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Cao Y, He W, Ding L, Lei TH, Schlader Z, Mundel T, Wang R, Guo L, Liu J, Girard O. Dose-response effects of caffeine during repeated cycling sprints in normobaric hypoxia to exhaustion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05576-2. [PMID: 39179881 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE With limited studies exploring the dose-response of caffeine consumption on repeated sprint ability in hypoxia, this study aimed to determine the optimal caffeine dose (low, moderate or high) during repeated sprints in hypoxia to exhaustion. METHODS On separate visits, twelve active males randomly performed four experimental trials in normobaric hypoxia (inspired oxygen fraction: 16.5 ± 0.2%). Participants ingested placebo (PLA) or caffeine capsules (3, 6 or 9 mg/kg or LOW, MOD and HIGH, respectively) 1 h before exercise and then underwent a repeated cycling sprint test (10 s sprint/20 s active recovery) to exhaustion. Total sprint number and work done, peak and mean power output, blood lactate concentration, cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses were recorded. RESULTS Total sprint number was greater in MOD and HIGH compared to PLA (20 ± 7 and 18 ± 8 vs. 13 ± 4; all P < 0.05), with MOD also higher than LOW (15 ± 6; P = 0.02). Total work done was greater in MOD (111 ± 40 kJ) and HIGH (100 ± 35 kJ) compared to LOW (83 ± 29 kJ) and PLA (76 ± 25 kJ) (all P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in total sprint number or total work done between MOD and HIGH (all P > 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was higher in both MOD and HIGH compared to PLA (all P < 0.05). However, peak and mean power outputs, fatigue index, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ across different caffeine dosages (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION A moderate dose of caffeine (6 mg/kg) is the optimal amount for enhancing repeated cycling sprint ability when compared to low and high doses in moderate normobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Cao
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tze-Huan Lei
- Occupational Safety and Health Group (OSHG), College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zachary Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Toby Mundel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Ran Wang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Ramchandani R, Florica IT, Zhou Z, Alemi A, Baranchuk A. Review of Athletic Guidelines for High-Altitude Training and Acclimatization. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:113-121. [PMID: 38207236 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ramchandani, Rashi, Ioana Tereza Florica, Zier Zhou, Aziz Alemi, and Adrian Baranchuk. Review of athletic guidelines for high-altitude training and acclimatization. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2024. Introduction: Exposure to high altitude results in hypobaric hypoxia with physiological acclimatization changes that are thought to influence athletic performance. This review summarizes existing literature regarding implications of high-altitude training and altitude-related guidelines from major governing bodies of sports. Methods: A nonsystematic review was performed using PubMed and OVID Medline to identify articles regarding altitude training and guidelines from international governing bodies of various sports. Sports inherently involving training or competing at high altitude were excluded. Results: Important physiological compensatory mechanisms to high-altitude environments include elevations in blood pressure, heart rate, red blood cell mass, tidal volume, and respiratory rate. These responses can have varying effects on athletic performance. Governing sport bodies have limited and differing regulations for training and competition at high altitudes with recommended acclimatization periods ranging from 3 days to 3 weeks. Discussion: Physiological changes in response to high terrestrial altitude exposure can have substantial impacts on athletic performance. Major sport governing bodies have limited regulations and recommendations regarding altitude training and competition. Existing guidelines are variable and lack substantial evidence to support recommendations. Additional studies are needed to clarify the implications of high-altitude exposure on athletic ability to optimize training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Ramchandani
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioana Tereza Florica
- Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zier Zhou
- Atherosclerosis, Genomics and Vascular Biology Division, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aziz Alemi
- Department of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Girard O, Peeling P, Racinais S, Périard JD. Combining Heat and Altitude Training to Enhance Temperate, Sea-Level Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:322-327. [PMID: 38237571 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated exposure to heat (ie, plasma volume expansion) or altitude (ie, increase in total hemoglobin mass), in conjunction with exercise, induces hematological adaptations that enhance endurance performance in each respective environment. Recently, combining heat and altitude training has become increasingly common for athletes preparing to compete in temperate, sea-level conditions. PURPOSE To review the physiological adaptations to training interventions combining thermal and hypoxic stimuli and summarize the implications for temperate, sea-level performance. Current Evidence: To date, research on combining heat and hypoxia has employed 2 main approaches: simultaneously combining the stressors during training or concurrently training in the heat and sleeping at altitude, sometimes with additional training in hypoxia. When environmental stimuli are combined in a training session, improvements in aerobic fitness and time-trial performance in temperate, sea-level conditions are generally similar in magnitude to those observed with heat, or altitude, training alone. Similarly, training in the heat and sleeping at altitude does not appear to provide any additional hematological or nonhematological benefits for temperate; sea-level performance relative to training in hot, hypoxic, or control conditions. CONCLUSIONS Current research regarding combined heat and altitude interventions does not seem to indicate that it enhances temperate, sea-level performance to a greater extent than "traditional" (heat or hypoxia alone) training approaches. A major challenge in implementing combined-stressor approaches lies in the uncertainty surrounding the prescription of dosing regimens (ie, exercise and environmental stress). The potential benefits of conducting heat and altitude exposure sequentially (ie, one after the other) warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Environmental Stress Unit, CREPS Montpellier-Font Romeu, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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4
