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Varo R, Crowley VM, Mucasse H, Sitoe A, Bramugy J, Serghides L, Weckman AM, Erice C, Bila R, Vitorino P, Mucasse C, Valente M, Ajanovic S, Balanza N, Zhong K, Derpsch Y, Gladstone M, Mayor A, Bassat Q, Kain KC. Adjunctive rosiglitazone treatment for severe pediatric malaria: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in Mozambican children. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 139:34-40. [PMID: 38013152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that adjunctive rosiglitazone treatment would reduce levels of circulating angiopoietin-2 (Angpt-2) and improve outcomes of Mozambican children with severe malaria. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rosiglitazone vs placebo as adjunctive treatment to artesunate in children with severe malaria was conducted. A 0.045 mg/kg/dose of rosiglitazone or matching placebo were administered, in addition to standard of malaria care, twice a day for 4 days. The primary endpoint was the rate of decline of Angpt-2 over 96 hours. Secondary outcomes included the longitudinal dynamics of angiopoietin-1 (Angpt-1) and the Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio over 96 hours, parasite clearance kinetics, clinical outcomes, and safety metrics. RESULTS Overall, 180 children were enrolled; 91 were assigned to rosiglitazone and 89 to placebo. Children who received rosiglitazone had a steeper rate of decline of Angpt-2 over the first 96 hours of hospitalization compared to children who received placebo; however, the trend was not significant (P = 0.28). A similar non-significant trend was observed for Angpt-1 (P = 0.65) and the Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio (P = 0.34). All other secondary and safety outcomes were similar between groups (P >0.05). CONCLUSION Adjunctive rosiglitazone at this dosage was safe and well tolerated but did not significantly affect the longitudinal kinetics of circulating Angpt-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Valerie M Crowley
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Humberto Mucasse
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Antonio Sitoe
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Justina Bramugy
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clara Erice
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rubao Bila
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pio Vitorino
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Campos Mucasse
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Marta Valente
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sara Ajanovic
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yiovanna Derpsch
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Physiologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kevin C Kain
- S. A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Tropical Diseases Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UHN-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Balanza N, Francis CK, Crowley VM, Weckman AM, Zhong K, Baro B, Varo R, Bassat Q, Kain KC. Neurofilament Light Chain as a Biomarker of Neuronal Damage in Children With Malaria. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:183-188. [PMID: 37647876 PMCID: PMC10786245 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria can cause brain injury. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a biomarker of neuronal damage. Here we examined longitudinal plasma NfL levels in children aged 1-12 years with uncomplicated and severe malaria from Mozambique. NfL levels were similar in all malaria cases at hospital admission. However, levels increased over time and the increment was significantly higher in severe malaria cases with neurological manifestations (ie, coma, impaired consciousness, or repeated seizures). NfL may be useful to identify and quantify brain injury in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline K Francis
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network–Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie M Crowley
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network–Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network–Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network–Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bàrbara Baro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network–Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Balanza N, Francis CK, Crowley VM, Weckman AM, Zhong K, Baro B, Varo R, Bassat Q, Kain KC. Reply to Zayet et al. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:296-297. [PMID: 37943681 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline K Francis
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie M Crowley
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bàrbara Baro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wright JK, Weckman AM, Ngai M, Stefanova V, Zhong K, McDonald CR, Elphinstone RE, Conroy AL, Coburn BA, Madanitsa M, Taylor SM, Ter Kuile FO, Kain KC. Intestinal barrier disruption with Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth: a cohort study. EBioMedicine 2023; 97:104808. [PMID: 37837932 PMCID: PMC10585225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in early pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm birth and is associated with sustained inflammation and dysregulated angiogenesis across gestation. This study investigated whether malaria is associated with increased gut leak and whether this contributes to systemic inflammation, altered angiogenesis, and preterm birth. METHODS We quantified plasma concentrations of gut leak markers, soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) from 1339 HIV-negative pregnant Malawians at <24 weeks gestational age. We assessed the relationship of sCD14 and LBP concentrations with markers of inflammation, angiogenesis, and L-arginine bioavailability and compared them between participants with and without malaria, and with and without preterm birth. FINDINGS Plasma concentrations of sCD14 and LBP were significantly higher in participants with malaria and were associated with parasite burden (p <0.0001, both analyses and analytes). The odds ratio for preterm birth associated with one log sCD14 was 2.67 (1.33 to 5.35, p = 0.006) and 1.63 (1.07-2.47, p = 0.023) for LBP. Both gut leak analytes were positively associated with increases in proinflammatory cytokines CRP, sTNFR2, IL18-BP, CHI3L1 and Angptl3 (p <0.05, all analytes) and sCD14 was significantly associated with angiogenic proteins Angpt-2, sENG and the sFLT:PlGF ratio (p <0.05, all analytes). sCD14 was negatively associated with L-arginine bioavailability (p <0.001). INTERPRETATION Malaria in early pregnancy is associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction, which is linked to an increased risk of preterm birth. FUNDING Open Philanthropy, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada Research Chair program, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Wright
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Veselina Stefanova
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Chloe R McDonald
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Robyn E Elphinstone
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
| | - Bryan A Coburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mwayi Madanitsa
- Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 5196, Limbe, Thyolo, Malawi.
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 101 College St TMDT 10-360A, M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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5
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Van Singer M, Brahier T, Koch J, Hugli PO, Weckman AM, Zhong K, Kain TJ, Leligdowicz A, Bernasconi E, Ceschi A, Parolari S, Vuichard-Gysin D, Kain KC, Albrich WC, Boillat-Blanco N. Validation of sTREM-1 and IL-6 based algorithms for outcome prediction of COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:630. [PMID: 37752433 PMCID: PMC10523774 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prospective observational cohort study of COVID-19 patients in a single Emergency Department (ED) showed that sTREM-1- and IL-6-based algorithms were highly predictive of adverse outcome (Van Singer et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021). We aim to validate the performance of these algorithms at ED presentation. METHODS This multicentric prospective observational study of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 adult patients was conducted in the ED of three Swiss hospitals. Data of the three centers were retrospectively completed and merged. We determined the predictive accuracy of the sTREM-1-based algorithm for 30-day intubation/mortality. We also determined the performance of the IL-6-based algorithm using data from one center for 30-day oxygen requirement. RESULTS 373 patients were included in the validation cohort, 139 (37%) in Lausanne, 93 (25%) in St.Gallen and 141 (38%) in EOC. Overall, 18% (93/373) patients died or were intubated by day 30. In Lausanne, 66% (92/139) patients required oxygen by day 30. The predictive accuracy of sTREM-1 and IL-6 were similar compared to the derivation cohort. The sTREM-1-based algorithm confirmed excellent sensitivity (90% versus 100% in the derivation cohort) and negative predictive value (94% versus 100%) for 30-day intubation/mortality. The IL-6-based algorithm performance was acceptable with a sensitivity of 85% versus 98% in the derivation cohort and a negative predictive value of 60% versus 92%. CONCLUSION The sTREM-1 algorithm demonstrated good reproducibility. A prospective randomized controlled trial, comparing outcomes with and without the algorithm, is necessary to assess its safety and impact on hospital and ICU admission rates. The IL-6 algorithm showed acceptable validity in a single center and need additional validation before widespread implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Van Singer
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Brahier
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jana Koch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pr Olivier Hugli
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor J Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of infectious diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, University of Geneva and University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Division of infectious diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, University of Geneva and University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
- Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), University Hospital Zurich and University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sara Parolari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital Muensterlingen, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vuichard-Gysin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital Muensterlingen, Thurgau Hospital Group, Muensterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Werner C Albrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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Partap U, Sharma KK, Marathe Y, Wang M, Shaikh S, D’Costa P, Gupta G, Bromage S, Hemler EC, Mistry N, Kain KC, Dholakia Y, Fawzi WW. Vitamin D and Zinc Supplementation to Improve Treatment Outcomes among COVID-19 Patients in India: Results from a Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:101971. [PMID: 37560461 PMCID: PMC10407567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There remains a need to identify low-cost interventions to improve coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Vitamin D and zinc play a role in respiratory infections and could hold value as part of therapeutic regimens. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of vitamin D or zinc supplementation on recovery from COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, randomly assigned 2 x 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial with 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio, enrolling nonpregnant adults with COVID-19 from hospitals in Mumbai and Pune, India (NCT04641195). Participants (N = 181) were randomly assigned to vitamin D3 (180,000 IU bolus, then 2000 IU daily), zinc (40 mg daily), vitamin D3 and zinc, or placebo, for 8 wk. Participants were followed until 8 wk. The primary outcome was time to resolution of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Secondary outcomes were duration of individual symptoms; need for assisted ventilation; duration of hospital stay; all-cause mortality; and blood biomarkers, including nutritional, inflammatory, and immunological markers. RESULTS We observed no effect of vitamin D or zinc supplementation on time to resolution of all 3 symptoms [vitamin D hazard ratio (HR): 0.92; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.66, 1.30; P = 0.650; zinc HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.33; P = 0.745)]. Neither vitamin D nor zinc supplementation was associated with secondary outcomes, except for increased endline serum vitamin D with vitamin D supplementation [median (interquartile range) difference between endline and baseline for vitamin D: 5.3 ng/mL (-2.3 to 13.7); for no vitamin D: -1.4 ng/mL (-5.6 to 3.9); P = 0.003]. We observed nonsignificant increases in serum zinc at endline following zinc supplementation. There was no evidence of interaction between vitamin D and zinc supplementation, no effect of either on hypercalcemia, and no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that neither vitamin D nor zinc supplementation improves COVID-19 treatment outcomes in this population. However, much larger-scale evidence, particularly from populations with vitamin D or zinc deficiency and severe infection, is required to corroborate our findings. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and the Clinical Trials Registry of India as NCT04641195 and CTRI/2021/04/032593 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Partap
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sanaa Shaikh
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep D’Costa
- King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | | | - Sabri Bromage
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elena C. Hemler
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Kevin C. Kain
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wafaie W. Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Weckman AM, McDonald CR, Ngai M, Richard-Greenblatt M, Leligdowicz A, Conroy AL, Kain KC, Namasopo S, Hawkes MT. Inflammatory profiles in febrile children with moderate and severe malnutrition presenting at-hospital in Uganda are associated with increased mortality. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104721. [PMID: 37467665 PMCID: PMC10373657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in Africa carry a disproportionate burden of malnutrition and infectious disease. Together, malnutrition and infection are major contributors to global child mortality; however, their collective impact on immune activation are not well described. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of children hospitalized with acute febrile illness at a single centre in Uganda. We investigated the association between malnutrition (determined using the mid-upper arm circumference, MUAC), immune activation (as measured by inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, CHI3L1, sTNFR1, Cystatin C, granzyme B, and sTREM-1), and mortality. FINDINGS Of the 1850 children eligible for this secondary analysis, 71 (3.8%) and 145 (11.7%) presented with severe acute malnutrition (SAM, MUAC <115 mm) and moderate malnutrition (MUAC 115 to < 125 mm), respectively. SAM was associated with increased concentrations of CHI3L1, sTNFR1, Cystatin C, and sTREM-1, and decreased concentrations of CXCL10 and granzyme B, even after controlling for age, sex, and disease severity at presentation. There were 77 deaths (4.2%). SAM was associated with a 9.2-fold (95% CI 4.8-46), 17-fold (95% CI 3.9-74), and 13-fold (95% CI 3.5-52) increased odds of death in children with pneumonia, malaria, and diarrheal illness, respectively. Mediation analysis implicated sTREM-1 and CHI3L1 in the effect of SAM on mortality, suggesting that enhanced activation of these inflammatory pathways is associated with the increased mortality in undernourished children with pneumonia and malaria. INTERPRETATION Collectively, these data highlight systemic inflammation as a common pathway associated with malnutrition and infection that could be targeted to mitigate the burden of acute febrile illness in LMICs. FUNDING This work was supported in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and by kind donations from The Tesari Foundation and Kim Kertland. The funders had no role in design, analysis, or reporting of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Weckman
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chloe R McDonald
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University and Robarts Research Institute, Western University, Canada
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Michael T Hawkes
