1
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An Q, Zou H. Ocular surface microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the high prevalence of dry eye disease in diabetic patients. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:805-814. [PMID: 36409575 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
People with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk for developing dry eye disease (DED). However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Recent studies have found that the ocular surface microbiota (OSM) differs significantly between patients with DED and healthy people, suggesting that OSM dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of DED. This hypothesis provides a new possible explanation for why diabetic patients have a higher prevalence of DED than healthy people. The high-glucose environment and the subsequent pathological changes on the ocular surface can cause OSM dysbiosis. The unbalanced microbiota then promotes ocular surface inflammation and alters tear composition, which disturbs the homeostasis of the ocular surface. This "high glucose-OSM dysbiosis" pathway in the pathogenesis of DED with DM (DM-DED) is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu An
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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2
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Hong M, Tong L, Mehta JS, Ong HS. Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11273. [PMID: 37511032 PMCID: PMC10379833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal opacification, and surface keratinisation. External and internal exposomes are measures of environmental factors that individuals are exposed to, and have been increasingly studied for their impact on ocular surface diseases. External exposomes consist of external environmental factors such as dust, pollution, and stress; internal exposomes consist of the surface microbiome, gut microflora, and oxidative stress. Concerning internal exposomes, alterations in the commensal ocular surface microbiome of patients with OSDs are increasingly reported due to advancements in metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Changes in the microbiome may be a consequence of the underlying disease processes or may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSDs. Understanding the changes in the ocular surface microbiome and the impact of various other exposomes may also help to establish the causative factors underlying ocular surface inflammation and scarring, the hallmarks of OSDs. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on exposomes in various OSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrelynn Hong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Hon Shing Ong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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3
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Lema MA, Nava-Medina IB, Cerullo AR, Abdelaziz R, Jimenez SM, Geldner JB, Abdelhamid M, Kwan CS, Kharlamb L, Neary MC, Braunschweig AB. Scalable Preparation of Synthetic Mucins via Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Glycosylated N-Carboxyanhydrides. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Lema
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Ilse B. Nava-Medina
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Antonio R. Cerullo
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Radwa Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Jimenez
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Jacob B. Geldner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Lily Kharlamb
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michelle C. Neary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
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4
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Song H, Xiao K, Chen Z, Long Q. Analysis of Conjunctival Sac Microbiome in Dry Eye Patients With and Without Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841112. [PMID: 35350577 PMCID: PMC8957797 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the conjunctival sac microbial communities in patients with Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eyes (SSDE) and non-Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eyes (NSSDE), compared with normal controls (NC). Methods Conjunctival sac swab samples from 23 eyes of SSDE, 36 eyes of NSSDE, and 39 eyes of NC were collected. The V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene high-throughput sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME). Alpha diversity was employed to analyze microbiome diversity through Chao1 and Shannon indexes. Beta diversity was demonstrated by the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and Partial Least Squares Discrimination Analysis (PLS-DA). The relative abundance was bioinformatically analyzed at the phylum and genus levels. Results The alpha diversity was lower in patients with dry eye disease (Shannon index: NC vs. SSDE: P = 0.020, NC vs. NSSDE: P = 0.029). The beta diversity showed divergent microbiome composition in different groups (NC vs. SSDE: P = 0.001, NC vs. NSSDE: P = 0.001, NSSDE vs. SSDE: P = 0.005). The top 5 abundant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Cyanobacteria in all three groups. The top five abundant genera included Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. The relative microbiome abundance was different between groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was 6.42, 7.31, and 9.71 in the NC, NSSDE, and SSDE groups, respectively (NC vs. SSDE: P = 0.038, NC vs. NSSDE: P = 0.991, SSDE vs. NSSDE: P = 0.048). Conclusion The diversity of conjunctival sac microbiome in patients with NSSDE and SSDE was diminished compared with NC. The main microbiome at the phylum and genus level were similar between groups, but the relative abundance had variations. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in the SSDE group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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5
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Argüeso P. Human ocular mucins: The endowed guardians of sight. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114074. [PMID: 34875287 PMCID: PMC8724396 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are an ancient group of glycoproteins that provide viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to fluids bathing wet surfaced epithelia. They are involved in the protection of underlying tissues by forming a barrier with selective permeability properties. The expression, processing and spatial distribution of mucins are often determined by organ-specific requirements that in the eye involve protecting against environmental insult while allowing the passage of light. The human ocular surface epithelia have evolved to produce an extremely thin and watery tear film containing a distinct soluble mucin product secreted by goblet cells outside the visual axis. The adaptation to the ocular environment is notably evidenced by the significant contribution of transmembrane mucins to the tear film, where they can occupy up to one-quarter of its total thickness. This article reviews the tissue-specific properties of human ocular mucins, methods of isolation and detection, and current approaches to model mucin systems recapitulating the human ocular surface mucosa. This knowledge forms the fundamental basis to develop applications with a promising biological and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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6
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Elevated levels of Merkel cell polyoma virus in the anophthalmic conjunctiva. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15366. [PMID: 34321490 PMCID: PMC8319407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ocular surface hosts a paucibacterial resident microbiome and virome. The factors contributing to homeostasis of this mucosal community are presently unknown. To determine the impact of ocular enucleation and prosthesis placement on the ocular surface microbiome, we sampled conjunctival swabs from 20 anophthalmic and 20 fellow-eye intact conjunctiva. DNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative 16S rDNA PCR, biome representational karyotyping (BRiSK), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmation of specific organisms. 16S ribosomal qPCR revealed equivalent bacterial loads between conditions. Biome representational in silico karyotyping (BRiSK) demonstrated comparable bacterial fauna between anophthalmic and intact conjunctiva. Both torque teno virus and Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV) were detected frequently in healthy and anophthalmic conjunctiva. By qPCR, MCPyV was detected in 19/20 anophthalmic samples compared with 5/20 fellow eyes. MCPyV copy number averaged 891 copies/ng in anophthalmic conjunctiva compared with 193 copies/ng in fellow eyes (p < 0.001). These results suggest that enucleation and prosthesis placement affect the ocular surface flora, particularly for the resident virome. As MCPyV has been shown to be the etiologic cause of Merkel cell carcinoma, understanding the mechanisms by which the ocular surface regulates this virus may have clinical importance.
