data. Although safety data from RCTs provide certain insights into the clinical safety profile of an agent, strict constraints in study design (eg, exclusion criteria and restrictive treatment protocols) often do not accurately reflect possible safety issues in the use of the agent, either in the clinical setting or over long-term treatment. Registries, on the other hand, are not restrictive regarding patient enrollment, making them more reliable in evaluating long-term safety. A number of registries have been established globally: in Europe, the United States, and Asia. However, the availability of registry data from Eastern Europe is lacking. The notable exceptions so far are registries from the Czech Republic (ATTRA, a registry of patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha drugs) and Serbia (National registry of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Serbia [NARRAS]). The current report provides an overview of safety data with biologics in RA from RCTs and registries. Availability of regional safety data from Eastern Europe is of great importance to its clinicians for making evidence-based treatment decisions in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Codreanu
- Rheumatology Department, Center of Rheumatic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nemanja Damjanov
- Institute of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Rathbun AM, Harrold LR, Reed GW. Temporal associations between the different domains of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and the onset of patient-reported depressive symptoms. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 34:653-63. [PMID: 25156674 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a frequently occurring comorbid condition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and research into the temporal relationships regarding its onset has mainly focused on functional status. The study aim was to examine temporal associations of the diverse measures of RA disease activity with incident self-reports of depressive symptoms. METHODS RA patients from the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry were utilized. Cox regression was used to assess the lagged time-varying association of RA disease activity with the incident onset of depressive symptoms as measured using a single-item depression question. Predictor variables included joint counts, global assessments, pain, function, serum biomarkers, and composite disease activity. Hazard ratios (HRs) comparing categorical quintiles were estimated with 95 % confidence intervals. RESULTS Every metric of disease activity, except inflammatory markers, were significantly associated with the self-reported onset of depressive symptoms. Adjusted HRs comparing fifth quintiles to first quintiles were the following: CDAI = 2.3 [2.1-2.7]; pain = 2.3 [2.0-2.6]; SJC = 1.4 [1.4-1.6]. When examining successive self-reports (two consecutive), the magnitude of the associations greatly increased: CDAI = 3.6 [2.5-5.0]. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest depressive symptom onset in RA patients is related to measures reported by the patient: pain, functional status, and global disease activity; and measures reported by providers, rather than biological markers. The magnitude of the associations, however, were greater for the patient-reported measures when compared to physician assessments, implying that patients' experience of their disease activity may be a precipitating factor of depression onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Rathbun
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA,
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22
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Gross RL, Schwartzman-Morris JS, Krathen M, Reed G, Chang H, Saunders KC, Fisher MC, Greenberg JD, Putterman C, Mease PJ, Gottlieb AB, Kremer JM, Broder A. A comparison of the malignancy incidence among patients with psoriatic arthritis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a large US cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1472-81. [PMID: 24591475 DOI: 10.1002/art.38385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence rates of malignancy among patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry. METHODS We analyzed 2,970 patients with PsA (7,133 patient-years of followup) and 19,260 patients with RA (53,864 patient-years of followup). Using a standardized adjudication process, we identified 40 confirmed malignancies in the patients with PsA and 307 confirmed malignancies in those with RA. Incidence rates were calculated per 100 patient-years. Incidence rate ratios were estimated, with adjustment for age, sex, disease duration, body mass index, disease activity, year of enrollment, and medication use. RESULTS The overall malignancy incidence per 100 patient-years was similar between patients with PsA and patients with RA (0.56 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.40-0.76] and 0.56 [95% CI 0.50-0.63], respectively). Nonmelanoma skin cancer was the most common type of cancer in the overall cohort, with an incidence rate of 0.21 (95% CI 0.12-0.35) in PsA, and 0.20 (95% CI 0.17-0.24) in RA, with a calculated incidence rate ratio of 1.05 (95% CI 0.61-1.80; P = 0.85). Lymphoma rates were similar in PsA and RA (0.04 [95% CI 0.01-0.12] and 0.04 [95% CI 0.02-0.06], respectively; incidence rate ratio 1.00 [95% CI 0.17-3.11]; P = 0.67). The adjusted incidence rate ratio of malignancy in PsA versus RA was 1.17 (95% CI 0.82-1.69; P = 0.37). CONCLUSION The incidence rates across malignancy subtypes were similar in the PsA and RA cohorts from a US registry.
