1
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Eslami A, Alimoghadam S, Khoshravesh S, Shirani M, Alimoghadam R, Alavi Darazam I. Mpox vaccination and treatment: a systematic review. J Chemother 2024; 36:85-109. [PMID: 38069596 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2023.2289270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The Human monkeypox virus (mpox) belongs to the Poxviridae family, characterized by double-stranded DNA. A 2022 outbreak, notably prevalent among men who have sex with men, was confirmed by the World Health Organization. To understand shifting prevalence patterns and clinical manifestations, we conducted a systematic review of recent animal and human studies. We comprehensively searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov, reviewing 69 relevant articles from 4,342 screened records. Our analysis highlights Modified Vaccinia Ankara - Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN)'s potential, though efficacy concerns exist. Tecovirimat emerged as a prominent antiviral in the recent outbreak. However, limited evidence underscores the imperative for further clinical trials in understanding and managing monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Eslami
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mahsa Shirani
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Wang Z, Yang L, Yuan T, Huang R, Li P, Zhang K, Wang G, Zhou Y, Luo D, Meng X, Zou H. Awareness and uptake of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in China: a cross-sectional study. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024; 29:223-235. [PMID: 36124362 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2125993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is recommended to reduce the likelihood of HIV infection after potential exposure. However, little is known about this practice among Chinese gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM). GBM were enrolled from both centers for disease prevention and control (CDCs) and community health centers in six cities in China. Multivariable logistics regression was used to assess factors associated with awareness of and willingness to use nPEP. A total of 516 eligible GBM were included, 67.2% of whom were aware of nPEP, 76.0% were willing to use nPEP, and 2.3% had ever used nPEP. GBM who had college or higher education, had disclosed sexual orientation, had increased number of male sex partners in the last 6 months, and had ever tested for HIV were more likely to be aware of nPEP. Willingness to use nPEP was significantly associated with college or higher education, STI history, gay app use, and awareness of nPEP prior to study. Uptake of nPEP is still low among MSM in China. Efforts are needed to improve awareness of and access to nPEP among GBM, especially those at higher risk of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoyao Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tanwei Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruonan Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kechun Zhang
- Shenzhen Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Qingdao Qingtong AIDS Prevention Volunteer Service Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yepeng Zhou
- Foshan Friends Care Center for AIDS/HIV Control, Foshan, China
| | - Danyang Luo
- Zhitong LGBT Service Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Meng
- Wuxi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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3
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Mills DJ, Zhu Y, Lau CL. Can a single visit rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis eliminate the need for rabies immunoglobulin in last minute travellers? J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad139. [PMID: 37941445 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Zhu
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Liu Y, Li L, Lyu J, Su C. Epidemiological Study of Outpatients in Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Clinics - Tianjin Municipality, China, 2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:822-824. [PMID: 34595000 PMCID: PMC8477052 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known on this topic? Rabies remains a serious public health problem in China. The only way to prevent the fatal disease was through timely and adequate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). What is added by this report? Among all the 126,133 cases visited Tianjin PEP clinics during 2020, more than 90% of the patients were injured by domestic dogs or cats, and about 70% of the animals received vaccination. Most outpatients have knowledge of rabies and show high compatibility with PEP. What are the implications for public health practice? To better control rabies, we need to pay more attention to people who lack knowledge of rabies and help them gain awareness of PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Liu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Li
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Lyu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Su
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
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5
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Mills DJ, Lau CL, Mills C, Furuya-Kanamori L. Efficacy of one-dose intramuscular rabies vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis in travellers. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6219917. [PMID: 33837774 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines for rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) recommend multiple vaccine doses. Travellers sometimes present for pre-travel consultation with insufficient time to complete standard PrEP schedules. We investigated the efficacy of one-dose intramuscular (IM) vaccine in priming the immune system (as PrEP) by measuring antibody response to simulated post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). METHODS A quasi-experimental pre-post intervention clinical trial was conducted at a specialist travel clinic in Australia. Adults (≥18 years) without a history of rabies vaccination were included. At Visit 1, seronegative status was confirmed and one dose of 0.5 ml IM rabies vaccine (Verorab®) administered. At Visit 2 (≥60 days after Visit 1), serology was repeated and a simulated PEP dose (0.5 ml IM) given on this day and again 3 days later (Visit 3). Serology was repeated at Visit 4 (7 days after Visit 2). RESULTS A total of 94 antibody-negative participants were included (<50 years [n = 50]; ≥50 years [n = 44]). At Visit 2, 38.0 and 31.8% of participants aged <50 and ≥50 years were antibody-positive (≥0.5 EU/ml). At Visit 4, all participants were antibody-positive; 82.0 and 47.7% of participants aged <50 and ≥50 years had antibody levels >4 EU/ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS One-dose IM vaccine was effective as PrEP for priming the immune system in both age groups, resulting in rapid development of antibodies 7 days after commencing simulated PEP. If there is insufficient time to complete a standard PrEP schedule, one-dose IM could be considered as an alternative schedule for short trips, rather than not offering travellers any doses at all.Clinical trials registration: ACTRN12619000946112.