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7
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Vergés C, Salgado-Borges J, March de Ribot F, Ribas V. Current developments of intensive pulsed light treatment for dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1954504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vergés
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Area Oftalmológica Avanzada, Universidad Politécnica De Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Salgado-Borges
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Area Oftalmológica Avanzada, Universidad Politécnica De Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidade do Minho, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesc March de Ribot
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Area Oftalmológica Avanzada, Universidad Politécnica De Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Girona Hospital, Girona University, Girona, Spain
| | - Verónica Ribas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Area Oftalmológica Avanzada, Universidad Politécnica De Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Du E, Guo Y. Dietary supplementation of essential oils and lysozyme reduces mortality and improves intestinal integrity of broiler chickens with necrotic enteritis. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13499. [PMID: 33455052 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of essential oils (EO; comprised of thymol and carvacrol) and lysozyme on experimental NE in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: no-challenge control (NC), NC + C. perfringens challenge (CC), CC + 120 mg/kg of EO, CC + 100 mg/kg of lysozyme, and CC + 120 mg/kg of EO + 100 mg/kg of lysozyme. The results showed that EO or lysozyme decreased the mortality, alleviated the gut lesions, inhibited the liver Enterobacteriaceae carriage, and increased the villus height of the ileum compared with CC (p < .05), although the proliferation of C. perfringens in the ileum was not inhibited (p > .05). Moreover, EO or lysozyme was found to decrease the ileal concentration of sialic acid and the Mucin2 mRNA expression (p < .05). However, the blend of EO and lysozyme did not display significant effect on the NE-associated mortality or gut damage in contrast with CC (p > .05). In conclusion, these findings suggest the similar protective effects of EO and lysozyme in NE-associated mortality and intestinal impairment, but their blend did not exhibit ameliorative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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9
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Aragona P, Baudouin C, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Messmer E, Barabino S, Merayo-Lloves J, Brignole-Baudouin F, Inferrera L, Rolando M, Mencucci R, Rescigno M, Bonini S, Labetoulle M. The ocular microbiome and microbiota and their effects on ocular surface pathophysiology and disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:907-925. [PMID: 33819460 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ocular surface flora perform an important role in the defense mechanisms of the ocular surface system. Its regulation of the immunological activity and the barrier effect against pathogen invasion are remarkable. Composition of the flora differs according to the methods of investigation, because the microbiome, composed of the genetic material of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and eukaryotes on the ocular surface, differs from the microbiota, which are the community of microorganisms that colonize the ocular surface. The observed composition of the ocular surface flora depends on harvesting and examining methods, whether with traditional culture or with more refined genetic analysis based on rRNA and DNA sequencing. Environment, diet, sex, and age influence the microbial flora composition, thus complicating the analysis of the baseline status. Moreover, potentially pathogenic organisms can affect its composition, as do various disorders, including chronic inflammation, and therapies applied to the ocular surface. A better understanding of the composition and function of microbial communities at the ocular surface could bring new insights and clarify the epidemiology and pathology of ocular surface dynamics in health and disease. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of knowledge about this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, IHU ForeSight, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Jose M Benitez Del Castillo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Clínica Rementeria, Instituto Investigaciones Oftalmologicas Ramon Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Messmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S968, CNRS UMR7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Département de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Leandro Inferrera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rita Mencucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Eye Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Humanitas University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Ophthalmology Départment, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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10
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Diversity of Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiome Adherent to Worn Contact Lenses and Bacterial Communities Associated With Care Solution Use. Eye Contact Lens 2019; 45:331-339. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Li Z, Gong Y, Chen S, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhong H, Wang Z, Chen Y, Deng Q, Jiang Y, Li L, Fu M, Yi G. Comparative portrayal of ocular surface microbe with and without dry eye. J Microbiol 2019; 57:1025-1032. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Fu Q, Li G, Wang C, Wang Y, Li Q, Hao J, Yu G. Profiling and Structural Characterization of High Neu5Gc or Sulfate-containing O-glycans from Hyla Rabbit Intestinal Mucin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071365. [PMID: 30959980 PMCID: PMC6480446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucins constitute the major component of the mucus covering the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby forming a barrier against microbial colonization. Rabbits are bred in large numbers worldwide, with little known about intestinal O-glycosylation despite this insight being crucial to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions. In the present study, a major mucin-type glycopeptide (RIF6) of hyla rabbit intestine was isolated and the O-glycans were extensively characterized based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with bioinformatics approaches. Thirty-three O-glycans were identified, and most of them were sulfated or sialylated glycans. It was worth noting that Neu5Gc-containing structures within sialylated O-glycans accounted for 91%, which were extremely different from that of other species including humans, mice, chickens, etc. Sulfated glycans accounted for 58%, unique disufated and sulfated-sialylated glycans were also detected in rabbit intestinal mucin. These structural characterization reflected species diversity and may provide deeper insights into explaining the adaptability of hyla rabbit to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Qinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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13