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Girard O, Levine BD, Chapman RF, Wilber R. "Living High-Training Low" for Olympic Medal Performance: What Have We Learned 25 Years After Implementation? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:563-572. [PMID: 37116895 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altitude training is often regarded as an indispensable tool for the success of elite endurance athletes. Historically, altitude training emerged as a key strategy to prepare for the 1968 Olympics, held at 2300 m in Mexico City, and was limited to the "Live High-Train High" method for endurance athletes aiming for performance gains through improved oxygen transport. This "classical" intervention was modified in 1997 by the "Live High-Train Low" (LHTL) model wherein athletes supplemented acclimatization to chronic hypoxia with high-intensity training at low altitude. PURPOSE This review discusses important considerations for successful implementation of LHTL camps in elite athletes based on experiences, both published and unpublished, of the authors. APPROACH The originality of our approach is to discuss 10 key "lessons learned," since the seminal work by Levine and Stray-Gundersen was published in 1997, and focusing on (1) optimal dose, (2) individual responses, (3) iron status, (4) training-load monitoring, (5) wellness and well-being monitoring, (6) timing of the intervention, (7) use of natural versus simulated hypoxia, (8) robustness of adaptative mechanisms versus performance benefits, (9) application for a broad range of athletes, and (10) combination of methods. Successful LHTL strategies implemented by Team USA athletes for podium performance at Olympic Games and/or World Championships are presented. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of the LHTL model represents an essential framework for sport science, in which field-driven questions about performance led to critical scientific investigation and subsequent practical implementation of a unique approach to altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX,USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,USA
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN,USA
| | - Randall Wilber
- United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO,USA
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5
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Sharma P, Mohanty S, Ahmad Y. A study of survival strategies for improving acclimatization of lowlanders at high-altitude. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14929. [PMID: 37025911 PMCID: PMC10070159 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Acclimatization and therapeutic approaches are the core components for conquering the physiological variations at high altitude (≥2500 m) exposure. The declined atmospheric pressure and reduced partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes tend to decrease the temperature by several folds. Hypobaric hypoxia is a major threat to humanity at high altitudes, and its potential effects include altitude mountain sickness. On severity, it may lead to the development of conditions like high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) or high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and cause unexpected physiological changes in the healthy population of travelers, athletes, soldiers, and low landers while sojourning at high altitude. Previous investigations have been done on long-drawn-out acclimatization strategies such as the staging method to prevent the damage caused by high-altitude hypobaric Hypoxia. Inherent Limitations of this strategy hamper the daily lifestyle and time consuming for people. It is not suitable for the rapid mobilization of people at high altitudes. There is a need to recalibrate acclimatization strategies for improving health protection and adapting to the environmental variations at high altitudes. This narrative review details the geographical changes and physiological changes at high altitudes and presents a framework of acclimatization, pre-acclimatization, and pharmacological aspects of high-altitude survival to enhance the government efficacy and capacity for the strategic planning of acclimatization, use of therapeutics, and safe de-induction from high altitude for minimizing the life loss. It's simply too ambitious for the importance of the present review to reduce life loss, and it can be proved as the most essential aspect of the preparatory phase of high-altitude acclimatization in plateau regions without hampering the daily lifestyle. The application of pre-acclimatization techniques can be a boon for people serving at high altitudes, and it can be a short bridge for the rapid translocation of people at high altitudes by minimizing the acclimatization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Swaraj Mohanty
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
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6
