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Walia JY, Huang AJW, Margolis TP. Herpes simplex virus-1 conjunctival dendrite in an immunosuppressed patient. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:1-2. [PMID: 37506880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Walia
- John F. Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Andrew J W Huang
- John F. Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd P Margolis
- John F. Hardesty Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Smith LM, Ismail OM, Mojica G. Ocular Manifestations of Herpes Simplex Virus in the Pediatric Population. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2022; 62:73-81. [PMID: 34965227 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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3
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Johnson SD, Harthan JS, Than T, Migneco MK, Shorter E, Whiteside MM, Morettin CE, Olson CK, Rosemann CA, Margolis MS, Haertter LW, Huecker JB, Rodic-Polic B, Buller RS, Storch GA, Gordon MO, Hartwick ATE. Predictive Accuracy and Densitometric Analysis of Point-of-Care Immunoassay for Adenoviral Conjunctivitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34431990 PMCID: PMC8399540 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accurate diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs) is important for timely and appropriate patient management to reduce disease transmission. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a commercially available point-of-care adenovirus immunoassay and determined whether its predictive accuracy is influenced by signal intensities of test result bands. Methods Point-of-care immunoassay (AdenoPlus) testing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing was performed on conjunctival swab samples obtained from eyes of 186 eligible adult participants with presumed infectious conjunctivitis and symptoms of ≤4 days. Masked observers assessed signal intensities of the immunoassay test and control bands using densitometry. Results Ad-Cs was confirmed by qPCR in 28 of the 56 eyes that tested positive on the AdenoPlus, a 50% positive predictive value (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36.9, 63.1). No adenovirus was detected by qPCR in 128 of 130 eyes that tested negative on AdenoPlus, a 98.5% negative predictive value (CI = 96.3, 100). Sensitivity and specificity were 93% (CI = 84.4, 100) and 82% (CI = 76.0, 88.1), respectively. Viral titers significantly correlated with ratio of test band signal intensities (R2 = 0.32, P = 0.002). Higher positive predictive value was associated with higher densitometry ratios (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.59, 0.83). Conclusions Densitometric analyses suggest that the diagnostic accuracy of AdenoPlus is influenced by the signal intensity of the test result bands. Visual comparison of the test band intensities by clinicians could reduce the false positive rate of point-of-care immunoassays and aid in the diagnosis of viral infections. Translational Relevance Ratiometric densitometry of point-of-care immunoassays could aid clinicians’ decision making in diagnosing infectious diseases, including Ad-Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tammy Than
- Carl Vinson VA Medical Center, Dublin, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mae O Gordon
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Das AV, Basu S. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in India: electronic medical records-driven big data analytics report IV. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 106:331-335. [PMID: 33229346 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the clinical profile of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) in patients presenting to a multitier ophthalmology hospital network in India. METHODS This retrospective hospital-based study included 2 408 819 patients presenting between August 2010 and February 2020. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of EKC in at least one eye with a recent onset (≤1 week) were included as cases. The data were collected using the eyeSmart electronic medical record system. RESULTS Overall, 21 196 (0.9%) new patients were diagnosed with EKC, of which 19 203 (90.6%) patients reported a recent onset (≤1 week) and were included for analysis. The median age was 32 (IQR: 22-45) years and adults (84.5%) were commonly affected. Most of the patients were male (62.1%) and unilateral (53.4%) affliction was commoner. The most common presenting symptom was redness (63.7%), followed by watering (42.1%). Preauricular lymphadenopathy or tenderness was documented in 1406 (7.3%) cases at presentation. A minority of the eyes had visual impairment worse than 20/200 (7.8%) due to associated ocular comorbidities. The involvement of the cornea was seen in 7338 (38.2%) patients and corneal signs included subepithelial infiltrates (26.3%), epithelial defect (1.4%), corneal oedema (0.9%) and filaments (0.4%). Of the patients who had corneal involvement, 496 (2.6%) patients had a chronic course beyond 1 month of which 105 (0.5%) had a course beyond 1 year. CONCLUSION EKC is a self-limiting condition that is commonly unilateral and predominantly affects males. About one-third of the patients have corneal involvement which rarely has a chronic course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vipin Das
- Department of eyeSmart EMR & AEye, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- The Cornea Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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5
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A generalized dose-response relationship for adenovirus infection and illness by exposure pathway. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3461-3473. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAdenoviruses are found everywhere in the environment, and cause various health problems including symptoms of enteric illness, and respiratory illness. Despite their significance to public health, few studies have addressed the health risks associated with exposure to adenovirus. Human challenge studies have been published for a few adenoviruses, which involved exposure through oral ingestion, inhalation, intranasal and intraocular droplet inoculation. Nothwithstanding the different symptoms resulting from such exposures, infection can be defined as colonization of a corresponding mucosa. A two-level dose-response model was developed to describe the distributions of infectivity and pathogenicity in various challenge studies of adenovirus, incorporating differences in inoculation route as shift in average infectivity and pathogenicity. This dose-response model can be used to make predictions for the infectivity of adenovirus, specific to any of the four studied inoculation methods. The generalized adenovirus dose-response relationship for infection and acute illness takes into account variation in infectivity and/or pathogenicity across adenovirus types, as well as uncertainty due to limited data.