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Quintana-Hayashi MP, Padra M, Padra JT, Benktander J, Lindén SK. Mucus-Pathogen Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Farmed Animals. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E55. [PMID: 29912166 PMCID: PMC6027344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections cause significant challenges and economic losses in animal husbandry. As pathogens becoming resistant to antibiotics are a growing concern worldwide, alternative strategies to treat infections in farmed animals are necessary in order to decrease the risk to human health and increase animal health and productivity. Mucosal surfaces are the most common route used by pathogens to enter the body. The mucosal surface that lines the gastrointestinal tract is covered by a continuously secreted mucus layer that protects the epithelial surface. The mucus layer is the first barrier the pathogen must overcome for successful colonization, and is mainly composed of densely glycosylated proteins called mucins. The vast array of carbohydrate structures present on the mucins provide an important setting for host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on gastrointestinal mucins and their role during infections in farmed animals. We examine the interactions between mucins and animal pathogens, with a focus on how pathogenic bacteria can modify the mucin environment in the gut, and how this in turn affects pathogen adhesion and growth. Finally, we discuss analytical challenges and complexities of the mucus-based defense, as well as its potential to control infections in farmed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena P Quintana-Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Médea Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Onerci Celebi O, Celebi ARC. The effect of ocular lubricants containing benzalkonium chloride on nasal mucosal flora. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2018; 37:305-308. [PMID: 29566579 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1456549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of ocular artificial teardrop containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on nasal mucosa was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were two different treatment trial groups. Each dry eye syndrome (DES) patient received the ocular lubricant treatment four times a day in both groups (one group containing BAC, the other group was not). Moistened sterile cotton-tipped applicators were placed in both nostrils and were immediately cultured prior to ocular lubricant treatment and at the end of treatment trial. The bacterial culture-positivity rate, species of bacteria, and drug sensitivity were recorded in the two groups during pre-treatment and post-treatment. RESULTS There were 20 patients in each group with a mean age of 53.14 years (36 female, 4 male). At the beginning of the treatment trial, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently isolated organism from the nasal cavity accounting in 24/40 patients (60%). Of the 40 organisms isolated from the nares prior to treatment trial, 37 (92.5%) were sensitive to gentamycin. At the end of 1 month of treatment trial in patients who were treated with ocular lubricants containing BAC, none of the nasal cultures showed growth of any organisms. However, patients who were treated with ocular lubricants not containing BAC demonstrated persistent positive nasal cultures with the same species and the same antibiotic susceptibility profile at the end of the treatment trial period. CONCLUSION Topically applied ocular lubricants including BAC has an anti-bacterial activity on nasal flora in DES patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Onerci Celebi
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Eregli State Hospital , Eregli, Konya , Turkey
| | - Ali Riza Cenk Celebi
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Acibadem University School of Medicine, Atakent Education and Research Hospital , Kucukcekmece, Istanbul , Turkey
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15
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Review: Environmental impact on ocular surface disorders: Possible epigenetic mechanism modulation and potential biomarkers. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:680-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Boost M, Cho P, Wang Z. Disturbing the balance: effect of contact lens use on the ocular proteome and microbiome. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 100:459-472. [PMID: 28771841 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact lens wear is a popular, convenient and effective method for vision correction. In recent years, contact lens practice has expanded to include new paradigms, including orthokeratology; however, their use is not entirely without risk, as the incidence of infection has consistently been reported to be higher in contact lens wearers. The explanations for this increased susceptibility have largely focused on physical damage, especially to the cornea, due to a combination of hypoxia, mechanical trauma, deposits and solution cytotoxicity, as well as poor compliance with care routines leading to introduction of pathogens into the ocular environment. However, in recent years, with the increasing availability and reduced cost of molecular techniques, the ocular environment has received greater attention with in-depth studies of proteins and other components. Numerous proteins were found to be present in the tears and their functions and interactions indicate that the tears are far more complex than formerly presumed. In addition, the concept of a sterile or limited microbial population on the ocular surface has been challenged by analysis of the microbiome. Ocular microbiome was not considered as one of the key sites for the Human Microbiome Project, as it was thought to be limited compared to other body sites. This was proven to be fallacious, as a wide variety of micro-organisms were identified in the analyses of human tears. Thus, the ocular environment is now recognised to be more complicated and interference with this ecological balance may lead to adverse effects. The use of contact lenses clearly changes the situation at the ocular surface, which may result in consequences which disturb the balance in the healthy eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Boost
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Squina International Centre for Infection Control, Hong Kong
| | - Pauline Cho
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Squina International Centre for Infection Control, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoran Wang
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Flynn JM, Phan C, Hunter RC. Genome-Wide Survey of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 Reveals a Role for the Glyoxylate Pathway and Extracellular Proteases in the Utilization of Mucin. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00182-17. [PMID: 28507068 PMCID: PMC5520445 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00182-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic airway infections by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Although this bacterium has been extensively studied for its virulence determinants, biofilm growth, and immune evasion mechanisms, comparatively little is known about the nutrient sources that sustain its growth in vivo Respiratory mucins represent a potentially abundant bioavailable nutrient source, although we have recently shown that canonical pathogens inefficiently use these host glycoproteins as a growth substrate. However, given that P. aeruginosa, particularly in its biofilm mode of growth, is thought to grow slowly in vivo, the inefficient use of mucin glycoproteins may be relevant to its persistence within the CF airways. To this end, we used whole-genome fitness analysis, combining transposon mutagenesis with high-throughput sequencing, to identify genetic determinants required for P. aeruginosa growth using intact purified mucins as a sole carbon source. Our analysis reveals a biphasic growth phenotype, during which the glyoxylate pathway and amino acid biosynthetic machinery are required for mucin utilization. Secondary analyses confirmed the simultaneous liberation and consumption of acetate during mucin degradation and revealed a central role for the extracellular proteases LasB and AprA. Together, these studies describe a molecular basis for mucin-based nutrient acquisition by P. aeruginosa and reveal a host-pathogen dynamic that may contribute to its persistence within the CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chi Phan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan C Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether mucin ball (MB) formation is protective against corneal infiltrative events (CIEs) as previously reported. METHODS Two hundred eighty-two eligible participants were enrolled at three sites in the USA. Participants began a 1-month continuous wear run-in period with high modulus lotrafilcon A lenses to assess their ability to form MBs (phase 1). Subsequently, they were stratified by this characteristic and randomized to balafilcon A or comfilcon A lenses for 7-day extended wear and followed for 1 year (phase 2). MB formation in each phase was defined as repeated presence of any MBs on a person level. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the probability of a CIE as a function of MB formation in each phase and other covariates. RESULTS Of the 282 participants who entered phase 1, 218 of them entered the phase 2 randomized trial during which 33 CIEs occurred. Overall, 74%, 61%, and 79% of participants repeatedly produced MBs in lotrafilcon A, balafilcon A, and comfilcon A lenses, respectively. Early repeated MB presence in phase 1 with lotrafilcon A lenses significantly increased the rate of CIEs in phase 2 (12-month follow-up) by 466% (HR 4.66, 95% confidence interval 1.10-19.79, P = .0372). Repeated, longer-term MB presence during wear of balafilcon A or comfilcon A in phase 2 did not significantly reduce the incidence of CIEs; however, it significantly decreased the rate of CIEs by 62% (hazard ratio (HR) 0.380, 95% confidence interval 0.145-0.998, P = .0494). CONCLUSIONS The overarching hypothesis that MB formation is protective against CIEs throughout extended wear was not supported. Although a protective effect of longer-term MB presence on rate of CIEs was detected, early-onset MB formation substantially increased the hazard for CIE in subsequent wear with different lens types.