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia.,Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia.,Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Christine Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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6
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Ben-Zuk N, Dechtman ID, Henn I, Weiss L, Afriat A, Krasner E, Gal Y. Potential Prophylactic Treatments for COVID-19. Viruses 2021; 13:1292. [PMID: 34372498 PMCID: PMC8310088 DOI: 10.3390/v13071292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern at the end of January 2020 and a pandemic two months later. The virus primarily spreads between humans via respiratory droplets, and is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can vary in severity, from asymptomatic or mild disease (the vast majority of the cases) to respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death. Recently, several vaccines were approved for emergency use against SARS-CoV-2. However, their worldwide availability is acutely limited, and therefore, SARS-CoV-2 is still expected to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the upcoming year. Hence, additional countermeasures are needed, particularly pharmaceutical drugs that are widely accessible, safe, scalable, and affordable. In this comprehensive review, we target the prophylactic arena, focusing on small-molecule candidates. In order to consolidate a potential list of such medications, which were categorized as either antivirals, repurposed drugs, or miscellaneous, a thorough screening for relevant clinical trials was conducted. A brief molecular and/or clinical background is provided for each potential drug, rationalizing its prophylactic use as an antiviral or inflammatory modulator. Drug safety profiles are discussed, and current medical indications and research status regarding their relevance to COVID-19 are shortly reviewed. In the near future, a significant body of information regarding the effectiveness of drugs being clinically studied for COVID-19 is expected to accumulate, in addition to information regarding the efficacy of prophylactic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Ben-Zuk
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Ido-David Dechtman
- The Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Military Post 02149, Israel;
- Pulmonology Department, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, 62 Halochamim Street, Holon 5822012, Israel
| | - Itai Henn
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Libby Weiss
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Amichay Afriat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Esther Krasner
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Yoav Gal
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel-Aviv 61909, Israel; (N.B.-Z.); (I.H.); (L.W.)
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel
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7
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van de Water BJ, Meyer TN, Wilson M, Young C, Gaunt B, le Roux KW. TB prevention cascade at a district hospital in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa. Public Health Action 2021; 11:97-100. [PMID: 34159070 DOI: 10.5588/pha.20.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa. OBJECTIVE To identify steps in the TB preventive care cascade from routinely collected data among TB patients at a district hospital prior to the implementation of a novel TB program. DESIGN This was a retrospective study. We adapted the TB prevention cascade to measure indicators routinely collected at district hospitals for TB using a cascade framework to evaluate outcomes in the cohort of close contacts. RESULTS A total of 1,722 charts of TB patients were reviewed. The majority of patients (87%) were newly diagnosed with no previous episodes of TB. A total of 1,548 (90%) patients identified at least one close contact. A total of 7,548 contacts were identified with a median of 4.9 (range 1-16) contacts per patient. Among all contacts identified, 2,913 (39%) were screened for TB. Only 15 (0.5%) started TB preventive therapy and 122 (4.4%) started TB treatment. Nearly 25% of all medical history and clinical information was left unanswered among the 1,722 TB charts reviewed. CONCLUSION Few close contacts were screened or started on TB preventive therapy in this cohort. Primary care providers for TB care in district health facilities should be informed of best practices for screening and treating TB infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J van de Water
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T N Meyer
- Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.,Zithulele District Hospital, Eastern Cape Department of Health, Mqunduli, South Africa
| | - M Wilson
- Advance Access and Delivery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C Young
- Jabulani Rural Health Foundation, Mqanduli, South Africa
| | - B Gaunt
- Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.,Zithulele District Hospital, Eastern Cape Department of Health, Mqunduli, South Africa.,Primary Healthcare Directorate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K W le Roux
