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Ryu J, Jhun J, Park MJ, Baek JA, Kim SY, Cho KH, Choi JW, Park SH, Choi JY, Cho ML. FTY720 ameliorates GvHD by blocking T lymphocyte migration to target organs and by skin fibrosis inhibition. J Transl Med 2020; 18:225. [PMID: 32505218 PMCID: PMC7276082 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is the formation of excess connective tissue in an organ or tissue during a reparative or reactive process. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication of allogeneic tissue transplantation with transplanted donor T cell-mediated inflammatory response; it is characterized by a severe immune response with fibrosis in the final stage of the inflammatory process. T helper 17 cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of GvHD. Fingolimod (FTY720), an analogue of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is an effective immunosuppressive agent in experimental transplantation models. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the effects of FTY720 as a treatment for an animal GvHD model with inflammation and fibrosis. The splenocytes, lymph nodes, blood, tissues from Syngeneic mice and GvHD-induced mice treated vehicle or FTY720 were compared using flow cytometry, hematological analyses, histologic analyses. RESULTS FTY720 reduced clinical scores based on the following five clinical parameters: weight loss, posture, activity, fur texture, and skin integrity. FACS data showed that T lymphocyte numbers increased in mesenteric lymph nodes and decreased in splenocytes of FTY720-treated mice. Tissue analysis showed that FTY720 reduced skin, intestinal inflammation, and fibrotic markers. FTY720 dramatically decreased α-smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor, and fibronectin protein levels in keloid skin fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Thus, FTY720 suppressed migration of pathogenic T cells to target organs, reducing inflammation. FTY720 also inhibited fibrogenesis marker expression in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results suggest that FTY720 prevents GvHD progression via immunosuppression of TH17 and simultaneously acts an anti-fibrotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoon Ryu
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jhun
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Baek
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyung Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Young Choi
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Mingozzi F, Spreafico R, Gorletta T, Cigni C, Di Gioia M, Caccia M, Sironi L, Collini M, Soncini M, Rusconi M, von Andrian UH, Chirico G, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Prolonged contact with dendritic cells turns lymph node-resident NK cells into anti-tumor effectors. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1039-51. [PMID: 27406819 PMCID: PMC5009809 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical players against tumors. The outcome of anti‐tumor vaccination protocols depends on the efficiency of NK‐cell activation, and efforts are constantly made to manipulate them for immunotherapeutic approaches. Thus, a better understanding of NK‐cell activation dynamics is needed. NK‐cell interactions with accessory cells and trafficking between secondary lymphoid organs and tumoral tissues remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that upon triggering innate immunity with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NK cells are transiently activated, leave the lymph node, and infiltrate the tumor, delaying its growth. Interestingly, NK cells are not actively recruited at the draining lymph node early after LPS administration, but continue their regular homeostatic turnover. Therefore, NK cells resident in the lymph node at the time of LPS administration become activated and exert anti‐tumor functions. NK‐cell activation correlates with the establishment of prolonged interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes, as observed by two‐photon microscopy. Close DC and NK‐cell contacts are essential for the localized delivery of DC‐derived IL‐18 to NK cells, a strict requirement in NK‐cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Gorletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele Caccia
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Matias Soncini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Michela Rusconi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
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Liu Z, Lin H, Huang C, Chen W, Xiang W, Geng Y, Chen W. Development and Effects of FTY720 Ophthalmic Solution on Corneal Allograft Survival. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16468. [PMID: 26558849 PMCID: PMC4642302 DOI: 10.1038/srep16468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720), a novel class of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators, has received special interest among ophthalmologists, particularly given that oral administration of FTY720 has proven to effectively treat corneal graft rejection in animal models. However, no studies have examined the performance of FTY720 as an ophthalmic solution in reducing corneal rejection in high-risk corneal rejection models, and the stability and ocular irritation profile of FTY720 ophthalmic solution are also unknown. Thus, we developed 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% FTY720 ophthalmic solutions and evaluated their chemical stabilities under various storage conditions with high- performance liquid chromatography. To investigate the ocular irritancy of the FTY720 ophthalmic