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Labitigan M, Bahče-Altuntas A, Kremer JM, Reed G, Greenberg JD, Jordan N, Putterman C, Broder A. Higher rates and clustering of abnormal lipids, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in psoriatic arthritis compared with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:600-7. [PMID: 24115739 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the prevalence and the clustering of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (obese body mass index [BMI; ≥30 kg/m(2) ], hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipids, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) Registry. METHODS We included CORRONA participants with a rheumatologist-confirmed clinical diagnosis of PsA or RA with complete data. We used a modified definition of MetS that did not include insulin resistance, waist circumference, or blood pressure measurements. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and race. RESULTS In the overall CORRONA population, the rates of diabetes mellitus and obesity were significantly higher in PsA compared with RA. In 294 PsA and 1,162 RA participants who had lipids measured, the overall prevalence of MetS in PsA versus RA was 27% versus 19%. The odds ratio (OR) of MetS in PsA versus RA was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.05-1.96, P = 0.02). The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was higher in PsA compared with RA (38% versus 28%; OR 1.51 [95% CI 1.15-1.98], P = 0.003). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was also higher in PsA compared with RA (15% versus 11%; OR 1.56 [95% CI 1.07-2.28], P = 0.02) in the adjusted model. Similarly, higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus were observed in the subgroup of PsA and RA patients with obese BMI. CONCLUSION Compared with RA, PsA is associated with higher rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia.
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Kay J, Morgacheva O, Messing SP, Kremer JM, Greenberg JD, Reed GW, Gravallese EM, Furst DE. Clinical disease activity and acute phase reactant levels are discordant among patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: acute phase reactant levels contribute separately to predicting outcome at one year. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R40. [PMID: 24485007 PMCID: PMC3978994 DOI: 10.1186/ar4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical trials of new treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically require subjects to have an elevated acute phase reactant (APR), in addition to tender and swollen joints. However, despite the elevation of individual components of the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (tender and swollen joint counts and patient and physician global assessment), some patients with active RA may have normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and/or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and thus fail to meet entry criteria for clinical trials. We assessed the relationship between CDAI and APRs in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry by comparing baseline characteristics and one-year clinical outcomes of patients with active RA, grouped by baseline APR levels. Methods This was an observational study of 9,135 RA patients who had both ESR and CRP drawn and a visit at which CDAI was >2.8 (not in remission). Results Of 9,135 patients with active RA, 58% had neither elevated ESR nor CRP; only 16% had both elevated ESR and CRP and 26% had either ESR or CRP elevated. Among the 4,228 patients who had a one-year follow-up visit, both baseline and one-year follow-up modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ) and CDAI scores were lowest for patients with active RA but with neither APR elevated; both mHAQ and CDAI scores increased sequentially with the increase in number of elevated APR levels at baseline. Each individual component of the CDAI followed the same trend, both at baseline and at one-year follow-up. The magnitude of improvement in both CDAI and mHAQ scores at one year was associated positively with the number of APRs elevated at baseline. Conclusions In a large United States registry of RA patients, APR levels often do not correlate with disease activity as measured by joint counts and global assessments. These data strongly suggest that it is appropriate to obtain both ESR and CRP from RA patients at the initial visit. Requiring an elevation in APR levels as a criterion for inclusion of RA patients in studies of experimental agents may exclude some patients with active disease.