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Draper G, Wright MD, Ishida A, Chesterton P, Portas M, Atkinson G. Do environmental temperatures and altitudes affect physical outputs of elite football athletes in match conditions? A systematic review of the 'real world' studies. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:81-92. [PMID: 35068376 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2033823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Players involved in the various football codes compete throughout the calendar year around the world. Therefore, environmental stressors such as temperature and altitude should be considered in preparation for, and during, matches. We aimed to systematically review the observational and quasi-experimental studies that have been specifically designed to quantify the effects of temperature (hot or cold) high altitude on in-match physical performance indicators. A search of electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed/MEDLINE) was conducted, with 19,424 papers identified as relevant. Following sifting in relation to the eligibility criteria, 12 papers were deemed directly relevant. The reviewed studies scored 6-9 (on a 0-9 scale) for quality assessment using a previously used scale. The major outcome variables relevant to the current review were total distance (m), high-speed running (m) and high-speed runs (count) measured during matches. Standardized effect sizes (ES) were heterogeneous across studies for total distance (ES: -0.96 to -0.14) and high-speed running (ES: -0.69 to 0.12) for >1000 m vs sea-level, time spent at the given altitude being a putative factor for this heterogeneity. Heat had mainly detrimental effects on performance, but ES were, again, heterogeneous across studies (ES: -1.25 to 0.26), dependent on temperature. Given the small number of studies that involved mostly male athletes, and large heterogeneity across studies, more research needs be conducted on physical performance in these environmental conditions, with attention paid to standardizing outcomes and broadening the approaches of studies to guide future decision-making in professional sporting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Draper
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Philadelphia Union, Major League Soccer (MLS), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew D Wright
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Ai Ishida
- Philadelphia Union, Major League Soccer (MLS), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Chesterton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Portas
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Van Cutsem J, Pattyn N. Primum non nocere; It's time to consider altitude training as the medical intervention it actually is! Front Psychol 2022; 13:1028294. [PMID: 36582343 PMCID: PMC9792969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1028294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is one of the most important aspects of recovery, and is known to be severely affected by hypoxia. The present position paper focuses on sleep as a strong moderator of the altitude training-response. Indeed, the response to altitude training is highly variable, it is not a fixed and classifiable trait, rather it is a state that is determined by multiple factors (e.g., iron status, altitude dose, pre-intervention hemoglobin mass, training load, and recovery). We present an overview of evidence showing that sleep, and more specifically the prolonged negative impact of altitude on the nocturnal breathing pattern, affecting mainly deep sleep and thus the core of physiological recovery during sleep, could play an important role in intra- and interindividual variability in the altitude training-associated responses in professional and recreational athletes. We conclude our paper with a set of suggested recommendations to customize the application of altitude training to the specific needs and vulnerabilities of each athlete (i.e., primum non nocere). Several factors have been identified (e.g., sex, polymorphisms in the TASK2/KCNK5, NOTCH4 and CAT genes and pre-term birth) to predict individual vulnerabilities to hypoxia-related sleep-disordered breathing. Currently, polysomnography should be the first choice to evaluate an individual's predisposition to a decrease in deep sleep related to hypoxia. Further interventions, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, might alleviate the effects of nocturnal hypoxia in those athletes that show most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium,Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium,*Correspondence: Jeroen Van Cutsem,
| | - Nathalie Pattyn
- Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium,Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Lemieux P, Roudier E, Birot O. Angiostatic freeze or angiogenic move? Acute cold stress prevents angiokine secretion from murine myotubes but primes primary endothelial cells for greater migratory capacity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:975652. [PMID: 36324307 PMCID: PMC9618727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.975652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue can adapt to exercise and environmental stressors with a remarkable plasticity. Prolonged cold stress exposure has been associated to increased skeletal muscle capillarization. Angioadaptation refers to the coordinated molecular and cellular processes that influence the remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature. Two cell types are central to angioadaptation: the myocytes, representing an important source of angiokines; and the skeletal muscle endothelial cell (SMECs), targets of these angiokines and main constituents of muscle capillaries. The influence of cold stress on skeletal muscle angioadaptation remains largely unknown, particularly with respect to myocyte-specific angiokines secretion or endothelial cell angioadaptive responses. Here, we use an in vitro model to investigate the impact of cold stress (28°C versus 37°C) on C2C12 myotubes and SMECs. Our main objectives were to evaluate: 1) the direct impact of cold stress on C2C12 cellular expression of angiokines and their release in the extracellular environment; 2) the indirect impact of cold stress on SMECs migration via these C2C12-derived angiokines; and 3) the direct effect of cold stress on SMECs angioadaptive responses, including migration, proliferation, and the activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Cold stress reduced the secretion of angiokines in C2C12 myotubes culture media irrespective their pro-angiogenic or angiostatic nature. In SMECs, cold stress abrogated cell proliferation and reduced the activation of VEGFR2 despite a greater expression of this receptor. Finally, SMECs pre-conditioned to cold stress displayed an enhanced migratory response when migration was stimulated in rewarming conditions. Altogether our results suggest that cold stress may be overall angiostatic. However, cold stress accompanied by rewarming may be seen as a pro-angiogenic stressor for SMECs. This observation questions the potential for using pre-cooling in sport-performance or therapeutic exercise prescription to enhance skeletal muscle angioadaptive responses to exercise.
