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Kesim Y, Ceroni F, Damián A, Blanco-Kelly F, Ayuso C, Williamson K, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Bax DA, Plaisancié J, Rieubland C, Chamlal M, Cortón M, Chassaing N, Calvas P, Ragge NK. Clinical and genetic analysis further delineates the phenotypic spectrum of ALDH1A3-related anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1175-1180. [PMID: 36997679 PMCID: PMC10545824 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic pathogenic variants in ALDH1A3 are responsible for approximately 11% of recessively inherited cases of severe developmental eye anomalies. Some individuals can display variable neurodevelopmental features, but the relationship to the ALDH1A3 variants remains unclear. Here, we describe seven unrelated families with biallelic pathogenic ALDH1A3 variants: four compound heterozygous and three homozygous. All affected individuals had bilateral anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M), three with additional intellectual or developmental delay, one with autism and seizures and three with facial dysmorphic features. This study confirms that individuals with biallelic pathogenic ALDH1A3 variants consistently manifest A/M, but additionally display neurodevelopmental features with significant intra- and interfamilial variability. Furthermore, we describe the first case with cataract and highlight the importance of screening ALDH1A3 variants in nonconsanguineous families with A/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Kesim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Fabiola Ceroni
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alejandra Damián
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathy Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dorine A Bax
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Plaisancié
- INSERM U1214, ToNIC, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique CARGO, Site Constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claudine Rieubland
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mostafa Chamlal
- Department of Pediatrics, RAZI-CLINIC Hospital, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Marta Cortón
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique CARGO, Site Constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Calvas
- Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique CARGO, Site Constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicola K Ragge
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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2
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Piryaei F, Pakmanesh R, Salehirad M, Akbari S, Edizadeh M, Khodadadi H. ALDH1A3-related congenital microphthalmia-8 due to a novel frameshift variant. Eur J Med Genet 2023:104801. [PMID: 37339696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia (MCOP) is a group of rare developmental malformations of eye with often reduced size of the eyeball, leading to blindness. Affecting about 1 in 7000 live births, MCOP can occur due to either environmental or genetic factors. Isolated microphthalmia-8 (MCOP8) has been proved to be caused by autosomal recessive mutations of the ALDH1A3 gene (MIM*600463) encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3. Herein, we report an 8-year-old boy with vision problems since birth from a first-cousin consanguineous parents. The main symptoms of the patient included severe bilateral microphthalmia, cyst in the left eye and blindness. The child developed behavioral disorders at the age of 7. It should be noted that there is no family history of the disease. To identify the genetic factor underlying the pathogenesis in this case Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed and followed by Sanger sequencing. A novel pathogenic variant, c.1441delA (p.M482Cfs*8), in the ALDH1A3 gene was detected by WES in the proband. Further prenatal diagnosis is highly suggested to the family for the future pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Piryaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Pakmanesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran; MADAR Genetics Laboratory, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Maryam Salehirad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran; MADAR Genetics Laboratory, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Soheila Akbari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Masoud Edizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran; MADAR Genetics Laboratory, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khodadadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran; Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran.