solution, New Zealand albino rabbits were subjected to the Draize test. Furthermore, classic, well-established rat allogenic penetrating keratoplasty models were used to investigate the anti-rejection efficacy of the tested FTY720 ophthalmic solutions. We found that the non-irritating 0.5% FTY720 ophthalmic solution could prolong corneal allograft survival in rats with significant efficacy for about one month. Furthermore, no significant concentration changes occurred in any of the types of FTY720 ophthalmic solutions within three months. These results revealed crucial profiles of FTY720 ophthalmic solutions and warrant further investigation and optimization of FTY720 in the anti-rejection therapy after keratoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Lapp T, Maier P, Birnbaum F, Schlunck G, Reinhard T. [Immunosuppressives to prevent rejection reactions after allogeneic corneal transplantation]. Ophthalmologe 2015; 111:270-82. [PMID: 24633461 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-013-3016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to prevent rejection of an allogeneic corneal transplant after perforating (high risk) keratoplasty, active agents from different classes of pharmacological substances are used, as with solid organ transplantation. In addition to glucocorticoids, antiproliferative agents, small molecule inhibitors and antibodies, those belonging to the group of macrolides with their many derivatives represent an interesting class of substances in this context. As a supplement to cyclosporin A (CSA) the most successful macrolide in transplantation medicine, animal experiments are currently being carried out to test newer macrolide derivatives, such as sanglifehrin A (SFA). This overview describes the classes of drugs and modes of action of currently administered standard medications in the clinical routine and new developments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lapp
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland,
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Zhu J, Liu Y, Huang Y. Topical application of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 prolongs corneal graft survival in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3800-7. [PMID: 25607596 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of topical application of sphingosine 1‑phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) on allogeneic corneal transplantation in mice. A total of 45 BALB/c mice received corneal grafts from C57BL/6 donors. The recipients were randomly divided into three groups and treated with eye drops containing 0.5% S1P1, 1% cyclosporine A or saline as a negative control. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)‑2, IL‑10, tumor growth factor (TGF)‑β1 and interferon (IFN)‑γ were measured by ELISA. The numbers of CD4+ T cell and T‑regulatory (Treg) cell phenotypes were measured by flow cytometry. The cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that corneal graft survival was prolonged in the S1P1 group [mean survival time (MST), 24.11±1.58 days], and 1% cyclosporine A (MST, 25.0±1.91 days) compared with the controls (MST, 13.44±0.48 days; P<0.01). S1P1 and cyclosporine A decreased CD4+ T‑cell levels (P<0.05) in the peripheral blood compared with those of the controls. However, an increase of CD4+ T cells in the spleen was noted in the S1P1 group (P<0.05) and Treg cells were also increased in the cervical lymph nodes in the S1P1 group (P<0.01). TGF‑β1 mRNA transcription in the corneal grafts increased following treatment with S1P1 (P<0.05) and TGF‑β1 in the serum following treatment with S1P1 also increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, S1P1 had a significant effect in corneal allograft rejection inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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6
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Prolonging survival of corneal transplantation by selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 agonist. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105693. [PMID: 25216235 PMCID: PMC4162540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is the most used therapy for eye disorders. Although the cornea is somewhat an immune privileged organ, immune rejection is still the major problem that reduces the success rate. Therefore, effective chemical drugs that regulate immunoreactions are needed to improve the outcome of corneal transplantations. Here, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) selective agonist was systematically evaluated in mouse allogeneic corneal transplantation and compared with the commonly used immunosuppressive agents. Compared with CsA and the non-selective sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist FTY720, the S1P1 selective agonist can prolong the survival corneal transplantation for more than 30 days with a low immune response. More importantly, the optimal dose of the S1P1 selective agonist was much less than non-selective S1P receptor agonist FTY720, which would reduce the dose-dependent toxicity in drug application. Then we analyzed the mechanisms of the selected S1P1 selective agonist on the immunosuppression. The results shown that the S1P1 selective agonist could regulate the distribution of the immune cells with less CD4+ T cells and enhanced Treg cells in the allograft, moreover the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 unregulated which can reduce the immunoreactions. These findings suggest that S1P1 selective agonist may be a more appropriate immunosuppressive compound to effectively prolong mouse allogeneic corneal grafts survival.