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Cerda-Kohler H, Haichelis D, Reuquén P, Miarka B, Homer M, Zapata-Gómez D, Aedo-Muñoz E. Training at moderate altitude improves submaximal but not maximal performance-related parameters in elite rowers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:931325. [PMID: 36311238 PMCID: PMC9614325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.931325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), physiological thresholds, and hemoglobin mass are strong predictors of endurance performance. High values of V̇O2max, maximal aerobic power (MAP), and power output at anaerobic thresholds are key variables in elite rowers. Endurance athletes often use altitude training as a strategy to improve performance. However, no clear evidence exists that training at natural altitude enhances sea-level performance in elite rowers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude training on rowing-performance parameters at sea level. The study was conducted on eleven rowers (Six females, five males) from the Chilean National Team during a 3-week moderate altitude training (∼2,900 m. a.s.l.) under the live high-train high (LHTH) model. It included a rowing ergometer maximal incremental test and blood analysis (pre and post-altitude). Gas exchange analysis was performed to measure V̇O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and rowing economy/efficiency (ECR/GE%). LHTL training improves performance-related variables at sea level (V̇Emax: 3.3% (95% CI, 1.2–5.5); hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]): 4.3% (95% CI, 1.7–6.9); hematocrit (%): 4.5% (95% CI, 0.9–8.2); RBC (red blood cells) count: 5.3% (95% CI, 2.3–8.2); power at VT2: 6.9% (95% CI, 1.7–12.1), V̇EVT2: 6.4% (95% CI, 0.4–12.4); power at VT1: 7.3% (95% CI, 1.3–13.3), V̇EVT1: 8.7% (95% CI, 1.6–15.8)) and economy/efficiency-related variables (ECRVT2: 5.3% (95% CI, −0.6 to −10.0); GE(%): 5.8% (95% CI, 0.8–10.7)). The LHTH training decreased breathing economy at MAP (−2.8% (95% CI, 0.1–5.6)), pVT2 (−9.3% (95% CI, −5.9 to −12.7)), and pVT1 (−9.3% (95% CI, −4.1 to −14.4)). Non-significant changes were found for V̇O2max and MAP. This study describes the effects of a 3-week moderate altitude (LHTH training) on performance and economy/efficiency-related variables in elite rowers, suggesting that it is an excellent option to induce positive adaptations related to endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerda-Kohler
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Educación Física, eporte y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danni Haichelis
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Reuquén
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mark Homer
- School of Human and Social Sciences, Buckinghamshire New University, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zapata-Gómez
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Esteban Aedo-Muñoz,
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10
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Playing at altitude. Performance of a Mexican professional football team at different level of altitude. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Moran J, Oliver JL, Pedley JS, Lloyd RS, Granacher U. Programming Plyometric-Jump Training in Soccer: A Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060094. [PMID: 35736834 PMCID: PMC9230747 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., “ballistic” and “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1−2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24−48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (J.S.P.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (J.S.P.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (J.S.P.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Huang L, Li T, Zhou M, Deng M, Zhang L, Yi L, Zhu J, Zhu X, Mi M. Hypoxia Improves Endurance Performance by Enhancing Short Chain Fatty Acids Production via Gut Microbiota Remodeling. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:820691. [PMID: 35197946 PMCID: PMC8859164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.820691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia environment has been widely used to promote exercise capacity. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be further elucidated. In this study, mice were exposed to the normoxia environment (21% O2) or hypoxia environment (16.4% O2) for 4 weeks. Hypoxia-induced gut microbiota remodeling characterized by the increased abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroidetes genera, and their related short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. It was observed that hypoxia markedly improved endurance by significantly prolonging the exhaustive running time, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, and ameliorating exercise fatigue biochemical parameters, including urea nitrogen, creatine kinase, and lactic acid, which were correlated with the concentrations of SCFAs. Additionally, the antibiotics experiment partially inhibited hypoxia-induced mitochondrial synthesis. The microbiota transplantation experiment demonstrated that the enhancement of endurance capacity induced by hypoxia was transferable, indicating that the beneficial effects of hypoxia on exercise performance were partly dependent on the gut microbiota. We further identified that acetate and butyrate, but not propionate, stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and promoted endurance performance. Our results suggested that hypoxia exposure promoted endurance capacity partially by the increased production of SCFAs derived from gut microbiota remodeling.
