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Reuben RC, Torres C. Bacteriocins: potentials and prospects in health and agrifood systems. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:233. [PMID: 38662051 PMCID: PMC11045635 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are highly diverse, abundant, and heterogeneous antimicrobial peptides that are ribosomally synthesized by bacteria and archaea. Since their discovery about a century ago, there has been a growing interest in bacteriocin research and applications. This is mainly due to their high antimicrobial properties, narrow or broad spectrum of activity, specificity, low cytotoxicity, and stability. Though initially used to improve food quality and safety, bacteriocins are now globally exploited for innovative applications in human, animal, and food systems as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. Bacteriocins have the potential to beneficially modulate microbiota, providing viable microbiome-based solutions for the treatment, management, and non-invasive bio-diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The use of bacteriocins holds great promise in the modulation of food microbiomes, antimicrobial food packaging, bio-sanitizers and antibiofilm, pre/post-harvest biocontrol, functional food, growth promotion, and sustainable aquaculture. This can undoubtedly improve food security, safety, and quality globally. This review highlights the current trends in bacteriocin research, especially the increasing research outputs and funding, which we believe may proportionate the soaring global interest in bacteriocins. The use of cutting-edge technologies, such as bioengineering, can further enhance the exploitation of bacteriocins for innovative applications in human, animal, and food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rine Christopher Reuben
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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2
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Liu X, Zhao H, Wong A. Accounting for the health risk of probiotics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27908. [PMID: 38510031 PMCID: PMC10950733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have long been associated with a myriad of health benefits, so much so that their adverse effects whether mild or severe, are often neglected or overshadowed by the enormous volume of articles describing their beneficial effects in the current literature. Recent evidence has demonstrated several health risks of probiotics that warrant serious reconsideration of their applications and further investigations. This review aims to highlight studies that report on how probiotics might cause opportunistic systemic and local infections, detrimental immunological effects, metabolic disturbance, allergic reactions, and facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. To offer a recent account of the literature, articles within the last five years were prioritized. The narration of these evidence was based on the nature of the studies in the following order of preference: clinical studies or human samples, in vivo or animal models, in situ, in vitro and/or in silico. We hope that this review will inform consumers, food scientists, and medical practitioners, on the health risks, while also encouraging research that will focus on and clarify the adverse effects of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325060, China
- Department of Biology, Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean, University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
| | - Haiyi Zhao
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325060, China
- Department of Biology, Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean, University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325060, China
- Department of Biology, Dorothy and George Hennings College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Kean, University, 1000 Morris Ave, Union, NJ, 07083, USA
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325060, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325060, China
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3
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Castro-López C, García-Galaz A, García HS, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Hernández-Mendoza A. Potential probiotic lactobacilli strains isolated from artisanal Mexican Cocido cheese: evidence-based biosafety and probiotic action-related traits on in vitro tests. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2137-2152. [PMID: 37450104 PMCID: PMC10485211 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosafety of four potentially probiotic lactobacilli strains, isolated from artisanal Mexican Cocido cheese, was assessed through in vitro tests aimed to determine (1) the antibiotic susceptibility profile by broth microdilution, (2) the transferability of antibiotic resistance determinants by filter-mating, and (3) the phenotypic and genotypic stability during serial batch sub-culture (100-day period) by evaluating physiological and probiotic features and RAPD-PCR fingerprinting. Lactobacilli strains exhibited multidrug-resistance; however, resistance determinants were not transferred in the filter-mating assay. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in bacterial morphology and some functional and technological properties when strains were serially sub-cultured over 50 generations (G50), compared to the initial cultures (G0). Conversely, the strains did not show mucinolytic and hemolytic activities either at G0 or after 100 generations (G100). Genetic polymorphism and genomic template instability on selected strains were detected, which suggest possible evolutionary arrangements that may occur when these bacteria are largely cultured. Our findings suggest that the assessed strains did not raise in vitro biosafety concerns; however, complementary studies are still needed to establish the safe potential applications in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castro-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Alfonso García-Galaz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Polifásica y Bioactividades, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Hugo S García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos‒UNIDA, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Veracruz, México, 91897
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México.