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7
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Chan AY, Mann SN, Chen H, Stone DU, Carr DJJ, Mandal NA. Sphingolipids in ocular inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:623-9. [PMID: 24664751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential to cell membrane structure and the development and maintenance of neural tissues. The role of bioactive sphingolipids has been established in numerous cellular events, including cell survival, growth, and apoptosis. Ocular inflammatory and autoimmune diseases involve activation and migration of endothelial cells, neovascularization, and infiltration of immune cells into various tissues. Clinically, the impact and role of sphingolipid-mediated signaling is increasingly being appreciated in the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis to neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge and understanding of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling associated with the pathogenesis of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Y Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, OK, USA,
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8
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Chen H, Chan AY, Stone DU, Mandal NA. Beyond the cherry-red spot: Ocular manifestations of sphingolipid-mediated neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 59:64-76. [PMID: 24011710 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a ubiquitous membrane lipid present in every cell and found most abundantly in neural tissues. Disorders such as Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick disease are the most familiar examples of dysfunction in sphingolipid metabolism and are typically associated with neurodegeneration and ocular findings such as blindness. More recently, the role of bioactive sphingolipids has been established in a multitude of cellular events, including cell survival, growth, senescence and apoptosis, inflammation, and neovascularization. We discuss our current knowledge and understanding of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Annie Y Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Donald U Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nawajes A Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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9
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Liu YC, Peng Y, Lwin NC, Venkatraman SS, Wong TT, Mehta JS. A biodegradable, sustained-released, prednisolone acetate microfilm drug delivery system effectively prolongs corneal allograft survival in the rat keratoplasty model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70419. [PMID: 23940573 PMCID: PMC3734265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent and long-term use of topical corticosteroids after corneal transplantation is necessary to prevent graft rejection. However, it relies heavily on patient compliance, and sustained therapeutic drug levels are often not achieved with administration of topical eye drops. A biodegradable drug delivery system with a controlled and sustained drug release may circumvent these limitations. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a prednisolone acetate (PA)-loaded poly (d,l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLC) microfilm drug delivery system on promoting the survival of allogeneic grafts after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) using a rat model. The drug release profiles of the microfilms were characterized (group 1). Subsequently, forty-eight PK were performed in four experimental groups: syngeneic control grafts (group 2), allogeneic control grafts (group 3), allogeneic grafts with subconjunctivally-implanted PA microfilm (group 4), and allogeneic grafts with PA eye drops (group 5; n = 12 in each). PA-loaded microfilm achieved a sustained and steady release at a rate of 0.006-0.009 mg/day, with a consistent aqueous drug concentration of 207-209 ng/ml. The mean survival days was >28 days in group 2, 9.9±0.8 days in group 3, 26.8±2.7 days in group 4, and 26.4±3.4 days in group 5 (P = 0.023 and P = 0.027 compared with group 3). Statistically significant decrease in CD4+, CD163+, CD 25+, and CD54+ cell infiltration was observed in group 4 and group 5 compared with group 3 (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean survival and immunohistochemical analysis between group 4 and group 5. These results showed that sustained PA-loaded microfilm effectively prolongs corneal allograft survival. It is as effective as conventional PA eye drops, providing a promising clinically applicable alternative for patients undergoing corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nyein Chan Lwin
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Subbu S. Venkatraman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tina T. Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JSM); (TTW)
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JSM); (TTW)