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19
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Zhang X, M VJ, Qu Y, He X, Ou S, Bu J, Jia C, Wang J, Wu H, Liu Z, Li W. Dry Eye Management: Targeting the Ocular Surface Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1398. [PMID: 28661456 PMCID: PMC5535891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye can damage the ocular surface and result in mild corneal epithelial defect to blinding corneal pannus formation and squamous metaplasia. Significant progress in the treatment of dry eye has been made in the last two decades; progressing from lubricating and hydrating the ocular surface with artificial tear to stimulating tear secretion; anti-inflammation and immune regulation. With the increase in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dry eye, we propose in this review the concept of ocular surface microenvironment. Various components of the microenvironment contribute to the homeostasis of ocular surface. Compromise in one or more components can result in homeostasis disruption of ocular surface leading to dry eye disease. Complete evaluation of the microenvironment component changes in dry eye patients will not only lead to appropriate diagnosis, but also guide in timely and effective clinical management. Successful treatment of dry eye should be aimed to restore the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Vimalin Jeyalatha M
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yangluowa Qu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xin He
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shangkun Ou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Jinghua Bu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Changkai Jia
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Junqi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Han Wu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
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20
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Zhang SD, He JN, Niu TT, Chan CY, Ren CY, Liu SS, Qu Y, Chong KL, Wang HL, Tao J, Pang CP. Bacteriological profile of ocular surface flora in meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:242-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abdelfattah MM, Khattab RA, Mahran MH, Elborgy ES. Evaluation of patients with dry eye disease for conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1457-1465. [PMID: 27803864 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the possibility of the development of dry eye disease (DED) as a result of persistent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the conjunctiva of patients. METHODS This study was conducted on 58 patients of age range 20-50y, diagnosed with DED confirmed by Schirmer I test and tear breakup time. The non-dry eye control group included 27 subjects of the same age. Ocular specimens were collected as conjunctival scrapings and swabs divided into three groups: the first used for bacterial culture, the second and third taken to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 65.5% and 76% of DED patients by DFA and PCR methods respectively. Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in 44.8% of DED infected patients using the PCR method. Both organisms were identified in only 37.9% of DED patients found to be infected. Control subjects had a 22% detection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis by DFA assay versus a 7% detection rate by PCR; while Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 3.7% of the controls by PCR method. The conjunctival culture revealed that gram positive microorganisms represented 75% of isolates with coagulase negative Staphylococci the most common (50%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20%), whereas gram negative microorganisms occurred in 25% of cases, isolating Moraxella spp. as the most frequent organism. CONCLUSION Our results tend to point out that Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were detected in a moderate percentage of patients with DED, and could be a fair possibility for its development. PCR is more reliable in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis than DFA technique. The presence of isolated conjunctival bacterial microflora can be of some potential value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania Abdelmonem Khattab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda H Mahran
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza12556, Egypt
| | - Ebrahim S Elborgy
- Ophthalmology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza 12556, Egypt
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22
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Jiang X, Lv H, Song H, Zhang M, Liu Y, Hu X, Li X, Wang W. Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of Intense Pulsed Light in the Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:1910694. [PMID: 27413540 PMCID: PMC4931092 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1910694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study aims to explore the safety and efficacy of a novel treatment-intense pulsed light (IPL) in MGD eyes. Methods. This study is a prospective and open label study. Forty eyes of 40 MGD patients were recruited in the study and received 4 consecutive IPL treatments on day 1, day 15, day 45, and day 75. Ten ocular surface symptoms were evaluated with a subjective face score at every visit. Best spectacle corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), conjunctival injection, upper and lower tear meniscus height (TMH), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining, lid margin and meibomian gland assessments, and meibography were also recorded at every visit, as well as the adverse effects on the eye and ocular surface. Results. Significant improvements were observed in single and total ocular surface symptom scores, TBUT, and conjunctival injection at all the visits after the initial IPL treatment (P < 0.05). Compared to baseline, the signs of eyelid margin, meibomian gland secretion quality, and expressibility were significantly improved at every visit after treatments. There was no regional and systemic threat observed in any patient. Conclusion. Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy is a safe and efficient treatment in relieving symptoms and signs of MGD eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Jiang
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huibin Lv
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hang Song
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ophthalmology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Erdoğan S, Sağsöz H, Paulsen F. Functional Anatomy of the Syrinx of the Chukar Partridge (Galliformes:Alectoris chukar) as a Model for Phonation Research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:602-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dicle University; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Hakan Sağsöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dicle University; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Anatomy II; Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
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24
