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Han Y, Zhou Y, Li H, Gong Z, Liu Z, Wang H, Wang B, Ye X, Liu Y. Identification of diagnostic mRNA biomarkers in whole blood for ankylosing spondylitis using WGCNA and machine learning feature selection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956027. [PMID: 36172367 PMCID: PMC9510835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory spondyloarthritis affecting the spine and sacroiliac joint that finally results in sclerosis of the axial skeleton. Aside from human leukocyte antigen B27, transcriptomic biomarkers in blood for AS diagnosis still remain unknown. Hence, this study aimed to investigate credible AS-specific mRNA biomarkers from the whole blood of AS patients by analyzing an mRNA expression profile (GSE73754) downloaded Gene Expression Omnibus, which includes AS and healthy control blood samples. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed and revealed three mRNA modules associated with AS. By performing gene set enrichment analysis, the functional annotations of these modules revealed immune biological processes that occur in AS. Several feature mRNAs were identified by analyzing the hubs of the protein-protein interaction network, which was based on the intersection between differentially expressed mRNAs and mRNA modules. A machine learning-based feature selection method, SVM-RFE, was used to further screen out 13 key feature mRNAs. After verifying by qPCR, IL17RA, Sqstm1, Picalm, Eif4e, Srrt, Lrrfip1, Synj1 and Cxcr6 were found to be significant for AS diagnosis. Among them, Cxcr6, IL17RA and Lrrfip1 were correlated with severity of AS symptoms. In conclusion, our findings provide a framework for identifying the key mRNAs in whole blood of AS that is conducive for the development of novel diagnostic markers for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haobo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ziye Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Wang, ; Xiaojian Ye, ; Yi Liu,
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Wang, ; Xiaojian Ye, ; Yi Liu,
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Wang, ; Xiaojian Ye, ; Yi Liu,
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Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann J. Synoviale Veränderungen bei Erkrankungen des rheumatologischen Formenkreises und Differenzialdiagnosen. ARTHROSKOPIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC8902900 DOI: 10.1007/s00142-022-00528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Die Untersuchung synovialer Veränderungen kann zur Diagnose von Gelenkerkrankungen und von systemischen Erkrankungen beitragen. Die Domäne der histopathologischen Diagnostik stellt die Abgrenzung tumoröser von entzündlichen Läsionen dar. Daneben können Kristallarthropathien und bestimmte Stoffwechselerkrankungen sicher diagnostiziert werden. Unter dem histologischen Bild einer granulomatösen Synovialitis können neben einer mykobakteriellen Infektion Sarkoidosen und Fremdkörperreaktionen sowie selten genetische Erkrankungen beobachtet werden. Amyloidosen können auch in der Tunica synovialis subtypisiert werden. Molekulare Methoden erlauben die schnelle und sichere Diagnostik septischer Arthritiden und eine Keimtypisierung. Mittels dieser Methoden können auch reaktive Arthritiden klassifiziert werden, da auch hier häufig DNA oder RNA bestimmter Keime in Gewebe oder Gelenkflüssigkeit nachgewiesen werden kann. Die Diagnose der rheumatoiden Arthritis basiert auf den American College of Rheumatology(ACR)-Kriterien. Molekulare Methoden, wie die Mikro-RNA-Technologie oder proteomische Methoden können die Diagnose unterstützen.