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3
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Yaylacioglu Tuncay F, Guntekin Ergun S, Oner A, Turan A, Ozmert E, Ergun MA, Ozdek S. Inherited eye diseases in Turkey: Current approaches and future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:773-781. [PMID: 32864844 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to reveal Turkey's current status of medical practice in inherited eye diseases and the necessary steps to improve healthcare services and research activities in this area. Since consanguinity rate is high, disease burden is estimated to be high in Turkey. Universal health insurance system, easily accessible medical specialists, increasing genetic test, and counseling opportunities are the key advantages of Turkey's healthcare system. However, specialized clinics for inherited eye diseases, low-vision rehabilitation services, training of ophthalmologists about the recent developments in ocular genetics, and multidisciplinary translational research are the main headlines needed to be focused for better health services and successful research in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sezen Guntekin Ergun
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Oner
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Acıbadem Atakent Kayseri Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayse Turan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yıldırım Beyazıt Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emin Ozmert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Ergun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sengul Ozdek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Sirbu IO, Chiş AR, Moise AR. Role of carotenoids and retinoids during heart development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158636. [PMID: 31978553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of the developing embryo are complex. In the case of dietary vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids), maternal derived nutrients serve as precursors to signaling molecules such as retinoic acid, which is required for embryonic patterning and organogenesis. Despite variations in the composition and levels of maternal vitamin A, embryonic tissues need to generate a precise amount of retinoic acid to avoid congenital malformations. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the role and metabolism of vitamin A during heart development and we survey the association of genes known to affect retinoid metabolism or signaling with various inherited disorders. A better understanding of the roles of vitamin A in the heart and of the factors that affect retinoid metabolism and signaling can help design strategies to meet nutritional needs and to prevent birth defects and disorders associated with altered retinoid metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; Timisoara Institute of Complex Systems, V. Lucaciu 18, 300044 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Aimée Rodica Chiş
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexander Radu Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
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5
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Weatherbee BAT, Barton JR, Siddam AD, Anand D, Lachke SA. Molecular characterization of the human lens epithelium-derived cell line SRA01/04. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107787. [PMID: 31479653 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cataract-associated gene discovery in human and animal models have informed on key aspects of human lens development, homeostasis and pathology. Additionally, in vitro models such as the culture of permanent human lens epithelium-derived cell lines (LECs) have also been utilized to understand the molecular biology of lens cells. However, these resources remain uncharacterized, specifically regarding their global gene expression and suitability to model lens cell biology. Therefore, we sought to molecularly characterize gene expression in the human LEC, SRA01/04, which is commonly used in lens studies. We first performed short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and validated SRA01/04 LEC for its human origin, as recommended by the eye research community. Next, we used Illumina HumanHT-12 v3.0 Expression BeadChip arrays to gain insights into the global gene expression profile of SRA01/04. Comparative analysis of SRA01/04 microarray data was performed using other resources such as the lens expression database iSyTE (integrated Systems Tool for Eye gene discovery), the cataract gene database Cat-Map and the published lens literature. This analysis showed that SRA01/04 significantly expresses >40% of the top iSyTE lens-enriched genes (313 out of 749) across different developmental stages. Further, SRA01/04 also significantly expresses ~53% (168 out of 318) of cataract-associated genes in Cat-Map. We also performed comparative gene expression analysis between SRA01/04 cells and the previously validated mouse LEC 21EM15. To gain insight into whether SRA01/04 reflects epithelial or fiber cell characteristics, we compared its gene expression profile to previously reported differentially expressed genes in isolated mouse lens epithelial and fiber cells. This analysis suggests that SRA01/04 has reduced expression of several fiber cell-enriched genes. In agreement with these findings, cell culture analysis demonstrates that SRA01/04 has reduced potential to initiate