- Department of Family Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.,Zithulele District Hospital, Eastern Cape Department of Health, Mqunduli, South Africa.,Primary Healthcare Directorate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Liu P, Sun X. Holographic Grating Enhancement of TI/PMMA Polymers in the Dark Diffusion Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1735. [PMID: 34073278 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dark diffusion enhancement process (DDEP) caused by photopolymerization during the pre-exposure of TI/PMMA (titanocene dispersed methyl methacrylate matrix) polymers was theoretically analyzed and experimentally investigated, revealing the holographic grating enhancement of TI/PMMA polymers in the post-exposure process without additional operations. The diffusion of photo-initiators and photoproducts dominated the grating enhancement process after exposure. We adopted two pre-exposure methods, long-time (second level) and short-time (millisecond level) laser exposure, at 532 nm, to investigate the DDEP during the post-exposure process. A five-fold enhancement in grating strength was achieved in consecutive long-time pre-exposures, while a two-fold grating development was examined after short-time exposure. Additionally, the exposure durations and repetition rates influenced the grating increment of the DDEP. This study provided a basis for the feasibility of holographic application in TI/PMMA photopolymers via the dark diffusion effect.
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9
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Kreye J, Reincke SM, Kornau HC, Sánchez-Sendin E, Corman VM, Liu H, Yuan M, Wu NC, Zhu X, Lee CCD, Trimpert J, Höltje M, Dietert K, Stöffler L, von Wardenburg N, van Hoof S, Homeyer MA, Hoffmann J, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Li LY, Barthel PC, Skriner K, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Kurth F, Franke C, Endres M, Schmitz D, Jeworowski LM, Richter A, Schmidt ML, Schwarz T, Müller MA, Drosten C, Wendisch D, Sander LE, Osterrieder N, Wilson IA, Prüss H. A Therapeutic Non-self-reactive SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Protects from Lung Pathology in a COVID-19 Hamster Model. Cell 2020; 183:1058-1069.e19. [PMID: 33058755 PMCID: PMC7510528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to pandemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), manifesting with respiratory symptoms and multi-organ dysfunction. Detailed characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies and target epitopes is needed to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and guide immunization strategies. Among 598 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 10 COVID-19 patients, we identified 40 strongly neutralizing mAbs. The most potent mAb, CV07-209, neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of 3.1 ng/mL. Crystal structures of two mAbs in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain at 2.55 and 2.70 Å revealed a direct block of ACE2 attachment. Interestingly, some of the near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing mAbs reacted with mammalian self-antigens. Prophylactic and therapeutic application of CV07-209 protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, weight loss, and lung pathology. Our results show that non-self-reactive virus-neutralizing mAbs elicited during SARS-CoV-2 infection are a promising therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cricetinae
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kreye
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Momsen Reincke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Kornau
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chang-Chun D Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Stöffler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels von Wardenburg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott van Hoof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie A Homeyer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Vladimirova
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Y Li
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Charlotte Barthel
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiana Franke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Excellence Cluster NeuroCure Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Maria Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Alexander Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wendisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Muehlenbein MP, Angelo KM, Schlagenhauf P, Chen L, Grobusch MP, Gautret P, Duvignaud A, Chappuis F, Kain KC, Bottieau E, Epelboin L, Shaw M, Hynes N, Hamer DH. Traveller exposures to animals: a GeoSentinel analysis. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5716751. [PMID: 31993666 PMCID: PMC7384971 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coexistence with other animals can result in both intentional and unintentional contact with a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species. International travellers are at risk for such encounters; travellers risk injury, infection and possibly death from domestic and wild animal bites, scratches, licks and other exposures. The aim of the present analysis was to understand the diversity and distribution of animal-related exposures among international travellers. METHODS Data from January 2007 through December 2018 from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network were reviewed. Records were included if the exposure was non-migration travel with a diagnosis of an animal (dog, cat, monkey, snake or other) bite or other exposure (non-bite); records were excluded if the region of exposure was not ascertainable or if another, unrelated acute diagnosis was reported. RESULTS A total of 6470 animal exposures (bite or non-bite) were included. The majority (71%) occurred in Asia. Travellers to 167 countries had at least one report of an animal bite or non-bite exposure. The majority (76%) involved dogs, monkeys and cats, although a wide range of wild and domestic species were involved. Almost two-thirds (62.6%) of 4395 travellers with information available did not report a pretravel consultation with a healthcare provider. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing bites and other animal exposures requires education (particularly during pretravel consultations) and behavioral modification. These should be supplemented by the use of pre-exposure rabies vaccination for travellers to high-risk countries (especially to those with limited access to rabies immunoglobulin), as well as encouragement of timely (in-country) post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies and Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (herpesvirus B) when warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina M Angelo