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Zeidler H, Hudson AP. Reactive Arthritis Update: Spotlight on New and Rare Infectious Agents Implicated as Pathogens. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:53. [PMID: 34196842 PMCID: PMC8247622 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This article presents a comprehensive narrative review of reactive arthritis (ReA) with focus on articles published between 2018 and 2020. We discuss the entire spectrum of microbial agents known to be the main causative agents of ReA, those reported to be rare infective agents, and those reported to be new candidates causing the disease. The discussion is set within the context of changing disease terminology, definition, and classification over time. Further, we include reports that present at least a hint of effective antimicrobial therapy for ReA as documented in case reports or in double-blind controlled studies. Additional information is included on microbial products detected in the joint, as well as on the positivity of HLA-B27. Recent Findings Recent reports of ReA cover several rare causative microorganism such as Neisseria meningitides, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei, Blastocytosis, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Strongyloides stercoralis, β-haemolytic Streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Rickettsia rickettsii. The most prominent new infectious agents implicated as causative in ReA are Staphylococcus lugdunensis, placenta- and umbilical cord–derived Wharton’s jelly, Rothia mucilaginosa, and most importantly the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Summary In view of the increasingly large spectrum of causative agents, diagnostic consideration for the disease must include the entire panel of post-infectious arthritides termed ReA. Diagnostic procedures cannot be restricted to the well-known HLA-B27-associated group of ReA, but must also cover the large number of rare forms of arthritis following infections and vaccinations, as well as those elicited by the newly identified members of the ReA group summarized herein. Inclusion of these newly identified etiologic agents must necessitate increased research into the pathogenic mechanisms variously involved, which will engender important insights for treatment and management of ReA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11926-021-01018-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Zeidler
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alan P Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Endo Y, Kawashiri SY, Koga T, Okamoto M, Tsuji S, Takatani A, Shimizu T, Sumiyoshi R, Igawa T, Iwamoto N, Ichinose K, Tamai M, Nakamura H, Origuchi T, Kawakami A. Reactive arthritis induced by active extra-articular tuberculosis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18008. [PMID: 31804308 PMCID: PMC6919392 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Rare cases of reactive arthritis induced by active extra-articular tuberculosis (Poncet disease) have been reported. Complete response to antitubercular treatment and evidence of active extra-articular tuberculosis are the most important clinical features of Poncet disease. We report the case of successfully treated a patient with reactive arthritis induced by active extra-articular tuberculosis with a TNF inhibitor after sufficient antitubercular treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS A 56-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our department with polyarthralgia, low back pain, and high fever. The results of rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibody, human leukocyte antigen B27, and the assays for the detection of infections (with an exception of T-SPOT.TB) were all negative. Fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography with CT (PET/CT) showed moderate uptake in the right cervical, right supraclavicular, mediastinal, and abdominal lymph nodes. As magnetic resonance imaging and power Doppler ultrasonography showed peripheral inflammation (tendinitis, tenosynovitis, ligamentitis, and enthesitis in the limbs). DIAGNOSIS A diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis was eventually established on the basis of lymph node biopsy results. There was no evidence of a bacterial infection including acid-fast bacteria in his joints, and the symptoms of polyarthralgia and low back pain were improved but not completely resolved with NSAID therapy; in addition, a diagnosis of reactive arthritis induced by active extraarticular tuberculosis was made. INTERVENTIONS The patient experienced persistent peripheral inflammation despite antitubercular treatment for more than nine months and was then successfully treated with a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (adalimumab 40 mg every 2 weeks). OUTCOMES Finally, the patient responded to the treatment and has been in remission for over 4 months as of this writing. LESSONS In patients who present with symptoms associated with spondyloarthritis, it is important to distinguish between classic reactive arthritis and reactive arthritis induced by extra-articular tuberculosis infection. Introduction of biological agents should be carefully considered in settings where reactive arthritis induced by active extra-articular tuberculosis shows progression to chronicity despite sufficient antitubercular treatment.
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Wang J, Wang C, Liang Y, Pan H, Jiang Z, Li Z, Li Y, Xia L, Liu W, Zhang X, Liu Z, Jiang M, Liu J, Zhou H, Liu L. Serum IgG N-glycans act as novel serum biomarkers of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:705-707. [PMID: 30442647 PMCID: PMC6517803 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Canjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hudan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyong Xia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Jiujiang, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Jiujiang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/ Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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6
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Dupont HL. Chronic complications after travelers' diarrhea. J Travel Med 2013; 20:273-4. [PMID: 23992567 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L Dupont
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA: St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Baylor College of Medicine, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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Rueda JC, Crepy MF, Mantilla RD. Clinical features of Poncet's disease. From the description of 198 cases found in the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:929-35. [PMID: 23624588 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Poncet's disease (PD) is an entity described as a reactive arthritis due to tuberculous infection elsewhere from the joints. PD existence has been questioned; however, more cases have been reported over the years. Due to its rare nature, little is known about the clinical picture of this disease and no prospective studies had been made to address this issue. We performed a systematic review of the written literature on PD in different databases using the key words "Poncet's disease," "tuberculous rheumatism," and "tuberculous reactive arthritis." Out of 78 articles, 198 patients were included in the analysis, plus our patient. Several characteristic patterns were found. Also, a review of the pathogenesis and some hypotheses are made. PD is a well-defined entity, which should be taken as a reactive arthritis for future studies given the increase in TB incidence and prevalence around the world, especially in high-burden countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Rueda
- Clínica de Artritis y Rehabilitación, Rheumatology Unit, Cra 12 No 98-38, Bogotá, Colombia
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8