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Li J, Yang Y, Lin C, Li W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Jia L, Li X, Chen L, Wang Q. Etiology of Acute Conjunctivitis Due to Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, Human Adenovirus, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Chlamydia in Beijing, China. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:349-55. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Collect, boil and amplify – A simple approach for the detection of three common viruses associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis and dendritic ulcers. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:238-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Epling J. Bacterial conjunctivitis. BMJ CLINICAL EVIDENCE 2012; 2012:0704. [PMID: 22348418 PMCID: PMC3635545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to develop bacterial conjunctivitis than they are viral forms. The main bacterial pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults and children, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Contact lens wearers may be more likely to develop gram-negative infections. Bacterial keratitis occurs in up to 30 per 100,000 contact lens wearers. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of empirical treatment in adults and children with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis? What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with bacteriologically confirmed bacterial conjunctivitis? What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with clinically confirmed gonococcal conjunctivitis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2011 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found 44 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: ocular decongestants, oral antibiotics, parenteral antibiotics, saline, topical antibiotics, and warm compresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Epling
- Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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10
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Epling J. Bacterial conjunctivitis. BMJ CLINICAL EVIDENCE 2010; 2010:0704. [PMID: 21718563 PMCID: PMC2907624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to develop bacterial conjunctivitis than they are viral forms. The main bacterial pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults and children, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Contact lens wearers may be more likely to develop gram-negative infections. Bacterial keratitis occurs in up to 30 per 100,000 contact lens wearers. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of empirical treatment in adults and children with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis? What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with bacteriologically confirmed bacterial conjunctivitis? What are the effects of treatment in adults and children with clinically confirmed gonococcal conjunctivitis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found 40 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: ocular decongestants; oral antibiotics; parenteral antibiotics; saline; topical antibiotics; and warm compresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Epling
- Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Jain AK, Sukhija J, Chopra I, Sachdev N. Primary conjunctival herpetic geographic ulcer in an immunocompetent patient. COMPREHENSIVE THERAPY 2007; 33:36-8. [PMID: 17984492 DOI: 10.1007/s12019-007-0009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus ocular infections have been recognized as a major cause of corneal blindness in the developed world. The major signs of a primary infection are limited to the lids, conjunctiva, and cornea. Presence of a conjunctival dendrite without corneal involvement has been reported. Although conjunctival ulceration has been associated with recurrent attacks, it has not been documented as a manifestation of primary herpetic infection. We report a case of primary herpetic infection with geographic conjunctival ulcer with multiple corneal dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Jain AK, Sukhija J, Chopra I, Sachdev N. Primary conjunctival herpetic geographic ulcer in an immunocompetent patient. ANNALS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (SKOKIE, ILL.) 2007; 39:67-9. [PMID: 17914209 DOI: 10.1007/bf02697330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus ocular infections are a major cause of corneal blindness in the developed world. Signs of a primary infection are limited to the lids, conjunctiva and cornea. The presence of a conjunctival dendrite without corneal involvement has been reported. Although conjunctival ulceration has been associated with recurrent attacks, it has not been documented as a manifestation of primary herpetic infection. We report a case of primary herpetic infection with geographic conjunctival ulcer with multiple corneal dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review the changing epidemiology of herpes simplex disease and correlate it with the epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex disease. METHOD A review of pertinent reports in the world literature about the epidemiology of herpes simplex and specifically about ocular herpes simplex. RESULTS In developed countries, many individuals are reaching adolescence and adulthood without prior