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Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known, the consensus is that Th1 cells sensitized to myelin proteins in the periphery are recruited into the CNS and damage the myelin sheath. Natural killers (NK) are cells that spontaneously lyse tumor target cells and have immunoregulatory activity secreting multiple cytokines and chemokines, as well as interacting with cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. A great discovery in the field is the cloning of several inhibitory and activating receptors. Another important contribution is the discovery that these cells express many seven-transmembrane-spanning domain receptors which aid them in extravasations into injured tissues. Despite all this progress, the role of NK cells in autoimmune diseases including MS is still not quite clear. In this paper, I will summarize recent findings related to the effects of these cells in both MS and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Hence, I will discuss the effects of drugs used to treat MS/EAE and then explain their effects on NK cells. These include anti-CD25 or daclizumab, interferon-β (IFN-β), natalizumab, glatiramer acetate (GA), and fingolimod (FTY720). Finally, I will explain the contribution of the recently discovered NK17/NK1 cells in MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, POB 1103, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Liu Y, Jiang J, Xiao H, Wang X, Li Y, Gong Y, Wang D, Huang Y. Topical application of FTY720 and cyclosporin A prolong corneal graft survival in mice. Mol Vis 2012; 18:624-33. [PMID: 22509094 PMCID: PMC3324361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of topical FTY720 and cyclosporin A (CsA) on allogeneic corneal transplantation in mice. METHODS A total of 75 BALB/c mice received corneal grafts from C57BL/6 donors. Recipients were treated with 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.5% FTY720 ophthalmic gel or 1% CsA eye-drops after the graft (controls received no treatment). The number of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ regulatory (Treg) cell phenotypes were measured by flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA expression in corneal grafts was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. CD4 + T cells and cytokines in corneal samples were identified by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Corneal graft survival was prolonged by treatment with topical 0.5% FTY720 (mean survival time [MST], 24.1±1.6 days) or 1% CsA eye-drops (MST 25.0±1.9 days) compared with controls (MST, 13.4±0.5 days; n=9, both p<0.01). Topical 0.5% FTY720 treatment significantly increased the percentages of CD4 + T (p<0.05) and Treg cells (p<0.01; n=5) in the cervical lymph nodes compared with controls. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA transcription in corneal grafts after topical 0.5% FTY720 increased (p<0.05, n=3), while interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in corneal grafts treated with 1% CsA decreased (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). These cytokine results were paralleled by similar immunohistochemical staining. Topical 0.5% FTY720 and 1% CsA treatment reduced the infiltration of CD4+ Tcells in the grafts. CONCLUSIONS Topical 0.5% FTY720 and 1% CsA can effectively prolong allogeneic corneal graft survival in mice. Treatment with topical 0.5% FTY720 increases the percentage of CD4+ T cells and the percentage of Treg cells in cervical lymph nodes. The 0.5% FTY720 increased TGF-β1 mRNA expression and decreases infiltration of CD4+ T cells in corneal grafts, while topical 1% CsA down-regulated the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA Air force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokui Wang
- Department of Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Gong
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Finney CA, Hawkes CA, Kain DC, Dhabangi A, Musoke C, Cserti-Gazdewich C, Oravecz T, Liles WC, Kain KC. S1P is associated with protection in human and experimental cerebral malaria. Mol Med 2011; 17:717-25. [PMID: 21556483 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with excessive inflammatory responses and endothelial activation. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling sphingolipid implicated in regulating vascular integrity, inflammation and T-cell migration. We hypothesized that altered S1P signaling during malaria contributes to endothelial activation and inflammation, and show that plasma S1P levels were decreased in Ugandan children with CM compared with children with uncomplicated malaria. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) model of experimental CM (ECM), we demonstrate that humanized S1P lyase (hS1PL)(-/-) mice with reduced S1P lyase activity (resulting in increased bio-available S1P) had improved survival compared with wild-type littermates. Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of infected mice with compounds that modulate the S1P pathway and are in human trials for other conditions (FTY720 or LX2931) significantly improved survival in ECM. FTY720 treatment improved vascular integrity as indicated by reduced levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), increased angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) (regulator of endothelial quiescence) levels, and decreased Evans blue dye leakage into brain parenchyma. Furthermore, treatment with FTY720 decreased IFNγ levels in plasma as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell infiltration into the brain. Finally, when administered during infection in combination with artesunate, FTY720 treatment resulted in increased survival to ECM. These findings implicate dysregulation of the S1P pathway in the pathogenesis of human and murine CM and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy to improve clinical outcome in severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Am Finney