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Poncet’s disease (reactive arthritis associated with tuberculosis): retrospective case series and review of literature. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 31:1521-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Baskar S, Jassim IT, Al-Allaf AW. Symmetrical inflammatory polyarthritis of the hands concomitant to the diagnosis ofStaphylococcus aureusolecranon bursitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 34:491-2. [PMID: 16393776 DOI: 10.1080/03009740510026814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Hannu T, Inman R, Granfors K, Leirisalo-Repo M. Reactive arthritis or post-infectious arthritis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:419-33. [PMID: 16777574 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The term 'reactive arthritis' was first used in 1969 to describe the development of sterile inflammatory arthritis as a sequel to remote infection, often in the gastrointestinal or urogenital tract. The demonstration of antigenic material (e.g. Salmonella and Yersinia lipopolysaccharide), DNA and RNA, and, in occasional cases, evidence of metabolically active Chlamydia spp. in the joints has blurred the boundary between reactive and post-infectious forms of arthritis. No validated and generally agreed diagnostic criteria exist, but the diagnosis of reactive arthritis is mainly clinical based on acute oligoarticular arthritis of larger joints that develops within 2-4 weeks of the preceding infection. In about 25% of patients, the infection can be asymptomatic. Diagnosis of the triggering infection is very helpful for the diagnosis of reactive arthritis. This is mainly achieved by isolating the triggering infection (stools, urogenital tract) by cultures (stool cultures for enteric microbes) or ligase reaction (Chlamydia trachomatis). However, after the onset of arthritis, this is less likely to be possible. Therefore, the diagnosis must rely on various serological tests to demonstrate evidence of previous infection, but, these serological tests are unfortunately not standardized. Treatment with antibiotics to cure Chlamydia infection is important, but the use of either short or prolonged courses of antibiotics in established arthritis has not been found to be effective for the cure of arthritis. The long-term outcome of reactive arthritis is usually good; however, about 25-50% of patients, depending on the triggering infections and possible new infections, subsequently develop acute arthritis. About 25% of patients proceed to chronic spondyloarthritis of varying activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hannu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Liang TC, Hsu CT, Yang YH, Lin YT, Chiang BL. Analysis of childhood reactive arthritis and comparison with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2004; 24:388-93. [PMID: 16034649 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-004-1042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no agreement on how to classify and diagnose reactive arthritis (ReA) and what kind of clinical and laboratory findings are specific for the diagnosis. This study retrospectively analyzed the initial clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in children diagnosed with ReA and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). A comparison was also made between these two groups to see if there were differences. A retrospective chart review was performed and 44 patients diagnosed with ReA and 80 patients with JIA were enrolled in this study. Their initial clinical manifestations and laboratory findings were also analyzed and compared. The initial clinical manifestations in ReA were analyzed including the demographic data, the preceding infection history, the duration of the infectious episode to the onset of arthritis, the duration of arthritic symptoms, and the involved joint pattern. Comparison of the initial laboratory findings between patients with ReA and JIA showed significant differences between erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) in the first hour, platelet counts (p < 0.05), and ESR in the second hour (p = 0.052). Further, comparing ReA with the subtypes of JIA, significant differences were noted between ReA and the systemic type in terms of hemoglobin level, platelet counts, C-reactive protein, and first and second hour ESR (p < 0.05). However, if compared with the polyarticular or pauciarticular type, only the platelet counts showed any significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). This study summarizes clinical experiences in ReA. The differences in laboratory findings of ReA and JIA may provide a clue in making a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Chi Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
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Abstract
Reactive arthritis is one form of the seronegative Spondyloarthropathies. Susceptibility to reactive arthritis is closely linked to individuals who have the genetic predisposition to the HLA-B27 allele (gene form). Although there is a reactive-inflammatory joint reaction present, the synovium is not damaged by infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, or virus). This article discusses the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis.
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Abstract
Microbes reach the synovial cavity either directly during bacteraemia or by transport within lymphoid cells or monocytes. This may stimulate the immune system excessively, triggering arthritis. Some forms of ReA correspond to slow infectious arthritis due to the persistence of microbes and some to an infection triggered arthritis linked to an extra-articular site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sibilia
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France.
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14
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Smith JL. Campylobacter jejuni infection during pregnancy: long-term consequences of associated bacteremia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and reactive arthritist. J Food Prot 2002; 65:696-708. [PMID: 11952223 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.4.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infections are the main cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the United States and other developed countries. Generally, C. jejuni infections are self-limiting and treatment is not necessary; however, infections caused by this organism can lead to potentially dangerous long-term consequences for some individuals. Bacteremia, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS; an acute flaccid paralytic disease), and reactive arthritis (ReA) are the most serious of the long-term consequences of C. jejuni infections. During pregnancy, foodborne infections may be hazardous to both the woman and the fetus. C. jejuni-induced bacteremia during pregnancy may lead to intrauterine infection of the fetus, abortion, stillbirth, or early neonatal death. Infection of a newborn by the mother during the birth process or shortly after birth may lead to neonatal enteritis, bacteremia, and/or meningitis. C. jejuni enteritis is the inducing antecedent infection in approximately 30% of cases of GBS. Thus, pregnant women infected with C. jejuni may contract GBS. GBS during pregnancy does not affect fetal or infant development and does not increase spontaneous abortion or fetal death; however, it may induce spontaneous delivery during the third trimester in severe cases. Reactive arthritis occurs in approximately 2% of C. jejuni enteritis cases and leads to the impaired movement of various joints. Pregnant women with C. jejuni-induced reactive arthritis can be expected to deliver a normal infant. A pregnant patient with GBS or ReA may be unable to care for a newborn infant because of the physical impairment induced by these diseases. Since C. jejuni infections put both fetuses and pregnant women at risk, pregnant women must take special care in food handling and preparation to prevent such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA.