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Harrold LR, Reed GW, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Solomon DH, Hochberg MC, Greenberg JD. The comparative effectiveness of abatacept versus anti-tumour necrosis factor switching for rheumatoid arthritis patients previously treated with an anti-tumour necrosis factor. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 74:430-6. [PMID: 24297378 PMCID: PMC4316858 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective We compared the effectiveness of abatacept (ABA) versus a subsequent anti-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (anti-TNF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with prior anti-TNF use. Methods We identified RA patients from a large observational US cohort (2/1/2000–8/7/2011) who had discontinued at least one anti-TNF and initiated either ABA or a subsequent anti-TNF. Using propensity score (PS) matching (n:1 match), effectiveness was measured at 6 and 12 months after initiation based on mean change in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), modified American College of Rheumatology (mACR) 20, 50 and 70 responses, modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ) and CDAI remission in adjusted regression models. Results The PS-matched groups included 431 ABA and 746 anti-TNF users at 6 months and 311 ABA and 493 anti-TNF users at 12 months. In adjusted analyses comparing response following treatment with ABA and anti-TNF, the difference in weighted mean change in CDAI (range 6–8) at 6 months (0.46, 95% CI −0.82 to 1.73) and 12 months was similar (−1.64, 95% CI −3.47 to 0.19). The mACR20 responses were similar at 6 (28–32%, p=0.73) and 12 months (35–37%, p=0.48) as were the mACR50 and mACR70 (12 months: 20–22%, p=0.25 and 10–12%, p=0.49, respectively). Meaningful change in mHAQ was similar at 6 and 12 months (30–33%, p=0.41 and 29–30%, p=0.39, respectively) as was CDAI remission rates (9–10%, p=0.42 and 12–13%, p=0.91, respectively). Conclusions RA patients with prior anti-TNF exposures had similar outcomes if they switched to a new anti-TNF as compared with initiation of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Harrold
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George W Reed
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R Curtis
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc C Hochberg
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Greenberg
- Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, USA
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Greenberg JD, Spruill TM, Shan Y, Reed G, Kremer JM, Potter J, Yazici Y, Ogedegbe G, Harrold LR. Racial and ethnic disparities in disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 2013; 126:1089-98. [PMID: 24262723 PMCID: PMC4006346 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have suggested that racial and ethnic disparities exist for minority populations. We compared disease activity and clinical outcomes across racial and ethnic groups using data from a large, contemporary US registry. METHODS We analyzed data from 2 time periods (2005-2007 and 2010-2012). The Clinical Disease Activity Index was examined as both a continuous measure and a dichotomous measure of disease activity states. Outcomes were compared in a series of cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariable regression models. RESULTS For 2005-2007, significant differences of mean disease activity level (P < .001) were observed across racial and ethnic groups. Over the 5-year period, modest improvements in disease activity were observed across all groups, including whites (3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-4.1) compared with African Americans (4.3; 95% CI, 2.7-5.8) and Hispanics (2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-4.3). For 2010-2012, significant differences of mean disease activity level persisted (P < .046) across racial and ethnic groups, ranging from 11.6 (95% CI, 10.4-12.8) in Hispanics to 10.7 (95% CI, 9.6-11.7) in whites. Remission rates remained significantly different across racial/ethnic groups across all models for 2010-2012, ranging from 22.7 (95% CI, 19.5-25.8) in African Americans to 27.4 (95% CI, 24.9-29.8) in whites. CONCLUSIONS Despite improvements in disease activity across racial and ethnic groups over a 5-year period, disparities persist in disease activity and clinical outcomes for minority groups versus white patients.
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Navarro-Millán IY, Chen L, Greenberg JD, Pappas DA, Curtis JR. Predictors and persistence of new-onset clinical remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:137-43. [PMID: 23742957 PMCID: PMC4184191 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and persistence of new-onset clinical remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS The Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) cohort was used to examine the prevalence of remission and associated comorbidities and RA therapies according to the 2011 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) remission criteria. Factors influencing the likelihood of remaining in remission were identified by logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used to determine differences in disability according to whether RA patients had been in remission or only low disease activity (LDA). RESULTS A total of 2105 individuals met ACR/EULAR remission criteria at the most recent visit within CORRONA, yielding an 8% point prevalence of remission. Patients with certain comorbidities (e.g., heart failure) were significantly less likely to achieve or remain in remission compared to those without these conditions (p < 0.001 for each). Among prednisone users, the prevalence of remission was 1-6% (depending on dose) higher compared to those not on prednisone (10%). More than 50% of patients who had consistently been in remission for ≥1 year were able to remain in remission over the next year. Patients consistently in remission had less disability than patients who achieved LDA or who fluctuated between remission and LDA. CONCLUSION Patients consistently in remission for at least 1 year had a high likelihood to remain in remission. These individuals might be considered the most likely candidates for de-escalation or withdrawal of RA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lang Chen
- University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL
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Diogo D, Kurreeman F, Stahl E, Liao K, Gupta N, Greenberg J, Rivas M, Hickey B, Flannick J, Thomson B, Guiducci C, Ripke S, Adzhubey I, Barton A, Kremer J, Alfredsson L, Sunyaev S, Martin J, Zhernakova A, Bowes J, Eyre S, Siminovitch K, Gregersen P, Worthington J, Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Raychaudhuri S, Plenge R, Raychaudhuri S, Plenge RM. Rare, low-frequency, and common variants in the protein-coding sequence of biological candidate genes from GWASs contribute to risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:15-27. [PMID: 23261300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent to which variants in the protein-coding sequence of genes contribute to risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown. In this study, we addressed this issue by deep exon sequencing and large-scale genotyping of 25 biological candidate genes located within RA risk loci discovered by genome-wide association studies (GWASs). First, we assessed the contribution of rare coding variants in the 25 genes to the risk of RA in a pooled sequencing study of 500 RA cases and 650 controls of European ancestry. We observed an accumulation of rare nonsynonymous variants exclusive to RA cases in IL2RA and IL2RB (burden test: p = 0.007 and p = 0.018, respectively). Next, we assessed the aggregate contribution of low-frequency and common coding variants to the risk of RA by dense genotyping of the 25 gene loci in 10,609 RA cases and 35,605 controls. We observed a strong enrichment of coding variants with a nominal signal of association with RA (p < 0.05) after adjusting for the best signal of association at the loci (p(enrichment) = 6.4 × 10(-4)). For one locus containing CD2, we found that a missense variant, rs699738 (c.798C>A [p.His266Gln]), and a noncoding variant, rs624988, reside on distinct haplotypes and independently contribute to the risk of RA (p = 4.6 × 10(-6)). Overall, our results indicate that variants (distributed across the allele-frequency spectrum) within the protein-coding portion of a subset of biological candidate genes identified by GWASs contribute to the risk of RA. Further, we have demonstrated that very large sample sizes will be required for comprehensively identifying the independent alleles contributing to the missing heritability of RA.
