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Racek J, Potočová I, Rajdl D, Trefil L, Šolcová M. False positive result of human chorionic gonadotropin caused by human anti-mouse antibodies. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2023; 33:010802. [PMID: 36817853 PMCID: PMC9927729 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2023.010802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunochemical reactions are fast, can be automated, and generally do not require pretreatment of biological material. Based on these advantages, they are widely used. On the other hand, they are susceptible to analytical interference that can lead to inaccurate results. These factors include the presence of anti-mouse antibodies, causing false positive (or sometimes false negative) results. Although the anti-mouse antibodies over many decades have been repeatedly identified to be the causative source but due to the rarity of such encounters they remain insufficiently considered. Here we show a case, a 45 year-old female who was mis-diagnosed with pregnancy due to falsely elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) due to anti-mouse antibodies. This led to the patient undergoing two ultrasound examinations and laparoscopy before the hCG was repeated on alternative assays which showed negative results, preventing the patient from methotrexate treatment. Here we describe the details of the case, outline the assay principal, supporting the finding from literature and outlining a process on how to identify such interferences in timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Racek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Potočová
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klatovska Hospital, Klatovy, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rajdl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Trefil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Šolcová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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2
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Chaulin AM. False-Positive Causes in Serum Cardiac Troponin Levels. J Clin Med Res 2022; 14:80-87. [PMID: 35317362 PMCID: PMC8912997 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac troponins (cTns) are the most valuable and specific markers of cardiovascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction. These biomarkers can also be used to assess the degree of myocardial damage in non-cardiac diseases that can negatively affect the cells of cardiac muscle tissue. However, in everyday clinical practice, doctors often encounter with false-positive cases of increased cTns. False-positive cases of increased cTns can contribute to incorrect diagnosis and subsequent inadequate treatment, which causes significant harm to the patient. This review discusses some common causes of a false-positive increase in the level of cTns in the blood serum. Such causes are fibrin clots, heterophilic antibodies, alkaline phosphatase, rheumatoid factor, and cross-reactions of diagnostic (anti-cTn) antibodies with skeletal troponins. Detailed attention is focused on the mechanisms of false-positive increase, and ways to identify and combat these false-positive causes of increased cTns. This has an important practical significance in modern clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Samara Regional Clinical Cardiological Dispensary, Samara, Russia
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3
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Quesada O, Elboudwarej O, Nelson MD, Al-Badri A, Mastali M, Wei J, Zarrabi B, Suppogu N, Aldiwani H, Mehta P, Shufelt C, Cook-Wiens G, Berman DS, Thomson LE, Handberg E, Pepine CJ, Van Eyk JE, Merz CNB. Ultra-high sensitivity cardiac troponin-I concentration and left ventricular structure and function in women with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease. AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 13:100115. [PMID: 35784010 PMCID: PMC9246284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims Women are disproportionally impacted by ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA), and such women are at increased risk of developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), however the mechanisms linking these conditions remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether ultra-high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (u-hscTnI), an indicator of cardiomyocyte injury, is associated with abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and left ventricular (LV) structure and function in women with INOCA. Methods 327 women with INOCA enrolled in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD) study underwent vasodilator stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and u-hscTnI measurements (Simoa HD-1 Analyzer, Quanterix Corporation). Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate associations between u-hscTnI concentrations and myocardial perfusion (MPRI), LV mass index and feature-tracking derived strain measures of LV function. Results u-hscTnI concentrations were quantifiable in 100% of the cohort and ranged from 0.004 to 79.6 pg/mL. In adjusted models, u-hscTnI was associated with LV mass index (+2.03; 95% CI 1.17, 2.89; p < 0.01) and early diastolic radial strain rate (SR) (+0.13; 95% CI 0.01, 0.25; p = 0.03), early diastolic circumferential SR (-0.04; 95% CI -0.08, 0.002; p = 0.06) and early diastolic longitudinal SR (-0.03; 95% CI -0.07, 0.002; p = 0.06). u-hscTnI was not associated with MPRI (p = 0.39) in adjusted models. Conclusion Together, these findings support cardiomyocyte injury as a putative pathway towards adverse LV remodeling and dysfunction; however, further research is needed to define the specific mechanism(s) driving myocellular injury in INOCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odayme Quesada