herpesvirus infection. Herpes simplex genital infection is increasing at a rapid rate in sexually active adolescents and adults, with about one in six adults now infected in the United States. Similar statistics are confirmatory worldwide in developed countries. Active herpes simplex infection is a risk factor for acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus. The Herpetic Eye Disease Study, as well as prior studies from Moorfields Eye Hospital and the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, provides us with the epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. Recent studies suggest an older age of onset and perhaps overall more severe ocular disease as compared with the older literature. CONCLUSIONS Herpes simplex is a significant health concern at present with genital infections increasing in epidemic proportions. This is also reflected in a rise in the incidence of neonatal herpes. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is being acquired for the first time in an older age group. A significant and increasing proportion of genital herpes is caused by HSV-1. Serologic studies are no longer as useful in distinguishing orofacial herpes from genital herpes. More acute retinal necrosis syndrome cases are associated with HSV-2. Speculation about the future of ocular herpes is made based on this changing epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Liesegang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chung
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Jefferson Medical College, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Bailey AS, Tullo AB. Diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: which laboratory test? Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83:622-7. [PMID: 10216067 PMCID: PMC1723048 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.83.5.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Elnifro
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathological Sciences, University of Manchester
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16
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Woodland RM, Darougar S, Thaker U, Cornell L, Siddique M, Wania J, Shah M. Causes of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86:317-20. [PMID: 1412664 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90328-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in 388 patients who attended eye casualty departments in Karachi, Pakistan, during a 5 month period were investigated. Most of these infections were diagnosed as adenovirus (291, 75%) or bacterial (71, 18.3%). Of the remainder, 9 cases (2.3%) were caused by herpes simplex virus and 7 (1.8%) by Chalmydia trachomatis. There was no evidence of typical active trachoma in this urban population. Bacteria or Candida albicans were also grown from 44 of the adenovirus cases (15%). Many of the bacteria grown from eyes in this study were resistant to antibiotics, probably because of inadequate and/or inappropriate self-medication with antibiotics in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Woodland
- Department of Public Health Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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17
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Bishop PN, Tullo AB, Killough R, Richmond SJ. An immune dot-blot test for the diagnosis of ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Eye (Lond) 1991; 5 ( Pt 3):305-8. [PMID: 1955052 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1991.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new simple non culture technique for the diagnosis of chlamydial eye disease. The immune dot-blot test (IDBT) detects chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen which, after being trapped on nitrocellulose membrane, is detected by autoradiography with 125I-labelled genus specific monoclonal antibody. This test was evaluated over a two year period in adults and neonates, by comparing it to culture, serological detection of chlamydial antibodies and clinical features. We demonstrate that the IDBT is more than twice as sensitive as culture, and suggest that in order to achieve a reliable diagnosis of chlamydial eye infection an immunological test for chlamydial antigen should be used in preference to tests which detect the organisms themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Bishop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manchester, England
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18
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Morton CE, Mallinson H, Clearkin LG, Ansons AM, Kaye LC, Mutton KJ. Per-nasal swabbing as an aid to the diagnosis of chlamydial and adenovirus conjunctivitis. Eye (Lond) 1990; 4 ( Pt 3):510-3. [PMID: 2209918 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1990.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and thirty four patients (adults and babies) with conjunctivitis were investigated by taking eye swabs and in addition by taking per-nasal swabs. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 20 patients and adenovirus from 14 patients. Per-nasal swabbing led to a 53% increase in chlamydia diagnosis and a 27% increase in the diagnosis of adenovirus infection. It is suggested that per-nasal swabbing has an important role to play in detecting chlamydial conjunctivitis which itself may be an indicator for high morbidity in patients and their contacts.