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Bykerk VP, Jamal S, Boire G, Hitchon CA, Haraoui B, Pope JE, Thorne JC, Sun Y, Keystone EC. The Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH): patients with new-onset synovitis meeting the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria but not the 1987 ACR classification criteria present with less severe disease activity. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:2071-80. [PMID: 22896026 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to describe characteristics of Canadian patients with early arthritis and examine differences between those fulfilling 1987 and 2010 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) classification criteria. METHODS The Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) is a national, multicenter, observational, prospective cohort of patients with early inflammatory arthritis, receiving usual care, recruited since 2007. Inclusion criteria include age > 16 years; symptom duration 6-52 weeks; swelling of ≥ 2 joints or ≥ 1 metacarpophalangeal/proximal interphalangeal joint; and 1 of rheumatoid factor ≥ 20 IU, positive anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), morning stiffness ≥ 45 min, response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, or positive metatarsophalangeal joint squeeze test. Data from patients enrolled to March 15, 2011, were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 1450 patients met the eligibility criteria (1187 were followed). At baseline, mean age was 53 ± 15 years, symptom duration was 6.1 ± 3.2 months, Disease Activity Score (DAS28) was 4.9 ± 1.6, Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index was 1.0 ± 0.7. Forty-one percent (n = 450) of patients had moderate (3.2 < DAS28 ≤ 5.1) and 46% (n = 505) had high (DAS28 > 5.1) disease activity; 28% of those with baseline radiographs (n = 250/908) had radiographic evidence of erosions. ACPA status was available for 70% (n = 831) of patients; 55% (n = 453) tested positive. Sixty percent (n = 718) of patients were treated with methotrexate (MTX) initially. Of 612 patients without erosions, 63% and 83% fulfilled 1987 and 2010 RA classification criteria, respectively. Seventy-three percent (n = 166) of those who did not fulfill 1987 criteria were newly identified by the 2010 criteria. These patients had less severe disease and more were MTX-naive compared to those satisfying the 1987 criteria. Forty-seven percent of all patients achieved remission at 1 year. CONCLUSION Patients with early RA present with moderate high disease activity; < 50% achieve remission at 1 year, despite MTX treatment in the majority. The 2010 RA classification criteria identify more patients with RA who would previously have been designated as having undifferentiated disease. However, these patients have lower disease activity at the time of identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian P Bykerk
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Fisher MC, Furer V, Hochberg MC, Greenberg JD, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Reed G, Harrold L, Solomon DH. Malignancy validation in a United States registry of rheumatoid arthritis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:85. [PMID: 22651246 PMCID: PMC3403943 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician reporting is commonly used to ascertain adverse events or outcomes measured in epidemiologic studies. However, little is known on the accuracy of physician reported malignancies compared to pertinent medical record review in large cohort studies. METHODS The Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry gathers physician-completed questionnaires for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, including request for information on incident malignancies, approximately every three months. For incident malignancies reported from October 1st, 2001, through December 31st, 2007, we retrospectively requested completion of a Targeted Adverse Event (TAE) form for additional information as well as primary source documents to adjudicate the malignancy reports. CORRONA has employed a prospective request for source documentation for these events since 2008. We classified each malignancy as definite, probable, possible, or not a malignancy. RESULTS From 20,837 RA patients enrolled in CORRONA, 461 incident malignancies were initially reported on physician questionnaires. After review of returned source documents with adjudication, 234 were deemed definite, 69 probable, 101 possible, and 57 not an incident malignancy. The positive predictive value (PPV) of initial physician report of a malignancy versus "definite or probable" malignancy based on adjudication was 0.66 (95% CI 0.61 - 0.70). The PPV was 0.68 (95% CI 0.63 - 0.72) when the subsequent TAE form also confirmed the presence of malignancy. When possible malignancies were included, the PPV of physician-reported malignancies without a subsequent TAE form increased to 0.86 (0.83 - 0.89), and with a