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Distinguished Researcher, Stollery Science Lab, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, Kabale, Uganda; Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Weckman AM, Elphinstone RE, Ssenkusu JM, Tran V, Zhong K, Madanitsa M, Khairallah C, Kalilani-Phiri L, Mwapasa V, Conroy AL, Ter Kuile FO, McDonald CR, Kain KC. Sequential disruptions to inflammatory and angiogenic pathways and risk of spontaneous preterm birth in Malawian women. iScience 2023; 26:106912. [PMID: 37332611 PMCID: PMC10275952 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a leading cause of death in children under five years of age. We hypothesized that sequential disruptions to inflammatory and angiogenic pathways during pregnancy increase the risk of placental insufficiency and spontaneous preterm labor and delivery. We conducted a secondary analysis of inflammatory and angiogenic analytes measured in plasma samples collected across pregnancy from 1462 Malawian women. Women with concentrations of the inflammatory markers sTNFR2, CHI3L1, and IL18BP in the highest quartile before 24 weeks gestation and women with anti-angiogenic factors sEndoglin and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in the highest quartile at 28-33 weeks gestation had an increased relative risk of preterm birth. Mediation analysis further supported a potential causal link between early inflammation, subsequent angiogenic dysregulation detrimental to placental vascular development, and earlier gestational age at delivery. Interventions designed to reduce the burden of preterm birth may need to be implemented before 24 weeks of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Weckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn E. Elphinstone
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John M. Ssenkusu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Vanessa Tran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carole Khairallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Feiko O. Ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Mitran C, Opoka RO, Conroy AL, Namasopo S, Kain KC, Hawkes MT. Pediatric Malaria with Respiratory Distress: Prognostic Significance of Point-of-Care Lactate. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040923. [PMID: 37110346 PMCID: PMC10145304 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory distress (RD) in pediatric malaria portends a grave prognosis. Lactic acidosis is a biomarker of severe disease. We investigated whether lactate, measured at admission using a handheld device among children hospitalized with malaria and RD, was predictive of subsequent mortality. We performed a pooled analysis of Ugandan children under five years of age hospitalized with malaria and RD from three past studies. In total, 1324 children with malaria and RD (median age 1.4 years, 46% female) from 21 health facilities were included. Median lactate level at admission was 4.6 mmol/L (IQR 2.6–8.5) and 586 patients (44%) had hyperlactatemia (lactate > 5 mmol/L). The mortality was 84/1324 (6.3%). In a mixed-effects Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for age, sex, clinical severity score (fixed effects), study, and site (random effects), hyperlactatemia was associated with a 3-fold increased hazard of death (aHR 3.0, 95%CI 1.8–5.3, p < 0.0001). Delayed capillary refill time (τ = 0.14, p < 0.0001), hypotension (τ = −0.10, p = 0.00049), anemia (τ = −0.25, p < 0.0001), low tissue oxygen delivery (τ = −0.19, p < 0.0001), high parasite density (τ = 0.10, p < 0.0001), and acute kidney injury (p = 0.00047) were associated with higher lactate levels. In children with malaria and RD, bedside lactate may be a useful triage tool, predictive of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mitran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Robert O. Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Kabale District Hospital, Kabale P.O. Box 1102, Uganda
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael T. Hawkes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
- Stollery Science Lab, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
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10
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Balanza N, Erice C, Ngai M, McDonald CR, Weckman AM, Wright J, Richard-Greenblatt M, Varo R, López-Varela E, Sitoe A, Vitorino P, Bramugy J, Lanaspa M, Acácio S, Madrid L, Baro B, Kain KC, Bassat Q. Prognostic accuracy of biomarkers of immune and endothelial activation in Mozambican children hospitalized with pneumonia. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0001553. [PMID: 36963048 PMCID: PMC10021812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of child mortality. However, currently we lack simple, objective, and accurate risk-stratification tools for pediatric pneumonia. Here we test the hypothesis that measuring biomarkers of immune and endothelial activation in children with pneumonia may facilitate the identification of those at risk of death. We recruited children <10 years old fulfilling WHO criteria for pneumonia and admitted to the Manhiça District Hospital (Mozambique) from 2010 to 2014. We measured plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, Angpt-2, sTREM-1, sFlt-1, sTNFR1, PCT, and CRP at admission, and assessed their prognostic accuracy for in-hospital, 28-day, and 90-day mortality. Healthy community controls, within same age strata and location, were also assessed. All biomarkers were significantly elevated in 472 pneumonia cases versus 80 controls (p<0.001). IL-8, sFlt-1, and sTREM-1 were associated with in-hospital mortality (p<0.001) and showed the best discrimination with AUROCs of 0.877 (95% CI: 0.782 to 0.972), 0.832 (95% CI: 0.729 to 0.935) and 0.822 (95% CI: 0.735 to 0.908), respectively. Their performance was superior to CRP, PCT, oxygen saturation, and clinical severity scores. IL-8, sFlt-1, and sTREM-1 remained good predictors of 28-day and 90-day mortality. These findings suggest that measuring IL-8, sFlt-1, or sTREM-1 at hospital presentation can guide risk-stratification of children with pneumonia, which could enable prioritized care to improve survival and resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Erice
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M. Weckman
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Wright
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Elisa López-Varela
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antonio Sitoe
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pio Vitorino
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Justina Bramugy
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Miguel Lanaspa
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sozinho Acácio
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lola Madrid
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bàrbara Baro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Knüsli J, Lhopitallier L, Kronenberg A, Meuwly JY, Opota O, Perrenoud MA, Page MA, Kain KC, Mamin A, D’Acremont V, Senn N, Mueller Y, Locatelli I, Boillat-Blanco N. Overruling of Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotics for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: Ancillary Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020377. [PMID: 36830288 PMCID: PMC9952660 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in primary care are a promising target for antibiotic stewardship. A clinical trial in Switzerland showed a large decrease in antibiotic prescriptions with procalcitonin guidance (cut-off < 0.25 µg/L) compared with usual care. However, one-third of patients with low procalcitonin at baseline received antibiotics by day 28. AIM To explore the factors associated with the overruling of initial procalcitonin guidance. DESIGN AND SETTING Secondary analysis of a cluster randomized trial in which patients with an LRTI were included. METHOD Using the characteristics of patients, their disease, and general practitioners (GPs), we conducted a multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for clustering. RESULTS Ninety-five out of 301 (32%) patients with low procalcitonin received antibiotics by day 28. Factors associated with an overruling of procalcitonin guidance were: a history of chest pain (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.81, 95% confidence interval 1.03-3.17); a prescription of chest X-ray by the GP (aOR 4.65, 2.32-9.34); a C-reactive protein measured retrospectively above 100 mg/L (aOR 7.48, 2.34-23.93, reference ≤ 20 mg/L); the location of the GP practice in an urban setting (aOR 2.27, 1.18-4.37); and the GP's number of years of experience (aOR per year 1.05, 1.01-1.09). CONCLUSIONS Overruling of procalcitonin guidance was associated with GPs' socio-demographic characteristics, pointing to the general behavioral problem of overprescription by physicians. Continuous medical education and communication training might support the successful implementation of procalcitonin point-of-care tests aimed at antibiotic stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Knüsli
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Loïc Lhopitallier
- Gare10 Lausanne General Practice, Av. de la gare 10, 1003 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kronenberg
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Medix General Practice, Bubenbergplatz 8, 3011 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Meuwly
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Onya Opota
- Microbiology Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Antoine Perrenoud
- Microbiology Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Page
- Microbiology Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 105 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada
| | - Aline Mamin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D’Acremont
- Digital Global Health Department, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Senn
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Mueller
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Locatelli
- Department of Education, Research, and Innovation, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 44, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Boillat-Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Stefanova V, Ngai M, Weckman AM, Wright JK, Zhong K, Richard-Greenblatt M, McDonald CR, Conroy AL, Namasopo S, Opoka RO, Hawkes M, Kain KC. Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Prognostic Marker of Ugandan Children at Risk of Severe and Fatal Malaria. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e1079-e1086. [PMID: 35675322 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current malaria diagnostic tests do not reliably identify children at risk of severe and fatal infection. Host immune and endothelial activation contribute to malaria pathogenesis. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a marker of these pathways. We hypothesized that measuring suPAR at presentation could risk-stratify children with malaria. METHODS Plasma suPAR levels were determined in consecutive febrile children with malaria at presentation to hospital in Jinja, Uganda. We evaluated the accuracy of suPAR in predicting in-hospital mortality, and whether suPAR could improve a validated clinical scoring system (Lambaréné Organ Dysfunction Score [LODS]). RESULTS Of the 1226 children with malaria, 39 (3.2%) died. suPAR concentrations at presentation were significantly higher in children who went on to die than in those who survived (P < .0001). suPAR levels were associated with disease severity (LODS: 0 vs 1, P = .001; 1 vs 2, P < .001; 2 vs 3, 0 vs 2, 1 vs 3, and 0 vs 3, P < .0001). suPAR concentrations were excellent predictors of in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.92 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .91-.94]). The prognostic accuracy of LODS (AUROC, 0.93 [95% CI, .91-.94]) was improved when suPAR was added (AUROC, 0.97 [95% CI, .96-.98]; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Measuring suPAR at presentation can identify children at risk of severe and fatal malaria. Adding suPAR to clinical scores could improve the recognition and triage of children at risk of death. suPAR can be detected with a point-of-care test and can now be evaluated in prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Stefanova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie K Wright
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe R McDonald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda
| | | | | | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Husain S, Sage AT, Del Sorbo L, Cypel M, Martinu T, Juvet SC, Mariscal A, Wright J, Chao BT, Shamandy AA, Mousavi SH, Ma J, Wang B, Valero J, Liu M, Landes M, Balachandran S, Hudson K, Ngai M, Capuano M, Gelardi M, Lupia E, Marinowic DR, Friedrich FO, Schmitz CRR, Dos Santos LSM, Barbe-Tuana FM, Jones MH, Kain KC, Mazzulli T, Sabbah S, Keshavjee S. A biomarker assay to risk-stratify patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infection. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2200459. [PMID: 36104292 PMCID: PMC9753477 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00459-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who present to an emergency department (ED) with respiratory symptoms are often conservatively triaged in favour of hospitalisation. We sought to determine if an inflammatory biomarker panel that identifies the host response better predicts hospitalisation in order to improve the precision of clinical decision making in the ED. METHODS From April 2020 to March 2021, plasma samples of 641 patients with symptoms of respiratory illness were collected from EDs in an international multicentre study: Canada (n=310), Italy (n=131) and Brazil (n=200). Patients were followed prospectively for 28 days. Subgroup analysis was conducted on confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (n=245). An inflammatory profile was determined using a rapid, 50-min, biomarker panel (RALI-Dx (Rapid Acute Lung Injury Diagnostic)), which measures interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM1). RESULTS RALI-Dx biomarkers were significantly elevated in patients who required hospitalisation across all three sites. A machine learning algorithm that was applied to predict hospitalisation using RALI-Dx biomarkers had a mean±sd area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 76±6% (Canada), 84±4% (Italy) and 86±3% (Brazil). Model performance was 82±3% for COVID-19 patients and 87±7% for patients with a confirmed pneumonia diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The rapid diagnostic biomarker panel accurately identified the need for inpatient care in patients presenting with respiratory symptoms, including COVID-19. The RALI-Dx test is broadly and easily applicable across many jurisdictions, and represents an important diagnostic adjunct to advance ED decision-making protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew T Sage
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Del Sorbo
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen C Juvet
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Mariscal
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Wright
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bonnie T Chao
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alaa A Shamandy
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Hossein Mousavi
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jin Ma
- Biostatistics Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerome Valero
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Landes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharaniyaa Balachandran
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberley Hudson
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marialessia Capuano
- Division of Emergency Medicine and High Dependency Unit, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital-Molinette Site, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Gelardi
- Division of Emergency Medicine and High Dependency Unit, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital-Molinette Site, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Lupia
- Division of Emergency Medicine and High Dependency Unit, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital-Molinette Site, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniel R Marinowic
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Frederico O Friedrich
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carine R R Schmitz
- Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leticya S M Dos Santos
- School of Health, Sciences and Life, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Florencia M Barbe-Tuana
- School of Health, Sciences and Life, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcus H Jones
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Sabbah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program and Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Jullien S, Richard-Greenblatt M, Ngai M, Lhadon T, Sharma R, Dema K, Kain KC, Bassat Q. Performance of host-response biomarkers to risk-stratify children with pneumonia in Bhutan. J Infect 2022; 85:634-643. [PMID: 36243198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is the leading cause of post-neonatal death amongst children under five years of age; however, there is no simple triage tool to identify children at risk of progressing to severe and fatal disease. Such a tool could assist for early referral and prioritization of care to improve outcomes and enhance allocation of scarce resources. We compared the performance of inflammatory and endothelial activation markers in addition to clinical signs or scoring scales to risk-stratify children hospitalized with pneumonia at the national referral hospital of Bhutan with the goal of predicting clinical outcome. Of 118 children, 31 evolved to a poor prognosis, defined as either mortality, admission in the paediatric intensive care unit, requirement of chest drainage or requirement of more than five days of oxygen therapy. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) was the best performing biomarker and performed better than clinical parameters. sTREM-1 levels upon admission had good predictive accuracy to identify children with pneumonia at risk of poor prognosis. Our findings confirm that immune and endothelial activation markers could be proactively used at first encounter as risk-stratification and clinical decision-making tools in children with pneumonia; however, further external validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jullien
- Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan.
