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MacIntosh BJ, Ji X, Chen JJ, Gilboa A, Roudaia E, Sekuler AB, Gao F, Chad JA, Jegatheesan A, Masellis M, Goubran M, Rabin J, Lam B, Cheng I, Fowler R, Heyn C, Black SE, Graham SJ. Brain structure and function in people recovering from COVID-19 after hospital discharge or self-isolation: a longitudinal observational study protocol. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E1114-E1119. [PMID: 34848552 PMCID: PMC8648350 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detailed extent of neuroinvasion or deleterious brain changes resulting from COVID-19 and their time courses remain to be determined in relation to "long-haul" COVID-19 symptoms. Our objective is to determine whether there are alterations in functional brain imaging measures among people with COVID-19 after hospital discharge or self-isolation. METHODS This paper describes a protocol for NeuroCOVID-19, a longitudinal observational study of adults aged 20-75 years at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Ontario, that began in April 2020. We aim to recruit 240 adults, 60 per group: people who contracted COVID-19 and were admitted to hospital (group 1), people who contracted COVID-19 and self-isolated (group 2), people who experienced influenza-like symptoms at acute presentation but tested negative for COVID-19 and self-isolated (group 3, control) and healthy people (group 4, control). Participants are excluded based on premorbid neurologic or severe psychiatric illness, unstable cardiovascular disease, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contraindications. Initial and 3-month follow-up assessments include multiparametric brain MRI and electroencephalography. Sensation and cognition are assessed alongside neuropsychiatric assessments and symptom self-reports. We will test the data from the initial and follow-up assessments for group differences based on 3 outcome measures: MRI cerebral blood flow, MRI resting state fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and electroencephalography spectral power. INTERPRETATION If neurophysiologic alterations are detected in the COVID-19 groups in our NeuroCOVID-19 study, this information could inform future research regarding interventions for long-haul COVID-19. The study results will be disseminated to scientists, clinicians and COVID-19 survivors, as well as the public and private sectors to provide context on how brain measures relate to lingering symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
| | - Xiang Ji
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Jean Chen
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Eugenie Roudaia
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Allison B Sekuler
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Jordan A Chad
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Aravinthan Jegatheesan
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Maged Goubran
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Jennifer Rabin
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Benjamin Lam
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Robert Fowler
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Chris Heyn
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Simon J Graham
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (MacIntosh, Gao, Masellis, Goubran, Lam, Heyn, Black, Graham), Physical Sciences Platform (MacIntosh, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Integrated Community Program (Cheng), Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation (Rabin) and Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Trauma, Emergency & Critical Care Research Program (Fowler), Sunnybrook Research Institute; Department of Medical Biophysics (MacIntosh, Chen, Chad, Jegatheesan, Goubran, Graham), University of Toronto; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group (Ji, Gao, Masellis, Lam, Black), Sunnybrook Hospital; Rotman Research Institute (Chen, Gilboa, Roudaia, Sekuler, Chad), Baycrest Health Sciences; Division of Neurology (Masellis, Rabin, Lam, Black), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute (Rabin), Department of Medical Imaging (Heyn) and Department of Psychology (Gilboa, Sekuler), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Cheng, Fowler), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour (Sekuler), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
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Hohl CM, Rosychuk RJ, McRae AD, Brooks SC, Archambault P, Fok PT, Davis P, Jelic T, Turner JP, Rowe BH, Mercier É, Cheng I, Taylor J, Daoust R, Ohle R, Andolfatto G, Atzema C, Hayward J, Khangura JK, Landes M, Lang E, Martin I, Mohindra R, Ting DK, Vaillancourt S, Welsford M, Brar B, Dahn T, Wiemer H, Yadav K, Yan JW, Stachura M, McGavin C, Perry JJ, Morrison LJ. Development of the Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network population-based registry: a methodology study. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E261-E270. [PMID: 33731427 PMCID: PMC8096396 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency physicians lack high-quality evidence for many diagnostic and treatment decisions made for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our objective is to describe the methods used to collect and ensure the data quality of a multicentre registry of patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. METHODS This methodology study describes a population-based registry that has been enrolling consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 since Mar. 1, 2020. Most data are collected from retrospective chart review. Phone follow-up with patients at 30 days captures the World Health Organization clinical improvement scale and contextual, social and cultural variables. Phone follow-up also captures patient-reported quality of life using the Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey at 30 days, 60 days, 6 months and 12 months. Fifty participating emergency departments from 8 provinces in Canada currently enrol patients into the registry. INTERPRETATION Data from the registry of the Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network will be used to derive and validate clinical decision rules to inform clinical decision-making, describe the natural history of the disease, evaluate COVID-19 diagnostic tests and establish the real-world effectiveness of treatments and vaccines, including in populations that are excluded or underrepresented in clinical trials. This registry has the potential to generate scientific evidence to inform our pandemic response, and to serve as a model for the rapid implementation of population-based data collection protocols for future public health emergencies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, no. NCT04702945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Hohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Rhonda J Rosychuk
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Andrew D McRae
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Steven C Brooks
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Patrick Archambault
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Patrick T Fok
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Philip Davis
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Tomislav Jelic
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Joel P Turner
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Brian H Rowe
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Éric Mercier
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - John Taylor
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Raoul Daoust
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Robert Ohle
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Gary Andolfatto
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Clare Atzema
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Jake Hayward
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Jaspreet K Khangura
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Megan Landes
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Eddy Lang
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Ian Martin
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Rohit Mohindra
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Daniel K Ting
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Samuel Vaillancourt
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Michelle Welsford
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Baljeet Brar
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Tara Dahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Hana Wiemer
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Krishan Yadav
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Justin W Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Maja Stachura
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Colleen McGavin
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Jeffrey J Perry
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
| | - Laurie J Morrison
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Hohl, Taylor, Andolfatto, Ting, Brar, Stachura), University of British Columbia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Evaluation (Hohl), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC; Department of Pediatrics (Rosychuk), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (McRae), Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Brooks), School of Medicine, Queen's University; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Brooks), Kingston, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine (Archambault), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; VITAM (Centre de recherche en santé durable) (Archambault, Mercier), Québec, Que.; Division of EMS (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University; Charles V. Keating Emergency and Trauma Centre (Fok, Dahn, Wiemer), QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine (Davis), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Jelic), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Emergency Department (Turner), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine (Turner), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Rowe, Hayward, Khangura), Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and School of Public Health (Rowe), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Centre de recherche (Mercier), CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Que.; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Cheng, Atzema); Division of Emergency Medicine (Cheng, Landes, Vaillancourt, Morrison), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Emergency Department (Taylor), Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC; Départements de médecine de famille et de médecine d'urgence (Daoust), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur-de-Montréal (Daoust), CIUSSS Nord-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Ohle), Health Sciences North; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Ohle), Sudbury, Ont.; Lions Gate Hospital (Andolfatto, Stachura), North Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Atzema); University Health Network (Landes), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Rockyview General Hospital (Lang), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Practice (Martin), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Agency (Martin), Abbotsford, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mohindra), North York General Hospital, North York, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Vaillancourt, Morrison), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Welsford), Department of Medicine, McMaster University; Hamilton Health Sciences (Welsford), Hamilton, Ont.; Surrey Memorial Hospital (Brar), Surrey, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Yadav, Perry), University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Yadav, Perry), Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Emergency Medicine (Yan), Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Yan), Western University, London, Ont.; BC SUPPORT Unit (McGavin), Vancouver, BC
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