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13
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Breda FL, Manchado-Gobatto FB, de Barros Sousa FA, Beck WR, Pinto A, Papoti M, Scariot PPM, Gobatto CA. Complex networks analysis reinforces centrality hematological role on aerobic-anaerobic performances of the Brazilian Paralympic endurance team after altitude training. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1148. [PMID: 35064131 PMCID: PMC8782909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the 30-days altitude training (2500 m, LHTH-live and training high) on hematological responses and aerobic–anaerobic performances parameters of high-level Paralympic athletes. Aerobic capacity was assessed by 3000 m run, and anaerobic variables (velocity, force and mechanical power) by a maximal 30-s semi-tethered running test (AO30). These assessments were carried out at low altitude before (PRE) and after LHTH (5–6 and 15–16 days, POST1 and POST2, respectively). During LHTH, hematological analyzes were performed on days 1, 12, 20 and 30. After LHTH, aerobic performance decreased 1.7% in POST1, but showed an amazing increase in POST2 (15.4 s reduction in the 3000 m test, 2.8%). Regarding anaerobic parameters, athletes showed a reduction in velocity, force and power in POST1, but velocity and power returned to their initial conditions in POST2. In addition, all participants had higher hemoglobin (Hb) values at the end of LHTH (30 days), but at POST2 these results were close to those of PRE. The centrality metrics obtained by complex networks (pondered degree, pagerank and betweenness) in the PRE and POST2 scenarios highlighted hemoglobin, hematocrit (Hct) and minimum force, velocity and power, suggesting these variables on the way to increasing endurance performance. The Jaccard’s distance metrics showed dissimilarity between the PRE and POST2 graphs, and Hb and Hct as more prominent nodes for all centrality metrics. These results indicate that adaptive process from LHTH was highlighted by the complex networks, which can help understanding the better aerobic performance at low altitude after 16 days in Paralympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Leandro Breda
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Filipe Antônio de Barros Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Rafael Beck
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Physical Exercise, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Pinto
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil.
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Hypoxic preconditioning in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury: a review in pre-clinical models. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2607-2618. [PMID: 34878507 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease, which consists of cellular damage and renal dysfunction. AKI is a major complication that is of particular concern after cardiac surgery and to a lesser degree following organ transplantation in the immediate post-transplantation period, leading to delayed graft function. Because effective therapies are still unavailable, several recent studies have explored the potential benefit of hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) on IRI. HPC refers to the acquisition of increased organ tolerance to subsequent ischaemic or severe hypoxic injury, and experimental evidences suggest a potential benefit of HPC. There are three experimental forms of HPC, and, for better clarity, we named them as follows: physical HPC, HPC via treated-cell administration and stabilised hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α HPC, or mimicked HPC. The purpose of this review is to present the latest developments in the literature on HPC in the context of renal IRI in pre-clinical models. The data we compiled suggest that preconditional activation of hypoxia pathways protects against renal IRI, suggesting that HPC could be used in the treatment of renal IRI in transplantation.
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15
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Pojskić H, Hanstock HG, Tang TH, Rodríguez-Zamora L. Acute Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Impairs Balance Performance in Sub-elite but Not Elite Basketball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:748153. [PMID: 34777010 PMCID: PMC8578732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although high and simulated altitude training has become an increasingly popular training method, no study has investigated the influence of acute hypoxic exposure on balance in team-sport athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia is detrimental to balance performance in highly-trained basketball players. Nine elite and nine sub-elite male basketball players participated in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study. Subjects performed repeated trials of a single-leg balance test (SLBT) in an altitude chamber in normoxia (NOR; approximately sea level) with FiO2 20.9% and PiO2 ranging from 146.7 to 150.4 mmHg and in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; ~3,800 m above sea level) with FiO2 13.0% and PiO2 ranging from 90.9 to 94.6 mmHg. The SLBT was performed three times: 15 min after entering the environmental chamber in NOR or HYP, then two times more interspersed by 3-min rest. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four time points: after the initial 15-min rest inside the chamber and immediately after each SLBT. Across the cohort, the balance performance was 7.1% better during NOR than HYP (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). However, the performance of the elite group was not impaired by HYP, whereas the sub-elite group performed worse in the HYP condition on both legs (DL: P = 0.02, d = 1.23; NDL: P = 0.01, d = 1.43). SpO2 was lower in HYP than NOR (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.99) with a significant decline over time during HYP. HR was higher in HYP than NOR (P = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.25) with a significant increase over time. Acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia detrimentally affected the balance performance in sub-elite but not elite basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskić
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Helen G Hanstock
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Tsz-Hin Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Division of Sport Science, School of Health Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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16