subsequent TAE form, 0.89 (0.85-0.91). CONCLUSION Twelve percent of initial physician reports of incident malignancy could not be confirmed with review of source documents. The most common reason for lack of confirmation was inability to obtain documents or insufficient data in source materials. These results suggest that timely collection of relevant medical records and an adjudication process are required to improve the accuracy of cancer reporting in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Harrold LR, Harrington JT, Curtis JR, Furst DE, Bentley MJ, Shan Y, Reed G, Kremer J, Greenberg JD. Prescribing practices in a US cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients before and after publication of the American College of Rheumatology treatment recommendations. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:630-8. [PMID: 21953645 PMCID: PMC3253907 DOI: 10.1002/art.33380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine prescribing practices in the use of biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), before and after publication of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) treatment recommendations. METHODS Biologics-naive RA patients under the care of a rheumatologist in the US were identified from the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry. Patients were included if their visits occurred prior to and/or at least 6 months after publication of the ACR treatment recommendations (time periods of February 2002-June 2008 versus December 2008-December 2009). The population was divided into 2 mutually exclusive cohorts: 1) methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy users, and 2) multiple nonbiologic DMARD users. Initiation or dose escalation of biologic and nonbiologic DMARDs in response to active disease was assessed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in comparison to the ACR recommendations. The impact of the publication of the ACR recommendations on treatment practices was assessed using logistic regression, stratified by disease activity and adjusted for clustering of physicians and geographic region. RESULTS After 1 visit, 24-37% of patients receiving MTX monotherapy who had moderate disease activity and a poor prognosis or high disease activity received care consistent with the ACR recommendations; after 2 visits, 34-56% of the MTX monotherapy group received care consistent with the recommendations. In the patients receiving multiple nonbiologic DMARDs, 31-47% of those with moderate or high disease activity received care consistent with the recommendations after 1 visit, and 43-51% received such care after 2 visits. Publication of the recommendations did not significantly change treatment patterns for those with active disease. CONCLUSION Substantial numbers of RA patients with active disease did not receive care consistent with the current ACR treatment recommendations. Innovative approaches to improve care are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Harrold
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Embi PJ, Tsevat J. Commentary: the relative research unit: providing incentives for clinician participation in research activities. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2012; 87:11-14. [PMID: 22201633 PMCID: PMC3914136 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e31823a8d99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent nationwide initiatives to accelerate clinical and translational research, including comparative effectiveness research, will increasingly require clinician participation in research-related activities at the point-of-care, activities such as participant recruitment for clinical research studies and systematic data collection. A key element to the success of such initiatives that has not yet been adequately addressed is how to provide incentives to clinicians for the time and effort that such participation will require. Models to calculate the value of clinical care services are commonly used to compensate clinicians, and similar models have been proposed to calculate and compensate researchers' efforts. However, to the authors' knowledge, no such model has been proposed for calculating the value of research-related activities performed by noninvestigator-clinicians, be they in academic or community settings. In this commentary, the authors propose a new model for doing just that. They describe how such a relative research unit model could be used to provide both direct and indirect incentives for clinician participation in research activities. Direct incentives could include financial compensation, and indirect incentives could include credit toward promotion and tenure and toward the maintenance of specialty board certification. The authors discuss the principles behind this relative research unit approach as well as ethical, funding, and other considerations to fully developing and deploying such a model, across academic environments first and then more broadly across the health care community.