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Public and Global Health Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, 330 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MEdicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, Netherlands 1100DD
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Méditerranée Infection Foundation, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine , Division of Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Chappuis
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, MaRS Centre, 101 College St, TMDT 10-360A, Ontario, Canada M5G1L7
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, Ave des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marc Shaw
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Services, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Noreen Hynes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St, Suite 419, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Crosstown 3rd floor, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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11
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Benavides JA, Megid J, Campos A, Hampson K. Using Surveillance of Animal Bite Patients to Decipher Potential Risks of Rabies Exposure From Domestic Animals and Wildlife in Brazil. Front Public Health 2020; 8:318. [PMID: 32850575 PMCID: PMC7396646 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct contact with domestic animals and wildlife is linked to zoonotic spillover risk. Patients presenting with animal-bite injuries provide a potentially valuable source of surveillance data on rabies viruses that are transmitted primarily by animal bites. Here, we used passive surveillance data of bite patients to identify areas with high potential risk of rabies transmission to humans across Brazil, a highly diverse and populous country, where rabies circulates in a range of species. We analyzed one decade of bite patient data from the national health information system (SINAN) comprising over 500,000 patients attending public health facilities after being bitten by a domestic or wild animal. Our analyses show that, between 2008 and 2016, patients were mostly bitten by domestic dogs (average annual dog bite patients: 502,043 [436,391-544,564], annual incidence per state: 258 dog bites/100,000 persons) and cats (76,512 [56,588-97,580] cat bites, 41 cat bites/100,000/year), but bites from bats (4,172 [3,351-5,365] bat bites, 2.3/100,000/year), primates (3,320 [3,013-3,710] primate bites, 2.0/100,000/year), herbivores (1,908 [1,492-2,298] herbivore bites, 0.9/100,000/year) and foxes (883 [609-1,086] fox bites, 0.6/100,000/year) were also considerable. Incidence of bites due to dogs and herbivores remained relatively stable over the last decade. In contrast bites by cats and bats increased while bites by primates and foxes decreased. Bites by wild animals occurred in all states but were more frequent in the North and Northeast of Brazil, with over 3-fold differences in incidence between states across all animal groups. Most bites reported from domestic animals and wildlife occurred in urban settings (71%), except for bites from foxes, which were higher in rural settings (57%). Based upon the Ministry of Health guidelines, only half of patients received the correct Post-Exposure Prophylaxis following a bite by a suspect rabid animal. We identified areas and species of high-risk for potential zoonotic transmission of rabies in Brazil and reveal that, despite increasing human encroachment into natural ecosystems, only patients reporting bites by bats increased. Our study calls for future research to identity the socio-ecological factors underlying bites and the preventive measures needed to reduce their incidence and potential risk of rabies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Benavides
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Megid
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Aline Campos
- Programa Estadual de Controle e Profilaxia da Raiva, Health Secretary of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Gentile I, Maraolo AE, Piscitelli P, Colao A. COVID-19: Time for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17113997. [PMID: 32512873 PMCID: PMC7312384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From a healthcare perspective, infection due to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and the ensuing syndrome called COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) represents the biggest challenge the world has faced in several decades. Particularly worrisome are the high contagiousness of the virus and the saturation of hospitals' capacity due to overwhelming caseloads. Non-pharmaceutical interventions such as quarantine and inter-personal distancing are crucial to limiting the spread of the virus in the general population, but more tailored interventions may be needed at an individual level on a case-by-case basis. In this perspective, the most insidious situation is when an individual has contact with a contagious subject without adequate protection. If rapidly recognized afterwards, this occurrence may be promptly addressed through a post-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PEP) with antiviral drugs. This strategy has been implemented for other respiratory viruses (influenza above all) and was successfully used in South Korea among healthcare workers against the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, by providing people who were exposed to high-risk contacts with lopinavir-ritonavir plus ribavirin. Initial experiences with the use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent COVID-19 also seem promising. Post-exposure chemoprophylaxis might help mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the current phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery–Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-0817463094
| | - Alberto Enrico Maraolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery–Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Prisco Piscitelli
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.P.); (A.C.)
