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Galassi L, Lerva G, Passolunghi D, Marchetto G, Pozzi MR, Tolva VS. Acute aortoiliac thrombosis and mitral valve regurgitation as acute onset of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis in a 26-year-old patient. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2024; 10:101515. [PMID: 38873328 PMCID: PMC11170480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2024.101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), involving a 26-year-old woman with a history of asthma and nasal polyps. The patient presented with acute aortoiliac thrombosis and mitral insufficiency, which was successfully treated with thrombolysis, aortic thromboendarterectomy, and valve replacement. Peripheral hypereosinophilia with eosinophilic infiltration of the heart led to the diagnosis of antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-negative EGPA. Treatment with prednisone and mepolizumab was started, resulting in a positive outcome. This case showcases an unusual manifestation of EGPA with large size vessel involvement and requiring surgical and pharmacological treatment. It also highlights the importance of early detection for timely intervention and an improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Galassi
- School of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lerva
- School of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valerio Stefano Tolva
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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2
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Guevara N, Sanchez J, Chapiolkina V, Perez Rosario EM, Tole MC, Mekonen Y, Coreas N, Fulger I. The Interplay of Malignancy and Endocarditis: A Report of a Rare Case of Marantic Endocarditis in Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e63456. [PMID: 38952603 PMCID: PMC11214888 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocarditis involves inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This condition typically presents with vegetation, with bacteria and fungi usually being the primary culprits. It is divided into two main categories based on its cause: infectious endocarditis and noninfectious endocarditis (NIE). Most cases of NIE are associated with malignancies, most of which are adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and lungs. We present the case of a 63-year-old man with recently diagnosed stage 3 non-small cell lung cancer and a previous history of thrombosis to the renal and popliteal arteries alongside an extensive cardiovascular history who presented with blurry vision secondary to multiple acute ischemic strokes, initially thought to be a consequence of septic emboli due to bacterial endocarditis; however, further workup revealed otherwise, illustrating the complex relationship between malignancy and endocarditis and its ramification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemias Guevara
- Internal Medicine, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Internal Medicine, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, USA
| | - Volha Chapiolkina
- Internal Medicine, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, USA
| | | | - Maria C Tole
- Internal Medicine, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, USA
| | - Yemesrach Mekonen
- Internal Medicine, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, USA
| | - Noemy Coreas
- Gynecologic Oncology, National University of El Salvador, San Salvador, SLV
| | - Ilmana Fulger
- Hematology-Oncology, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, USA
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3
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Liu XH, Guo TC, Wang YN, Huo L, Chen W. Acute cerebral infarction caused by cardiac subvalvular thrombus shedding in eosinophilic myocarditis: a case description. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023; 13:7356-7361. [PMID: 37869352 PMCID: PMC10585543 DOI: 10.21037/qims-23-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Chen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Huo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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4
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Tonutti A, Scarfò I, La Canna G, Selmi C, De Santis M. Diagnostic Work-Up in Patients with Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5819. [PMID: 37762758 PMCID: PMC10532023 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a form of endocarditis that occurs in patients with predisposing conditions, including malignancies, autoimmune diseases (particularly antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, which accounts for the majority of lupus-associated cases), and coagulation disturbances for which the correlation with classical determinants is unclear. The condition is commonly referred to as "marantic", "verrucous", or Libman-Sacks endocarditis, although these are not synonymous, representing clinical-pathological nuances. The clinical presentation of NBTE involves embolic events, while local valvular complications, generally regurgitation, are typically less frequent and milder compared to infective forms of endocarditis. In the past, the diagnosis of NBTE relied on post mortem examinations, while at present, the diagnosis is primarily based on echocardiography, with the priority of excluding infective endocarditis through comprehensive microbiological and serological tests. As in other forms of endocarditis, besides pathology, transesophageal echocardiography remains the diagnostic standard, while other imaging techniques hold promise as adjunctive tools for early diagnosis and differentiation from infective vegetations. These include cardiac MRI and 18FDG-PET/CT, which already represents a major diagnostic criterion of infective endocarditis in specific settings. We will herein provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on the clinics and therapeutics of NBTE, with a specific focus on the diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tonutti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.T.); (C.S.)
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Iside Scarfò
- Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.S.); (G.L.C.)
| | - Giovanni La Canna
- Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.S.); (G.L.C.)
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.T.); (C.S.)
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.T.); (C.S.)