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Zhang J, Shan Y, Reed G, Kremer J, Greenberg JD, Baumgartner S, Curtis JR. Thresholds in disease activity for switching biologics in rheumatoid arthritis patients: experience from a large U.S. cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63:1672-9. [PMID: 21954144 PMCID: PMC3227763 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the threshold in disease activity associated with switching biologic treatment regimens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in real-world clinical practice. METHODS Using data from a prospective observational North American cohort of RA patients through December 30, 2009, patients who initiated a new anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) agent with ≥6 months of followup were identified. Patients were classified as switchers or maintainers depending on whether they continued their anti-TNF treatment or switched (including discontinuation) within 12 months. Level of disease activity measured by the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) at the time of the switch (corresponding followup visit for maintainers) was examined and random-effect multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for covariates. RESULTS Mean age and RA duration among 1,549 eligible patients were 56.1 and 9.6 years, respectively, 80% were women, 62% were initiating their first biologic, and 30% were initiating their second biologic. At the time of the switch, the median DAS28 and CDAI score were 3.1 and 8.4 among maintainers and 4.0 and 15.2 among switchers, respectively. Maintainers also experienced a greater amount of reduction in disease activity compared with switchers (CDAI: -7.7 versus -2.3, DAS28: -1.1 versus -0.3). The threshold to switch decreased over calendar time, with the greatest amount of reduction observed among patients with moderate disease activity. CONCLUSION On average, physicians and patients were willing to continue biologic treatment for patients who were at or near low disease activity. The threshold to switch decreased over time, especially among partial responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ying Shan
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - George Reed
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey R Curtis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Furst DE, Pangan AL, Harrold LR, Chang H, Reed G, Kremer JM, Greenberg JD. Greater likelihood of remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated earlier in the disease course: results from the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63:856-64. [PMID: 21337725 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether disease duration is an independent predictor of achieving remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients initiating therapy. METHODS RA patients in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry newly prescribed a nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) or anti--tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) with at least one followup visit were identified. Achievement of remission was defined using the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI; score ≤2.8) and 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28; score <2.6) at any followup visit within one year; sustained remission was defined as remission during any two successive visits. Likelihood of remission was examined through logistic regression based on 5-year increments of disease duration, adjusting for baseline covariates. RESULTS Among the 1,646 nonbiologic DMARD initiators, CDAI remission occurred in 21.3% of those with ≤5 years of disease duration, 19.6% with 6-10 years, and 13.5% with ≥11 years (P < 0.001); sustained remission occurred in 10.2%, 8.8%, and 2.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Results were similar among the 3,179 anti-TNF initiators (CDAI remission in 22.3%, 17.7%, and 12.8%, respectively [P < 0.001]; CDAI sustained remission in 9.7%, 9.5%, and 4.2%, respectively [P < 0.001]). DAS28 results were similar in both groups. In adjusted analyses, an increase of disease duration by 5 years was associated with a reduced likelihood of CDAI remission in nonbiologic DMARD (odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.83-0.99) and anti-TNF initiators (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.94). A similar result was seen for sustained remission using the CDAI (nonbiologic DMARD: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48-0.76; anti-TNF: OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.97). CONCLUSION Earlier treatment was associated with a greater likelihood of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Furst
- Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Bentley MJ, Greenberg JD, Reed GW. A modified rheumatoid arthritis disease activity score without acute-phase reactants (mDAS28) for epidemiological research. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1607-14. [PMID: 20595282 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a modified version of the Disease Activity Score with 28 joint count (mDAS28), for use in epidemiological research, when acute-phase reactant values are unavailable. METHODS In a cross-sectional development cohort (5729 patients), statistically significant predictors of the logarithm of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (lnESR) were identified. After computation of the mDAS28, a cross-sectional validation cohort (5578 patients) was used to evaluate internal, criterion, and construct validities. The ability of the mDAS28 to discriminate between disease states was also assessed. A second validation cohort (longitudinal, 336 pairs of patient visits) was used to assess sensitivity to change. RESULTS Significant predictors of lnESR