spontaneous lentoid body formation compared to 21EM15 cells. Next, to independently validate SRA01/04 microarray gene expression, we subjected several candidate genes to RT-PCR and RT-qPCR assays. This analysis demonstrates that SRA01/04 supports expression of many key genes associated with lens development and cataract, including CRYAB, CRYBB2, CRYGS, DKK3, EPHA2, ETV5, GJA1, HSPB1, INPPL1, ITGB1, PAX6, PVRL3, SFRP1, SPARC, TDRD7, and VIM, among others, and therefore can be relevant for understanding the mechanistic basis of these factors. At the same time, SRA01/04 cells do not exhibit robust expression of several genes known to be important to lens biology and cataract such as ALDH1A1, COL4A6, CP, CRYBA4, FOXE3, HMX1, HSF4, MAF, MEIS1, PITX3, PRX, SIX3, and TRPM3, among many others. Therefore, the present study offers a rich transcript-level resource for case-by-case evaluation of the potential advantages and limitations of SRA01/04 cells prior to their use in downstream investigations. In sum, these data show that the human LEC, SRA01/04, exhibits lens epithelial cell-like character reflected in the expression of several lens-enriched and cataract-associated genes, and therefore can be considered as a useful in vitro resource when combined with in vivo studies to gain insight into specific aspects of human lens epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua R Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Archana D Siddam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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6
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Harding P, Moosajee M. The Molecular Basis of Human Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030016. [PMID: 31416264 PMCID: PMC6787759 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eye development is coordinated through an extensive network of genetic signalling pathways. Disruption of key regulatory genes in the early stages of eye development can result in aborted eye formation, resulting in an absent eye (anophthalmia) or a small underdeveloped eye (microphthalmia) phenotype. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (AM) are part of the same clinical spectrum and have high genetic heterogeneity, with >90 identified associated genes. By understanding the roles of these genes in development, including their temporal expression, the phenotypic variation associated with AM can be better understood, improving diagnosis and management. This review describes the genetic and structural basis of eye development, focusing on the function of key genes known to be associated with AM. In addition, we highlight some promising avenues of research involving multiomic approaches and disease modelling with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, which will aid in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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7
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Nedelec B, Rozet JM, Fares Taie L. Genetic architecture of retinoic-acid signaling-associated ocular developmental defects. Hum Genet 2019; 138:937-955. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
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Lin S, Harlalka GV, Hameed A, Reham HM, Yasin M, Muhammad N, Khan S, Baple EL, Crosby AH, Saleha S. Novel mutations in ALDH1A3 associated with autosomal recessive anophthalmia/microphthalmia, and review of the literature. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:160. [PMID: 30200890 PMCID: PMC6131798 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive anophthalmia and microphthalmia are rare developmental eye defects occurring during early fetal development. Syndromic and non-syndromic forms of anophthalmia and microphthalmia demonstrate extensive genetic and allelic heterogeneity. To date, disease mutations have been identified in 29 causative genes associated with anophthalmia and microphthalmia, with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance patterns described. Biallelic ALDH1A3 gene variants are the leading genetic causes of autosomal recessive anophthalmia and microphthalmia in countries with frequent parental consanguinity. METHODS This study describes genetic investigations in two consanguineous Pakistani families with a total of seven affected individuals with bilateral non-syndromic clinical anophthalmia. RESULTS Using whole exome and Sanger sequencing, we identified two novel homozygous ALDH1A3 sequence variants as likely responsible for the condition in each family; missense mutation [NM_000693.3:c.1240G > C, p.Gly414Arg; Chr15:101447332G > C (GRCh37)] in exon 11 (family 1), and, a frameshift mutation [NM_000693.3:c.172dup, p.Glu58Glyfs*5; Chr15:101425544dup (GRCh37)] in exon 2 predicted to result in protein truncation (family 2). CONCLUSIONS This study expands the molecular spectrum of pathogenic ALDH1A3 variants associated with anophthalmia and microphthalmia, and provides further insight of the key role of the ALDH1A3 in human eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (Level 4), Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (Level 4), Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Moattar Reham
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Emma L Baple
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (Level 4), Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre (Level 4), Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Shamim Saleha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan.