- SA Rotman Laboratories, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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Rolin J, Sand KL, Knudsen E, Maghazachi AA. FTY720 and SEW2871 reverse the inhibitory effect of S1P on natural killer cell mediated lysis of K562 tumor cells and dendritic cells but not on cytokine release. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:575-86. [PMID: 19823820 PMCID: PMC11030860 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to examine the effect of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) on IL-2-activated natural killer (NK) cell lysis of K562 tumor cells and immature dendritic cells (iDCs), and to investigate the mechanisms involved in S1P activity. Our results show that S1P protected K562 cells or iDCs from NK cell lysis, which was reversed by FTY720 and SEW2871, the antagonists of S1P(1). S1P did not modulate the expression of NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44 or CD158 on the surface of NK cells, and neither affected the expression of CD80, CD83, or CD86 on the surface of DCs. In contrast, it increased the expression of HLA-I and HLA-E on DCs, an activity that was inhibited by FTY720 or SEW2871. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of S1P for NK cell lysis of K562 cells was directed toward S1P(1) expressed on the tumor cells but not on NK cells. Further analysis indicates that NK cells secreted various cytokines and chemokines with various intensities: (1) low (IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha and MCP-1); (2) intermediate (IL-1beta, IL-10, TGF-beta1, and IL-17A); (3) high (IFN-gamma, and MIP-1alpha); and (4) very high (MIP-1beta). S1P significantly reduced the release of IL-17A and IFN-gamma from NK cells, but this inhibition was S1P(1)-independent. These results indicate that S1P is an anti-inflammatory molecule, and that S1P(1) is important for the interaction among NK cells and tumor cells or DCs leading to up-regulation of HLA-I and HLA-E on the surface of DCs, but not in S1P inhibition of the release of inflammatory cytokines from NK cells. Further, the results suggest that FTY720 and SEW2871 may potentially be used as prophylactic and/or therapeutic drugs to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rolin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin L. Sand
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirunn Knudsen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Li Q, Li F. Effects of different dose of FTY720 on lymphocyte cell cycle arrest in cardiac transplantation model of rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:680-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08923971003674433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Cell Phenotype Evaluation at Various Sites After Skin Transplantation and FTY720 Plus Sirolimus Therapy. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:573-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The influence of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling on lymphocyte trafficking: how a bioactive lipid mediator grew up from an "immature" vascular maturation factor to a "mature" mediator of lymphocyte behavior and function. Immunol Res 2009; 43:187-97. [PMID: 18854957 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial observations that highlighted the importance of lymphocyte trafficking for immune responses, the pathways utilized by B and T lymphocytes to recirculate and properly position themselves have been intensely studied. Most of the chemoattractants along with their cognate receptors that affect lymphocyte trafficking have been identified. Some of their functions are promotion of lymphocyte ingress into immune organs, localization of cells to specific regions within those organs, maintenance of lymphocyte basal motility in immune organs, facilitation of lymphocyte egress from these organs, and control of migration and homing of lymphocytes in the periphery. Since the seminal discovery that agonism of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors evokes changes in lymphocyte homing and trafficking, considerable effort has been undertaken to characterize the mechanism utilized by these receptors to influence lymphocyte behavior. This review will focus on the influence of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling system on lymphocyte localization, egress from lymph organs, and its effects on the lymphatic vasculature.