included tender and swollen joints with 28 counts, patient's and physician's assessments of global health, and patient's assessment of pain (visual analog scale 0-100 mm) and a physical function (modified Health Assessment Questionnaire 0-3; mHAQ). Satisfactory internal validity (alpha = 0.72) and strong criterion validity compared to the DAS28, the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (r = 0.87-0.96) were found. Predictive validity was demonstrated by good correlation with the mHAQ (r = 0.58). The mDAS28 showed substantial agreement with the DAS28, SDAI, and CDAI in discriminating between disease states (kappa = 0.70-0.77) and moderate to substantial agreement between response levels (kappa = 0.52-0.73). Both mDAS28 and DAS28 measures classified patients similarly in remission compared to the SDAI and CDAI. The mDAS28 was superior in detecting change (standardized response mean = 0.58) followed by the DAS28, CDAI, and SDAI. CONCLUSION The mDAS28 is a valid and sensitive tool to assess disease activity in epidemiological research, as an alternative to the DAS28, when acute-phase reactant values are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Bentley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Greenberg JD, Harrold LR, Bentley MJ, Kremer J, Reed G, Strand V. Evaluation of composite measures of treatment response without acute-phase reactants in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:686-90. [PMID: 19395544 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate composite measures of response without acute-phase reactants in RA patients. Specifically, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI)-derived response criteria were compared with the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria, and the modified ACR (mACR) response criteria were compared to the ACR response criteria. METHODS Data from 10 108 RA patients enrolled in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry were examined, including 649 patients initiating DMARD therapy. CDAI cut-off points for disease activity levels and responses were derived using receiver operating characteristic curves with the DAS28 and EULAR response criteria as gold standards. The kappa-statistics were applied to assess agreement between CDAI-derived and EULAR-defined responses, as well as ACR20 and ACR50 with mACR20- and mACR50-defined responses, respectively. RESULTS For the components of the EULAR response, the derived CDAI cut-off points for DAS28 levels of 3.2 and 5.1 were 7.6 and 19.6, respectively. The derived CDAI cut-off points were 4.3 and 10.0 for DAS28 changes of 0.6 and 1.2, respectively. There were moderate to substantial agreements between CDAI-derived and EULAR responses (kappa = 0.57-0.71). Agreement of ACR20 and ACR50 with mACR20 and mACR50 responses, respectively, was excellent (kappa = 0.88-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Agreement between composite measures of response without acute-phase reactants and standard measures ranged from moderate to excellent. The mACR20 and mACR50 criteria as well as CDAI-derived response criteria, can serve as composite measures of response in clinical practice and research settings without access to acute-phase reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Greenberg
- Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Greenberg JD, Reed G, Kremer JM, Tindall E, Kavanaugh A, Zheng C, Bishai W, Hochberg MC. Association of methotrexate and tumour necrosis factor antagonists with risk of infectious outcomes including opportunistic infections in the CORRONA registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 69:380-6. [PMID: 19359261 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.089276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of methotrexate (MTX) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists with the risk of infectious outcomes including opportunistic infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Patients with RA enrolled in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry prescribed MTX, TNF antagonists or other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were included. The primary outcomes were incident overall and opportunistic infections. Incident rate ratios were calculated using generalised estimating equation Poisson regression models adjusted for demographics, comorbidities and RA disease activity measures. RESULTS A total of 7971 patients with RA were followed. The adjusted rate of infections per 100 person-years was increased among users of MTX (30.9, 95% CI 29.2 to 32.7), TNF antagonists (40.1, 95% CI 37.0 to 43.4) and a combination of MTX and TNF antagonists (37.1, 95% CI 34.9 to 39.3) compared with users of other non-biological DMARDs (24.5, 95% CI 21.8 to 27.5). The adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) was increased in patients treated with MTX (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.50) and TNF antagonists (IRR 1.52, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.78) compared with those treated with other DMARDs. TNF antagonist use was associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections (IRR 1.67, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.94). Prednisone use was associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections (IRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.21) and an increased risk of overall infection at doses >10 mg daily (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.53). CONCLUSIONS MTX, TNF antagonists and prednisone at doses >10 mg daily were associated with increased risks of overall infections. Low-dose prednisone and TNF antagonists (but not MTX) increased the risk of opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Greenberg
- New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, USA.