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Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC, Pepose JS, Taylor HR. Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. Ophthalmology 1989; 96:1215-20. [PMID: 2797725 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(89)32749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia has been found to be the cause of a high percentage of cases of neonatal and chronic conjunctivitis in an inner-city population. To assess the etiology and epidemiology of acute conjunctivitis in this population, conjunctival scrapings were sampled from 45 patients presenting to an ocular emergency room; and replicate chlamydial, viral, and bacterial cultures and cytology tests were done. No cases of chlamydial conjunctivitis were diagnosed, although a viral etiology was established in 36% of the cases and a bacterial etiology in 40%. Twenty-four percent of the cases were not diagnosed. The authors recommend limiting the initial laboratory workup of patients with acute conjunctivitis to obtaining conjunctival smears for Gram and Giemsa staining. Chlamydial direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody (DFA) should be done if the patient is sexually active. Hyperacute conjunctivitis or acute conjunctivitis refractory to treatment mandates a more complete set of laboratory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Fitch
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
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20
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Davies PO. Basic microbiology. THE ACTIONS AND USES OF OPHTHALMIC DRUGS 1989. [PMCID: PMC7155717 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-407-00799-4.50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Darougar S, Monnickendam MA, Woodland RM. Management and prevention of ocular viral and chlamydial infections. Crit Rev Microbiol 1989; 16:369-418. [PMID: 2539947 DOI: 10.3109/10408418909104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A majority of cases of preventable and/or curable ocular morbidity and blindness are caused by ocular infections. They may account for 70 to 90% of all ocular morbidity seen by family doctors, general practitioners, health centers, and local ophthalmologists in both developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, most health authorities and doctors, including ophthalmologists, consider these diseases to be of little or no importance because they are not fully aware of the high prevalence of these infections and the blinding sequelae which may occur following incorrect diagnosis and treatment. Also, they are not aware of the social and economic impact of these infections in the absence of proper management and implementation of preventive measures. In this review, we examine present knowledge of chlamydial and common viral ocular infections. We discuss the problems of diagnosis, management, and prevention and propose solutions relevant to developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Darougar
- Section of Virology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England
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23
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Coppens I, Abu el-Asrar AM, Maudgal PC, Missotten L. Incidence and clinical presentation of chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: a preliminary study. Int Ophthalmol 1988; 12:201-5. [PMID: 3220670 DOI: 10.1007/bf00133933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a direct immunofluorescent technique and monoclonal antibody, chlamydia trachomatis was detected in the conjunctival smears of 13 out of 47 patients presenting with conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis (an incidence of 28%). Two patients presented with acute symptoms of few days duration, whereas the condition was chronic and of long duration in 11 patients. Conjunctival changes noted were upper and lower palpebral conjunctival follicles and papillae (11 patients), chemosis (5 patients), upper tarsal scar (2 patients) and pseudomembrane (one patient). Corneal involvement was detected in 9 patients and was manifested as micropannus (6 patients), multiple small epithelial punctate stains (3 patients), extensive pannus affecting the upper third of the cornea (2 patients), subepithelial punctate infiltrates similar to that of adenovirus infection (2 patients) and upper limbal follicles (one patient). Identification of chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival smears by use of the monoclonal antibody is a simple, rapid and reliable laboratory procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Coppens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital St. Rafael, Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Woodland
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London
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25
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Liesegang TJ. Epidemiology and natural history of ocular herpes simplex virus infection in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950-1982. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1988; 86:688-724. [PMID: 2979036 PMCID: PMC1298825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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August MJ, Warford AL. Evaluation of a commercial monoclonal antibody for detection of adenovirus antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:2233-5. [PMID: 2826537 PMCID: PMC269453 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.11.2233-2235.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Adenoclone monoclonal antibody for detection of adenovirus antigen was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay and a 72-h indirect fluorescent-antibody test in shell vials and compared with standard culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the Adenoclone test were both 100% with 114 cell culture isolates. With 310 direct clinical specimens, the Adenoclone enzyme immunoassay sensitivity varied from 14.3 to 66.6%, but the Adenoclone indirect fluorescent-antibody test sensitivity was 86.7%, with 100% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J August
- SmithKline Bio-Science Laboratories, Van Nuys, California 91405