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Women's Heart Center, The Christ Hospital Heart and Vascular Institute, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Omeed Elboudwarej
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Nelson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Al-Badri
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mitra Mastali
- Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Janet Wei
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Bijan Zarrabi
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Nissi Suppogu
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Haider Aldiwani
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Puja Mehta
- Emory Women's Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Chrisandra Shufelt
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Galen Cook-Wiens
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Berman
- Mark S. Taper Imaging Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Louise E.J. Thomson
- Mark S. Taper Imaging Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eileen Handberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - C. Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Chaulin AM. Some Common Causes of False Positive Increases in Serum Levels of Cardiac Troponins. Curr Cardiol Rev 2022; 18:e130422203527. [PMID: 35422225 PMCID: PMC9893154 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x18666220413124038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac troponin molecules (cTnI and cTnT) are the most valuable and in-demand biomarkers for detecting various types of myocardial damage (reversible and irreversible, ischemic, inflammatory, toxic, etc.) in current clinical practice. These biomarkers are widely used for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and risk stratification of patients suffering from a number of cardiac (such as myocarditis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and extra-cardiac diseases (such as sepsis, renal failure, pulmonary embolism, neurological pathologies, etc.) that negatively affect the cells of cardiac muscle tissue. However, in daily routine clinical activities, internists and cardiologists often encounter cases of false increases in the concentrations of cardiospecific troponins. A false increase in the concentration of troponins contributes to an incorrect diagnosis and incorrect therapy, which can harm the patient. A false increase in the concentration of troponins contributes to an incorrect diagnosis and incorrect therapy, which can harm the patient, therefore, internists and cardiologists should be well aware of the main reasons and mechanisms for false-positive results cTnI and cTnT. This review article mainly focuses on the causes of falsepositive increases in serum levels of cTnI and cTnT, which provide helpful clues for the accurate diagnosis of AMI and evidence for the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Samara Regional Clinical Cardiological Dispensary, Samara, Russia
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5
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Chaulin AM. Elevation Mechanisms and Diagnostic Consideration of Cardiac Troponins under Conditions Not Associated with Myocardial Infarction. Part 2. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1175. [PMID: 34833051 PMCID: PMC8619207 DOI: 10.3390/life11111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proceeds with a discussion of the causes and mechanisms of an elevation in cardiac troponins in pathological conditions not associated with acute myocardial infarction. The second part of the article discusses the causes and mechanisms of cardiac troponins elevation in diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, hereditary cardiomyopathies, cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia), acute aortic dissection, and diseases of the central nervous system (strokes, subarachnoidal hemorrhage). The final chapter of this article discusses in detail the false-positive causes and mechanisms of elevated cardiac troponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey M. Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samara State Medical University, 443099 Samara, Russia; ; Tel.: +7-(927)-770-25-87
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, 443099 Samara, Russia
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Ma H, Cassedy A, O'Kennedy R. The role of antibody-based troponin detection in cardiovascular disease: A critical assessment. J Immunol Methods 2021; 497:113108. [PMID: 34329690 PMCID: PMC8412434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has remained the world's biggest killer for 30 years. To aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients suffering cardiovascular-related disease accurate detection methods are essential. For over 20 years, the cardiac-specific troponins, I (cTnI) and T (cTnT), have acted as sensitive and specific biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis of various types of heart diseases. Various cardiovascular complications were commonly detected in patients with COVID-19, where cTn elevation is detectable, which suggested potential great prognostic value of cTn in COVID-19-infected patients. Detection of these biomarkers circulating in the bloodstream is generally facilitated by immunoassays employing cTnI- and/or cTnT-specific antibodies. While several anti-troponin assays are commercially available, there are still obstacles to overcome to achieve optimal troponin detection. Such obstacles include the proteolytic degradation of N and C terminals on cTnI, epitope occlusion of troponin binding-sites by the cTnI/cTnT complex, cross reactivity of antibodies with skeletal troponins or assay interference caused by human anti-species antibodies. Therefore, further research into multi-antibody based platforms, multi-epitope targeting and rigorous validation of immunoassays is required to ensure accurate measurements. Moreover, with combination and modification of various latest technical (e.g. microfluidics), antibody-based troponin detection systems can be more specific, sensitive and rapid which could be incorporated into portable biosensor systems to be used at point-of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Arabelle Cassedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 V2O9, Ireland; Qatar Foundation and Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Research Complex, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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Song L, Park S, Cassidy T, Shamsa K, Getzug T, Dietz D. Elevated Troponin Results in a Patient on Immunotherapy for Crohn's Disease. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 6:554-559. [PMID: 32995876 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sandy Park
- Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas Cassidy
- Clinical Laboratory, Ronald Reagan Hospital, UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kamran Shamsa
- Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Terri Getzug
- Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Donald Dietz
- Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Grados-Saso D, Escota-Villanueva J, Alonso-Lorente A, Andrés-Otero MJ, Lahuerta-Pueyo C. Interferencia analítica en la determinación de troponina por anticuerpos heterófilos. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Vogeser M, Seger C. Irregular analytical errors in diagnostic testing - a novel concept. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018; 56:386-396. [PMID: 28902615 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In laboratory medicine, routine periodic analyses for internal and external quality control measurements interpreted by statistical methods are mandatory for batch clearance. Data analysis of these process-oriented measurements allows for insight into random analytical variation and systematic calibration bias over time. However, in such a setting, any individual sample is not under individual quality control. The quality control measurements act only at the batch level. Quantitative or qualitative data derived for many effects and interferences associated with an individual diagnostic sample can compromise any analyte. It is obvious that a process for a quality-control-sample-based approach of quality assurance is not sensitive to such errors. CONTENT To address the potential causes and nature of such analytical interference in individual samples more systematically, we suggest the introduction of a new term called the irregular (individual) analytical error. Practically, this term can be applied in any analytical assay that is traceable to a reference measurement system. For an individual sample an irregular analytical error is defined as an inaccuracy (which is the deviation from a reference measurement procedure result) of a test result that is so high it cannot be explained by measurement uncertainty of the utilized routine assay operating within the accepted limitations of the associated process quality control measurements. SUMMARY The deviation can be defined as the linear combination of the process measurement uncertainty and the method bias for the reference measurement system. Such errors should be coined irregular analytical errors of the individual sample. The measurement result is compromised either by an irregular effect associated with the individual composition (matrix) of the sample or an individual single sample associated processing error in the analytical process. OUTLOOK Currently, the availability of reference measurement procedures is still highly limited, but LC-isotope-dilution mass spectrometry methods are increasingly used for pre-market validation of routine diagnostic assays (these tests also involve substantial sets of clinical validation samples). Based on this definition/terminology, we list recognized causes of irregular analytical error as a risk catalog for clinical chemistry in this article. These issues include reproducible individual analytical errors (e.g. caused by anti-reagent antibodies) and non-reproducible, sporadic errors (e.g. errors due to incorrect pipetting volume due to air bubbles in a sample), which can both lead to inaccurate results and risks for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christoph Seger
- labormedizinisches zentrum Dr. Risch, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470 Buchs SG, Switzerland
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Marinheiro R, Amador P, Parreira L, Rato Q, Caria R. False Positive Troponin I Rendering Two Admissions for "Recurrent Acute Myopericarditis". Open Cardiovasc Med J 2018; 12:55-58. [PMID: 30069255 PMCID: PMC6040207 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401812010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since there are many manufacturers of cardiac troponin I assays, the true incidence of a false positive result is unknown. The authors report a case of an 18-year-old patient with previous history of recurrent myopericarditis and admitted to hospital twice again with a suspicious of myopericarditis. Conclusion: Troponin I was found to be a false positive and alkaline phosphatase interference was proved to have been the responsible for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marinheiro
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Amador
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Leonor Parreira
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Quitéria Rato
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Rui Caria
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