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tenzin Lhadon
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan; Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan (KGUMSB), Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ragunath Sharma
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Kumbu Dema
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quique Bassat
- Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ngai M, Hawkes MT, Erice C, Weckman AM, Wright J, Stefanova V, Opoka RO, Namasopo S, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Intestinal Injury in Ugandan Children Hospitalized With Malaria. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:2010-2020. [PMID: 35942812 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe malaria is associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which may involve the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS In a prospective cohort study in Uganda, we measured markers of intestinal injury (intestinal fatty-acid binding protein [I-FABP] and zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1]) and microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide binding protein [LBP] and soluble complement of differentiation 14 [sCD14]) among children admitted with malaria. We examined their association with biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial activation, clinical signs of hypoperfusion, organ injury, and mortality. RESULTS We enrolled 523 children (median age 1.5 years, 46% female, 7.5% mortality). Intestinal FABP was above the normal range (≥400 pg/mL) in 415 of 523 patients (79%). Intestinal FABP correlated with ZO-1 (ρ = 0.11, P = .014), sCD14 (ρ = 0.12, P = .0046) as well as markers of inflammation and endothelial activation. Higher I-FABP levels were associated with lower systolic blood pressure (ρ = -0.14, P = .0015), delayed capillary refill time (ρ = 0.17, P = .00011), higher lactate level (ρ = 0.40, P < .0001), increasing stage of acute kidney injury (ρ = 0.20, P = .0034), and coma (P < .0001). Admission I-FABP levels ≥5.6 ng/mL were associated with a 7.4-fold higher relative risk of in-hospital death (95% confidence interval, 1.4-11, P = .0016). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal injury occurs commonly in children hospitalized with malaria and is associated with microbial translocation, systemic inflammation, tissue hypoperfusion, MODS, and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ngai
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Hawkes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clara Erice
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Wright
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veselina Stefanova
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda.,Department of Paediatrics, Kabale District Hospital, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Saghian R, Cahill LS, Debebe SK, Rahman A, Serghides L, McDonald CR, Weckman AM, Kain KC, Sled JG. Allometric scaling relationships in mouse placenta. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220579. [PMID: 36349448 PMCID: PMC9653247 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth and maturation are highly intertwined with placental development during pregnancy. Here we used placental vascular morphology measurements (depth and span) as well as the umbilical artery (UA) diameter of previously published studies on three different mouse strains (C57BL6/J, CD-1 and BALB/c), which were exposed to different conditions (combination antiretroviral therapy, chronic maternal hypoxia and malaria infection) at different embryonic days, to test the hypothesis that placental vascularization and specifically the UA size affect conceptus weight. Interaction of each study parameter with embryonic day, strain and exposure to treatments are studied to investigate the stability of the scaling relationships across and/or within strains and conditions. In addition, the effect of UA diameter on the placental growth measurements (depth and span) is studied. These results show that the power-law scaling relationship of conceptus weight and placental depth with the UA diameter is conserved across strains and conditions with the scaling exponent of approximately 3/8 and 5/8, respectively. By contrast, the relationship between conceptus weight and either the placental span or depth is different between strains and conditions, suggesting multiple mechanisms of vascular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojan Saghian
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay S. Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St John’s, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Debebe
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anum Rahman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Serghides
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- Institute of Medical Science, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M. Weckman
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Institute of Medical Science, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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McDonald CR, Weckman AM, Richardson E, Hawkes MT, Leligdowicz A, Namasopo S, Opoka RO, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Sex as a determinant of disease severity and clinical outcome in febrile children under five presenting to a regional referral hospital in Uganda. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276234. [PMID: 36269702 PMCID: PMC9586386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex and gender are well-established determinants of health in adult and adolescent populations in low resource settings. There are limited data on sex as a determinant of host response to disease and clinical outcome in febrile children in sub-Saharan Africa, where the risk of infection-related mortality is greatest. We examined sex differences and gender biases in health-seeking behavior, clinical care, biological response to infection, or outcome in a prospective observational cohort of febrile children under 5 years of age presenting to a regional referral hospital in Jinja, Uganda. Main outcomes (stratified by sex) were disease severity at presentation measured by clinical and biological parameters, clinical management (e.g., time to see a physician, treatment by diagnosis), and disease outcome (e.g., mortality). Clinical measures of disease severity included Lambaréné Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS), Signs of Inflammation in Children that Kill (SICK), and the Pediatric Early Death Index for Africa (PEDIA). Biological measures of disease severity were assessed using circulating markers of immune and endothelial activation associated with severe and fatal infections. Differences in outcome by sex were analyzed using bivariate analyses with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. In this cohort of febrile patients admitted to hospital (n = 2049), malaria infection was common (59.2%). 15.9% of children presented with severe disease (LODS score ≥ 2). 97 children (4.7%) died, and most deaths (n = 83) occurred within 48 hours of hospital admission. Clinical measures of disease severity at presentation, clinical management, and outcome (e.g., mortality) did not differ by sex in children under five years of age. Host response to infection, as determined by endothelial and inflammatory mediators (e.g., sTREM1, Ang-2) quantified at hospital presentation, did not differ by sex. In this cohort of children under the age of five, sex was not a principal determinant of disease severity at hospital presentation, clinical management, disease outcome, or biological response to infection (p-values not significant for all comparisons, after Bonferroni correction). The results suggest that health seeking behavior by caregivers and clinical care in the hospital setting did not reflect a gender bias in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe R. McDonald
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea M. Weckman
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Richardson
- Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael T. Hawkes
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Robert O. Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,* E-mail:
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18
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Sharma KK, Partap U, Mistry N, Marathe Y, Wang M, Shaikh S, D'Costa P, Gupta G, Bromage S, Hemler EC, Kain KC, Dholakia Y, Fawzi WW. Randomised trial to determine the effect of vitamin D and zinc supplementation for improving treatment outcomes among patients with COVID-19 in India: trial protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061301. [PMID: 36038172 PMCID: PMC9437735 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Presently, there are few population-level strategies to address SARS-CoV-2 infection except preventive measures such as vaccination. Micronutrient deficiency, particularly vitamin D and zinc deficiency, has been associated with dysregulated host responses, and may play an important role in COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We have designed a 2×2 factorial, randomised, double-blind, multi-centre placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and zinc on COVID-19 outcomes in Maharashtra, India. COVID-19 positive individuals are recruited from hospitals in Mumbai and Pune. Participants are provided (1) vitamin D3 bolus (180 000 IU) maintained by daily dose of 2000 IU and/or (2) zinc gluconate (40 mg daily), versus placebo for 8 weeks. Participants undergo a detailed assessment at baseline and at 8 weeks, and are monitored daily in hospital or every 3 days after leaving the hospital to assess symptoms and other clinical measures. A final follow-up telephone call occurs 12 weeks post-enrolment to assess long-term outcomes. The primary outcome of the study is to time to recovery, defined as time to resolution of all of fever, cough and shortness of breath. Secondary outcomes include: duration of hospital stay, all-cause mortality, necessity of assisted ventilation, change in blood biomarker levels and individual symptoms duration. Participant recruitment commenced on April 2021. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from institutional ethical committees of all participating institutions. The study findings will be presented in peer-reviewed medical journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT04641195, CTRI/2021/04/032593, HMSC (GOI)-2021-0060.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uttara Partap
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nerges Mistry
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Marathe
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Molin Wang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanaa Shaikh
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradeep D'Costa
- King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sabri Bromage
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena C Hemler
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yatin Dholakia
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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McDonald CR, Leligdowicz A, Conroy AL, Weckman AM, Richard-Greenblatt M, Ngai M, Erice C, Zhong K, Namasopo S, Opoka RO, Hawkes MT, Kain KC. Immune and endothelial activation markers and risk stratification of childhood pneumonia in Uganda: A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004057. [PMID: 35830474 PMCID: PMC9328519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the global burden of pneumonia, reliable triage tools to identify children in low-resource settings at risk of severe and fatal respiratory tract infection are lacking. This study assessed the ability of circulating host markers of immune and endothelial activation quantified at presentation, relative to currently used clinical measures of disease severity, to identify children with pneumonia who are at risk of death. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of children aged 2 to 59 months presenting to the Jinja Regional Hospital in Jinja, Uganda between February 2012 and August 2013, who met the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) diagnostic criteria for pneumonia. Circulating plasma markers of immune (IL-6, IL-8, CXCL-10/IP-10, CHI3L1, sTNFR1, and sTREM-1) and endothelial (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, Angpt-1, Angpt-2, and sFlt-1) activation measured at hospital presentation were compared to lactate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) with a primary outcome of predicting 48-hour mortality. Of 805 children with IMCI pneumonia, 616 had severe pneumonia. Compared to 10 other immune and endothelial activation markers, sTREM-1 levels at presentation had the best predictive accuracy in identifying 48-hour mortality for children with pneumonia (AUROC 0.885, 95% CI 0.841 to 0.928; p = 0.03 to p < 0.001) and severe pneumonia (AUROC 0.870, 95% CI 0.824 to 0.916; p = 0.04 to p < 0.001). sTREM-1 was more strongly associated with 48-hour mortality than lactate (AUROC 0.745, 95% CI 0.664 to 0.826; p < 0.001), respiratory rate (AUROC 0.615, 95% CI 0.528 to 0.702; p < 0.001), oxygen saturation (AUROC 0.685, 95% CI 0.594 to 0.776; p = 0.002), PCT (AUROC 0.650, 95% CI 0.566 to 0.734; p < 0.001), and CRP (AUROC 0.562, 95% CI 0.472 to 0.653; p < 0.001) in cases of pneumonia and severe pneumonia. The main limitation of this study was the unavailability of radiographic imaging. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of Ugandan children, sTREM-1 measured at hospital presentation was a significantly better indicator of 48-hour mortality risk than other common approaches to risk stratify children with pneumonia. Measuring sTREM-1 at clinical presentation may improve the early triage, management, and outcome of children with pneumonia at risk of death. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at clinicaltrial.gov (NCT04726826).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe R. McDonald
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weckman
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clara Erice
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Robert O. Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael T. Hawkes
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Conroy AL, Hawkes MT, Leligdowicz A, Mufumba I, Starr MC, Zhong K, Namasopo S, John CC, Opoka RO, Kain KC. Blackwater fever and acute kidney injury in children hospitalized with an acute febrile illness: pathophysiology and prognostic significance. BMC Med 2022; 20:221. [PMID: 35773743 PMCID: PMC9248152 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) and blackwater fever (BWF) are related but distinct renal complications of acute febrile illness in East Africa. The pathogenesis and prognostic significance of BWF and AKI are not well understood. METHODS A prospective observational cohort study was conducted to evaluate the association between BWF and AKI in children hospitalized with an acute febrile illness. Secondary objectives were to examine the association of AKI and BWF with (i) host response biomarkers and (ii) mortality. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria and BWF was based on parental report of tea-colored urine. Host markers of immune and endothelial activation were quantified on admission plasma samples. The relationships between BWF and AKI and clinical and biologic factors were evaluated using multivariable regression. RESULTS We evaluated BWF and AKI in 999 children with acute febrile illness (mean age 1.7 years (standard deviation 1.06), 55.7% male). At enrollment, 8.2% of children had a history of BWF, 49.5% had AKI, and 11.1% had severe AKI. A history of BWF was independently associated with 2.18-fold increased odds of AKI (95% CI 1.15 to 4.16). When examining host response, severe AKI was associated with increased immune and endothelial activation (increased CHI3L1, sTNFR1, sTREM-1, IL-8, Angpt-2, sFlt-1) while BWF was predominantly associated with endothelial activation (increased Angpt-2 and sFlt-1, decreased Angpt-1). The presence of severe AKI, not BWF, was associated with increased risk of in-hospital death (RR, 2.17 95% CI 1.01 to 4.64) adjusting for age, sex, and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS BWF is associated with severe AKI in children hospitalized with a severe febrile illness. Increased awareness of AKI in the setting of BWF, and improved access to AKI diagnostics, is needed to reduce disease progression and in-hospital mortality in this high-risk group of children through early implementation of kidney-protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Building 4, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Michael T Hawkes