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Lemieux P, Birot O. Altitude, Exercise, and Skeletal Muscle Angio-Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia: A Complex Story. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735557. [PMID: 34552509 PMCID: PMC8450406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as a reduced oxygen availability, can be observed in many tissues in response to various physiological and pathological conditions. As a hallmark of the altitude environment, ambient hypoxia results from a drop in the oxygen pressure in the atmosphere with elevation. A hypoxic stress can also occur at the cellular level when the oxygen supply through the local microcirculation cannot match the cells’ metabolic needs. This has been suggested in contracting skeletal myofibers during physical exercise. Regardless of its origin, ambient or exercise-induced, muscle hypoxia triggers complex angio-adaptive responses in the skeletal muscle tissue. These can result in the expression of a plethora of angio-adaptive molecules, ultimately leading to the growth, stabilization, or regression of muscle capillaries. This remarkable plasticity of the capillary network is referred to as angio-adaptation. It can alter the capillary-to-myofiber interface, which represent an important determinant of skeletal muscle function. These angio-adaptive molecules can also be released in the circulation as myokines to act on distant tissues. This review addresses the respective and combined potency of ambient hypoxia and exercise to generate a cellular hypoxic stress in skeletal muscle. The major skeletal muscle angio-adaptive responses to hypoxia so far described in this context will be discussed, including existing controversies in the field. Finally, this review will highlight the molecular complexity of the skeletal muscle angio-adaptive response to hypoxia and identify current gaps of knowledges in this field of exercise and environmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemieux
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Benefit of a single simulated hypobaric hypoxia in healthy mice performance and analysis of mitochondria-related gene changes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4494. [PMID: 33627689 PMCID: PMC7904831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated hypobaric hypoxia (SHH) training has been used to enhance running performance. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of a single SHH exposure on healthy mice performance and analyzed the changes of mitochondria-related genes in the central nervous system. The current study used a mouse decompression chamber to simulate mild hypobaric hypoxia at the high altitude of 5000 m or severe hypobaric hypoxia at 8000 m for 16 h (SHH5000 & SHH8000, respectively). Then, the mouse behavioral tests were recorded by a modified Noldus video tracking. Third, the effects of SHH on 8 mitochondria-related genes of Drp1, Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1, TFAM, SGK1, UCP2 and UCP4, were assessed in cerebellum, hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscles. The results have shown that a single mild or severe HH improves healthy mice performance. In cerebellum, 6 of all 8 detected genes (except Mfn2 and UCP4) did not change after SHH. In hippocampus, all detected genes did not change after SHH. In muscles, 7 of all 8 detected genes (except Opa1) did not change after SHH. The present study has indicated the benefit of a single SHH in healthy mice performance, which would due to the stabilized mitochondria against a mild stress state.
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18
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Yan B, Ge X, Yu J, Hu Y, Girard O. Hypoxic re-exposure retains hematological but not performance adaptations post-altitude training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1049-1059. [PMID: 33426576 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that hypoxic re-exposure after return from natural altitude training is beneficial in retaining hematological and performance adaptations. METHODS Eighteen mixed martial art fighters completed a 3-weeks natural altitude training camp at 2418 m. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to a living high-training low (12 h/d at a simulated altitude of 2800 m) group (LHTL, n = 9) or a living low-training low group (LLTL, n = 9) for a 3-week sea-level training period. At baseline and after return to sea level, hematological [hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) on days 2, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 21] and performance (3000 m time trial and maximal oxygen uptake on days 4, 6, 9, 15 and 21) markers were assessed. RESULTS Mean Hbmass increased from baseline to day 2 (11.7 ± 0.9 vs. 12.4 ± 1.3 g/kg; + 6.6 ± 7.5%; P < 0.05). While Hbmass remained elevated above baseline in LHTL (P < 0.001), it returned near baseline levels from day 9 in LLTL. Irrespective of groups, mean V̇O2max was only elevated above baseline at day 2 (+ 4.5 ± 0.8%) and day 9 (+ 3.8 ± 8.0%) (both P < 0.05). Compared to baseline, 3000 m running time decreased at day 4 (- 3.1 ± 3.3%; P < 0.05) and day 15 (- 2.8 ± 2.3%; P < 0.05) only. CONCLUSIONS Despite re-exposure to hypoxia allowing a recovery of the hypoxic stimulus to retain Hbmass gains from previous altitude sojourn, there is no performance advantage of this practice above sea level residence. Our results also give support to empirical observations describing alternance of periods of optimal and attenuated performance upon return to sea level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ge
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabei Yu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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19
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Kirby NV, Lucas SJE, Armstrong OJ, Weaver SR, Lucas RAI. Intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing improves markers of exercise capacity in hot and temperate conditions in trained middle-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:621-635. [PMID: 33211153 PMCID: PMC7862510 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing across three-weeks endurance training improves exercise heat tolerance and exercise performance markers in temperate conditions, compared to endurance training alone. The subsidiary aim was to determine whether exercise-heat tolerance would further improve following 7-Weeks post-exercise sauna bathing. METHODS Twenty middle-distance runners (13 female; mean ± SD, age 20 ± 2 years, [Formula: see text]O2max 56.1 ± 8.7 ml kg-1 min-1) performed a running heat tolerance test (30-min, 9 km h-1/2% gradient, 40 °C/40%RH; HTT) and temperate (18 °C) exercise tests (maximal aerobic capacity [[Formula: see text]O2max], speed at 4 mmol L-1 blood lactate concentration ([La-]) before (Pre) and following three-weeks (3-Weeks) normal training (CON; n = 8) or normal training with 28 ± 2 min post-exercise sauna bathing (101-108 °C, 5-10%RH) 3 ± 1 times per week (SAUNA; n = 12). Changes from Pre to 3-Weeks were compared between-groups using an analysis of co-variance. Six SAUNA participants continued the intervention for 7 weeks, completing an additional HTT (7-Weeks; data compared using a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance). RESULTS During the HTT, SAUNA reduced peak rectal temperature (Trec; - 0.2 °C), skin temperature (- 0.8 °C), and heart rate (- 11 beats min-1) more than CON at 3-Weeks compared to Pre (all p < 0.05). SAUNA also improved [Formula: see text]O2max (+ 0.27 L-1 min-1; p = 0.02) and speed at 4 mmol L-1 [La-] (+ 0.6 km h-1; p = 0.01) more than CON at 3-Weeks compared to Pre. Only peak Trec (- 0.1 °C; p = 0.03 decreased further from 3-Weeks to 7-Weeks in SAUNA (other physiological variables p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Three-weeks post-exercise sauna bathing is an effective and pragmatic method of heat acclimation, and an effective ergogenic aid. Extending the intervention to seven weeks only marginally improved Trec.
