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Jadoon MZ, Awan Z, Moin M, Younas R, Latorre-Arteaga S, Watts E, Katibeh M, Bastawrous A. Assessment of eye health programme reach by comparison with rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) survey data, Talagang, Pakistan. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:250. [PMID: 38987673 PMCID: PMC11238346 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to quantify how much of the burden of visual impairment (VI) and unmet need in Talagang, identified by Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) survey data, has been addressed by Community Eye Health (CEH) programme efforts. METHODS A RAAB survey was carried out in November 2018, with 2,824 participants in Talagang Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan, aged 50 and over. Census data were used to extrapolate survey data to the population. Alongside this, a CEH programme was launched, consisting of community eye screening, and onward referral to rural health centres, secondary or tertiary ophthalmological services, as required. This health intervention aimed to address the eye care needs surfaced by the initial survey. From 2018 to 2022, 30,383 people aged 50 or over were screened; 14,054 needed referral to further steps of the treatment pathway and more detailed data collection. Programme data were compared to estimates of population unmet needs. Main outcome measures were prevalence of VI, and proportion of need met by CEH Programme, by cause and level of VI. RESULTS Among those aged 50 and over, 51.0% had VI in at least one eye. The leading causes were cataract (46.2%) and uncorrected refractive error (URE) (25.0%). In its first four years, the programme reached an estimated 18.3% of the unmet need from cataract, and 21.1% of URE, equally in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS Robustly collected survey and programme data can improve eye health planning, monitoring and evaluation, address inequities, and quantify the resources required for improving eye health. This study quantifies the time required to reach eye health needs at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Moin
- College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Younas
- College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sergio Latorre-Arteaga
- Peek Vision, Berkhamsted, UK
- Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Elanor Watts
- Peek Vision, Berkhamsted, UK.
- Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Marzieh Katibeh
- Peek Vision, Berkhamsted, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew Bastawrous
- Peek Vision, Berkhamsted, UK
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Urbinati F, Jiménez-Siles L, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Valvecchia G, Barraquer-Compte E, Fernández J. Humanitarian missions and visual outcomes in cataract surgery: A literature review. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2024; 99:288-295. [PMID: 38309656 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The limited accessibility to ophthalmological services in remote regions of developing countries poses a significant challenge in visual healthcare. Cataracts and refractive errors are prominent causes of visual impairment, and surgery, despite being an efficient option, faces barriers in developing countries due to financial and geographical constraints. Humanitarian missions play a vital role in addressing this issue. The improvement in the accuracy of calculating IOL power through techniques such as keratometry and biometry is a fundamental step towards optimizing surgical outcomes and the quality of life for patients in these underserved regions. In this context, the consideration of keratometry and immersion ultrasound biometry as preoperative assessment standards in cataract surgeries in developing countries is presented as a pertinent and advisable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Urbinati
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - C Rocha-de-Lossada
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Fundación Elena Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Vithas Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Qvision, VITHAS Hospital, Almería, Spain; Departamento de Cirugía, Área de Oftalmología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - G Valvecchia
- Fundación Elena Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Clínica de Ojos Quilmes, Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Barraquer-Compte
- Fundación Elena Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Fernández
- Fundación Elena Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain; Qvision, VITHAS Hospital, Almería, Spain
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Shoyombo I, Genetu A, Wong LY, Elhadi M, Twizeyimana E, Gwini GP, William R, Hall T, Khalil H, Sandrasagran SN, Langer M. Measurements of Surgical Volume in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, a Systematic Review. Ann Glob Health 2023; 89:70. [PMID: 37841804 PMCID: PMC10573813 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical volume is a surgical indicator that was described in the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) and the World Bank World Development Indicators as an important metric for tracking the delivery of surgical care. Objectives We aimed to characterize the reports on surgical volume (SV) in the existing literature by using a systematic review to assess studies that examine surgical procedures as a ratio of a population (procedures/100,000 population). Methods The PRISMA guideline was employed in the systematic review of articles that addressed the measurement of SV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the primary outcome of surgical procedures/100,000 population. Findings The search result consisted of 6,657 preliminary studies. Following the title and abstract screening, 6,464 articles were excluded, and the remaining 193 were included in the full text review. From the full text review of the 193, only 26 of these articles defined SV as the ratio of number of procedures per population of the catchment/geographical area. The reported SV was a mean of 765, with an SD of 1260 operations per 100,000. The median SV was 180 (min = 0.900, max = 4470). Conclusion Our findings support the LCoGS assessment of the gap in surgical care. The target for SV is 5000 per 100,000 population, compared to the average of 765 per 100,000 population as found in this review. The challenges for assessing surgical volume gaps are vast, including the nature of written records, which limits SV reports to an absolute number of procedures per year without a reference to the catchment population. For the purpose of tracking SV, we recommend using proxies that account for the capacity of facilities to deliver care regardless of the catchment population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa Shoyombo