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 3-593 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G1C9, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1511 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | | | - Michelle C Starr
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Building 4, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | | | - Chandy C John
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Building 4, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Global Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
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21
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Stefanova V, Crowley VM, Weckman AM, Kain KC. suPAR to Risk-Stratify Patients With Malaria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931321. [PMID: 35757694 PMCID: PMC9226448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria (SM) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, particularly in children in sub-Saharan Africa. However, existing malaria diagnostic tests do not reliably identify children at risk of severe and fatal outcomes. Dysregulated host immune and endothelial activation contributes to the pathogenesis of SM. Current research suggests that measuring markers of these pathways at presentation may have clinical utility as prognostic indicators of disease progression and risk of death. In this review, we focus on the available evidence implicating soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a novel and early predictor of severe and fatal malaria and discuss its potential utility for malaria triage and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Stefanova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie M Crowley
- Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Chandna A, Richard-Greenblatt M, Tustin R, Lee SJ, Kain KC, Burza S, Lubell Y, Turner P. Practical Methods to Permit the Analysis of Host Biomarkers in Resource-Limited Settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd211045. [PMID: 35436761 PMCID: PMC9209911 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host biomarker testing can be used as an adjunct to the clinical assessment of patients with infections and might be particularly impactful in resource-constrained settings. Research on the merits of this approach at peripheral levels of low- and middle-income country health systems is limited. In part, this is due to resource-intense requirements for sample collection, processing, and storage. We evaluated the stability of 16 endothelial and immune activation biomarkers implicated in the host response to infection stored in venous plasma and dried blood spot specimens at different temperatures for 6 months. We found that -80°C storage offered no clear advantage over -20°C for plasma aliquots, and most biomarkers studied could safely be stored as dried blood spots at refrigeration temperatures (4°C) for up to 3 months. These results identify more practical methods for host biomarker testing in resource-limited environments, which could help facilitate research in rural and remote environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chandna
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Richard Tustin
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sue J. Lee
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UHN-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yoel Lubell
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Gustafson D, Ngai M, Wu R, Hou H, Schoffel AC, Erice C, Mandla S, Billia F, Wilson MD, Radisic M, Fan E, Trahtemberg U, Baker A, McIntosh C, Fan CPS, Dos Santos CC, Kain KC, Hanneman K, Thavendiranathan P, Fish JE, Howe KL. Cardiovascular signatures of COVID-19 predict mortality and identify barrier stabilizing therapies. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103982. [PMID: 35405523 PMCID: PMC8989492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cell (EC) activation, endotheliitis, vascular permeability, and thrombosis have been observed in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), indicating that the vasculature is affected during the acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It remains unknown whether circulating vascular markers are sufficient to predict clinical outcomes, are unique to COVID-19, and if vascular permeability can be therapeutically targeted. Methods Prospectively evaluating the prevalence of circulating inflammatory, cardiac, and EC activation markers as well as developing a microRNA atlas in 241 unvaccinated patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection allowed for prognostic value assessment using a Random Forest model machine learning approach. Subsequent ex vivo experiments assessed EC permeability responses to patient plasma and were used to uncover modulated gene regulatory networks from which rational therapeutic design was inferred. Findings Multiple inflammatory and EC activation biomarkers were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients and in severity-matched SARS-CoV-2-negative patients, while dysregulation of specific microRNAs at presentation was specific for poor COVID-19-related outcomes and revealed disease-relevant pathways. Integrating the datasets using a machine learning approach further enhanced clinical risk prediction for in-hospital mortality. Exposure of ECs to COVID-19 patient plasma resulted in severity-specific gene expression responses and EC barrier dysfunction, which was ameliorated using angiopoietin-1 mimetic or recombinant Slit2-N. Interpretation Integration of multi-omics data identified microRNA and vascular biomarkers prognostic of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients and revealed that vascular stabilizing therapies should be explored as a treatment for endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19, and other severe diseases where endothelial dysfunction has a central role in pathogenesis. Funding Information This work was directly supported by grant funding from the Ted Rogers Center for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota Gustafson
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ruilin Wu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Huayun Hou
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Clara Erice
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Serena Mandla
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eddy Fan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Uriel Trahtemberg
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Critical Care Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Andrew Baker
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Critical Care Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Chris McIntosh
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Vector Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chun-Po S Fan
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kate Hanneman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Ted Rogers Program in Cardiotoxicity Prevention, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Kathryn L Howe
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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24
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Jullien S, Richard-Greenblatt M, Casellas A, Tshering K, Ribó JL, Sharma R, Tshering T, Pradhan D, Dema K, Ngai M, Muñoz-Almagro C, Kain KC, Bassat Q. Association of Clinical Signs, Host Biomarkers and Etiology With Radiological Pneumonia in Bhutanese Children. Glob Pediatr Health 2022; 9:2333794X221078698. [PMID: 35252478 PMCID: PMC8891828 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221078698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing pneumonia and identifying those requiring antibiotherapy remain challenging. Chest radiographs (CXR) are often used as the reference standard. We aimed to describe clinical characteristics, host-response biomarkers and etiology, and assess their relationship to CXR findings in children with pneumonia in Thimphu, Bhutan. Children between 2 and 59 months hospitalized with WHO-defined pneumonia were prospectively enrolled and classified into radiological endpoint and non-endpoint pneumonia. Blood and nasopharyngeal washing were collected for microbiological analyses and plasma levels of 11 host-response biomarkers were measured. Among 149 children with readable CXR, 39 (26.2%) presented with endpoint pneumonia. Identification of respiratory viruses was common, with no significant differences by radiological outcomes. No clinical sign was suggestive of radiological pneumonia, but children with radiological pneumonia presented higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Markers of endothelial and immune activation had little accuracy for the reliable identification of radiological pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jullien
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic – Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aina Casellas
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic – Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jose Luis Ribó
- Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ragunath Sharma
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tashi Tshering
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Dinesh Pradhan
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Kumbu Dema
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Michelle Ngai
- University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Internacional of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic – Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
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25
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Hogendoorn SKL, Lhopitallier L, Richard-Greenblatt M, Tenisch E, Mbarack Z, Samaka J, Mlaganile T, Mamin A, Genton B, Kaiser L, D'Acremont V, Kain KC, Boillat-Blanco N. Clinical sign and biomarker-based algorithm to identify bacterial pneumonia among outpatients with lower respiratory tract infection in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:39. [PMID: 34991507 PMCID: PMC8735728 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate antibiotics use in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) is a major contributor to resistance. We aimed to design an algorithm based on clinical signs and host biomarkers to identify bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among patients with LRTI. METHODS Participants with LRTI were selected in a prospective cohort of febrile (≥ 38 °C) adults presenting to outpatient clinics in Dar es Salaam. Participants underwent chest X-ray, multiplex PCR for respiratory pathogens, and measurements of 13 biomarkers. We evaluated the predictive accuracy of clinical signs and biomarkers using logistic regression and classification and regression tree analysis. RESULTS Of 110 patients with LRTI, 17 had bacterial CAP. Procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) showed an excellent predictive accuracy to identify bacterial CAP (AUROC 0.88, 95%CI 0.78-0.98; 0.84, 0.72-0.99; 0.83, 0.74-0.92, respectively). Combining respiratory rate with PCT or IL-6 significantly improved the model compared to respiratory rate alone (p = 0.006, p = 0.033, respectively). An algorithm with respiratory rate (≥ 32/min) and PCT (≥ 0.25 μg/L) had 94% sensitivity and 82% specificity. CONCLUSIONS PCT, IL-6 and sTREM-1 had an excellent predictive accuracy in differentiating bacterial CAP from other LRTIs. An algorithm combining respiratory rate and PCT displayed even better performance in this sub-Sahara African setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika K L Hogendoorn
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Loïc Lhopitallier
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Estelle Tenisch
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zainab Mbarack
- Mwananyamala Hospital, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Josephine Samaka
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Tarsis Mlaganile
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Aline Mamin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noémie Boillat-Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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McDonald CR, Weckman AM, Wright JK, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Developmental origins of disease highlight the immediate need for expanded access to comprehensive prenatal care. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1021901. [PMID: 36504964 PMCID: PMC9730730 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1021901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prenatal environment plays a critical role in shaping fetal development and ultimately the long-term health of the child. Here, we present data linking prenatal health, via maternal nutrition, comorbidities in pregnancy (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), and infectious and inflammatory exposures, to lifelong health through the developmental origins of disease framework. It is well-established that poor maternal health puts a child at risk for adverse outcomes in the first 1,000 days of life, yet the full health impact of the in utero environment is not confined to this narrow window. The developmental origins of disease framework identifies cognitive, neuropsychiatric, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, and chronic diseases in childhood and adulthood that have their genesis in prenatal life. This perspective highlights the enormous public health implications for millions of pregnancies where maternal care, and therefore maternal health and fetal health, is lacking. Despite near universal agreement that access to antenatal care is a priority to protect the health of women and children in the first 1,000 days of life, insufficient progress has been achieved. Instead, in some regions there has been a political shift toward deprioritizing maternal health, which will further negatively impact the health and safety of pregnant people and their children across the lifespan. In this article we argue that the lifelong health impact attributed to the perinatal environment justifies policies aimed at improving access to comprehensive antenatal care globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe R McDonald
- Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie K Wright
- Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra A. Rotman (SAR) Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Leligdowicz A, Conroy AL, Hawkes M, Richard-Greenblatt M, Zhong K, Opoka RO, Namasopo S, Bell D, Liles WC, da Costa BR, Jüni P, Kain KC. Risk-stratification of febrile African children at risk of sepsis using sTREM-1 as basis for a rapid triage test. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6832. [PMID: 34824252 PMCID: PMC8617180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying febrile children at risk of sepsis in low-resource settings can improve survival, but recognition triage tools are lacking. Here we test the hypothesis that measuring circulating markers of immune and endothelial activation may identify children with sepsis at risk of all-cause mortality. In a prospective cohort study of 2,502 children in Uganda, we show that Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) measured at first clinical presentation, had high predictive accuracy for subsequent in-hospital mortality. sTREM-1 had the best performance, versus 10 other markers, with an AUROC for discriminating children at risk of death of 0.893 in derivation (95% CI 0.843-0.944) and 0.901 in validation (95% CI 0.856-0.947) cohort. sTREM-1 cutoffs corresponding to a negative likelihood ratio (LR) of 0.10 and a positive LR of 10 classified children into low (1,306 children, 53.1%), intermediate (942, 38.3%) and high (212, 8.6%) risk zones. The estimated incidence of death was 0.5%, 3.9%, and 31.8%, respectively, suggesting sTREM-1 could be used to risk-stratify febrile children. These findings do not attempt to derive a risk prediction model, but rather define sTREM-1 cutoffs as the basis for rapid triage test for all cause fever syndromes in children in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St., Building 4, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Michael Hawkes