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Li Q, Chi Y, Liu S. Cell Cycle Arrest Effects of Large-Dose FTY720 on Lymphocytes in Mouse Skin Transplantation Models. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30:365-81. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970801949174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wissinger EL, Stevens WW, Varga SM, Braciale TJ. Proliferative expansion and acquisition of effector activity by memory CD4+ T cells in the lungs following pulmonary virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2957-66. [PMID: 18292518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The memory CD4+ T cell response to the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment (G) protein in the lungs of primed BALB/c mice undergoing challenge pulmonary RSV infection is dominated by effector T cells expressing a single Vbeta-chain, Vbeta14. We have used Vbeta14 expression to examine the kinetics of the activation, accumulation, and acquisition of the effector activity of memory CD4+ T cells responding to pulmonary infection. This analysis revealed that proliferative expansion and effector CD4+ T cell differentiation preferentially occur in the respiratory tract following rapid activation within and egress from the lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract. These findings suggest that, in response to natural infection at a peripheral mucosal site such as the lungs, memory CD4+ T cell expansion and differentiation into activated effector T cells may occur predominantly in the peripheral site of infection rather than exclusively in the lymph nodes draining the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Wissinger
- The Carter Immunology Center, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Birnbaum F, Schwartzkopff J, Scholz C, Reinhard T. Topical pimecrolimus does not prolong clear graft survival in a rat keratoplasty model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:1717-21. [PMID: 17710430 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-007-0657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term application of topical steroids following penetrating keratoplasty is disadvantageous due to side effects (steroid response, cataract, surface disorders). In this study we investigated the efficacy of topical pimecrolimus regarding clear graft survival following allogeneic orthotopic keratoplasty in rats. METHODS A total of 46 penetrating keratoplasties were performed using Fisher rats (allogeneic groups) and Lewis rats (syngeneic group) as donors and Lewis rats as recipients: group 1 (n = 11), allogeneic control without therapy; group 2 (n = 12), syngeneic control; group 3 (n = 11), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 40 mg/kg body weight; group 4 (n = 12), pimecrolimus 1% ointment twice daily. Four animals of each group were sacrificed for immunohistological evaluation on day 14. Therapy was administered for 18 days. The grafts were evaluated once every 3 days regarding opacity, oedema and vascularisation. Graft rejection was defined as total graft opacity. RESULTS Mean rejection-free graft survival was 11.4 days in group 1 (allogeneic control), 100 days (total follow-up time) in group 2 (syngeneic control), 24.0 days in group 3 (MMF 40 mg/kg) and 11.6 days in group 4 (topical pimecrolimus). The immunohistological evaluation showed no statistically significant difference in cell infiltration of the grafts comparing groups 1 and 4. CONCLUSIONS Topical immunosuppression with pimecrolimus does not prolong graft survival in the allogeneic keratoplasty rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Birnbaum
- University Eye Hospital, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Immunologic rejection is the main cause of corneal graft failure. If corneal transplantation is performed in a high-risk situation without the use of systemic immunosuppression, corneal graft failure has to be expected in over 50% of patients within the first postoperative year. The clonal expansion of graft-specific lymphocytes occurs in lymphoid tissues. As topical steroids do not reach the secondary lymphoid organs, and even systemic steroids do not interfere sufficiently with the clonal expansion of activated T cells, it is essential to administer systemic immunosuppressives in order to achieve clear graft survival. As corneal transplantation is not a life-saving procedure, the profile of side-effects is a central issue when choosing an immunosuppressive medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reis
- Universitätsaugenklinik, Freiburg.
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Abstract
Topical steroids are routinely used in the postoperative treatment following penetrating keratoplasty. Due to the known side effects such as steroid-response glaucoma, cataract, and surface disorders, a broader armamentarium of topical immunomodulating drugs with comparable efficacy, better tolerance and less side effects is desirable. Cyclosporine A and FK506 eye drops are a promising alternative. A new approach involves subconjunctival drug delivering implants and locally applied antiangiogenic substances, which still have to be tested in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Birnbaum
- Universitätsaugenklinik Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg.