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Darougar S, Woodland RM, Walpita P. Value and cost effectiveness of double culture tests for diagnosis of ocular viral and chlamydial infections. Br J Ophthalmol 1987; 71:673-5. [PMID: 2822080 PMCID: PMC1041272 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.71.9.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Swabbings from the eyes of 4132 patients attending ophthalmic casualty and outpatients clinics were tested for chlamydiae, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus. Laboratory isolation tests gave positive results for one of these three agents in 696 (16.8%) cases. When a positive isolation was obtained, only 341 (49%) agreed with the clinical diagnosis while 355 (51%) either had no definite diagnosis marked on the request card or had been clinically diagnosed incorrectly. Routine testing of ocular specimens for all likely organisms can enable the correct treatment to be started sooner than doing one test at each visit, thereby reducing the number of times the patient has to visit the clinic and the expenses involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Darougar
- Subdepartment of Virology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London
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Harding SP, Mallinson H, Smith JL, Clearkin LG. Adult follicular conjunctivitis and neonatal ophthalmia in a Liverpool eye hospital, 1980-1984. Eye (Lond) 1987; 1 ( Pt 4):512-21. [PMID: 2832220 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1987.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the five year period between 1980 and 1984, 2146 adults and 172 neonates suffering from acute conjunctivitis underwent laboratory investigation for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Adenoviruses (AV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and pathogenic bacteria. Epidemiology and clinical features are presented and discussed. CT was detected in 29 per cent of neonates with conjunctivitis. 5.6 per cent of adults and older children investigated for follicular conjunctivitis were CT positive. There was a significant female preponderance among CT positive neonates of 1.9:1 (p less than 0.02). 91 per cent of neonates and 62 per cent of adults in whom CT was detected were receiving some sort of treatment. Serotypes 7, 3, 10, 4 and 8 were responsible in decreasing order of frequency for 96 per cent of AV infections. Serotype 7 was seen for the first time in an adult age distribution. HSV was isolated in 1.3 per cent of cases in the absence of typical lid or corneal lesions. Viral infection was not detected in any neonate. Bacterial infection was a more likely cause than CT in neonates if infection had persisted longer than 5 weeks (p much less than 0.001). Neonates with Staph aureus infection tended to present earlier in the course of disease than those with Haemophilus sp or Pneumococcus (p less than 0.05).
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Abstract
Thirty patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic were evaluated for genital and ocular infection with chlamydia. Eight patients had positive conjunctival immunofluorescent staining. This represents an asymptomatic, latent carrier state with important epidemiologic considerations.
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Simon JW, Longo F, Smith RS. Spontaneous resolution of herpes simplex blepharoconjunctivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 102:598-600. [PMID: 3777078 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(86)90530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We observed three children, aged 1 year 8 months to 9 years 7 months, in whom herpes simplex blepharoconjunctivitis resolved promptly without treatment. A fourth child, 8 years old, developed probable toxic manifestations from topical vidarabine. These manifestations, as well as the blepharoconjunctivitis, resolved when the medication was discontinued. Herpes simplex ocular infection without corneal involvement in children is usually benign and self-limited.
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Potts MJ, Paul ID, Roome AP, Caul EO. Rapid diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients attending an ophthalmic casualty department. Br J Ophthalmol 1986; 70:677-80. [PMID: 3530317 PMCID: PMC1040798 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.70.9.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) techniques were compared with conventional cell culture for the diagnosis of ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. The DIF test was found to have a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.5%. Of 178 patients studied, 19 patients (11%) were positive by DIF and 15 (8.4%) by conventional cell culture technique. Four patients who had previous treatment with chloramphenicol eye drops were negative by cell culture but positive by the DIF test. The DIF test is considered to be a rapid, accurate test with a number of advantages over culture techniques for the detection of C. trachomatis. The importance of appropriate referral of positive patients to prevent more serious sequelae due to C. trachomatis infection is discussed.
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Olafsen LD, Størvold G, Melby K. A microbiological study of conjunctivitis with emphasis on Chlamydia trachomatis, in northern Norway. Acta Ophthalmol 1986; 64:463-70. [PMID: 3535369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the microbiological agents in conjunctivitis in children and young adults, physicians outside hospitals were asked to obtain samples from the conjunctiva in patients presenting with conjunctivitis. Specimens from 194 patients and 177 healthy controls were cultivated for Chlamydia trachomatis. In 12 cases Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated (i.e. 4 neonates, 1 three-year-old child and 7 adults, aged 17 to 39 years), but in none of the controls. Of the specimens from patients 168 and all of the healthy controls were cultivated for both bacteria (including Chlamydia trachomatis) and viruses. The main micro-organisms, regarded as infectious, were Haemophilus influenzae (20), Streptococcus pneumoniae (18), Staphylococcus aureus (14) and Chlamydia trachomatis (9). Haemophilus influenzae (non-typable strains) were isolated more frequently in the age group below 5 years of age than in the age group 5-50 years. Herpes simplex virus (type II) was isolated in one neonate. Chlamydia trachomatis is among the most important infectious agents in conjunctivitis treated outside hospitals. As chlamydial infections need special attention regarding treatment and follow-up, physicians should be encouraged to obtain specimens for microbiological examination, including chlamydia, from the population at risk.