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
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Vivek V, Yadav S, Korsapati HR, Mir M, Jain S, Jama AB, Trivedi S, Xu Q, Meda NS, Ali S, Khedr A, Hassan E, Attallah N, Patnaik H, Jeevani Obulareddy SU, Rauf I, Korsapati AR, Surani S, Khan SA, Jain NK, Bawaadam H. Coronary Artery Dissection and Myocarditis Caused by Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA): A Case Report. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2023; 13:50-56. [PMID: 37868681 PMCID: PMC10589049 DOI: 10.55729/2000-9666.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) also referred to as Churg-Strauss syndrome is a rare vasculitis of the small to medium vessels. We present a rare case of acute coronary artery dissection brought on by EGPA, which generally has a poor prognosis. A 41-year-old male with history of bronchial asthma presented to the emergency room with a 2-week history of dyspnea, cough with clear phlegm, and fever. For the past eight months he had experienced episodes with similar symptoms relieved by steroids. CT chest showed bilateral upper lobe patchy opacities with extensive workup for infectious etiology being negative. He had peripheral eosinophilia with sinusitis. He had acute coronary syndrome and Coronary angiogram showed Right coronary artery dissection. After making a diagnosis of EGPA based on American college of Rheumatology criteria, he was successfully treated with high dose immunosuppression. Coronary artery dissection is a fatal and uncommon complication of EGPA which is usually diagnosed postmortem. Early recognition of this condition ante mortem and aggressive treatment can be lifesaving as demonstrated in our case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumeet Yadav
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001,
USA
| | | | - Mikael Mir
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455,
USA
| | - Shika Jain
- MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Karnataka 562114,
India
| | | | | | - Qiping Xu
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001,
USA
| | - Namratha S. Meda
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center,110 Irving St., NW, Washington, D.C., 20010,
USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Aurora Medical Center, Kenosha, WI 53140,
USA
| | - Anwar Khedr
- Bronx Care Health System, Bronx, NY 10457,
USA
| | - Esraa Hassan
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001,
USA
| | | | | | | | - Ibtisam Rauf
- St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George SW17 0RE,
Grenada
| | | | - Salim Surani
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 79016,
USA
| | - Syed A. Khan
- Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001,
USA
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Mezzetti E, Costantino A, Leoni M, Pieretti R, Di Paolo M, Frati P, Maiese A, Fineschi V. Autoimmune Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Summary for Forensic Practice. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1364. [PMID: 37629654 PMCID: PMC10456745 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune heart disease is a non-random condition characterised by immune system-mediated aggression against cardiac tissue. Cardiac changes often exhibit nonspecific features and, if unrecognised, can result in fatal outcomes even among seemingly healthy young individuals. In the absence of reliable medical history, the primary challenge lies in differentiating between the various cardiopathies. Numerous immunohistochemical and genetic studies have endeavoured to characterise distinct types of cardiopathies, facilitating their differentiation during autopsy examinations. However, the presence of a standardised protocol that forensic pathologists can employ to guide their investigations would be beneficial. Hence, this summary aims to present the spectrum of autoimmune cardiopathies, including emerging insights such as SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiopathies, and proposes the utilisation of practical tools, such as blood markers, to aid forensic pathologists in their routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mezzetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (R.P.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Andrea Costantino
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (R.P.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Matteo Leoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (R.P.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Rebecca Pieretti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (R.P.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Marco Di Paolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (R.P.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Aniello Maiese
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (E.M.); (A.C.); (M.L.); (R.P.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.F.); (V.F.)