- grid.17089.37Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 3-593 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G1C9 Canada
| | - Melissa Richard-Greenblatt
- grid.417184.f0000 0001 0661 1177Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, 101 College St. TMDT 10-360A, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- grid.417184.f0000 0001 0661 1177Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, MaRS Centre, 101 College St. TMDT 10-360A, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Robert O. Opoka
- grid.416252.60000 0000 9634 2734Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kabale District Hospital, Kabale, Uganda
| | - David Bell
- Independent consultant, Issaquah, WA 98027 USA
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Global Health, and Pharmacology, 1959 NE Pacific Street; HSB RR-511, Box 356420, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6420 USA
| | - Bruno R. da Costa
- grid.415502.7Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael’s Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Peter Jüni
- grid.415502.7Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael’s Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Tropical Disease Unit, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, 101 College St. TMDT 10-360A, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
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Tran V, Weckman AM, Crowley VM, Cahill LS, Zhong K, Cabrera A, Elphinstone RE, Pearce V, Madanitsa M, Kalilani-Phiri L, Mwapasa V, Khairallah C, Conroy AL, Ter Kuile FO, Sled JG, Kain KC. The Angiopoietin-Tie2 axis contributes to placental vascular disruption and adverse birth outcomes in malaria in pregnancy. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103683. [PMID: 34758414 PMCID: PMC8590041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria during pregnancy is a major contributor to the global burden of adverse birth outcomes including fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and fetal loss. Recent evidence supports a role for angiogenic dysregulation and perturbations to placental vascular development in the pathobiology of malaria in pregnancy. The Angiopoietin-Tie2 axis is critical for placental vascularization and remodeling. We hypothesized that disruption of this pathway would contribute to malaria-induced adverse birth outcomes. Methods Using samples from a previously conducted prospective cohort study of pregnant women in Malawi, we measured circulating levels of angiopoietin-1 (Angpt-1) and Angpt-2 by Luminex (n=1392). We used a preclinical model of malaria in pregnancy (Plasmodium berghei ANKA [PbA] in pregnant BALB/c mice), genetic disruption of Angpt-1 (Angpt1+/− mice), and micro-CT analysis of placental vasculature to test the hypothesis that disruptions to the Angpt-Tie2 axis by malaria during pregnancy would result in aberrant placental vasculature and adverse birth outcomes. Findings Decreased circulating levels of Angpt-1 and an increased ratio of Angpt-2/Angpt-1 across pregnancy were associated with malaria in pregnancy. In the preclinical model, PbA infection recapitulated disruptions to the Angiopoietin-Tie2 axis resulting in reduced fetal growth and viability. Malaria decreased placental Angpt-1 and Tie2 expression and acted synergistically with reduced Angpt-1 in heterozygous dams (Angpt1+/−), to worsen birth outcomes by impeding vascular remodeling required for placental function. Interpretation Collectively, these data support a mechanistic role for the Angpt-Tie2 axis in malaria in pregnancy, including a potential protective role for Angpt-1 in mitigating infection-associated adverse birth outcomes. Funding This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Canada Research Chair, and Toronto General Research Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship Award. The parent trial was supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership and the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium, which was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The funders had no role in design, analysis, or reporting of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Tran
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Valerie M Crowley
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana Cabrera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Robyn E Elphinstone
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria Pearce
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mwayiwawo Madanitsa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
| | | | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Carole Khairallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Feiko O Ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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29
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Wang D, Darling AM, McDonald CR, Perumal N, Liu E, Wang M, Aboud S, Urassa W, Conroy AL, Hayford KT, Liles WC, Kain KC, Fawzi WW. Plasma concentrations of leptin at mid-pregnancy are associated with gestational weight gain among pregnant women in Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:675. [PMID: 34615489 PMCID: PMC8495974 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gestational weight gain (GWG) has critical implications for maternal and child health. Inflammation and angiogenesis are implicated in various aspects of maternal metabolism that may play a role in gestational weight gain. The associations of inflammatory, angiogenic, and metabolic pathways with GWG are yet to be elucidated. This study evaluated associations between a panel of inflammatory, angiogenic, and metabolic proteins measured in mid-pregnancy and gestational weight gain. Methods Pregnant women were enrolled from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between 2001 and 2004. The participants were enrolled at mid-pregnancy (12 to 27 weeks of gestation) and followed up until delivery. This analysis focused on a cohort of 1002 women who were primigravid, had singleton live births, had longitudinal measures of gestational weight, and whose mid-pregnancy plasma samples underwent analysis for 18 proteins. Results Higher plasma concentrations of leptin (mean difference in GWG percent adequacy comparing highest with lowest quartiles: 10.24; 95% CI 3.31, 17.16; p-trend = 0.003) and chitinase-3-like protein-1 (CH3L1) (mean difference in GWG percent adequacy comparing highest with lowest quartiles: 7.02; 95% CI 0.31, 13.72; p-trend = 0.007) were associated with greater GWG in a dose-response pattern. Higher leptin concentrations were associated with a lower risk of inadequate GWG (risk ratio comparing highest with lowest quartiles: 0.77; 95% CI 0.65, 0.91; p-trend = 0.001) and a higher risk of excessive GWG (risk ratio comparing highest with lowest quartiles: 1.57; 95% CI 1.03, 2.39; p-trend = 0.03). Higher CH3L1 concentrations were associated with a higher risk of excessive GWG (p-trend = 0.007). The associations of leptin and CH3L1 with inadequate GWG were stronger during the second than the third trimester. The other 16 proteins examined were not significantly associated with GWG. Conclusions Mid-pregnancy plasma leptin concentrations may be associated with GWG and have clinical predictive utility in identifying women at a higher risk of inadequate or excessive gestational weight gain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-04146-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wang
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02120, USA.
| | - Anne Marie Darling
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Chloe R McDonald
- Sandra Rotman Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nandita Perumal
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02120, USA
| | - Enju Liu
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Willy Urassa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kyla T Hayford
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02120, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Weckman AM, Conroy AL, Madanitsa M, Gnaneswaran B, McDonald CR, Kalilani-Phiri L, Chandna J, Ali D, Mwapasa V, Khairallah C, Thwai KL, Meshnick SR, Taylor SM, ter Kuile FO, Kain KC, Gladstone M. Neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children exposed to malaria during pregnancy: An observational birth cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003701. [PMID: 34582452 PMCID: PMC8478258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually 125 million pregnancies are at risk of malaria infection. However, the impact of exposure to malaria in pregnancy on neurodevelopment in children is not well understood. We hypothesized that malaria in pregnancy and associated maternal immune activation result in neurodevelopmental delay in exposed offspring. METHODS AND FINDINGS Between April 2014 and April 2015, we followed 421 Malawian mother-baby dyads (median [IQR] maternal age: 21 [19, 28] years) who were previously enrolled (median [IQR] gestational age at enrollment: 19.7 [17.9, 22.1] weeks) in a randomized controlled malaria prevention trial with 5 or 6 scheduled assessments of antenatal malaria infection by PCR. Children were evaluated at 12, 18, and/or 24 months of age with cognitive tests previously validated in Malawi: the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT) and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MCAB-CDI). We assessed the impact of antenatal malaria (n [%] positive: 240 [57.3]), placental malaria (n [%] positive: 112 [29.6]), and maternal immune activation on neurocognitive development in children. Linear mixed-effects analysis showed that children exposed to antenatal malaria between 33 and 37 weeks gestation had delayed language development across the 2-year follow-up, as measured by MCAB-CDI (adjusted beta estimate [95% CI], -7.53 [-13.04, -2.02], p = 0.008). Maternal immune activation, characterized by increased maternal sTNFRII concentration, between 33 and 37 weeks was associated with lower MCAB-CDI language score (adjusted beta estimate [95% CI], -8.57 [-13.09, -4.06], p < 0.001). Main limitations of this study include a relatively short length of follow-up and a potential for residual confounding that is characteristic of observational studies. CONCLUSIONS This mother-baby cohort presents evidence of a relationship between malaria in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental delay in offspring. Malaria in pregnancy may be a modifiable risk factor for neurodevelopmental injury independent of birth weight or prematurity. Successful interventions to prevent malaria during pregnancy may reduce the risk of neurocognitive delay in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Weckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mwayiwawo Madanitsa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
| | - Bruno Gnaneswaran
- Women and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- Grand Challenges Canada, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jaya Chandna
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen Ali
- Department of Preventive Health Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Carole Khairallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kyaw Lay Thwai
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feiko O. ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Women and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Chandna A, Osborn J, Bassat Q, Bell D, Burza S, D'Acremont V, Fernandez-Carballo BL, Kain KC, Mayxay M, Wiens M, Dittrich S. Anticipating the future: prognostic tools as a complementary strategy to improve care for patients with febrile illnesses in resource-limited settings. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006057. [PMID: 34330761 PMCID: PMC8327814 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In low-income and middle-income countries, most patients with febrile illnesses present to peripheral levels of the health system where diagnostic capacity is very limited. In these contexts, accurate risk stratification can be particularly impactful, helping to guide allocation of scarce resources to ensure timely and tailored care. However, reporting of prognostic research is often imprecise and few prognostic tests or algorithms are translated into clinical practice. Here, we review the often-conflated concepts of prognosis and diagnosis, with a focus on patients with febrile illnesses. Drawing on a recent global stakeholder consultation, we apply these concepts to propose three use-cases for prognostic tools in the management of febrile illnesses in resource-limited settings: (1) guiding referrals from the community to higher-level care; (2) informing resource allocation for patients admitted to hospital and (3) identifying patients who may benefit from closer follow-up post-hospital discharge. We explore the practical implications for new technologies and reflect on the challenges and knowledge gaps that must be addressed before this approach could be incorporated into routine care settings. Our intention is that these use-cases, alongside other recent initiatives, will help to promote a harmonised yet contextualised approach for prognostic research in febrile illness. We argue that this is especially important given the heterogeneous settings in which care is often provided for patients with febrile illnesses living in low-income and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chandna
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia .,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Osborn
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Dé, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bell
- Independent Consultant, Issaquah, Washington, USA
| | | | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Microbiology Department, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.,Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Matthew Wiens
- Center for International Child Health, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Walimu, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
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Richard-Greenblatt M, Boillat-Blanco N, Zhong K, Mbarack Z, Samaka J, Mlaganile T, Kazimoto T, D'acremont V, Kain KC. Prognostic Accuracy of Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (sTREM-1)-based Algorithms in Febrile Adults Presenting to Tanzanian Outpatient Clinics. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1304-1312. [PMID: 31102510 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inability to identify individuals with acute fever at risk of death is a barrier to effective triage and management of severe infections, especially in low-resource settings. Since endothelial and immune activation contribute to the pathogenesis of various distinct life-threatening infections, we hypothesized that measuring mediators of these pathways at clinical presentation would identify febrile adults at risk of death. METHODS Plasma concentrations of markers of endothelial (angiopoetin-1/2, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and immune (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells [sTREM-1], interleukin-6, interleukin-8, chitinase-3-like protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, procalcitonin [PCT], C-reactive protein [CRP]) activation pathways were determined in consecutive adults with acute fever (≥38°C) at presentation to outpatient clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We evaluated the accuracy of these mediators in predicting all-cause mortality and examined whether markers could improve the prognostic accuracy of clinical scoring systems, including the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) and Glasgow coma scale (GCS). RESULTS Of 507 febrile adults, 32 died (6.3%) within 28 days of presentation. We found that sTREM-1 was the best prognostic marker for 28-day mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81-0.92) and was significantly better than CRP (P < .0001) and PCT (P = .0001). The prognostic accuracy of qSOFA and the GCS were significantly enhanced when sTREM-1 was added (0.80 [95% CI 0.76-0.83] to 0.91 [95% CI 0.88-0.94; P < .05] and 0.72 [95% CI 0.63-0.80] to 0.94 [95% CI 0.91-0.97; P < .05], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Measuring sTREM-1 at clinical presentation can identify febrile individuals at risk of all-cause febrile mortality. Adding severity markers such as sTREM-1 to simple clinical scores could improve the recognition and triage of patients with life-threatening infections in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen Zhong