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20
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Arezzolo D, Coffey VG, Byrne NM, Doering TM. Effects of Eight Interval Training Sessions in Hypoxia on Anaerobic, Aerobic, and High Intensity Work Capacity in Endurance Cyclists. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:370-377. [PMID: 32830992 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to determine if eight sessions of supramaximal but steady-state, set duration interval training in hypoxia enhanced measured anaerobic capacity and work performed during high intensity exercise. High Alt Med Biol. 21:370-377, 2020. Materials and Methods: Eighteen cyclists (V̇O2peak: 57 ± 7 ml·kg-1·min-1) were pair-matched for anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and allocated to a 4-week interval training in hypoxia (IHT; FiO2 = 14.7% ± 0.5%, n = 9) or interval training in normoxia (NORM; FiO2 = 20.6% ± 0.3%, n = 9). Cyclists completed twice weekly interval training (8 × 1 minutes: ∼120% V̇O2peak, 5 minutes recovery: ∼50% V̇O2peak) in addition to their habitual training. Before and after the intervention, a constant work rate supramaximal time to fatigue and a graded exercise test were used to determine changes in anaerobic capacity/supramaximal work performed and aerobic capacity/peak aerobic power output, respectively. Results: No interaction or main effects were observed. Using indirect calorimetry, anaerobic capacity was not significantly different in either group pre- to postintervention using MAOD (IHT: 4% ± 15%; NORM: -5% ± 12%) or gross efficiency methods (IHT: 7% ± 14%; NORM: -2% ± 9%), and VO2peak was unchanged (IHT: 1% ± 6%; NORM: 1% ± 4%). However, within-group analysis shows that supramaximal work performed improved with IHT (14% ± 13%; p = 0.02; d = 0.42) but not NORM (1% ± 22%), and peak aerobic power output increased with IHT (5% ± 7%; p = 0.04; d = 0.32) but not NORM (2% ± 4%). Conclusion: Steady-state, set duration supramaximal interval training in hypoxia appears to provide a small beneficial effect on work capacity during supramaximal and high intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Arezzolo
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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21
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Manferdelli G, Bishop DJ, Franchi MV, Sarto F, Girard O, Porcelli S. Recommendations for altitude training programming to preserve athletes’ health after the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1184-1186. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Martínez-Guardado I, Brazo-Sayavera J, Timon R, Olcina G. EFFECTS OF REPEATED-SPRINT TRAINING IN HYPOXIA ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE OF TEAM SPORTS PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602188454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The traditional hypoxic training program used by endurance athletes was included in the training of team and/or racquet sports players. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of a new lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) as compared with previous studies on short and long-term physical performance of team sports players. Methods: Tests were performed before and after four weeks of supervised specific training and after two weeks of detraining. Twenty-four team-sport players voluntarily participated in the study (age: 22.73±2.87 years; weight: 70.20±3.42 kg; height: 176.95±1.63 cm; BMI: 22.42±2.26 kg/m2); the participants were randomly assigned to the RSH training group (n=8; FiO2= 14.6%), to the normoxia group (RSN) (n=8; FiO2= 20.9%) or to a third control group (CON) (n=8). The participants performed eight training sessions of two sets of five 10-second repeated sprints, with a recovery period of 20 seconds between sprints and a recovery period of 10 minutes at 120 W between sets. Body composition was measured following standard anthropometric evaluation procedures. The Wingate Test, Repeated-Sprint Ability Test, SJ, CMJ and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test were used to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic outcomes. Results: In the hypoxia group, maximal power increased by 14.96% and the total number of sprints performed increased by 20.36%, both with a large effect size (ES=0.78 and ES = 0.71, respectively). Conclusion: A lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia produces improvements in maximal power and number of sprints in the hypoxia group, in team sports players, as shown by the large effect size in both cases. Level of evidence II; Comparative prospective study.