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Fox PD, Khaw PT, McBride BW, McGill JI, Ward KA. Tear and serum antibody levels in ocular herpetic infection: diagnostic precision of secretory IgA. Br J Ophthalmol 1986; 70:584-8. [PMID: 3741822 PMCID: PMC1040776 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.70.8.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to evaluate the potential of herpes simplex virus (HSV) specific antibodies in the diagnosis of herpetic eye infection. The presence of HSV specific secretory IgA (sIgA) in tears was found to be diagnostic of infection. However, serum and tear HSV specific IgG and IgA were not considered reliable indicators of active infection.
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Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular energy parasitic bacterium with a genome of 660 X 10(6) daltons, possessing a plasmid and unique life cycle which includes the differentiation of the infective elementary body to a replicative reticulate body. C. trachomatis is the etiological agent of trachoma, which affects approximately 500 million people in developing countries. Recently it became evident that in industrialised Western nations certain strains of C. trachomatis are the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections such as non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis and subsequent ectopic pregnancies or infertility, perihepatitis, neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia, adult conjunctivitis and epididymitis. Since C. trachomatis infections are often asymptomatic, widespread screening of sexually active young people is needed in order to initiate early antibiotic treatment which may prevent serious complications such as ectopic pregnancies and infertility. Development of sensitive and simple techniques for mass screening for detection of Chlamydia in excretions as well as techniques for detection of specific markers of chronic internal infections (such as Chlamydia specific IgA antibodies) is of great importance.
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Hawkins DA, Wilson RS, Thomas BJ, Evans RT. Rapid, reliable diagnosis of chlamydial ophthalmia by means of monoclonal antibodies. Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69:640-4. [PMID: 4041408 PMCID: PMC1040702 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.69.9.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody (Syva, UK) provided a rapid reliable diagnostic test for Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival samples from 100 adults with acute follicular conjunctivitis and seven babies with suspected chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. Elementary bodies (EBs) were seen in smears from 11 of the adults, and culture confirmed C. trachomatis infection in nine of them. Both tests were positive with specimens from four of the neonates. No specimens from either group of patients produced a negative result in the smear test but a positive result by culture. However, the two adult patients with chlamydial ophthalmia who had negative cultures but were EB-positive had both had prior topical tetracycline therapy.
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Darougar S, Wishart MS, Viswalingam ND. Epidemiological and clinical features of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection. Br J Ophthalmol 1985; 69:2-6. [PMID: 3965025 PMCID: PMC1040512 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.69.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiological and clinical features of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection in 108 patients were studied. Of these, 69 (64%) were aged 15 or over and only eight (7%) were under the age of 5. Associated upper respiratory tract infection was found in 38 (35%) patients and systemic disorders such as mild malaise, fever, and aching in 34 (31%) patients. Common symptoms were redness, watering, discharge, itching, irritation, and lid swelling, whereas pain, photophobia, lid vesicles and ulcers, and blurred vision were less frequent. The major signs consisted of vesicles and ulcers on the lids, papillary responses which were more severe in the upper lid conjunctiva, follicles which were more common in the lower lid conjunctiva, fine and coarse epithelial punctate keratitis, and subepithelial punctate keratitis. Dendritic ulcers and disciform keratitis were found in 16 (15%) and two (2%) patients respectively. The clinical forms of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection varied. Moderate or severe disease was observed in 41 (38%) and 16 (15%) patients respectively. In eight (7%) patients the disease presented as an acute follicular conjunctivitis without characteristic lid or corneal lesions. A chronic blepharoconjunctivitis which lasted for months developed in 16 (15%) patients. The epidemiological and clinical features in our patients were compared with features of the disease reported previously.
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