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada
| | - Zainab Mbarack
- Mwananyamala Hospita, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzanial
| | - Josephine Samaka
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Tarsis Mlaganile
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Thekla Kazimoto
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Valerie D'acremont
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel.,University Centre of General Medicine and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada
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Ouma BJ, Bangirana P, Ssenkusu JM, Datta D, Opoka RO, Idro R, Kain KC, John CC, Conroy AL. Plasma angiopoietin-2 is associated with age-related deficits in cognitive sub-scales in Ugandan children following severe malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:17. [PMID: 33407493 PMCID: PMC7789657 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated angiopoietin-2 (Angpt-2) concentrations are associated with worse overall neurocognitive function in severe malaria survivors, but the specific domains affected have not been elucidated. Methods Ugandan children with severe malaria underwent neurocognitive evaluation a week after hospital discharge and at 6, 12 and 24 months follow-up. The relationship between Angpt-2 concentrations and age-adjusted, cognitive sub-scale z-scores over time were evaluated using linear mixed effects models, adjusting for disease severity (coma, acute kidney injury, number of seizures in hospital) and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, height-for-age z-score, socio-economic status, enrichment in the home environment, parental education, and any preschool education of the child). The Mullen Scales of Early Learning was used in children < 5 years and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition was used in children ≥ 5 years of age. Angpt-2 levels were measured on admission plasma samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was conducted using the Benjamini–Hochberg Procedure of False Discovery Rate. Results Increased admission Angpt-2 concentration was associated with worse outcomes in all domains (fine and gross motor, visual reception, receptive and expressive language) in children < 5 years of age at the time of severe malaria episode, and worse simultaneous processing and learning in children < 5 years of age at the time of severe malaria who were tested when ≥ 5 years of age. No association was seen between Angpt-2 levels and cognitive outcomes in children ≥ 5 years at the time of severe malaria episode, but numbers of children and testing time points were lower for children ≥ 5 years at the time of severe malaria episode. Conclusion Elevated Angpt-2 concentration in children with severe malaria is associated with worse outcomes in multiple neurocognitive domains. The relationship between Angpt-2 and worse cognition is evident in children < 5 years of age at the time of severe malaria presentation and in selected domains in older years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson J Ouma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Bangirana
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John M Ssenkusu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dibyadyuti Datta
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Idro
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chandy C John
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Muehlenbein MP, Angelo KM, Schlagenhauf P, Chen L, Grobusch MP, Gautret P, Duvignaud A, Chappuis F, Kain KC, Bottieau E, Epelboin L, Shaw M, Hynes N, Hamer DH. Traveller exposures to animals: a GeoSentinel analysis. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5716751. [PMID: 31993666 PMCID: PMC7384971 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coexistence with other animals can result in both intentional and unintentional contact with a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species. International travellers are at risk for such encounters; travellers risk injury, infection and possibly death from domestic and wild animal bites, scratches, licks and other exposures. The aim of the present analysis was to understand the diversity and distribution of animal-related exposures among international travellers. METHODS Data from January 2007 through December 2018 from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network were reviewed. Records were included if the exposure was non-migration travel with a diagnosis of an animal (dog, cat, monkey, snake or other) bite or other exposure (non-bite); records were excluded if the region of exposure was not ascertainable or if another, unrelated acute diagnosis was reported. RESULTS A total of 6470 animal exposures (bite or non-bite) were included. The majority (71%) occurred in Asia. Travellers to 167 countries had at least one report of an animal bite or non-bite exposure. The majority (76%) involved dogs, monkeys and cats, although a wide range of wild and domestic species were involved. Almost two-thirds (62.6%) of 4395 travellers with information available did not report a pretravel consultation with a healthcare provider. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing bites and other animal exposures requires education (particularly during pretravel consultations) and behavioral modification. These should be supplemented by the use of pre-exposure rabies vaccination for travellers to high-risk countries (especially to those with limited access to rabies immunoglobulin), as well as encouragement of timely (in-country) post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies and Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (herpesvirus B) when warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina M Angelo
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Public and Global Health Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, 330 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MEdicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, Netherlands 1100DD
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Méditerranée Infection Foundation, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine , Division of Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Chappuis
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, MaRS Centre, 101 College St, TMDT 10-360A, Ontario, Canada M5G1L7
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, Ave des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marc Shaw
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Services, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Noreen Hynes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St, Suite 419, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Crosstown 3rd floor, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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35
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Van Singer M, Brahier T, Ngai M, Wright J, Weckman AM, Erice C, Meuwly JY, Hugli O, Kain KC, Boillat-Blanco N. COVID-19 risk stratification algorithms based on sTREM-1 and IL-6 in emergency department. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:99-106.e4. [PMID: 33045281 PMCID: PMC7546666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to surges of patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) and potentially overwhelming health systems. Objective We sought to assess the predictive accuracy of host biomarkers at clinical presentation to the ED for adverse outcome. Methods Prospective observational study of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients in the ED of a Swiss hospital. Concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers were determined at clinical presentation. We evaluated the accuracy of clinical signs and these biomarkers in predicting 30-day intubation/mortality, and oxygen requirement by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve and by classification and regression tree analysis. Results Of 76 included patients with COVID-19, 24 were outpatients or hospitalized without oxygen requirement, 35 hospitalized with oxygen requirement, and 17 intubated/died. We found that soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells had the best prognostic accuracy for 30-day intubation/mortality (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.95) and IL-6 measured at presentation to the ED had the best accuracy for 30-day oxygen requirement (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.94). An algorithm based on respiratory rate and sTREM-1 predicted 30-day intubation/mortality with 94% sensitivity and 0.1 negative likelihood ratio. An IL-6–based algorithm had 98% sensitivity and 0.04 negative likelihood ratio for 30-day oxygen requirement. Conclusions sTREM-1 and IL-6 concentrations in COVID-19 in the ED have good predictive accuracy for intubation/mortality and oxygen requirement. sTREM-1– and IL-6–based algorithms are highly sensitive to identify patients with adverse outcome and could serve as early triage tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Van Singer
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brahier
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Wright
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Erice
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Meuwly
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hugli
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Ngai M, Kain KC. Fever in returning travellers and migrants: disease severity markers to improve triage and management. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5490164. [PMID: 31095305 PMCID: PMC7520658 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) can identify the presence or absence of infection, but do not indicate who will have a self-limited infection versus a life-threatening one. An RDT that incorporates disease severity markers could facilitate the triage and management of travellers and migrants presenting with fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ngai
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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37
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McDonald CR, Weckman AM, Wright JK, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Pregnant Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Require a Special Focus During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Glob Womens Health 2020; 1:564560. [PMID: 34816152 PMCID: PMC8594030 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.564560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe R McDonald
- University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea M Weckman
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie K Wright
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kevin C Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Severe malaria (SM) has high mortality and morbidity rates despite treatment with potent antimalarials. Disease onset and outcome is dependent upon both parasite and host factors. Infected erythrocytes bind to host endothelium contributing to microvascular occlusion and dysregulated inflammatory and immune host responses, resulting in endothelial activation and microvascular damage. This review focuses on the mechanisms of host endothelial and microvascular injury. Only a small percentage of malaria infections (≤1%) progress to SM. Early recognition and treatment of SM can improve outcome, but we lack triage tools to identify SM early in the course of infection. Current point-of-care pathogen-based rapid diagnostic tests do not address this critical barrier. Immune and endothelial activation have been implicated in the pathobiology of SM. We hypothesize that measuring circulating mediators of these pathways at first clinical presentation will enable early triage and treatment of SM. Moreover, that host-based interventions that modulate these pathways will stabilize the microvasculature and improve clinical outcome over that of antimalarial therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Erice
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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39
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Abstract
Despite potent anti-malarial treatment, mortality rates associated with severe falciparum malaria remain high. To attempt to improve outcome, several trials have assessed a variety of potential adjunctive therapeutics, however none to date has been shown to be beneficial. This may be due, at least partly, to the therapeutics chosen and clinical trial design used. Here, we highlight three themes that could facilitate the choice and evaluation of putative adjuvant interventions for severe malaria, paving the way for their assessment in randomized controlled trials. Most clinical trials of adjunctive therapeutics to date have been underpowered due to the large number of participants required to reach mortality endpoints, rendering these study designs challenging and expensive to conduct. These limitations may be mitigated by the use of risk-stratification of participants and application of surrogate endpoints. Appropriate surrogate endpoints include direct measures of pathways causally involved in the pathobiology of severe and fatal malaria, including markers of host immune and endothelial activation and microcirculatory dysfunction. We propose using circulating markers of these pathways to identify high-risk participants that would be most likely to benefit from adjunctive therapy, and further by adopting these biomarkers as surrogate endpoints; moreover, choosing interventions that target deleterious host immune responses that directly contribute to microcirculatory dysfunction, multi-organ dysfunction and death; and, finally, prioritizing where possible, drugs that act on these pathways that are already approved by the FDA, or other regulators, for other indications, and are known to be safe in target populations, including children. An emerging understanding of the critical role of the host response in severe malaria pathogenesis may facilitate both clinical trial design and the search of effective adjunctive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Clara Erice
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Disease Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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40