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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13
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Iloanusi SH, Mgbere OO, Abughosh SM, Essien EJ. HIV Non-Occupational Post Exposure Prophylaxis in Nigeria: A Systematic Review of Research Evidence and Practice. Int J MCH AIDS 2019; 8:101-119. [PMID: 31803532 PMCID: PMC6886157 DOI: 10.21106/ijma.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although non-occupational Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) has been proven to be efficacious in preventing HIV, it remains an underutilized prevention strategy in Nigeria. We aimed to conduct an overview of research studies on nPEP and practice in Nigeria from 2002 to 2018 examining: sociodemographic characteristics of study sample, awareness, knowledge and prior use of nPEP, reasons for HIV nPEP, timeliness in presenting for PEP, antiretrovirals (ARVs) used for nPEP, side effects and adherence, monitoring and follow-up visits, adherence to guidelines and recommendations for nPEP by healthcare institutions and the strength of evidence of reviewed studies. METHODS An electronic search on PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar for published studies on nPEP from January 2002 to December 2018. We conducted our search using different combinations of the keywords "HIV," "non-occupational," "nonoccupational," "post-exposure," "postexposure," "prophylaxis" and "Nigeria." RESULTS Five articles met the inclusion criteria for this study. About 25.4% of college students were aware of PEP.PEP awareness was significantly determined by the following factors ever tested for HIV, nude picture exchanges, sex without condom, and knowledge of partner's HIV status. Across studies, exposed victims who presented for PEP were mostly females (64%-78%). Rape was the most frequently occurring reason for seeking nPEP (25.9%-64.1%). Although most patients presented for nPEP within 72 hours, follow up visits were generally low (0%-2%) across studies assessed, except for one study that reported a high follow up visit of 83.3%. Guidelines adherence by healthcare institutions could not be established due to lack of information on key variables. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the paucity of research evidence on nPEP use in Nigeria, the societal and cultural contexts in which non-occupational exposures occur, healthcare providers' roles and the public health and practice implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorochi H Iloanusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Osaro O Mgbere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Disease Prevention and Control Division, Houston Health Department, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan M Abughosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ekere J Essien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Ma J, Tian M, Fan X, Yu Q, Jing Y, Wang W, Li L, Zhou Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis multistage antigens confer comprehensive protection against pre- and post-exposure infections by driving Th1-type T cell immunity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63804-63815. [PMID: 27566581 PMCID: PMC5325405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) that is more effective than the current sole licensed option. However, target antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the vaccine potential remain elusive. Five immunodominant antigens with characteristic expressions at the stages of primary infection (Ag85A), the regulation of nutrition and metabolism when transferring from rapid growth to latency (PhoY2 and Rv3407), latency (Rv2626c), and reactivation (RpfB) were selected to construct the fusion polyprotein WH121, which has better immunogenicity and protection than each multistage antigen. DMT adjuvanted WH121 vaccinated C57BL/6 mice could confer persistent and significant protection against the respiratory challenge with 80 CFU of virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv at 9 and 18 weeks after immunization, as the BCG vaccine did. Moreover, WH121/DMT could boost the BCG primed mice against post-exposure infection, and more significantly inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis in the spleen than BCG repeat vaccination. The protection elicited by WH121/DMT is attributed to the WH121-specific Th1-type biased immune responses, characterized by increased antigen-specific IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and high levels of IFN-γ secreted by the splenocytes of vaccinated mice. In particular, high levels of IFN-γ+ TEM cells in the spleen are an effective biomarker for the vaccine-induced early protection, and the persistent protection mainly depends on the increasing IL-2+IFN-γ+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, especially IL-2+ TCM cells. These findings demonstrate that multistage-specific antigens might be promising targets for the next generation TB vaccine, and a combination of these antigens such as WH121/DMT is required for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Maopeng Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukai Jing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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15