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4
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Kiecka A, Szczepanik M. Proton pump inhibitor-induced gut dysbiosis and immunomodulation: current knowledge and potential restoration by probiotics. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00489-x. [PMID: 37142877 PMCID: PMC10159235 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), ulcers associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), non-ulcer dyspepsia, and Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. The drugs have the effect of inhibiting acid production in the stomach. According to research, PPIs can affect the composition of gut microbiota and modulate the immune response. Recently, there has been a problem with the over-prescription of such drugs. Although PPIs do not have many side effects, their long-term use can contribute to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) or C. difficile and other intestinal infections. Probiotic supplementation during PPIs therapy may provide some hope in the reduction of emerging therapy side effects. This review aims to present the most important effects of long-term PPI use and provides critical insights into the role of probiotic intervention in PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kiecka
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Promotes Recovery of the Colon Barrier in Septic Mice through Accelerating ISCs Regeneration. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030672. [PMID: 36771378 PMCID: PMC9921111 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the intestinal barrier is both the cause and result of sepsis. The proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) promote the regenerative nature of intestinal epithelial cells, repairing the injured intestinal mucosal barrier; however, it is uncertain whether the recovery effects mediated by the ISCs are related to the gut microbiota. This research found that the survival rate of septic mice was improved with a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) treatment. Furthermore, an increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis in colon epithelial cells were observed in the LGG-treated septic mice. In vitro, we found that a LGG supernatant was effective in maintaining the colonoid morphology and proliferation under the damage of TNF-α. Both in the mice colon and the colonoid, the LGG-induced barrier repair process was accompanied by an increased expression of Lgr5+ and lysozyme+ cells. This may be attributed to the upregulation of the IL-17, retinol metabolism, NF-kappa B and the MAPK signaling pathways, among which, Tnfaip3 and Nfkbia could be used as two potential biomarkers for LGG in intestinal inflammation therapy. In conclusion, our finding suggests that LGG protects a sepsis-injured intestinal barrier by promoting ISCs regeneration, highlighting the protective mechanism of oral probiotic consumption in sepsis.
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Bai Z, Zhang N, Jin Y, Chen L, Mao Y, Sun L, Fang F, Liu Y, Han M, Li G. Comprehensive analysis of 84 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains uncovers their genetic diversity, functional characteristics, and potential risks. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:919701. [PMID: 36683686 PMCID: PMC9846645 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.919701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a beneficial human gut microbe and a candidate for next-generation probiotics. With probiotics now being used in clinical treatments, concerns about their safety and side effects need to be considered. Therefore, it is essential to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, functional characteristics, and potential risks of different F. prausnitzii strains. In this study, we collected the genetic information of 84 F . prausnitzii strains to conduct a pan-genome analysis with multiple perspectives. Based on single-copy genes and the sequences of 16S rRNA and the compositions of the pan-genome, different phylogenetic analyses of F. prausnitzii strains were performed, which showed the genetic diversity among them. Among the proteins of the pan-genome, we found that the accessory clusters made a greater contribution to the primary genetic functions of F. prausnitzii strains than the core and specific clusters. The functional annotations of F. prausnitzii showed that only a very small number of proteins were related to human diseases and there were no secondary metabolic gene clusters encoding harmful products. At the same time, complete fatty acid metabolism was detected in F. prausnitzii. In addition, we detected harmful elements, including antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors, and pathogenic genes, and proposed the probiotic potential risk index (PPRI) and probiotic potential risk score (PPRS) to classify these 84 strains into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Finally, 15 strains were identified as low-risk strains and prioritized for clinical application. Undoubtedly, our results provide a comprehensive understanding and insight into F. prausnitzii, and PPRI and PPRS can be applied to evaluate the potential risks of probiotics in general and to guide the application of probiotics in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yujie Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingna Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feifei Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maozhen Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gangping Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Zhou W, Weng Y, Liu Q, Wang C, Zhang YQ, Zhang X, Ye A. Dietary administration with hydrolyzed silk sericin improves the intestinal health of diabetic rats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1074892. [PMID: 36960285 PMCID: PMC10027739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1074892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes (T2D) is a global epidemic disease with an increased incidence and prevalence. Gut microbiota plays an important role in controlling T2D development. Dietary administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and drugs, including metformin, showed the regulatory impact on the change of gut microbiota, which is associated with the improvement of glucose tolerance. In this study, silk sericin was manufactured into hydrolyzed sericin peptide (HSP) powders as a dietary additive to investigate the effect on the gut microbiota of T2D model rats. The results indicated that the HSP-augmented dietary administration lowers the fast glucose level of diabetic rats, and HSP augmentation induces a change in the gut microbiota composition of T2D model rats toward the normal rats. Some key taxa, including Lactobacillus gasseri, were suggested to be involved in controlling T2D development. This finding provides new insight into developing sericin as functional food or therapeutic prebiotics against T2D in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhou
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Weng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chonglong Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Xing Zhang
| | - Aihong Ye
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Aihong Ye
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8
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Safety Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010724. [PMID: 36614167 PMCID: PMC9821173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain PS23 (PS23) exhibits some probiotic properties. In this study, a genomic analysis of PS23 revealed no genes related to virulence or antibiotic resistance. Moreover, ornithine decarboxylase activity was not detected in vitro. In addition, PS23 was sensitive to the tested antibiotics. Genotoxicity tests for PS23 including the Ames test and chromosomal aberrations in vitro using Chinese hamster ovary cells and micronuclei in immature erythrocytes of ICR mice were all negative. Moreover, following a 28-day study involving repeated oral dose toxicity tests (40, 400, and 4000 mg/kg equal 1.28 × 1010, 1.28 × 1011, and 1.28 × 1012 CFU/kg body weight, respectively) using an ICR mouse model, no adverse effects were observed from any doses. In addition, supplementation with live or heat-killed PS23 ameliorates DSS-induced colonic inflammation in mice. Our findings suggest that PS23 is safe and has anti-inflammatory effects and may therefore have therapeutic implications.
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Khan I, Khan I, Usman M, Jianye Z, Wei ZX, Ping X, Zhiqiang L, Lizhe A. Analysis of the blood bacterial composition of patients with acute coronary syndrome and chronic coronary syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943808. [PMID: 36268223 PMCID: PMC9577097 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence revealed that the blood microbiota plays a role in several non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. However, the role of circulating microbes in atherosclerosis remains understudied. To test this hypothesis, we performed this study to investigate the microbial profile in the blood of Chines atherosclerosis volunteers. A total of seventy Acute Coronary Syndrome patients, seventy Chronic Coronary Syndrome patients, and seventy healthy individuals were examined using high-throughput Illumina Novaseq targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The relationship between atherosclerosis and blood microbiome, clinical variables, and their functional pathways were also investigated. Our study observed significantly higher alpha diversity indices (Chao1, p = 0.001, and Shannon, p = 0.004) in the acute coronary syndrome group compared with chronic coronary syndrome and healthy group, although a significantly lower alpha diversity was observed in the chronic coronary syndrome compared to acute coronary syndrome and healthy group. Beta diversity based on principal coordinate analysis demonstrated a major separation among the three groups. In addition, using linear discriminant analysis, a significant distinct taxon such as Actinobacteria _ phylum, and Staphylococcus_ genus in the healthy group; Firmicutes_ phylum, and Lactobacillus_ genus in the chronic coronary syndrome group, and Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota _ phyla in acute coronary syndrome group were observed among three groups. Clusters of Orthologous Genes grouped and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways suggested a significant variation among all groups (p < 0.05). The blood microbiota analysis provides potential biomarkers for the detection of coronary syndromes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Khan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Ruler Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhou Jianye
- School of Stomatology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhang Xiao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xie Ping
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Zhiqiang
- School of Stomatology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Zhiqiang, ; An Lizhe,
| | - An Lizhe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Zhiqiang, ; An Lizhe,
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Shen Y, Sun Y, Wang X, Xiao Y, Ma L, Lyu W, Zheng Z, Wang W, Li J. Liver Transcriptome and Gut Microbiome Analysis Reveals the Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup in Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921758. [PMID: 35845805 PMCID: PMC9280673 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a viscous mixture of glucose and fructose that is used primarily as a food additive. This article explored the effect of HFCS on lipid metabolism-expressed genes and the mouse gut microbiome. In total, ten 3-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups, including the control group, given purified water (Group C) and 30% HFCS in water (Group H) for 16 weeks. Liver and colonic content were collected for transcriptome sequencing and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. HFCS significantly increased body weight, epididymal, perirenal fat weight in mice (p < 0.05), and the proportion of lipid droplets in liver tissue. The expression of the ELOVL fatty acid elongase 3 (Elovl3) gene was reduced, while Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Pparg), fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (Acot2), acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (Acot3), acyl-CoA thioesterase 4 (Acot4), and fatty acid binding protein 2 (Fabp2) was increased in Group H. Compared with Group C, the abundance of Firmicutes was decreased in Group H, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes was increased, and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes was obviously decreased. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibaculum, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Parasutterella was increased in Group H, whereas that of Staphylococcus, Peptococcus, Parabacteroides, Donghicola, and Turicibacter was reduced in Group H. Pparg, Acot2, Acot3, and Scd1 were positively correlated with Erysipelatoclostridium and negatively correlated with Parabacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Turicibacter. Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with Elovl3. Overall, HFCS affects body lipid metabolism by affecting the expression of lipid metabolism genes in the liver through the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zibin Zheng