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Wright JK, Tan DHS, Walmsley SL, Hulme J, O’Connor E, Snider C, Cheng I, Chan AK, Borgundvaag B, McLeod S, Gollob MH, Clarke RJ, Dresser L, Haji F, Mazzulli T, Mubareka S, Jüni P, Lee D, Tomlinson G, Kain KC, Landes M. Protecting Frontline Health Care Workers from COVID-19 with Hydroxychloroquine Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled multisite trial in Toronto, Canada. Trials 2020; 21:647. [PMID: 32665039 PMCID: PMC7359423 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary Objective: To determine if pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with 400mg hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), taken orally once daily reduces microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 among front line health care workers at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Secondary Objectives: To compare the following between study arms: adverse events; symptomatic COVID-19; duration of symptomatic COVID-19; days hospitalized attributed to COVID-19; respiratory failure attributable to COVID-19 requiring i) non-invasive ventilation or ii) intubation/mechanical ventilation; mortality attributed to COVID-19, number of days unable to work attributed to COVID-19, seroconversion (COVID-19 negative to COVID-19 positive over the study period); ability of participant plasma to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro; To describe short-term psychological distress associated with risk of COVID-19 exposure at 1, 60, 120 days of the study. To explore laboratory markers within participants with confirmed COVID-19: including circulating markers of host immune and endothelial activation in participant plasma and their correlation with disease severity and outcome TRIAL DESIGN: The HEROS study is a two-arm, parallel-group, individually randomized (1:1 allocation ratio), placebo controlled, participant and investigator-blinded, multi-site superiority trial of oral HCQ 400 mg taken once daily for 90 days as PrEP to prevent COVID-19 in health care workers at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. At 90 days, there is an open label extension wherein all participants are offered a one-month course of HCQ 400mg once daily for PrEP of COVID-19. PARTICIPANTS Frontline HCWs aged 18 years of age or older, at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure (including staff of emergency departments, intensive care units, intubation teams, COVID-wards, and staff deployed to Long Term Care facilities) of five academic hospitals in downtown Toronto, Canada. Exclusion criteria include: currently pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study period, and/or breast feeding; known hypersensitivity/allergy to hydroxychloroquine or to 4-aminoquinoline compounds; current use of hydroxychloroquine; known prolonged QT syndrome and/or baseline resting ECG with QTc>450 ms and/or concomitant medications which simultaneously may prolong the QTc that cannot be temporarily suspended/replaced; known pre-existing retinopathy, G6PD deficiency, porphyria, liver disease including cirrhosis, encephalopathy, hepatitis or alcoholism, diabetes on oral hypoglycemics or insulin, or renal insufficiency/failure; disclosure of self-administered use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine within 12 weeks prior to study; confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 at time of enrollment. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR Intervention: hydroxychloroquine, 400mg (2 tablets) orally per day. Comparator: placebo, two tablets visually identical to the intervention, orally per day MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome is microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 (i.e. SARS-CoV-2 infection). This is a composite endpoint which includes positive results from any validated SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay including detection of viral RNA, and/or seroconversion. Participants will be assessed at baseline, and then undergo monthly follow-up at day 30, 60, and 90, 120. At each visit, participants will provide an oropharyngeal sample, blood sample, and will undergo electrocardiogram monitoring of the QTc interval. Secondary outcome measures include: adverse events; symptom duration of COVID-19; days of hospitalization attributed to COVID-19; respiratory failure requiring ventilator support attributed to COVID-19; mortality attributed to COVID-19; total days off work attributed to COVID-19; seropositivity (reactive serology by day 120); and short term psychological impact of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 at day 1, 60, 120 days using the K10, a validated measure of non-specific psychological distress. RANDOMISATION Within each site, participants will be individually randomized to either the intervention arm with HCQ or the placebo arm using a fixed 1:1 allocation ratio using an interactive web-based response system to ensure concealment of allocation. Randomization schedules will be computer-generated and blocked using variable block sizes. BLINDING (MASKING) All participants, research coordinators, technicians, clinicians and investigators will be blinded to the participant allocation group. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) N=988, randomised into two groups of 494 patients. TRIAL STATUS This summary describes protocol version No. 1.6, May 15, 2020. Recruitment is ongoing - started April 20, 2020 and anticipated end date is July 30, 2021 TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN.com Identifier: ISRCTN14326006, registered April 14, 2020. FULL PROTOCOL The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Wright
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Eliot Phillipson Clinician Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Sandra Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, UHN-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Darrell H. S. Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michaels Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Sharon L. Walmsley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Immunodeficiency Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Jennifer Hulme
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Erin O’Connor
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Carolyn Snider
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Emergency Department, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Emergency Department, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Adrienne K. Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Bjug Borgundvaag
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Schwartz/Reisman Emergency Medicine Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Shelley McLeod
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Schwartz/Reisman Emergency Medicine Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Michael H. Gollob
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Rosemarie J. Clarke
- Immunodeficiency Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Linda Dresser
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Sinai Health System/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Fatima Haji
- Investigational Pharmacy Services, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Microbiology, University Health Network / Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Peter Jüni
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Dominic Lee
- Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - George Tomlinson
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Sandra Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, UHN-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Megan Landes
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- Emergency Department, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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41
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Gautret P, Leder K, Field V, Kain KC, Hamer DH, Libman M. GeoSentinel surveillance of travel-associated infections: What lies in the future? Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101600. [PMID: 32156631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Karin Leder
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Field
- Department of Infection, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK; National Travel Health Network and Centre, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network - Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Libman
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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42
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Hawkes MT, Opoka RO, Conroy AL, Elphinstone RE, Hume HA, Namasopo S, Kain KC. Anemia and transfusion requirements among Ugandan children with severe malaria treated with intravenous artesunate. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2020; 37:140-152. [PMID: 31826697 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2019.1701161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parenteral artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria in non-immune travelers is associated with late-onset hemolysis. In children in sub-Saharan Africa, the hematologic effects of malaria and artesunate are less well documented. Here we report a prospective case series of 91 children with severe malaria treated with parenteral artesunate, managed at a resource-poor hospital in Africa, with longitudinal data on hemoglobin (Hb), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), haptoglobin, and erythrocyte morphology. The median (range) age was 2 (1-8) years and 43 (47%) were female. The median (IQR) admission Hb level was 69 (55-78) g/L and 20 patients (22%) had severe malarial anemia (Hb < 50 g/L). During hospitalization, 69 patients (76%) received one or more blood transfusions. Fatal outcome in 8 patients was associated with severe anemia in 6/8 cases. Follow-up Hb measurement was performed on 35 patients (38%) at day 14 after initial hospital admission; the remaining patients had no clinical evidence of anemia at the follow-up visit. The convalescent Hb was median (range) 90 (60-138) g/L, which was significantly higher than the paired admission levels (median increase +28 g/L, p < .001). Evidence of hemolysis (elevated LDH and low haptoglobin) was common at admission and improved by day 14. No patient met the standardized definition of post-artemisinin delayed hemolysis (PADH). In this cohort of young children with severe malaria treated with artesunate, anemia was common at admission, required one or more transfusions in a majority of patients, and markers of hemolysis had normalized by day 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Hawkes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Stollery Science Lab, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert O Opoka
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Ryan White Center for Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robyn E Elphinstone
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather A Hume
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Service Hémato-Oncologie, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sophie Namasopo
- Department of Paediatrics, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Mehta N, Perrais B, Martin K, Kumar A, Hobman TC, Cabalfin-Chua MN, Donaldo ME, Siose Painaga MS, Gaite JY, Tran V, Kain KC, Hawkes MT, Yanow SK. A Direct from Blood/Plasma Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Dengue Virus Detection in Point-of-Care Settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1534-1540. [PMID: 30994095 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with dengue virus (DENV) is widespread across tropical regions and can result in severe disease. Early diagnosis is important both for patient management and to differentiate infections that present with similar symptoms, such as malaria, chikungunya, and Zika. Rapid diagnostic tests that are used presently for point-of-care detection of DENV antigens lack the sensitivity of molecular diagnostics that detect viral RNA. However, no molecular diagnostic test for DENV is available for use in field settings. In this study, we developed and validated a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of DENV adapted for use in field settings. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed directly from plasma samples without RNA extraction. The assay detected all four serotypes of DENV spiked into blood or plasma. Our RT-PCR does not cross-react with pathogens that cause symptoms that overlap with dengue infection. The test performed equally well in a conventional laboratory qPCR instrument and a small, low-cost portable instrument that can be used in a field setting. The lower limit of detection for the assay was 1 × 104 genome copy equivalents/mL in blood. Finally, we validated our test using 126 archived patient samples. The sensitivity of our RT-PCR was 76.7% (95% CI: 65.8-87.9%) on the conventional instrument, and 78.3% (95% CI: 65.8-87.9%) on the field instrument, when compared with the RealStar Dengue RT-PCR Kit 2.0. The molecular test described here is user-friendly, low-cost, and can be used in regions with limited laboratory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Mehta
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bastien Perrais
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kimberly Martin
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mary Noreen Cabalfin-Chua
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa Tran
- Tropical Disease Unit, The University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, The University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael T Hawkes
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada.,Stollery Science Lab, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Yanow
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Cabrera A, Neculai D, Tran V, Lavstsen T, Turner L, Kain KC. Plasmodium falciparum-CD36 Structure-Function Relationships Defined by Ortholog Scanning Mutagenesis. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:945-954. [PMID: 30335152 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) with the host receptor CD36 is among the most studied host-parasite interfaces. CD36 is a scavenger receptor that binds numerous ligands including the cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDR)α domains of the erythrocyte membrane protein 1 family (PfEMP1) expressed on the surface of IEs. CD36 is conserved across species, but orthologs display differential binding of IEs. METHODS In this study, we exploited these differences, combined with the recent crystal structure and 3-dimensional modeling of CD36, to investigate malaria-CD36 structure-function relationships and further define IE-CD36 binding interactions. RESULTS We show that a charged surface in the membrane-distal region of CD36 is necessary for IE binding. Moreover, IE interaction with this binding surface is influenced by additional CD36 domains, both proximal to and at a distance from this site. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that subtle sequence and spatial differences in these domains modify receptor conformation and regulate the ability of CD36 to selectively interact with its diverse ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrera
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dante Neculai
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Vanessa Tran
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Kevin C Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of TorontoOntarioCanada
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45
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Balanza N, Erice C, Ngai M, Varo R, Kain KC, Bassat Q. Host-Based Prognostic Biomarkers to Improve Risk Stratification and Outcome of Febrile Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:552083. [PMID: 33072673 PMCID: PMC7530621 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.552083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is one of the leading causes for pediatric medical consultation and the most common symptom at clinical presentation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most febrile episodes are due to self-limited infections, but a small proportion of children will develop life-threatening infections. The early recognition of children who have or are progressing to a critical illness among all febrile cases is challenging, and there are currently no objective and quantitative tools to do so. This results in increased morbidity and mortality among children with impending life-threatening infections, whilst contributing to the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, overwhelming health care facilities, and harm to patients receiving avoidable antimicrobial treatment. Specific fever origin is difficult to ascertain and co-infections in LMICs are common. However, many severe infections share common pathways of host injury irrespective of etiology, including immune and endothelial activation that contribute to the pathobiology of sepsis (i.e., pathogen "agnostic" mechanisms of disease). Importantly, mediators of these pathways are independent markers of disease severity and outcome. We propose that measuring circulating levels of these factors can provide quantitative and objective evidence to: enable early recognition of severe infection; guide patient triage and management; enhance post-discharge risk stratification and follow up; and mitigate potential gender bias in clinical decisions. Here, we review the clinical and biological evidence supporting the clinical utility of host immune and endothelial activation biomarkers as components of novel rapid triage tests, and discuss the challenges and needs for developing and implementing such tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Erice
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Ngai