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Searle A, Shetty P, Melov SJ, Alahakoon TI. Prenatal diagnosis and implications of microphthalmia and anophthalmia with a review of current ultrasound guidelines: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:250. [PMID: 30153864 PMCID: PMC6114735 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microphthalmia and anophthalmia are rare congenital fetal abnormalities. The combined incidence is estimated at 1 in 10,000 births. These two conditions arise from complex and incompletely understood genetic and/or environmental causes. Prenatal diagnosis is neither frequent nor easy and relies on precise, high-quality ultrasonography. Current antenatal ultrasound protocols for imaging of the fetal eye are inconsistent and inadequate to screen for the spectrum of ocular malformations, and there are no clear guidelines on detection of these rare abnormalities. Our study of two cases highlights the importance of early detection, and we review current practice and suggest a definitive fetal imaging protocol. CASE PRESENTATION We present two antenatal cases, one each of microphthalmia and anophthalmia, both diagnosed at the morphology scan at our tertiary fetal medicine unit. In both cases, the parents (a 36-year-old woman of Mauritanian ethnicity and a non-consanguineous partner of Nepalese descent, and a 31-year-old Caucasian woman and non-consanguineous Caucasian partner) elected to terminate their pregnancies and made unremarkable recoveries. Subsequent fetal autopsy confirmed the ultrasound scan findings. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that antenatal ultrasound guidelines are updated to specify use of a curvilinear transducer (2-9 MHz) to image both orbits in the axial and coronal planes, aided by use of a transvaginal probe when the transabdominal approach is inadequate to generate these images. When applicable, three-dimensional reverse-face imaging should be obtained to aid the diagnosis. The presence, absence, or non-visualization of lenses and hyaloid arteries should be documented in reports and these cases referred for a tertiary-level ultrasound scan and fetal medicine review. Imaging of the orbits should occur from 12 weeks' gestation. Magnetic resonance imaging and amniocentesis with chromosome microarray testing may provide additional genetic and structural information that may affect the overall morbidity associated with a diagnosis of microphthalmia or anophthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Searle
- Westmead Institute for Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - P Shetty
- Westmead Institute for Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - S J Melov
- Westmead Institute for Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - T I Alahakoon
- Westmead Institute for Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Corner Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Yao H, Hill SF, Skidmore JM, Sperry ED, Swiderski DL, Sanchez GJ, Bartels CF, Raphael Y, Scacheri PC, Iwase S, Martin DM. CHD7 represses the retinoic acid synthesis enzyme ALDH1A3 during inner ear development. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97440. [PMID: 29467333 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CHD7, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler, is disrupted in CHARGE syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by variably penetrant abnormalities in craniofacial, cardiac, and nervous system tissues. The inner ear is uniquely sensitive to CHD7 levels and is the most commonly affected organ in individuals with CHARGE. Interestingly, upregulation or downregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling during embryogenesis also leads to developmental defects similar to those in CHARGE syndrome, suggesting that CHD7 and RA may have common target genes or signaling pathways. Here, we tested three separate potential mechanisms for CHD7 and RA interaction: (a) direct binding of CHD7 with RA receptors, (b) regulation of CHD7 levels by RA, and (c) CHD7 binding and regulation of RA-related genes. We show that CHD7 directly regulates expression of Aldh1a3, the gene encoding the RA synthetic enzyme ALDH1A3 and that loss of Aldh1a3 partially rescues Chd7 mutant mouse inner ear defects. Together, these studies indicate that ALDH1A3 acts with CHD7 in a common genetic pathway to regulate inner ear development, providing insights into how CHD7 and RA regulate gene expression and morphogenesis in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases
| | | | | | - Ethan D Sperry
- Department of Human Genetics.,Medical Scientist Training Program, and
| | - Donald L Swiderski
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Cynthia F Bartels
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases.,Department of Human Genetics.,Medical Scientist Training Program, and
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Liu S, Liao S. Novel compound heterozygous mutations of ALDH1A3 contribute to anophthalmia in a non-consanguineous Chinese family. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:430-435. [PMID: 28590501 PMCID: PMC5488456 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anophthalmia is a rare eye development anomaly resulting in absent ocular globes or
tissue in the orbit since birth. Here, we investigated a newborn with bilateral
anophthalmia in a Chinese family. Exome sequencing revealed that compound
heterozygous mutations c.287G > A (p.(Arg96His)) and c.709G > A (p.(Gly237Arg))
of the ALDH1A3 gene were present in the affected newborn. Both
mutations were absent in all of the searched databases, including 10,000 in-house
Chinese exome sequences, and these mutations were confirmed as having been
transmitted from the parents. Comparative amino acid sequence analysis across