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Sabareesh V, Ranganayaki RS, Raghothama S, Bopanna MP, Balaram H, Srinivasan MC, Balaram P. Identification and characterization of a library of microheterogeneous cyclohexadepsipeptides from the fungus Isaria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:715-29. [PMID: 17477570 DOI: 10.1021/np060532e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ten new cyclic hexadepsipeptides, six isariins and four isaridins, from the fungus Isaria have been identified and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled to tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMS/MS). The isariins possess a beta-hydroxy acid residue and five alpha-amino acids, while isaridins contain a beta-amino acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, and four alpha-amino acids. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy confirmed the chemical identity of some of the isariin fractions. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of [M + H]+ ions reveal clear diagnostic fragment ions for the isariins and isaridins. Previously described cyclic depsipeptides, isarfelins from Isaria felina (Guo, Y. X.; Liu, Q. H.; Ng, T. B.; Wang H. X. Peptides 2005, 26, 2384), are now reassigned as members of the isaridin family. Examination of isaridin sequences revealed significant similarities with cyclic hexadepsipeptides such as destruxins and roseotoxins. The structure of an isariin (isariin A) investigated by NMR spectroscopy indicated the presence of a hybrid alphabeta C11 turn, formed by the beta-hydroxy acid and glycine residues and a D Leu-L Ala type II' beta-turn. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of isariins and an isaridin on the intra-erythrocytic growth of Plasmodium falciparum is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sabareesh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Birnbaum F, Schwartzkopff J, Scholz C, Reis A, Reinhard T. The new malononitrilamide immunosuppressant FK778 prolongs corneal allograft survival in the rat keratoplasty model. Eye (Lond) 2007; 21:1516-23. [PMID: 17401326 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of this study was to prove the efficacy and safety of the new malononitrilamide immunosuppressive FK778 in prolonging clear graft survival following allogeneic orthotopic keratoplasty in rats. METHODS Sixty-seven penetrating keratoplasties were performed using Fisher and Lewis rats as donors and recipients, respectively: group 1 (n=11), allogeneic control without therapy; group 2 (n=12), syngeneic control; group 3 (n=11), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 40 mg/kg bodyweight; group 4 (n=12), FK778 5 mg/kg bodyweight; group 5 (n=12), FK778 10 mg/kg bodyweight; and group 6 (n=9), FK778 20 mg/kg bodyweight. Four animals in each group were killed for immunohistological evaluation on day 14. Therapy was administered orally for 18 days. The grafts were evaluated every three days by means of a scoring system including opacity, oedema, and vascularization. Time to rejection was analysed with the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and compared with the log-rank test. The densities of infiltrating immune cells were compared statistically using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Mean rejection-free graft survival was 11.4 days in group 1 (allogeneic control), 100 days (total follow-up time) in group 2 (syngeneic control), 24.0 days in group 3 (MMF 40 mg/kg), 15.7 days in group 4 (FK778 5 mg/kg), 19.1 days in group 5 (FK778 10 mg/kg), and 25.4 days in group 6 (FK778 20 mg/kg) (P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS Systemic immunosuppression with FK778 prolongs graft survival in the rat keratoplasty model. FK778's efficacy is comparable with that of MMF in preventing immunologic graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Birnbaum
- Eye Hospital, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, Freiburg, Germany.
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Morris MA, Gibb DR, Picard F, Brinkmann V, Straume M, Ley K. Transient T cell accumulation in lymph nodes and sustained lymphopenia in mice treated with FTY720. Eur J Immunol 2006; 35:3570-80. [PMID: 16285007 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
FTY720 (2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride) is an orally available immunomodulatory agent that induces severe peripheral blood lymphopenia. Most studies of these lymphopenic effects have been limited to short-term exposure to FTY720. FTY720 alters the ability of lymphocytes to respond to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) through S1P receptors, particularly S1P1. FTY720 affects different leukocyte populations and their trafficking through major lymphoid organs. We show the dynamics of CD4 T, CD8 T, and B lymphocyte recirculation in all major lymphoid compartments during 21-day FTY720 treatment of normal C57BL/6 mice. Following a transient increase in peripheral lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, lymphocyte recirculation reaches a new steady state. Other lymphoid organs show transient changes in lymphocyte composition with various patterns. At 21 days of FTY720 treatment, total body lymphocyte content is reduced by 20% and blood lymphocytes by 80%. Modeling suggests that the new steady state is due to a combination of reduced naive lymphocyte release from the thymus and a transient reduction of lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes. Our data indicate that the commonly held belief that FTY720 blocks lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes cannot fully explain the lymphocyte dynamics observed with prolonged treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Morris
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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