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Sandra-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Boggild AK, Caumes E, Grobusch MP, Schwartz E, Hynes NA, Libman M, Connor BA, Chakrabarti S, Parola P, Keystone JS, Nash T, Showler AJ, Schunk M, Asgeirsson H, Hamer DH, Kain KC. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in travellers and migrants: a 20-year GeoSentinel Surveillance Network analysis. J Travel Med 2019; 26:5540646. [PMID: 31553455 PMCID: PMC7353840 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) may be emerging among international travellers and migrants. Limited data exist on mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in travellers. We describe the epidemiology of travel-associated CL and MCL among international travellers and immigrants over a 20-year period through descriptive analysis of GeoSentinel data. METHODS Demographic and travel-related data on returned international travellers diagnosed with CL or MCL at a GeoSentinel Surveillance Network site between 1 September 1997 and 31 August 2017 were analysed. RESULTS A total of 955 returned travellers or migrants were diagnosed with travel-acquired CL (n = 916) or MCL during the study period, of whom 10% (n = 97) were migrants. For the 858 non-migrant travellers, common source countries were Bolivia (n = 156, 18.2%) and Costa Rica (n = 97, 11.3%), while for migrants, they were Syria (n = 34, 35%) and Afghanistan (n = 22, 22.7%). A total of 99 travellers (10%) acquired their disease on trips of ≤ 2 weeks. Of 274 cases for which species identification was available, Leishmania Viannia braziliensis was the most well-represented strain (n = 117, 42.7%), followed by L. major (n = 40, 14.6%) and L. V. panamensis (n = 38, 13.9%). Forty cases of MCL occurred, most commonly in tourists (n = 29, 72.5%) and from Bolivia (n = 18, 45%). A total of 10% of MCL cases were acquired in the Old World. CONCLUSIONS Among GeoSentinel reporting sites, CL is predominantly a disease of tourists travelling mostly to countries in Central and South America such as Bolivia where risk of acquiring L. V. braziliensis and subsequent MCL is high. The finding that some travellers acquired leishmaniasis on trips of short duration challenges the common notion that CL is a disease of prolonged travel. Migrants from areas of conflict and political instability, such as Afghanistan and Syria, were well represented, suggesting that as mass migration of refugees continues, CL will be increasingly encountered in intake countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Boggild
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Caumes
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Maladies infectieuses et Tropicales, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Academic Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales en Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Institute of Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noreen A Hynes
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Bloomberg School Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Libman
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Canada
| | - Bradley A Connor
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Sumontra Chakrabarti
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jay S Keystone
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Theodore Nash
- Clinical Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrienne J Showler
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Mirjam Schunk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hilmir Asgeirsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto, Canada
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McDonald CR, Conroy AL, Gamble JL, Papp E, Hawkes M, Olwoch P, Natureeba P, Kamya M, Silverman M, Cohan D, Koss CA, Dorsey G, Kain KC, Serghides L. Estradiol Levels Are Altered in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women Randomized to Efavirenz-Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:428-436. [PMID: 29136115 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use in pregnancy has been associated with hormonal dysregulation. We performed a secondary retrospective analysis of longitudinal progesterone and estradiol levels in pregnancy using specimens from the Protease Inhibitors to Reduce Malaria Morbidity in HIV-infected Pregnant Women study, which randomized Ugandan human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected ART-naive women to initiate either lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-based or efavirenz (EFV)-based cART. Methods Three hundred twenty-six women (160 randomized to the EFV arm and 166 women to the LPV/r arm) with at least 1 plasma sample collected during pregnancy were included. Enrollment samples collected prior to cART initiation were used as a cART-naive comparator group. Hormone levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Estradiol levels were differentially affected by the 2 cART regimens. Exposure to LPV/r was associated with an increase in estradiol (P < .0001), whereas exposure to EFV was associated with a decrease in estradiol (P < .0001), relative to the cART-naive gestationally matched comparator group. Lower estradiol levels correlated with small for gestational age (SGA) (P = .0019) and low birth weight (P = .019) in the EFV arm, while higher estradiol levels correlated with SGA in the LPV/r arm (P = .027). Although progesterone levels were similar between treatment arms, we observed an association between SGA and lower progesterone in the LPV/r arm (P = .04). No association was observed between hormone levels and preterm birth in either arm. Levels of progesterone and estradiol were lower in cases of stillbirth, and levels of both hormones declined immediately prior to stillbirth in 5 of 8 cases. Conclusions Combination ART regimens differentially affect estradiol levels in pregnancy, a hormone critical to the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Identifying cART regimens that minimize perinatal HIV transmission without contributing to hormonal dysregulation represents an urgent public health priority. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00993031.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe R McDonald
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel L Gamble
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada
| | - Eszter Papp
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Hawkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter Olwoch
- Makerere University-University of California, San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Natureeba
- Makerere University-University of California, San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Kamya
- Makerere University-University of California, San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Deborah Cohan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Makerere University-University of California, San Francisco Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kevin C Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Lena Serghides
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
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48
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Elphinstone RE, Weckman AM, McDonald CR, Tran V, Zhong K, Madanitsa M, Kalilani-Phiri L, Khairallah C, Taylor SM, Meshnick SR, Mwapasa V, ter Kuile FO, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Early malaria infection, dysregulation of angiogenesis, metabolism and inflammation across pregnancy, and risk of preterm birth in Malawi: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002914. [PMID: 31574087 PMCID: PMC6772002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Tight regulation of angiogenic, metabolic, and inflammatory pathways are essential for healthy pregnancies. We hypothesized that malaria disrupts these pathways leading to preterm birth (PTB). METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of malaria prevention in pregnancy conducted in Malawi from July 21, 2011, to March 18, 2013. We longitudinally assessed circulating mediators of angiogenic, metabolic, and inflammatory pathways during pregnancy in a cohort of HIV-negative women (n = 1,628), with a median age of 21 years [18, 25], and 562 (35%) were primigravid. Pregnancies were ultrasound dated, and samples were analyzed at 13 to 23 weeks (Visit 1), 28 to 33 weeks (Visit 2), and/or 34 to 36 weeks (Visit 3). Malaria prevalence was high; 70% (n = 1,138) had PCR-positive Plasmodium falciparum infection at least once over the course of pregnancy and/or positive placental histology. The risk of delivering preterm in the entire cohort was 20% (n = 304/1506). Women with malaria before 24 weeks gestation had a higher risk of PTB (24% versus 18%, p = 0.005; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.63, p = 0.021); and those who were malaria positive only before week 24 had an even greater risk of PTB (28% versus 17%, p = 0.02; with an aRR of 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.30, p = 0.002). Using linear mixed-effects modeling, malaria before 24 weeks gestation was associated with altered kinetics of inflammatory (C-Reactive Protein [CRP], Chitinase 3-like protein-1 [CHI3L1], Interleukin 18 Binding Protein [IL-18BP], soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor II [sTNFRII], soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 [sICAM-1]), angiogenic (soluble Endoglin [sEng]), and metabolic mediators (Leptin, Angiopoietin-like 3 [Angptl3]) over the course of pregnancy (χ2 > 13.0, p ≤ 0.001 for each). Limitations include being underpowered to assess the impact on nonviable births, being unable to assess women who had not received any antimalarials, and, because of the exposure to antimalarials in the second trimester, there were limited numbers of malaria infections late in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Current interventions for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy are initiated at the first antenatal visit, usually in the second trimester. In this study, we found that many women are already malaria-infected by their first visit. Malaria infection before 24 weeks gestation was associated with dysregulation of essential regulators of angiogenesis, metabolism, and inflammation and an increased risk of PTB. Preventing malaria earlier in pregnancy may reduce placental dysfunction and thereby improve birth outcomes in malaria-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E. Elphinstone
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea M. Weckman
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Tran
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Zhong
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Carole Khairallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Feiko O. ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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McDonald CR, Cahill LS, Gamble JL, Elphinstone R, Gazdzinski LM, Zhong KJY, Philson AC, Madanitsa M, Kalilani-Phiri L, Mwapasa V, Ter Kuile FO, Sled JG, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Malaria in pregnancy alters l-arginine bioavailability and placental vascular development. Sci Transl Med 2019. [PMID: 29514999 PMCID: PMC6510298 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reducing adverse birth outcomes due to malaria in pregnancy (MIP) is a global health priority. However, there are few safe and effective interventions. L-arginine is an essential amino acid in pregnancy and an immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO), but there are limited data on the impact of MIP on NO biogenesis. We hypothesized that hypoarginemia contributes to the pathophysiology of MIP and that L-arginine supplementation would improve birth outcomes. In a prospective study of pregnant Malawian women, we show that MIP was associated with lower concentrations of L- arginine and higher concentrations of endogenous inhibitors of NO biosynthesis, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine, which were associated with adverse birth outcomes. In a model of experimental MIP, L-arginine supplementation in dams improved birth outcomes (decreased stillbirth and increased birth weight) compared with controls. The mechanism of action was via normalized angiogenic pathways and enhanced placental vascular development, as visualized by placental microcomputerized tomography imaging. These data define a role for dysregulation of NO biosynthetic pathways in the pathogenesis of MIP and support the evaluation of interventions to enhance L-arginine bioavailability as strategies to improve birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe R McDonald
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3HT, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Joel L Gamble
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Robyn Elphinstone
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lisa M Gazdzinski
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3HT, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kathleen J Y Zhong
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adrienne C Philson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 280, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3HT, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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50
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Weckman AM, McDonald CR, Baxter JAB, Fawzi WW, Conroy AL, Kain KC. Perspective: L-arginine and L-citrulline Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Potential Strategy to Improve Birth Outcomes in Low-Resource Settings. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:765-777. [PMID: 31075164 PMCID: PMC6743852 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The available data support the hypothesis that L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation would be suitable for implementation in resource-constrained settings and will enhance placental vascular development and improve birth outcomes. In resource-constrained settings, the rates of adverse birth outcomes, including fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight, are disproportionately high. Complications resulting from preterm birth are now the leading cause of mortality in children <5 y of age worldwide. Despite the global health burden of adverse birth outcomes, few effective interventions are currently available and new strategies are urgently needed, especially for low-resource settings. L-arginine is a nutritionally essential amino acid in pregnancy and an immediate precursor of nitric oxide. During pregnancy, placental and embryonic growth increases the demand for L-arginine, which can exceed endogenous synthesis of L-arginine from L-citrulline, necessitating increased dietary intake. In many low-resource settings, dietary intake of L-arginine in pregnancy is inadequate owing to widespread protein malnutrition and depletion of endogenous L-arginine due to maternal infections, in particular malaria. Here we examine the role of the L-arginine-nitric oxide biosynthetic pathway in pregnancy including placental vascular development and fetal growth. We review the evidence for the relations between altered L-arginine bioavailability and pregnancy outcomes, and strategies for arginine supplementation in pregnancy. Existing studies of L-arginine supplementation in pregnancy in high-resource settings have shown improved maternal and fetal hemodynamics, prevention of pre-eclampsia, and improved birth outcomes including higher birth weight and longer gestation. Arginine supplementation studies now need to be extended to pregnant women in low-resource settings, especially those at risk of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Weckman
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,Sandra A Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chloe R McDonald
- Sandra A Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jo-Anna B Baxter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences,Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea L Conroy
- Sandra A Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,Sandra A Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network-Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Address correspondence to KCK (e-mail: )
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