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen Wang
| | - Jinjun Li
- Institute of Food Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Jinjun Li
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Abstract
Enterococci, being the common part of indigenous human microbiota and present in numerous fermented food products and probiotics, are often positioned as health-threatening bacterial pathogens. This makes medical community, especially part of it which is not involved in microbiology research, in an uncertainty regarding the legitimacy of using enterococcal probiotics in medical practice or even consuming them in foods such as cheese or salami. However, the difference between the clinical strains and strains used as probiotics is more than significant. The present paper tries to shed light on enterococci based on the contemporary knowledge of molecular microbiology.
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12
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Lactobacillus gasseri liver abscess and bacteremia: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:518. [PMID: 34078320 PMCID: PMC8173985 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive non-spore-forming rods usually found in the microbiota of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genitourinary tract. Also, they are commonly used in the food industry as supplements and probiotics. Lactobacilli are normally considered non-pathogenic to the human body, however, under certain circumstances such as immunosuppression, they can cause severe infections, with only a few cases of bacteremia, infective endocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis, and intra-abdominal infections reported. Among these presentations, a pyogenic liver abscess is rather rare. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of a 59-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and multiple abdominal surgeries with the latest being in 2014 presenting with bacteremia and multiple large pyogenic liver abscesses due to Lactobacillus gasseri, which did not appear to be related to the use of probiotics or immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the increased use of probiotics, it is expected that in the future we will see an increase in infections caused by Lactobacilli. Medical management with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage were successful strategies for the treatment of this unusual case of pyogenic liver abscesses and bacteremia caused by Lactobacillus gasseri.
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13
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Reis ACM, Bezerra DDS, Hart-Chú ENS, Stipp RN, Guedes SFDF, Neves BG, Rodrigues LKA. Quantification and gene expression of Lactobacillus casei group species associated with dentinal lesions in early childhood caries. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:69-77. [PMID: 33551619 PMCID: PMC7848803 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering that the Lactobacillus casei group is strongly associated with caries progression, the use of lactobacilli as probiotics must be balanced due to their possible involvement in dental caries. Objective This study aimed to detect and quantify L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei group species in the active and arrested dentinal lesions of preschoolers. It also aimed to determine the expression profiles of lactobacilli genes related to adhesion, extracellular polymeric substance regulation, and pyruvate oxidation. Methods Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from dentinal lesion samples (25 active, 13 arrested) of children between 2 and 5 years of age. The samples were converted to complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were performed to quantify and determine the relative abundance (measured by percentage of total bacteria) of L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei group species. The expression profiles of L. paracasei/casei genes (spaC and spxB) and L. rhamnosus genes (spaE and wzb) were assessed. The Student t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparisons. Results The L. casei group species were found to be part of the viable microbial community in dentinal caries. L. paracasei (p = 0.001), L. rhamnosus (p = 0.022), and L. casei (p = 0.004) group species were abundant in the active dentinal lesions compared to the arrested dentinal lesions. Only the wzb gene (p = 0.006) exhibited a statistically significant difference between the active and arrested lesions in terms of its expression profile; it was expressed to a higher extent in the active dentinal lesions. Conclusions The L. casei group species presented in large numbers in the active dentinal caries lesions, indicating that these microorganisms are related to caries activity, and the wzb gene may play an important role in caries progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Martins Reis
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, R. Coronel Nunes de Melo 1315, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniela da Silva Bezerra
- Unichristus Campus Ecological Park, Dental College, R. João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, 60190-180, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Erika Nikitza Shiauha Hart-Chú
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nóbrega Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Gonçalves Neves