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Jonker EFF, Visser LG. Single visit rabies pre-exposure priming induces a robust anamnestic antibody response after simulated post-exposure vaccination: results of a dose-finding study. J Travel Med 2017; 24:3954783. [PMID: 28931127 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current standard 3-dose intramuscular rabies PrEP schedule suffers from a number of disadvantages that severely limit accessibility and availability. The cost of is often prohibitive, it requires 3 visits to the clinic, and there are regular vaccine shortages. METHODS Volunteers ( N = 30) were randomly assigned to 4 study arms: 1 standard dose intramuscular (IM) dose of PVRV (purified Vero cell rabies vaccine, Verorab), and 1/5th, 2/5th or 3/5th- fractional intradermal (ID) dose of PVRV in a single visit. All subjects received a simulated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (D0, D3) 1 year later. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) were determined by virus neutralization microtest (FAVN) on D0, D7, D28, Y1 and Y1 + D7. RESULTS 28 out of 30 subjects (93%) seroconverted 1 month after primary vaccination; 1 subject in the 1-dose IM arm and 1 in the 1/5th-fractional dose ID arm did not. After 1 year, 22 out of 30 subjects (73%) no longer had RVNA above 0.5 IU/ml, with no discernible difference between study groups. After 1 year, all 30 subjects mounted a booster response within 7 days after simulated PEP, with the highest titers found in the single dose IM group ( P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This dose finding study demonstrates that priming with a single dose of rabies vaccine was sufficient to induce an adequate anamnestic antibody response to rabies PEP in all subjects 1 year later, even in those in whom the RVNA threshold of 0.5 IU/ml was not reached after priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile F F Jonker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardus G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Kashiwagi S, Watanabe A, Ikematsu H, Uemori M, Awamura S. Long-acting Neuraminidase Inhibitor Laninamivir Octanoate as Post-exposure Prophylaxis for Influenza. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:330-7. [PMID: 27118785 PMCID: PMC4946013 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single administration of laninamivir octanoate, a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, has been proven to be effective in the treatment of influenza but not for post-exposure prophylaxis. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine if a single administration of laninamivir octanoate 40 mg was superior to placebo for post-exposure prophylaxis. Eligible participants who had cohabited with an influenza patient within 48 hours of symptom onset were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 1 of 3 groups: 40 mg of laninamivir octanoate single administration (LO-40SD), 20 mg of laninamivir octanoate once daily for 2 days (LO-20TD), or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of participants who developed clinical influenza (defined as influenza virus positive, an axillary temperature >37.5°C, and at least 2 symptoms) over a 10-day period. RESULTS A total of 803 participants were enrolled, with 801 included in the primary analysis. The proportions of participants with clinical influenza were 4.5% (12/267), 4.5% (13/269), and 12.1% (32/265) in the LO-40SD, LO-20TD, and placebo groups, respectively. A single administration of laninamivir octanoate 40 mg significantly reduced the development of influenza compared with placebo (P = .001). The relative risk reductions compared with the placebo group were 62.8% and 63.1% for the LO-40SD and LO-20TD groups, respectively. The incidence of adverse events in the LO-40SD group was similar to that of the LO-20TD and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS A single administration of laninamivir octanoate was effective and well tolerated as post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the development of influenza. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION JapicCTI-142679.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Research Division for Development of Anti-Infective Agents, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai
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Gowen BB, Westover JB, Sefing EJ, Bailey KW, Nishiyama S, Wandersee L, Scharton D, Jung KH, Ikegami T. MP-12 virus containing the clone 13 deletion in the NSs gene prevents lethal disease when administered after Rift Valley fever virus infection in hamsters. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:651. [PMID: 26175722 PMCID: PMC4484224 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) causes a range of illnesses that include retinitis, fulminant hepatitis, neurologic disease, and hemorrhagic fever. In hospitalized individuals, case fatality rates can be as high as 10–20%. There are no vaccines or antivirals approved for human use to prevent or treat severe RVFV infections. We previously tested the efficacy of the MP-12 vaccine strain and related variants with NSs truncations as a post-exposure prophylaxis in mice infected with wild-type pathogenic RVFV strain ZH501. Post-exposure efficacy of the rMP12-C13type, a recombinant MP-12 vaccine virus which encodes an in-frame truncation removing 69% of the NSs protein, resulted in 30% survival when