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15
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Sigal LH. Synovial fluid-polymerase chain reaction detection of pathogens: what does it really mean? ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2463-6. [PMID: 11710701 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2463::aid-art425>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is definitely caused by an infection. Several observations suggest that the triggering microbe may persist in the tissues of the patient for a prolonged time. The obvious conclusion is to consider antibacterial treatment. In two instances antibacterial agents are of definite value: in the primary and secondary prevention of rheumatic fever and for early eradication of Borrelia burgdorferi in order to prevent development of the arthritis associated with Lyme disease. Altogether, clinical and experimental data exist to indicate that if antibacterial treatment of ReA can be started very early during the pathogenetic process, the disease can be prevented or the prognosis improved. In fully developed ReA, the value of antibacterial agents is less certain. All available evidence indicates that short term antibacterial treatment has no effect on the prognosis and final outcome of ReA, and the results with long term administration of antibacterials are also overall poor. In some instances sulfasalazine appears useful, rather as a result of its antirheumatic effect or influence on an underlying inflammatory bowel disease than its action as an antibacterial agent. Tetracyclines have also been found to have an effect on ReA, but again, this is probably due to their anti-inflammatory action rather than any antibacterial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toivanen
- Department of Medicine, Turku University, Finland.
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17
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Abstract
Reactive arthritis was initially described as a sterile synovitis, without microbial components present in the joint tissue. It has, however, become evident that bacterial degradation products, and even bacterial DNA, are present in the synovium of patients with this disease. Since intestinal pathogens are important causes of reactive arthritis, and since cellular homing allows transport of bacterial products from the gut to synovium, we have approached the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis from this point of view. A series of observations has led to a hypothesis that patients with rheumatoid arthritis might favour, for genetic reasons, intestinal bacteria which are capable of inducing arthritis. In the long-run, with continuous seeding of bacterial products from the gut, the synovial inflammation is followed by erosion, exposition of cartilage antigens, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Toivanen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku Immunology Centre, Turku University, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Abstract
During the past year, no big advances were reported in understanding the pathogenesis or treatment of reactive arthritis (ReA). The need for generally accepted diagnostic criteria has become a central issue. Regarding pathogenesis, attention has been drawn to a similarity between ReA and the experimental antigen-induced arthritis. Molecular mechanisms of the HLA-B27-associated pathogenesis have remained, in spite of intensive research, so far a mystery. It is apparent that antibiotics have no effect on the fully developed reactive arthritis, with the exception of patients with Chlamydia-triggered ReA, who might benefit from a course of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toivanen
- Department of Medicine, Turku University, Finland.
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van der Linden S, van der Heijde D. Clinical aspects, outcome assessment, and management of ankylosing spondylitis and postenteric reactive arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2000; 12:263-8. [PMID: 10910177 DOI: 10.1097/00002281-200007000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cause of ankylosing spondylitis remains unclear. Proof that this disorder is an autoimmune disease attributable to crossreactivity between bacteria and HLA-B27 is still lacking. Differences in endogenous peptide presentation by HLA-B27 subtypes might be relevant in the etiopathogenesis. Fractures of the osteoporotic spine contribute to morbidity. Spinal cord injury may occur. MR imaging enables identifying sacroiliitis earlier than plain radiography. Sweet syndrome has now been described in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn disease. Progress has been made in the assessment of ankylosing spondylitis. There are now core sets for different settings and validated instruments for functioning and disease activity that will enable demonstrating efficacy of new therapeutic interventions. The debate continues on classification of postinfectious and reactive arthritis. Bacterial antigens may be found in the inflamed joints; occasionally 16S ribosomal RNA is also demonstrated. Antibiotics seem not to be effective in postenteric reactive arthritis. More than 25 years have now elapsed since the association between ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27 was first described in 1973. The cause of this disease is still unknown, but a lot of progress has been made regarding the molecular structure of HLA-B27, the spectrum of disease, the clinical and radiographic assessment of ankylosing spondylitis, and its treatment. Recent advances in research on ankylosing spondylitis are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van der Linden
- Department of Medicine, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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