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Conselheiro José Júlio, S/N, 62010-080 Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Karla Azevedo Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, R. Coronel Nunes de Melo 1315, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, R. Alexandre Baraúna, 949, 60430-160 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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14
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Li D, Gao C, Zhang F, Yang R, Lan C, Ma Y, Wang J. Seven facts and five initiatives for gut microbiome research. Protein Cell 2021; 11:391-400. [PMID: 32172500 PMCID: PMC7251010 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Li
- Beijing Rexinchang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Chunhui Gao
- Beijing Rexinchang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Faming Zhang
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
- Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
- Division of Microbiotherapy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Canhui Lan
- Beijing Rexinchang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Yonghui Ma
- Centre for Bioethics, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
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15
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Bourdichon F, Patrone V, Fontana A, Milani G, Morelli L. Safety demonstration of a microbial species for use in the food chain: Weissella confusa. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 339:109028. [PMID: 33352462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their traditional use in food fermentation process for centuries, microbial food cultures are considered to have a safe history of use. A specific microbial risk assessment is therefore rarely conducted for fermented foods and their food cultures, inoculated or naturally present. Some of those food cultures have been also considered for their potential health effect as probiotic strain candidates, for which a specific safety demonstration process has been proposed by a joint expert report of FAO and WHO. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Biohazard panel also provides an approach for evaluating the safety of a strain to be added in the food chain, the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS). Weissella confusa, former taxon Lactobacillus confusus, is a food culture characterized in the fermentation process of sourdough. Some strains have been recently proposed for their probiotic potential. The species is also documented in recent infection case reports. It is considered nevertheless to be opportunistic as underlying factors have been suggested to explain the infection. We report here the microbial risk assessment of the species, by studying a collection of 26 food and 17 clinical isolates of Weissella confusa. The phenotypic study, genomic characterization and bibliographical survey will allow us to conclude about the safety of the species and confirm its use for food fermentation and consider specific strains for demonstration of their respective health effects as probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bourdichon
- Food Safety, Microbiology, Hygiene, 74 Boulevard Blossac, 86100 Châtellerault, France; Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentarie Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy.
| | - Vania Patrone
- Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentarie Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fontana
- Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentarie Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Milani
- Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentarie Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentarie Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza-Cremona, Italy
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16
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Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces mortality of septic mice by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolic profiles. Nutrition 2020; 78:110863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cocconcelli PS, Fernández Escámez PS, Maradona MP, Querol A, Suarez JE, Sundh I, Vlak J, Barizzone F, Correia S, Herman L. Scientific Opinion on the update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA (2017-2019). EFSA J 2020; 18:e05966. [PMID: 32874212 PMCID: PMC7448045 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a safety pre-assessment within EFSA for microorganisms. Strains belonging to QPS taxonomic units (TUs) still require an assessment based on a specific data package, but QPS status facilitates fast track evaluation. QPS TUs are unambiguously defined biological agents assessed for the body of knowledge, their safety and their end use. Safety concerns are, where possible, to be confirmed at strain or product level, and reflected as 'qualifications'. Qualifications need to be evaluated at strain level by the respective EFSA units. The lowest QPS TU is the species level for bacteria, yeasts and protists/algae, and the family for viruses. The QPS concept is also applicable to genetically modified microorganisms used for production purposes if the recipient strain qualifies for the QPS status, and if the genetic modification does not indicate a concern. Based on the actual body of knowledge and/or an ambiguous taxonomic position, the following TUs were excluded from the QPS assessment: filamentous fungi, oomycetes, streptomycetes, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli and bacteriophages. The list of QPS-recommended biological agents was reviewed and updated in the current opinion and therefore now becomes the valid list. For this update, reports on the safety of previously assessed microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and viruses (the latter only when used for plant protection purposes) were reviewed, following an Extensive Literature Search strategy. All TUs previously recommended for 2016 QPS list had their status reconfirmed as well as their qualifications. The TUs related to the new notifications received since the 2016 QPS opinion was periodically evaluated for QPS status in the Statements of the BIOHAZ Panel, and the QPS list was also periodically updated. In total, 14 new TUs received a QPS status between 2017 and 2019: three yeasts, eight bacteria and three algae/protists.