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Hyytiä H, Heikkilä T, Brockmann EC, Kekki H, Hedberg P, Puolakanaho T, Lövgren T, Pettersson K. Chimeric recombinant antibody fragments in cardiac troponin I immunoassay. Clin Biochem 2014; 48:347-52. [PMID: 25111014 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To introduce a novel nanoparticle-based immunoassay for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) utilizing chimeric antibody fragments and to demonstrate that removal of antibody Fc-part and antibody chimerization decrease matrix related interferences. DESIGN AND METHODS A sandwich-type immunoassay for cTnI based on recombinant chimeric (mouse variable/human constant) antigen binding (cFab) antibodies and intrinsically fluorescent nanoparticles was developed. To test whether using chimeric antibody fragments helps to avoid matrix related interferences, samples (n=39) with known amounts of triglycerides, bilirubin, rheumatoid factor (RF) or human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) were measured with the novel assay, along with a previously published nanoparticle-based research assay with the same antibody epitopes. RESULTS The limit of detection (LoD) was 3.30ng/L. Within-laboratory precision for 29ng/L and 2819ng/L cTnI were 13.7% and 15.9%, respectively. Regression analysis with Siemens ADVIA Centaur® yielded a slope (95% confidence intervals) of 0.18 (0.17-1.19) and a y-intercept of 1.94 (-1.28-3.91) ng/L. When compared to a previously published nanoparticle-based assay, the novel assay showed substantially reduced interference in the tested interference prone samples, 15.4 vs. 51.3%. A rheumatoid factor containing sample was decreased from 241ng/L to <LoD. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of cFab-fragments enabled the development of a sensitive (LoD=3.3ng/L) immunoassay for the detection of cTnI and decreased matrix related interferences, thus resulting in a lower number of falsely elevated cTnI-values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hyytiä
- University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Taina Heikkilä
- University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Henna Kekki
- University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Hedberg
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tarja Puolakanaho
- NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Lövgren
- University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kim Pettersson
- University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Lefort G, D'Antonio C, Caffery T. A non-ischaemic cause of elevated troponin. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-203729. [PMID: 24706705 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-203729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old woman with chest pain was admitted for elevated troponin levels. Troponin remained mildly elevated upon repeat testing, and a review of the medical record revealed that she had had an elevated troponin level in the past. She had a cardiac catheterisation that revealed angiographically normal coronary arteries. Repeat troponin testing with and without ethylene glycol revealed a negative troponin level after addition of ethylene glycol, suggesting antibodies were interfering with the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lefort
- Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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14
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Ramasamy I. Biochemical markers in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1279-96. [PMID: 21501603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their higher risk for cardiac death or ischemic complications, patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) must be identified from other causes of chest pain. Patients with acute coronary syndrome are divided into categories based on their electrocardiogram; those with new ST-segment elevation and those who present with ST-segment depression. The subgroups of patients with ST-segment elevation are candidates for immediate reperfusion, while fibrinolysis appears harmful for those with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. There is increasing evidence to encourage appropriate risk stratification before deciding on a management strategy (invasive or conservative) for each patient. The TIMI, GRACE or PURSUIT risk models are recommended as useful for decisions regarding therapeutic options. Cardiac biomarkers are useful additions to these clinical tools to correctly risk stratify ACS patients. Cardiac troponin is the biomarker of choice to detect myocardial necrosis and is central to the universal definition of myocardial infarction. The introduction of troponin assays with a lower limit of detection will allow for earlier diagnosis of patients who present with chest pain. Analytical and clinical validations of these new assays are currently in progress. The question is whether the lower detection limit of the troponin assays will be able to indicate myocardial ischemia in the absence of myocardial necrosis. Previous to the development of ultrasensitive cardiac troponin assays free fatty acids unbound to albumin and ischemia modified albumin were proposed as biochemical markers of ischemia. Advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of acute coronary thrombosis have stimulated the development of new biomarkers. Markers of left ventricular performance (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) and inflammation (e.g. C-reactive protein) are generally recognized as risk indicators. Studies suggest that using a number of biomarkers clinicians can risk stratify patients over a broad range of short and long term cardiac events. Nevertheless, it is still under debate as to which biomarker combination is best preferred for risk prediction. This review will focus on recent practice guidelines for the management of patients with ACS as well as current advances in cardiac biomarkers, their integration into clinical care and their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ramasamy
- Worcester Royal Hospital, Worcester WR51DD, United Kingdom.
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