administering the virus within 30 min of subcutaneous ZH501 challenge in mice, while the parental MP-12 virus conferred no protection by post-exposure vaccination. Here, we demonstrate uniform protection of hamsters by post-exposure vaccination with rMP12-C13type administered 6 h post-ZH501 infection while no efficacy was observed with the parental MP-12 virus. Notably, both the MP-12 and rMP12-C13type viruses were highly effective (100% protection) when administered 21 days prior to challenge. In a subsequent study delaying vaccination until 8, 12, and 24 h post-RVFV exposure, we observed 80, 70, and 30% survival, respectively. Our findings indicate that the rapid protective innate immune response elicited by rMP12-C13type may be due to the truncated NSs protein, suggesting that the resulting functional inactivation of NSs plays an important role in the observed post-exposure efficacy. Taken together, the data demonstrate that post-exposure vaccination with rMP12-C13type is effective in limiting ZH501 replication and associated disease in standard pre-exposure vaccination and post-challenge treatment models of RVFV infection, and suggest an extended post-exposure prophylaxis window beyond that initially observed in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jonna B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eric J Sefing
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kevin W Bailey
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Shoko Nishiyama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Luci Wandersee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dionna Scharton
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kie-Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA ; Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan, UT, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, USA ; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, USA ; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX, USA
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, and due to the aggressive nature of infection it has been difficult to develop effective medical countermeasures. Total casualties from past outbreaks numbered fewer than 1500 cases, but EBOV unexpectedly emerged from Guinea in late 2013 and infected over 25,000 people in nine countries spanning Africa, Europe and North America. Concern among the public and authorities helped spark an unprecedented push to fast-track experimental drugs for clinical use. AREAS COVERED The authors provide a historical timeline of the progress in developing a licensed post-exposure EBOV drug for use in humans. Furthermore, they summarize and discuss the published data with different in light of their potential to play a role during outbreak times. EXPERT OPINION Monoclonal antibody-based therapy is able to reverse advanced EBOV disease, but the outbreak of an antigenically divergent filovirus would require the reformulation and possibly redevelopment of the most promising candidates. Immunocompetent small animal models have not yet been developed for screening drugs against other filoviruses aside from Ravn and Marburg virus, and thus the number of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates lag behind that of EBOV. There is an urgent need for the proactive development of drugs against other neglected pathogens before the next major outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Special Pathogens Program , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
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19
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Wong G, Richardson JS, Pillet S, Racine T, Patel A, Soule G, Ennis J, Turner J, Qiu X, Kobinger GP. Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine Provides Postexposure Protection to Ebola Virus-Infected Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S379-83. [PMID: 25957963 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes lethal disease in up to 90% of EBOV-infected humans. Among vaccines, only the vesicular stomatitis virus platform has been successful in providing postexposure protection in nonhuman primates. Here, we show that an adjuvanted human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-vectored vaccine (Ad5-Zaire EBOV glycoprotein) protected 67% (6 of 9) and 25% (1 of 4) of cynomolgus macaques when administered 30 minutes and 24 hours following EBOV challenge, respectively. The treatment also protected 33% of rhesus macaques (1 of 3) when given at 24 hours. The results highlight the utility of adjuvanted Ad5 vaccines for rapid immunization against EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada Department of Medical Microbiology
| | - Jason S Richardson
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Stéphane Pillet
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Trina Racine
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Ami Patel
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada Department of Medical Microbiology
| | - Geoff Soule
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | | | | | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada Department of Medical Microbiology