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18
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Liao PL, Wu CC, Chen TY, Tsai YC, Peng WS, Yang DJ, Kang JJ. Toxicity Studies of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 TM Isolated from Spontaneously Fermented Mustard Greens. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120668. [PMID: 31835837 PMCID: PMC6963738 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are extensively available to consumers; however, the use of probiotics may not always be safe, and there are few reports on their side effects, including those of Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus plantarum strain PS128TM isolated from spontaneously fermented mustard greens in Taiwan was recently reported to exhibit probiotic properties. In this study, we aimed to assess the safety of strain PS128TM for use in humans via examining genotoxic and oral toxic effects using in vitro and in vivo testing. Five strains of Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated by the Ames test; no signs of increased reverse mutation were observed following exposure to PS128TM. Additional testing of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exposed to PS128TM revealed that the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells had not increased. PS128TM treatment also did not affect the proportion of immature to total erythrocytes or the number of micronuclei in the immature erythrocytes of ICR mice. Moreover, following a 28 day study involving repeated oral dose toxicity tests (2400, 400, and 40 mg/kg body weight) utilizing an ICR mouse model, no observable adverse level (NOAEL) was found at any of the doses. PS128TM was sensitive to antibiotics; however, genes related to the production of biogenic amines were absent. While further research is required, these toxicological assessments suggest that PS128TM could be safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (D.-J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (P.-L.L.); (J.-J.K.); Tel.: +886-2-28267000 (P.-L.L.); +886-2-23123456 (ext. 88604) (J.-J.K.); Fax: +886-2-28264843 (P.-L.L.); +886-2-27361661 (J.-J.K.)
| | - Chien-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.T.)
- Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Ying Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (D.-J.Y.)
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (Y.-C.T.)
- Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Wu-Shun Peng
- Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (D.-J.Y.)
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (D.-J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (P.-L.L.); (J.-J.K.); Tel.: +886-2-28267000 (P.-L.L.); +886-2-23123456 (ext. 88604) (J.-J.K.); Fax: +886-2-28264843 (P.-L.L.); +886-2-27361661 (J.-J.K.)
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19
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20
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Luo G, Li B, Yang C, Wang Y, Bian X, Li W, Liu F, Huo G. Major Traditional Probiotics: Comparative Genomic Analyses and Roles in Gut Microbiome of Eight Cohorts. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:712. [PMID: 31024492 PMCID: PMC6465617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating gut microbiota to promote host health is well recognized. Therefore, people consume dietary products containing traditional probiotics in wishing to improve their health, and they need more research-based advices on how to select products with suitable probiotic species. Probiotic designers are sometimes confused about how to design precision products for different consumers by taking advantages of different probiotic species’ strengths. Additionally, large-scale analyses on traditional probiotic complementarity potentials and their roles in gut microbiome related to common diseases are not well understood. Here, we comprehensively analyzed 444 genomes of major traditional probiotic (sub) species (MTPS, n = 15) by combining one newly sequenced genome with all of the public NCBI-available MTPS-related genomes. The public human fecal metagenomic data (n = 1,815) of eight cohorts were used to evaluate the roles of MTPS, compared to other main gut bacteria, in disease association by examining the species enrichment direction in disease group or the control group. Our work provided a comprehensive genetic landscape and complementarity relations for MTPS and shed light on personalized probiotic supplements for consumers with different health status and the necessity that researchers and manufactures could explore novel probiotics as well as traditional ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cailu Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yutang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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21
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Castro-González JM, Castro P, Sandoval H, Castro-Sandoval D. Probiotic Lactobacilli Precautions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:375. [PMID: 30915041 PMCID: PMC6423001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilda Sandoval
- Natural Sciences Department, Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria (IES) Eras de Renueva, León, Spain
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22