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Greenberg JD, Kishimoto M, Strand V, Cohen SB, Olenginski TP, Harrington T, Kafka SP, Reed G, Kremer JM. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist responsiveness in a United States rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Am J Med 2008; 121:532-8. [PMID: 18501236 PMCID: PMC2587326 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to investigate responsiveness according to whether patients satisfy eligibility criteria from randomized controlled trials of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists in a multicentered US cohort. METHODS Biologic-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were prescribed TNF antagonists (n=465) in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry were included. Patients were stratified by whether they met eligibility criteria from 3 major TNF antagonist trials. Two cohorts were examined: Cohort A (n=336) included patients with complete American College of Rheumatology response criteria except acute phase reactants, and cohort B (n=129) included patients with complete response criteria. Study outcomes included modified American College of Rheumatology 20% and 50% improvement responses (cohort A) and standard American College of Rheumatology improvement (cohort B). RESULTS A minority of patients (5.4%-19.4%) prescribed TNF antagonists met trial eligibility criteria and predominantly had high disease activity (78.5%-100%). For patients who met eligibility criteria in cohort A, rates of 20% improvement (52.3%-63.6%) and 50% improvement (30.8%-45.5%) were achieved. Among patients failing to meet eligibility criteria, rates of 20% improvement (16.2%-20.4%) and 50% improvement (8.9%-10.8%) were consistently inferior (P<.05 all comparisons). For cohort B, similar differences were observed. CONCLUSION This multicentered US cohort study demonstrates that the majority of patients receiving TNF antagonists would not meet trial eligibility criteria and achieve lower clinical responses. These findings highlight the tradeoff between defining treatment responsive populations and achieving results that can be generalized for broader patient populations.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the present state of efforts at registry implementation which exist internationally. These efforts are contrasted with those in the USA. RECENT FINDINGS The implications of the different data which are derived from diverse registry sources are discussed. The need for long-term data from large and varied sources is fulfilled by registries that collect data from different populations. The potential differences in the nature of the data derived from these registries is dependent upon the national healthcare system from which they are derived, as there are significant differences in access to newer biologic agents which are inconsistent across countries. SUMMARY Registry data are critical in order to develop an understanding of the performance and safety of new agents in the real world. The challenges for implementing a registry are manifold in the USA because of the somewhat chaotic nature of the healthcare delivery system. In order to overcome these unique challenges, registries in the USA need to be exceptionally well organized and funded, while maintaining independence from the pharmaceutical industry funding sources in the reporting and interpretation of data in peer-reviewed publications. Examples of these registries are provided and discussed.
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Dixon WG, Symmons DPM, Lunt M, Watson KD, Hyrich KL, Silman AJ. Serious infection following anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: lessons from interpreting data from observational studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2896-904. [PMID: 17763441 PMCID: PMC2435418 DOI: 10.1002/art.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective In a recent observational study, we found that the risk of serious infection following anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was not importantly increased compared with the background risk in routinely treated RA patients with similar disease severity. Observational data sets are, however, subject to a number of important biases related to selection factors for the timing of starting and stopping therapy. Infection risk is also likely to vary with duration of therapy. This study was undertaken to examine the influences of these biases and of the method of analysis on the risk of infection. Methods We compared the risk of serious infection in 8,659 patients treated with anti-TNFα with that in 2,170 patients treated with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) recruited to the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. We applied a number of statistical models in which we varied the length of the followup period by using different definitions of the date of discontinuation of treatment and different lag periods of risk following drug cessation. Results When the at-risk period was defined as “receiving treatment”, the adjusted incidence rate ratio comparing patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy with patients receiving DMARD therapy was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.88–1.69). Limiting followup to the first 90 days, however, revealed an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 4.6 (95% CI 1.8–11.9). Rates of infection were increased in the 90 days immediately following drug discontinuation and beyond, explained by selection factors for drug discontinuation. Conclusion These findings show that overall, the way in which UK rheumatologists select patients for starting and discontinuing anti-TNFα therapy explains our previous finding of no increase in risk. However, there may be important increases in true risk, notably early in the course of treatment, that would become more evident depending on the definition of at-risk period.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Dixon
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Buchbinder R, March L, Lassere M, Briggs AM, Portek I, Reid C, Meehan A, Henderson L, Wengier L, van den Haak R. Effect of treatment with biological agents for arthritis in Australia: the Australian Rheumatology Association Database. Intern Med J 2007; 37:591-600. [PMID: 17573817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian Rheumatology Association Database (ARAD), a voluntary national registry, has been established to collect health information from Australian patients with inflammatory arthritis for the purpose of monitoring the benefits and safety of new treatments, in particular the biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). These drugs are proving to be very effective, yet little is known of their long-term effectiveness or safety. Patient registries that systematically gather data on large cohorts of unselected patients are increasingly believed to be an essential means of answering questions of the long-term effectiveness and safety of new drugs. The aim of this report is to describe the role, development and structure of ARAD and provide some preliminary data. METHODS As of 1 August 2006, 563 patients with rheumatoid arthritis prescribed a bDMARD have been enrolled in ARAD, involving 105 rheumatologists from across Australia. RESULTS The data collected will enable examination of multiple domains of patient responses to bDMARDs, including quality of life, health-care utilization, incidence of adverse events and the effects of therapy switching. CONCLUSION Evidence-based information about the long-term outcome of bDMARD therapy is essential for clinicians, consumers, policy-makers, drug development companies and approval agencies, to enable better care and improved outcomes for patients with inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buchbinder
- Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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