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Subramanian A, Hanchosky A, Vuyyuru S, Coffey K, Massri T, Stewart C. A Rare Presentation of Polyangiitis Overlapping Syndrome. Cureus 2023; 15:e36626. [PMID: 37102030 PMCID: PMC10123228 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This case follows a 38-year-old Caucasian male with no known medical history who presented to the emergency department for syncope. He also endorsed a two-month history of fevers, weight loss, oral ulcers, rashes, joint swelling and arthralgias. After extensive workup, he was given a working diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Conflicting diagnostic evidence made it increasingly difficult to distinguish between GPA and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In conclusion, we believe the patient may be better diagnosed with polyangiitis overlapping syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Subramanian
- Internal Medicine, Harnett Health System, Campbell University, Lillington, USA
- Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, BRB
| | - Andrew Hanchosky
- Internal Medicine, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, USA
| | - Sharmilee Vuyyuru
- Internal Medicine, Harnett Health System, Campbell University, Lillington, USA
| | - Kyle Coffey
- Internal Medicine, Harnett Health System, Campbell University, Lillington, USA
| | - Therese Massri
- Internal Medicine, Harnett Health System, Campbell University, Lillington, USA
| | - Christopher Stewart
- Internal Medicine, Harnett Health System, Campbell University, Lillington, USA
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Li Y, Zhou H, Zhou Y, Tang H. Case Report: An Unusual Presentation of Cardiovascular Involvement in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:928192. [PMID: 35837613 PMCID: PMC9273878 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.928192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is so rare and the symptoms so varied, it can be a challenge to get a correct diagnosis in clinical practice. Cardiovascular involvement is the main cause of death of EGPA. We are the first to report of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) findings about right-sided heart involvement in EGPA. Patient Findings The initial abnormalities detected by CMR were Löffler endocarditis with extensive thrombosis and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. After active treatment, LV systolic function recovered and endocarditis with thrombosis significantly improved, but there was rapidly progressive pulmonary hypertension, enlargement of right atrium and right ventricle and persistent right-sided heart failure. The patient eventually died of sudden cardiac death 6 months after hospital discharge. Conclusions Löffler endocarditis and right-sided heart involvement are both rare presentations in patients with EGPA. CMR is a reliable non-invasive tool to precisely and comprehensively assess cardiovascular involvement in EGPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Zhou
| | - Yaou Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haixiong Tang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
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Sridharan S, Nanthakumaran S, Somagutta MR, Pagad S, Arnold AA, May V, Malik BH. The Critical Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluating Patients With Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Cureus 2020; 12:e10279. [PMID: 33042714 PMCID: PMC7538204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare autoimmune systemic necrotizing vasculitis of blood vessels that often presents with hypereosinophilia. Cardiac involvement in EGPA directly correlates with the mortality of patients with the disease and is a central part of the disease process. The evaluation and treatment of cardiac anomalies are vital in patients with EGPA. The frequency with which cardiac involvement is seen in the disease process makes early diagnosis crucial in all patients with EGPA. Early treatment has been proven to reverse or cause the disease to go into remission. Several studies have shown that cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive and best early indicator of cardiovascular involvement in EGPA. CMR routinely outperforms other diagnostic techniques such as ECG (echocardiography) and CTA (computed tomography angiography) in the detection of cardiac anomalies and should be a part of the standardized assessment of all patients with EGPA. CMR is also a non-invasive diagnostic tool that can also outperform biopsy in the detection of EGPA cardiac involvement. CMR is also a valuable technique that can be used to monitor disease progression while treatment is being performed. Although long-term research studies have yet to show these benefits, the studies that are available today provide ample evidence that shows CMR imaging could ultimately help bring down mortality rates currently seen in EGPA patients if it is used as an evaluation tool from initial diagnosis and throughout the entire course of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijanakan Sridharan
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Saruja Nanthakumaran
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Manoj R Somagutta
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sukrut Pagad
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ashley A Arnold
- Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vanessa May
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bilal Haider Malik
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Sakuta K, Miyagawa S, Suzuki K, Yaguchi H. Rapid Disappearance of Intraventricular Mobile Structures with Steroids in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:104326. [PMID: 31422006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endomyocarditis in Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare complication, commonly involving an apical mass compatible with a thrombus. However, no previous report has discussed mobile structures detected by echocardiography in a patient with EGPA. A 53-year-old man with asthma presented with low-grade fever, consciousness disturbance, and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple acute infarctions in the bilateral cerebrum and cerebellum. Remarkable eosinophilia was observed, and transthoracic echocardiography showed multiple mobile structures originating from the left ventricular septum. The day after admission, he developed left partial hemianopia and intracranial hemorrhage was identified in his right occipital lobe. Skin biopsy showed infiltration of eosinophils in the arterial wall, and we diagnosed EGPA. Myocardial biopsy was performed from the right ventricular wall, and eosinophilic infiltration into the endocardium and myocardium was observed. Endomyocarditis secondary to EGPA was confirmed, and steroid therapy was immediately initiated. Ten days after steroid therapy, the mobile structures in the left ventricle disappeared completely. He suffered no recurrence of stroke with continued steroid therapy. Mobile structures in the left ventricle in patients with active EGPA could be treated conservatively with steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sakuta
- Department of Neurology, Kashiwa Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Shinji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, Kashiwa Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Kashiwa Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Kashiwa Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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