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Riaz Rajoka MS, Zhao H, Li N, Lu Y, Lian Z, Shao D, Jin M, Li Q, Zhao L, Shi J. Origination, change, and modulation of geriatric disease-related gut microbiota during life. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8275-8289. [PMID: 30066188 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The age-related changes in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota are well described in recent studies. These changes have been suggested to be influenced by age-associated weakening of the immune system and low-grade chronic inflammation, resulting in numerous age-associated pathological conditions. Gut microbiota homeostasis is important throughout the life of the host by providing vital functions to regulate various immunological functions and homeostasis. Based on published results, we summarize the relationship between the gut microbiota and aging-related diseases, especially Parkinson's disease, immunosenescence, rheumatoid arthritis, bone loss, and metabolic syndrome. The change in composition of the gut microbiota and gut ecosystem during life and its influence on the host immunologic and metabolic phenotype are also analyzed to determine factors that affect aging-related diseases. Approaches to maintain host health and prevent or cure geriatric diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Lian
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Girones R, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Cocconcelli PS, Peixe L, Maradona MP, Querol A, Suarez JE, Sundh I, Vlak J, Barizzone F, Correia S, Herman L. Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 8: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2018. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05315. [PMID: 32625958 PMCID: PMC7009647 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre‐evaluation procedure to support safety risk assessments of biological agents performed by EFSA's Scientific Panels. The identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance of valid taxonomic units were assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit are, where possible and reasonable in number, reflected by ‘qualifications’ which should be assessed at the strain level by the EFSA's Scientific Panels. During the current assessment, no new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS taxonomic units and their qualifications. The Panel clarified that the qualification ‘for production purpose only’ implies the absence of viable cells of the production organism in the final product and can also be applied for food and feed products based on microbial biomass. Between September 2017 and March 2018, the QPS notification list was updated with 46 microorganisms from applications for market authorisation. From these, 28 biological agents already had QPS status, 15 were excluded of the QPS exercise from the previous QPS mandate (10 filamentous fungi and one bacteriophage) or from further evaluations within the current mandate (two notifications of Streptomyces spp. and one of Escherichia coli), and one was excluded where confirmatory data for the risk assessment of a plant protection product (PPP) was requested (Pseudomonas sp.). Three taxonomic units were (re)evaluated: Paracoccus carotinifaciens and Paenibacillus lentus had been previously evaluated in 2008 and 2014, respectively, and were now re‐evaluated within this mandate, and Yarrowia lipolytica, which was evaluated for the first time. P. carotinifaciens and P. lentus cannot be granted QPS status due to lack of scientific knowledge. Y. lipolytica is recommended for QPS status, but only for production purpose.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, problems associated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use have begun to surface. PPIs influence the gut microbiota; therefore, PPI use may increase the risk of enteric infections and cause bacterial translocation. In this study, we investigated fecal microbiota composition, fecal organic acid concentrations and pH, and gut bacteria in the blood of the same patients before and after PPI use. METHODS Twenty patients with reflux esophagitis based on endoscopic examination received 8 weeks of treatment with PPIs. To analyze fecal microbiota composition and gut bacteria in blood and organic acid concentrations, 16S and 23S rRNA-targeted quantitative RT-PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography were conducted. RESULTS Lactobacillus species were significantly increased at both 4 and 8 weeks after PPI treatment compared with bacterial counts before treatment (P = 0.011 and P = 0.002, respectively). Among Lactobacillus spp., counts of the L. gasseri subgroup, L. fermentum, the L. reuteri subgroup, and the L. ruminis subgroup were significantly increased at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment compared with counts before treatment. Streptococcus species were also significantly increased at 4 and 8 weeks after PPI treatment compared with counts before treatment (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the total organic acid concentrations before and after PPI treatment. Detection rates of bacteria in blood before and after PPI treatment were 22 and 28%, respectively, with no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Our quantitative RT-PCR results showed that gut dysbiosis was caused by PPI use, corroborating previous results obtained by metagenomic analysis.
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