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Dua HS, Otri AM, Hopkinson A, Mohammed I. In vitro studies on the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 9 (HBD9): signalling pathways and pathogen-related response (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014; 112:50-73. [PMID: 25646028 PMCID: PMC4311673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human β-defensins (HBDs) are an important part of the innate immune host defense at the ocular surface. Unlike other defensins, expression of HBD9 at the ocular surface is reduced during microbial infection, but activation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in corneal epithelial cells has been shown to up-regulate HBD9. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that TLR2 has a key role in the signalling pathway(s) involved in the overexpression or underexpression of HBD9, and accordingly, different pathogens would induce a different expression pattern of HBD9. METHODS The in vitro RNAi silencing method and response to dexamethasone were used to determine key molecules involved in signalling pathways of HBD9 in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells. The techniques included cell culture with exposure to specific transcription factor inhibitors and bacteria, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistology. RESULTS This study demonstrates that TLR2 induces HBD9 mRNA and protein expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) plays a central role in HBD9 induction by TLR2, and transcription factors c-JUN and activating transcription factor 2 are also involved. Dexamethasone reduces TLR2-mediated up-regulation of HBD9 mRNA and protein levels in mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1)-dependent and c-JUN-independent manner. HBD9 expression differs with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSIONS TLR2-mediated MKPs and nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways are involved in HBD9 expression. TAK-1 is a key molecule. These molecules can be potentially targeted to modulate HBD9 expression. Differential expression of HBD9 with different bacteria could be related to differences in pathogen-associated molecular patterns of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harminder S Dua
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Ahmad Muneer Otri
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Andrew Hopkinson
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - Imran Mohammed
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
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25
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Interfacial Phenomena and the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2014; 12:178-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Ozcan S, Kim BJ, Ro G, Kim JH, Bereuter TL, Reiter C, Dimapasoc L, Garrido D, Mills DA, Grimm R, Lebrilla CB, An HJ. Glycosylated proteins preserved over millennia: N-glycan analysis of Tyrolean Iceman, Scythian Princess and Warrior. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4963. [PMID: 24831691 PMCID: PMC4894394 DOI: 10.1038/srep04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of glycosylation will provide new insights into many biological processes. In the analysis of oligosaccharides from biological samples, a strict regime is typically followed to ensure sample integrity. However, the fate of glycans that have been exposed to environmental conditions over millennia has not yet been investigated. This is also true for understanding the evolution of the glycosylation machinery in humans as well as in any other biological systems. In this study, we examined the glycosylation of tissue samples derived from four mummies which have been naturally preserved: – the 5,300 year old “Iceman called Oetzi”, found in the Tyrolean Alps; the 2,400 year old “Scythian warrior” and “Scythian Princess”, found in the Altai Mountains; and a 4 year old apartment mummy, found in Vienna/Austria. The number of N-glycans that were identified varied both with the age and the preservation status of the mummies. More glycan structures were discovered in the contemporary sample, as expected, however it is significant that glycan still exists in the ancient tissue samples. This discovery clearly shows that glycans persist for thousands of years, and these samples provide a vital insight into ancient glycosylation, offering us a window into the distant past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureyya Ozcan
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA [2] Cancer Research Institute & Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea [3]
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- 1] Cancer Research Institute & Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea [2]
| | - Grace Ro
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Thomas L Bereuter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Reiter
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lauren Dimapasoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | - David A Mills
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Rudolf Grimm
- 1] Cancer Research Institute & Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea [2] Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, California 95051, USA [3] Robert Mondavi Institute for Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA [4]
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA [3]
| | - Hyun Joo An
- 1] Cancer Research Institute & Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea [2]
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Ozcan S, An HJ, Vieira AC, Park GW, Kim JH, Mannis MJ, Lebrilla CB. Characterization of novel O-glycans isolated from tear and saliva of ocular rosacea patients. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1090-100. [PMID: 23294139 DOI: 10.1021/pr3008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
O-Glycans in saliva and tear isolated from patients suffering from ocular rosacea, a form of inflammatory ocular surface disease, were profiled, and their structures were elucidated using high resolution mass spectrometry. We have previously shown that certain structures, particularly sulfated oligosaccharides, increased in the tear and saliva of rosacea patients. In this study, the structures of these glycans were elucidated using primarily tandem mass spectrometry. There were important similarities in the glycan profiles of tears and saliva with the majority of the structures in common. The structures of the most abundant species common to both tear and saliva, which were also the most abundant species in both, were elucidated. For sulfated species, the positions of the sulfate groups were localized. The majority of the structures were new, with the sulfated glycans comprising mucin core 1- and core 2-type structures. As both saliva and tear are rich in mucins, it is suggested that the O-glycans are mainly components of mucins. The study further illustrates the strong correspondence between the glycans in the tear and saliva of ocular rosacea patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureyya Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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28
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Unified theory of bacterial sialometabolism: how and why bacteria metabolize host sialic acids. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 2013:816713. [PMID: 23724337 PMCID: PMC3658417 DOI: 10.1155/2013/816713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are structurally diverse nine-carbon ketosugars found mostly in humans and other animals as the terminal units on carbohydrate chains linked to proteins or lipids. The sialic acids function in cell-cell and cell-molecule interactions necessary for organismic development and homeostasis. They not only pose a barrier to microorganisms inhabiting or invading an animal mucosal surface, but also present a source of potential carbon, nitrogen, and cell wall metabolites necessary for bacterial colonization, persistence, growth, and, occasionally, disease. The explosion of microbial genomic sequencing projects reveals remarkable diversity in bacterial sialic acid metabolic potential. How bacteria exploit host sialic acids includes a surprisingly complex array of metabolic and regulatory capabilities that is just now entering a mature research stage. This paper attempts to describe the variety of bacterial sialometabolic systems by focusing on recent advances at the molecular and host-microbe-interaction levels. The hope is that this focus will provide a framework for further research that holds promise for better understanding of the metabolic interplay between bacterial growth and the host environment. An ability to modify or block this interplay has already yielded important new insights into potentially new therapeutic approaches for modifying or blocking bacterial colonization or infection.