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Surgery, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore MD 21287, US
| | - Abraham Genetu
- Addis Ababa University, Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Unit, Zambia Street, Addis Ababa, ET
| | - Lye-Yeng Wong
- Stanford Hospital, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 870 Quarry Ext Rd, Stanford, CA 94304, US
| | - Muhammed Elhadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, LY
- Furnaj, University Road, Tripoli, Libya, 13275, Tripoli, LY
| | - Eric Twizeyimana
- Center for Equity in Global Surgery, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali Heights, Plot 772, KG 7 Ave, 5th Floor, PO Box 6955, Kigali, RW
| | - Grace Paidamoyo Gwini
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, ZA
| | | | - Timothy Hall
- Waikato Hospital, Urology Department, 183 Pembroke Street, Hamilton 3204, NZ
| | - Halimah Khalil
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Monica Langer
- Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, US
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Han X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Tan X, Jin G, He M, Luo L, Liu Y. Real-world visual outcomes of cataract surgery based on population-based studies: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1056-1065. [PMID: 35410876 PMCID: PMC10359559 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Quantity of cataract surgery has long been an important public health indicator to assess health accessibility, however the quality of care has been less investigated. We aimed to summarise the up-to-date evidences to assess the real-world visual outcomes after cataract surgery in different settings. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken in October 2021. Population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reporting vision-related outcomes after cataract surgery published from 2006 onward were included. A meta-analysis was not planned. RESULTS Twenty-six cross-sectional studies from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and five cross-sectional studies from high-income countries (HICs) were included. The proportions of participants with postoperative presenting visual acuity (VA) ≥0.32 (20/60) were all over 70% in all HICS studies, but mostly below 70% in LMICS studies, ranging from 29.9% to 80.5%. Significant difference in postoperative VA was also observed within countries. The leading causes for postoperative visual impairment (defined mostly as presenting VA <20/60) mainly included refractive error, ocular comorbidities and surgical complications including posterior capsule opacification, except for one study in Nigeria wherein the leading cause was aphakia. Only four population-based cohort studies were included with 5-20 years of follow-up time, generally demonstrating no significant changes in postoperative visual outcomes during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We observed large inequality in the visual outcomes and principal causes of visual impairment after cataract surgery among different countries and regions. Structured quality control and enhancement programmes are needed to improve the outcomes of cataract surgery and reduce inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Opthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Xiang Y, Jiang H, Zhao L, Liu Q, Lin H. Delays in Seeking Medical Services in Elderly Patients With Senile Cataract. Front Psychol 2022; 13:930726. [PMID: 35903737 PMCID: PMC9314650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delay in seeking medical services is common in elderly populations, which leads to disease progression and life difficulty. This study aims to assess the prevalence of delay in medical visits and treatment and define associated effects and factors in patients with senile cataract, which may help obtain a better understanding of late-life psychopathology and provide the basis for interventions. Patients aged more than 60 years were prospectively recruited in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC). All participants were diagnosed with binocular senile cataract and decided to have primary surgery in ZOC. The distributions of the popularity of delaying outpatient visits and treatment, the degrees of visual impairment, the influences on quality of life, and the reasons for delaying treatment among participants were accessed by the descriptive statistics. Factors associated with the perceptions of cataract treatment were accessed using a binary logistic regression model. A total of 400 senile patients aged from 60 to 94 years were enrolled. At diagnosis, 82 (20.5%) participants had a low vision with monocular acuity of both eyes below 0.05. All participants have felt that their normal lives were affected, and 64 (16%) participants felt that their lives were affected severely. Only 17 (4.25%) participants have sought for medical services immediately after feeling vision loss, and 294 (73.50%) participants have felt vision loss since a year ago before seeking medical help. A total of 298 (74.50%) participants have delayed the surgery time, and 229 (57.25%) patients delayed it for more than 12 months. There were 147 (36.75%) participants delaying surgery on account of no knowledge about it and 114 (28.50%) participants delaying surgery because of fear. There are a high proportion of elderly patients with senile cataract delaying their outpatient visits and surgery treatment, whose normal lives were severely affected. Increasing medical service propaganda about cataract and other common diseases in elderly populations would probably be helpful for improving perceptions of diseases and decreasing medical delays. Public needs to draw more attention to the healthy and medical status of the elderly ocular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haofeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haotian Lin,