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada Department of Medical Microbiology Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Wong G, Qiu X, Olinger GG, Kobinger GP. Post-exposure therapy of filovirus infections. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:456-63. [PMID: 24794572 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Filovirus infections cause fatal hemorrhagic fever characterized by the initial onset of general symptoms before rapid progression to severe disease; the most virulent species can cause death to susceptible hosts within 10 days after the appearance of symptoms. Before the advent of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy, infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with the most virulent filovirus species was fatal if interventions were not administered within minutes. A novel nucleoside analogue, BCX4430, has since been shown to also demonstrate protective efficacy with a delayed treatment start. This review summarizes and evaluates the potential of current experimental candidates for treating filovirus disease with regard to their feasibility and use in the clinic, and assesses the most promising strategies towards the future development of a pan-filovirus medical countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Like most Asian and African countries, Iran is highly endemic for rabies, which is a preventable disease with the timely utilisation of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). With the availability of affordable vaccination in Iran, there are still several rabies deaths which are assumed misdiagnosed or received ineffective PEP. METHODS We reviewed the files of 16 human rabies deaths, consisting of two groups: 1, ineffective treatment; and 2, erroneous PEP. RESULTS Most of the studied cases were male and were from rural areas. Stray dogs were found to be the common biting animal (68.75%). Of the patients, 10/16 (62.5%) who had injuries on their head and/or face demonstrated shorter incubation periods. The incubation period was longer in a 4-year-old boy who sustained injuries in his abdomen and back. All the patients in group 1 received four doses of vaccine and administration of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG), and death occurred with the mean of 49 days after the bite. This mean was 27 days in three patients in group 2, who received vaccine without administration of HRIG. CONCLUSION In a total of 1,188,579 cases of PEP given in Iran during: 2002-2011, it is not known whether all PEPs were correctly administered by World Health Organization standards. Extending rabies awareness programmes and timely PEP education in the community in accordance with the implementation of rabies control measures might lead to a decrease in these unfortunate scenarios and heavy financial burden of vaccination required due to the prevalence of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Fayaz
- Doctor, Rabies Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Howaizi
- Technical Staff, Rabies Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Biglari
- Technical Staff, Rabies Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alirez Gholami
- Doctor, Rabies Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Kashiwagi S, Watanabe A, Ikematsu H, Awamura S, Okamoto T, Uemori M, Ishida K. Laninamivir octanoate for post-exposure prophylaxis of influenza in household contacts: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. J Infect Chemother 2013; 19:740-9. [PMID: 23732307 PMCID: PMC3738841 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-013-0622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laninamivir octanoate, a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, is an effective treatment for influenza. However, its effectiveness for the prevention of influenza has not yet been demonstrated. We conducted a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether laninamivir octanoate was superior to a placebo for post-exposure prophylaxis of influenza in household contacts. Eligible participants, who were household members who did not have influenza and were in contact with an influenza-infected index patient, were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three groups: 20 mg of laninamivir octanoate once daily for 2 days (LO-2), 20 mg of laninamivir octanoate once daily for 3 days (LO-3), or a placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who developed clinical influenza during a 10-day period. A total of 1711 participants were enrolled, and 1451 participants were included in the primary analysis. The proportion of participants with clinical influenza was 3.9 % (19/487) in the LO-2 group, 3.7 % (18/486) in the LO-3 group, and 16.9 % (81/478) in the placebo group (P < 0.001 for each of the laninamivir octanoate group). The relative risk reductions, compared with the placebo group, were 77.0 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 62.7-85.8] and 78.1 % (95 % CI 64.1-86.7 %) for the LO-2 and LO-3 groups, respectively. The incidences of adverse events in the laninamivir octanoate groups were similar to that in the placebo group. The inhalation of 20 mg of laninamivir octanoate once daily for 2 or 3 days was well tolerated and effectively prevented the development of influenza in household contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seizaburo Kashiwagi
- Kashiwagi Clinic, SS Building Hakata-Ekimae 4F, 3-21-15 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, 812-0011, Japan.
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