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Robinson CV, Elkins MR, Bialkowski KM, Thornton DJ, Kertesz MA. Desulfurization of mucin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: influence of sulfate in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1644-1653. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.047167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla V. Robinson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark R. Elkins
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - David J. Thornton
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael A. Kertesz
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Ali L, Kenny DT, Hayes CA, Karlsson NG. Structural Identification of O-Linked Oligosaccharides Using Exoglycosidases and MSn Together with UniCarb-DB Fragment Spectra Comparison. Metabolites 2012; 2:648-66. [PMID: 24957756 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of specific exoglycosidases alongside a spectral library of O-linked oligosaccharide collision induced dissociation (CID) MS fragments, UniCarb-DB, provides a pathway to make the elucidation of O-linked oligosaccharides more efficient. Here, we advise an approach of exoglycosidase-digestion of O-linked oligosaccharide mixtures, for structures that do not provide confirmative spectra. The combination of specific exoglycosidase digestion and MS2 matching of the exoglycosidase products with structures from UniCarb-DB, allowed the assignment of unknown structures. This approach was illustrated by treating sialylated core 2 O-linked oligosaccharides, released from the human synovial glycoprotein (lubricin), with a α2-3 specific sialidase. This methodology demonstrated the exclusive 3 linked nature of the sialylation of core 2 oligosaccharides on lubricin. When specific exoglycosidases were not available, MS3 spectral matching using standards was used. This allowed the unusual 4-linked terminal GlcNAc epitope in a porcine stomach to be identified in the GlcNAc1-4Galb1-3(GlcNAcb1-6)GalNAcol structure, indicating the antibacterial epitope GlcNAca1-4. In total, 13 structures were identified using exoglycosidase and MSn, alongside UniCarb-DB fragment spectra comparison. UniCarb-DB could also be used to identify the specificity of unknown exoglycosidases in human saliva. Endogenous salivary exoglycosidase activity on mucin oligosaccharides could be monitored by comparing the generated tandem MS spectra with those present in UniCarb-DB, showing that oral exoglycosidases were dominated by sialidases with a higher activity towards 3-linked sialic acid rather than 6-linked sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaqat Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Diarmuid T Kenny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine A Hayes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ali L, Kenny DT, Hayes CA, Karlsson NG. Structural Identification of O-Linked Oligosaccharides Using Exoglycosidases and MSn Together with UniCarb-DB Fragment Spectra Comparison. Metabolites 2012. [PMID: 24957756 PMCID: PMC3901228 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of specific exoglycosidases alongside a spectral library of O-linked oligosaccharide collision induced dissociation (CID) MS fragments, UniCarb-DB, provides a pathway to make the elucidation of O-linked oligosaccharides more efficient. Here, we advise an approach of exoglycosidase-digestion of O-linked oligosaccharide mixtures, for structures that do not provide confirmative spectra. The combination of specific exoglycosidase digestion and MS2 matching of the exoglycosidase products with structures from UniCarb-DB, allowed the assignment of unknown structures. This approach was illustrated by treating sialylated core 2 O-linked oligosaccharides, released from the human synovial glycoprotein (lubricin), with a α2-3 specific sialidase. This methodology demonstrated the exclusive 3 linked nature of the sialylation of core 2 oligosaccharides on lubricin. When specific exoglycosidases were not available, MS3 spectral matching using standards was used. This allowed the unusual 4-linked terminal GlcNAc epitope in a porcine stomach to be identified in the GlcNAc1-4Galb1-3(GlcNAcb1-6)GalNAcol structure, indicating the antibacterial epitope GlcNAca1-4. In total, 13 structures were identified using exoglycosidase and MSn, alongside UniCarb-DB fragment spectra comparison. UniCarb-DB could also be used to identify the specificity of unknown exoglycosidases in human saliva. Endogenous salivary exoglycosidase activity on mucin oligosaccharides could be monitored by comparing the generated tandem MS spectra with those present in UniCarb-DB, showing that oral exoglycosidases were dominated by sialidases with a higher activity towards 3-linked sialic acid rather than 6-linked sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaqat Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Diarmuid T Kenny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine A Hayes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ariyadi B, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Differences in the mucosal surface barrier formed by mucin in the lower oviductal segments between laying and molting hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1173-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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The association between mucin balls and corneal infiltrative events during extended contact lens wear. Cornea 2011; 30:535-42. [PMID: 21173699 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181fb8644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association between mucin ball formation and corneal infiltrative events (CIEs) during continuous wear with lotrafilcon A silicone hydrogel contact lenses. METHODS Subjects (n = 205) in the Longitudinal Analysis of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens Study wore lotrafilcon A contact lenses for 12 months of continuous wear. The primary outcome was a CIE. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate the unadjusted cumulative incidence of remaining CIE free stratified by mucin ball presence. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the hazard of developing a CIE as a function of mucin ball formation and other covariates. RESULTS Over half (54.2%) of the subjects displayed some presence of mucin balls during at least 1 visit and about one third (32.8%) displayed repeated episodes. Mucin ball scores were correlated between the 2 eyes and weakly correlated with corneal curvature (P ≤ 0.005). Univariate analyses revealed that the relative hazard for a CIE was 0.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19-0.68] if a single episode of mucin balls was detected and 0.17 (95% CI, 0.06-0.43) if repeated episodes were detected. Upon multivariate analysis, repeated presence of mucin balls was associated with an 84% decreased hazard of experiencing a CIE (hazard ratio: 0.16; 95% CI, 0.06-0.44). CONCLUSIONS The presence of mucin balls is significantly associated with a decreased incidence of CIEs, and the effect is greatest when they are repeatedly present over time. We hypothesize that the mucin ball presence represents a more concentrated or viscous mucus layer, which prevents upregulation of the immune response against bacterial ligands.