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Fang Z, Chen XY, Lou LX, Yao K. Socio-economic disparity in visual impairment from cataract. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1310-1314. [PMID: 34540604 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association of visual impairment from cataract with human development index (HDI) by years lived with disability (YLDs). METHODS Published data on national age-standardized YLD rates caused by cataract and national HDIs in 2019 were obtained. Age-standardized YLD rates from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed to explore cataract burden among patients with different income levels. Age-standardized YLD rates in different HDI groups were compared by different degrees of visual impairment. Association between national age-standardized YLD rates and HDI in 2019 was analyzed. RESULTS The age-standardized YLD rates of populations with visual impairment or blindness due to cataract declined from 1990 to 2019, especially among those with lower middle income. Multiple comparison tests revealed that countries with low HDI had significantly higher age-standardized YLD rates of blindness due to cataract than those with high and very high HDI (P<0.001). The age-standardized YLD rates of populations with blindness (β=-0.588, P<0.001), severe vision loss (β=-0.378, P<0.001), and moderate vision loss (β=-0.389, P<0.001) inversely correlated with HDI. CONCLUSION Age-standardized YLD rates caused by cataract have declined since 1990. The burden of visual impairment due to cataract inversely correlate with national socioeconomic development and is more concentrated in countries with low HDI than those with high HDI, especially among the blind. These findings highlight the need to provide additional cataract services and cataract surgery coverage to developing countries to decrease the burden of avoidable blindness caused by cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Eye Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Eye Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Xia Lou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Eye Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Eye Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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Iverson KR, Svensson E, Sonderman K, Barthélemy EJ, Citron I, Vaughan KA, Powell BL, Meara JG, Shrime MG. Decentralization and Regionalization of Surgical Care: A Review of Evidence for the Optimal Distribution of Surgical Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int J Health Policy Manag 2019; 8:521-537. [PMID: 31657175 PMCID: PMC6815989 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While recommendations for the optimal distribution of surgical services in high-income countries (HICs) exist, it is unclear how these translate to resource-limited settings. Given the significant shortage and maldistribution of surgical workforce and infrastructure in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the optimal role of decentralization versus regionalization (centralization) of surgical care is unknown. The aim of this study is to review evidence around interventions aimed at redistributing surgical services in LMICs, to guide recommendations for the ideal organization of surgical services. Methods: A narrative-based literature review was conducted to answer this question. Studies published in English between 1997 and 2017 in PubMed, describing interventions to decentralize or regionalize a surgical procedure in a LMIC, were included. Procedures were selected using the Disease Control Priorities’ (DCP3) Essential Surgery Package list. Intervention themes and outcomes were analyzed using a narrative, thematic synthesis approach. Primary outcomes included mortality, complications, and patient satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included input measures: workforce and infrastructure, and process measures: facility-based care, surgical volume, and referral rates. Results: Thirty-five studies were included. Nine (33%) of the 27 studies describing decentralization showed an improvement in primary outcomes. The procedures associated with improved outcomes after decentralization included most obstetric, gynecological, and family planning services as well as some minor general surgery procedures. Out of 8 studies on regionalization (centralization), improved outcomes were shown for trauma care in one study and cataract extraction in one study. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at decentralizing obstetric care to the district hospital and health center levels have resulted in mortality benefits in several countries. However, more evidence is needed to link service distribution to patient outcomes in order to provide recommendations for the optimal organization of other surgical procedures in LMICs. Considerations for the optimal distribution of surgical procedures should include the acuity of the condition for which the procedure is indicated, anticipated case volume, and required level of technical skills, resources, and infrastructure. These attributes should be considered within the context of each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Iverson
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,General Surgery Department, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Emma Svensson
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristin Sonderman
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ernest J Barthélemy
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Isabelle Citron
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry A Vaughan
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brittany L Powell
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John G Meara
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark G Shrime
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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Yan W, Wang W, Wijngaarden P, Mueller A, He M. Longitudinal changes in global cataract surgery rate inequality and associations with socioeconomic indices. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:453-460. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Yan
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaThe Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness, Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA)University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Peter Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaThe Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Andreas Mueller
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaThe Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness, Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA)University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Mingguang He
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaThe Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Prevention of Blindness, Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA)University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
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