distantly related species revealed that the residues at positions 96 and 234 were
evolutionarily highly conserved. In silico analysis predicted these
changes to be damaging, and in vitro expression analysis revealed
that the mutated alleles were associated with decreased protein production and
impaired tetrameric protein formation. This study firstly reported that compound
heterozygous mutations of the ALDH1A3 gene can result in
anophthalmia in humans, thus highlighting those heterozygous mutations in
ALDH1A3 should be considered for molecular screening in
anophthalmia, particularly in cases from families without consanguineous
relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjie Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Diabetes Center & Institute of Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunyao Liao
- Diabetes Center & Institute of Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Genetic analysis of consanguineous families presenting with congenital ocular defects. Exp Eye Res 2016; 146:163-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Incomplete penetrance of biallelic ALDH1A3 mutations. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:215-8. [PMID: 26873617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a properly shaped eye is a complex developmental event that requires the coordination of many induction processes and differentiation pathways. Microphthalmia and anophthalmia (MA) represent the most severe defects that can affect the ocular globe during embryonic development. When genetic, these ocular disorders exhibit large genetic heterogeneity and extreme variable expressivity. Around 20 monogenic diseases are known to be associated with MA as main phenotype and the penetrance of mutations is usually full in the patients. Some of these genes encode proteins involved in the vitamin A pathway, tightly regulated during eye development. One of those retinoic acid synthesis genes is ALDH1A3 and biallelic mutations in that gene have been recently found to lead to MA phenotype in patients. Interestingly, we report here the lack of ocular defect in a girl carrying the same homozygous mutation in the ALDH1A3 gene than the affected members of her family. Thus, this report brings new information for the phenotype-genotype correlation of ALDH1A3 mutations and raises important questions, especially in terms of genetic counselling given to the patients and their families. Furthermore, these data contribute to the more general understanding that we have for the complex genetic inheritance of these MA phenotypes.
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Moreno-Ramos OA, Olivares AM, Haider NB, de Autismo LC, Lattig MC. Whole-Exome Sequencing in a South American Cohort Links ALDH1A3, FOXN1 and Retinoic Acid Regulation Pathways to Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135927. [PMID: 26352270 PMCID: PMC4564166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a range of complex neurodevelopmental conditions principally characterized by dysfunctions linked to mental development. Previous studies have shown that there are more than 1000 genes likely involved in ASD, expressed mainly in brain and highly interconnected among them. We applied whole exome sequencing in Colombian—South American trios. Two missense novel SNVs were found in the same child: ALDH1A3 (RefSeq NM_000693: c.1514T>C (p.I505T)) and FOXN1 (RefSeq NM_003593: c.146C>T (p.S49L)). Gene expression studies reveal that Aldh1a3 and Foxn1 are expressed in ~E13.5 mouse embryonic brain, as well as in adult piriform cortex (PC; ~P30). Conserved Retinoic Acid Response Elements (RAREs) upstream of human ALDH1A3 and FOXN1 and in mouse Aldh1a3 and Foxn1 genes were revealed using bioinformatic approximation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using Retinoid Acid Receptor B (Rarb) as the immunoprecipitation target suggests RA regulation of Aldh1a3 and Foxn1 in mice. Our results frame a possible link of RA regulation in brain to ASD etiology, and a feasible non-additive effect of two apparently unrelated variants in ALDH1A3 and FOXN1 recognizing that every result given by next generation sequencing should be cautiously analyzed, as it might be an incidental finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ana María Olivares
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - María Claudia Lattig
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Williamson KA, FitzPatrick DR. The genetic architecture of microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:369-80. [PMID: 24859618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma (MAC) are distinct phenotypes that represent a continuum of structural developmental eye defects. In severe bilateral cases (anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia) the genetic cause is now identifiable in approximately 80 percent of cases, with de novo heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SOX2 or OTX2 being the most common. The genetic cause of other forms of MAC, in particular isolated coloboma, remains unknown in the majority of cases. This review will focus on MAC phenotypes that are associated with mutation of the genes SOX2, OTX2, PAX6, STRA6, ALDH1A3, RARB, VSX2, RAX, FOXE3, BMP4, BMP7, GDF3, GDF6, ABCB6, ATOH7, C12orf57, TENM3 (ODZ3), and VAX1. Recently reported mutation of the SALL2 and YAP1 genes are discussed in brief. Clinical and genetic features were reviewed in a total of 283 unrelated MAC cases or families that were mutation-positive from these 20 genes. Both the relative frequency of mutations in MAC cohort screens and the level of confidence in the assignment of disease-causing status were evaluated for each gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Williamson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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