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McGuckin MA, Lindén SK, Sutton P, Florin TH. Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011. [PMID: 21407243 DOI: 10.1038/nrm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular secreted mucus and the cell surface glycocalyx prevent infection by the vast numbers of microorganisms that live in the healthy gut. Mucin glycoproteins are the major component of these barriers. In this Review, we describe the components of the secreted and cell surface mucosal barriers and the evidence that they form an effective barricade against potential pathogens. However, successful enteric pathogens have evolved strategies to circumvent these barriers. We discuss the interactions between enteric pathogens and mucins, and the mechanisms that these pathogens use to disrupt and avoid mucosal barriers. In addition, we describe dynamic alterations in the mucin barrier that are driven by host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland School of Medicine, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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Hoang V, Williams M, Simpson H. Monosaccharide composition of fundic and duodenal mucins in sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus or Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:253-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Isolation and identification of mucinolytic actinomycetes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 97:211-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of the water content in non-ionic hydrogel contact lenses (HCL) on the mRNA levels of human conjunctival mucin genes (MUCs). METHODS Sixteen healthy subjects with no history of contact lenses wear were selected and randomized into two equal groups. Group 1 subjects wore low water content (38%, Soflens 38) non-ionic HCLs. Group 2 wore high water content (66%, Soflens 66) non-ionic HCLs. Conjunctival impression cytology was applied to the superior bulbar conjunctiva of both eyes before, 6 months, and 1 year after HCL fitting, and 15 days after discontinuation of wearing. Total RNA was isolated, retrotranscribed, and amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by quantitative real time PCR to study the mRNA levels of MUCs and to analyze variations during the study period. Time- and HCL-dependent variations in mRNA expression were analyzed using Student's test. RESULTS From the known MUCs, transcripts from MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC7, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, and MUC17 genes were detected in all subjects before HCL fitting. Except for MUC2, the expression of some MUC genes significantly increased whereas others significantly decreased at either the 6- and 12-month period. Statistically significant differences between both HCL groups (p < 0.001) were found in the MUC4, MUC13, and MUC15 mRNA expression after 1 year of wear and after the 15 days without HCL wear. However, these differences were not clearly related to the water content of the lenses. CONCLUSIONS Low and high water content non-ionic HCLs induced different changes in the mRNA levels of several MUCs, but the water content was not related to the changes. Recovery to basal levels of conjunctival MUC mRNA expression after wearing HCL lenses for a year takes longer than 15 days for some MUCs.
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Sağsöz H, Lıman N. Structure of the Oesophagus and Morphometric, Histochemical-Immunohistochemical Profiles of the Oesophageal Gland During the Post-hatching Period of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Anat Histol Embryol 2009; 38:330-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Toll-like receptor 4 initiates an innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hori Y, Maeda N, Sakamoto M, Koh S, Inoue T, Tano Y. Bacteriologic profile of the conjunctiva in the patients with dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146:729-34. [PMID: 18672220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the conjunctival bacterial profiles in dry eye and their fluoroquinolone susceptibility patterns. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. METHODS Sixty-seven female patients with dry eye (29 with Sjögren syndrome and 38 without Sjögren syndrome) who received artificial tears were enrolled at Osaka University Hospital in Japan. Twenty-three patients received additional topical steroids. Twenty-six puncta were occluded with plugs. Cultures were obtained with conjunctival swabs at the right eye of the subjects. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of isolated strains were determined for the fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin and gatifloxacin). The profiles of conjunctival bacteria of patients with dry eye were compared with those obtained before surgery from 56 female control patients. RESULTS Eighty-eight strains were isolated (48 strains of Propionibacterium acnes, 26 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus [CNS] species, six Staphylococcus aureus strains, and eight others). Of the 26 CNS strains, 17 (65.4%) were fluoroquinolone resistant, including four (33.3%) of 12 methicillin-sensitive CNS and 13 (92.9%) of 14 methicillin-resistant CNS. All methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains and P. acnes strains were sensitive to fluoroquinolones; one methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain was resistant. There was no significant difference in the conjunctival isolation rates between patients with dry eye and controls. However, the dry eye group had a significantly higher incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant methicillin-sensitive CNS and of fluoroquinolone-resistant methicillin-resistant CNS than controls (P = .018 and P = .024, respectively). There were no significant differences in bacteria isolated between subgroups with or without punctal plugs and with or without topical steroids. CONCLUSIONS Patients with dry eye are more likely to have fluoroquinolone-resistant conjunctival bacteria than controls. These results may help prevent infectious keratoconjunctivitis in patients with dry eye.
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Cell surface O-glycans limit Staphylococcus aureus adherence to corneal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5215-20. [PMID: 18794288 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00708-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucin-rich environment of the intact corneal epithelium is thought to contribute to the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infection. This study examined whether O-glycans, which constitute the majority of the mucin mass of epithelial cell glycocalyces, prevented bacterial adhesion and growth. Abrogation of mucin O glycosylation using the chemical primer benzyl-alpha-GalNAc resulted in increased adherence of parental strain RN6390 to apical human corneal-limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells and to biotinylated cell surface protein in static and liquid phase adhesion assays, consistent with a role of mucin O-glycans in preventing bacterial adhesion. Comparable results were found with ALC135, an isogenic mutant strain defective in the accessory gene regulators agr and sar, indicating that the agr- and/or sar-regulated virulence factors did not play a major role in mediating adhesion to the corneal cell surface after mucin O-glycan truncation. In exoglycosidase digestion studies, treatment with sialidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens--which hydrolyzed mucin-associated O-acetyl sialic acid--but not from Clostridium perfringens resulted in an increase in RN6390 and ALC135 adhesion. Abrogation of mucin O glycosylation in HCLE cell cultures did not affect bacterial growth. Overall, these data indicate that mucin O-glycans contribute to the prevention of bacterial adherence to the apical surface of corneal epithelial cells and suggest that alteration of cell surface glycosylation from disease or trauma, including that stemming from contact lens wear, could contribute to a higher risk of infection.
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Sanders NN, Eijsink VGH, van den Pangaart PS, Joost van Neerven RJ, Simons PJ, De Smedt SC, Demeester J. Mucolytic activity of bacterial and human chitinases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:839-46. [PMID: 17321686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several pulmonary pathologies, like cystic fibrosis (CF), are characterized by hypersecretion and stasis of tenacious mucus. Bacterial glycosidases are known to degrade mucins but their use as mucolytic agents is questionable. The observation that bacterial chitinases degrade mucins and the recent discovery of human chitinases, which have been proposed to be involved in the genesis of asthma, prompted us to evaluate the mucolytic properties of human derived chitinases. The effect of these human chitinases, and bacterial chitinases (positive control), on the viscoelasticity of CF sputa and on the electrophoretic mobility of human mucins was tested. Commercial bacterial chitinase drastically degraded CF sputum, while human derived chitinases did not. Accordingly, the commercial bacterial chitinase was found to degrade mucins, whereas recombinant human chitinases did not. A thorough analysis of the commercial chitinase elucidated that contaminating proteases and also nucleases assisted in the mucolytic effect. Indeed, recombinant bacterial chitinases very slightly reduced the viscoelasticity of CF sputum, but they caused a significant degradation of the CF sputum when they were combined with proteases. In conclusion, this work shows that recombinant human and recombinant bacterial chitinases have no or very low mucolytic activities, respectively. The observed mucolytic properties of commercial bacterial chitinase are due to a synergistic effect between chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes at one hand and at the other hand also due to the presence of contaminating nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
The three-dimensional organization of the tear film, which is produced and drained by the different structures of the ocular adnexa, is essential for maintainance and protection of the ocular surface. This is facilitated by a class of large, highly glycosylated, hydrophilic glycoproteins, the mucins, which are usually expressed in association with a class of peptides having a well-defined, structurally conserved trefoil domain, the mammalian trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides. In this review, the latest information regarding mucin and TFF peptide function and regulation in the human lacrimal system, the tear film and the ocular surface is summarized with regard to mucous epithelia integrity, rheological and antimicrobial properties of the tear film and tear outflow, age-related changes and certain disease states such as dry eye, dacryostenosis and dacryolith formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich P Paulsen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstr. 52 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Paulsen F. Cell and molecular biology of human lacrimal gland and nasolacrimal duct mucins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 249:229-79. [PMID: 16697285 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)49005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The old concept that the lacrimal gland is only a serous gland has been superseded by the finding that lacrimal acinar cells are able to produce mucins--high-molecular-weight proteins--the major mass being carbohydrates with the common feature of tandem repeats of amino acids rich in serine, threonine, and proline in the central domain of the mucin core peptide. At the ocular surface, maintenance of the tear film, lubrication, and provision of a pathogen barrier on the epithelia, conjunctiva, and cornea have been shown to be facilitated by mucins that are present in membrane-anchored (lining epithelial cells) or secreted (goblet cells) form. Also in the lacrimal gland, both membrane-anchored (MUCs 1, 4, and 16) and secreted (MUCs 5B and 7) mucins have been identified. The lacrimal gland is the main contributor to the aqueous portion of the tear film. It is part of the lacrimal apparatus that comprises, together with the lacrimal gland, the paired lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, which collects the tear fluid and conveys it into the nasal cavity. In this review, the latest information regarding mucin function in the human lacrimal gland and the human efferent tear ducts is summarized with regard to mucous epithelia integrity, rheological and antimicrobial properties of the tear film and tear outflow, age-related changes, and certain disease states such as the pathogenesis of dry eye, dacryostenosis, and dacryolith formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany
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