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23
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Goods PSR, Millet GP. An Updated Panorama of "Living Low-Training High" Altitude/Hypoxic Methods. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:26. [PMID: 33345020 PMCID: PMC7739748 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With minimal costs and travel constraints for athletes, the “living low-training high” (LLTH) approach is becoming an important intervention for modern sport. The popularity of the LLTH model of altitude training is also associated with the fact that it only causes a slight disturbance to athletes' usual daily routine, allowing them to maintain their regular lifestyle in their home environment. In this perspective article, we discuss the evolving boundaries of the LLTH paradigm and its practical applications for athletes. Passive modalities include intermittent hypoxic exposure at rest (IHE) and Ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Active modalities use either local [blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise] and/or systemic hypoxia [continuous low-intensity training in hypoxia (CHT), interval hypoxic training (IHT), repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH), sprint interval training in hypoxia (SIH) and resistance training in hypoxia (RTH)]. A combination of hypoxic methods targeting different attributes also represents an attractive solution. In conclusion, a growing number of LLTH altitude training methods exists that include the application of systemic and local hypoxia stimuli, or a combination of both, for performance enhancement in many disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, EA 7370, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Paul S R Goods
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Institute of Sport (WAIS), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gregoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030861. [PMID: 32019079 PMCID: PMC7037344 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 2-week exercise training program in hypobaric hypoxic conditions on exercise performance and immune function in Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities. Six Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities participated in exercise training consisting of continuous aerobic exercise and anaerobic interval exercise in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. The exercise training frequency was 60 min (5 days per week for 2 weeks). Before and after the exercise training, exercise performance and immune function were measured in all athletes. Regarding the exercise performance parameters, the 3-km time trial significantly decreased and blood lactate levels after the 3-km time trial test significantly increased by exercise training in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. Regarding the oxygen-transporting capacity, significant differences were not observed. Regarding immune function, the number of leukocytes and natural killer cells significantly decreased and that of eosinophils, B cells, and T cells significantly increased. These results indicated that our 2-week hypoxic training showed the potential to improve exercise performance in Korean national disabled athletes. However, the effects of our hypoxic training method on immune function remained unclear.
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25
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Okazaki K, Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. Iron insufficiency diminishes the erythropoietic response to moderate altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1569-1578. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of iron stores and supplementation on erythropoietic responses to moderate altitude in endurance athletes were examined. In a retrospective study, red cell compartment volume (RCV) responses to 4 wk at 2,500 m were assessed in athletes with low ( n = 9, ≤20 and ≤30 ng/mL for women and men, respectively) and normal ( n = 10) serum ferritin levels ([Ferritin]) without iron supplementation. In a subsequent prospective study, the same responses were assessed in athletes ( n = 26) with a protocol designed to provide sufficient iron before and during identical altitude exposure. The responses to a 4-wk training camp at sea level were assessed in another group of athletes ( n = 13) as controls. RCV and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) were determined at sea level before and after intervention. In the retrospective study, athletes with low [Ferritin] did not increase RCV (27.0 ± 2.9 to 27.5 ± 3.8 mL/kg, mean ± SD, P = 0.65) or V̇o2max (60.2 ± 7.2 to 62.2 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.23) after 4 wk at altitude, whereas athletes with normal [Ferritin] increased both (RCV: 27.3 ± 3.1 to 29.8 ± 2.4 mL/kg, P = 0.002; V̇o2max: 62.0 ± 3.1 to 66.2 ± 3.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.003). In the prospective study, iron supplementation normalized low [Ferritin] observed in athletes exposed to altitude ( n = 14) and sea level ( n = 6) before the altitude/sea-level camp and maintained [Ferritin] within normal range in all athletes during the camp. RCV and V̇o2max increased in the altitude group but remained unchanged in the sea-level group. Finally, the increase in RCV correlated with the increase in V̇o2max [( r = 0.368, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.059–0.612, P = 0.022]. Thus, iron deficiency in athletes restrains erythropoiesis to altitude exposure and may preclude improvement in sea-level athletic performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxic exposure increases iron requirements and utilization for erythropoiesis in athletes. This study clearly demonstrates that iron deficiency in athletes inhibits accelerated erythropoiesis to a sojourn to moderate high altitude and may preclude a potential improvement in sea-level athletic performance with altitude training. Iron replacement therapy before and during altitude exposure is important to maximize performance gains after altitude training in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Okazaki
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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Impact of Intermittent Hypoxia on Sepsis Outcomes in a Murine Model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12900. [PMID: 31501504 PMCID: PMC6733849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea has been associated with a variety of diseases, but its impact on sepsis outcome remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of intermittent hypoxia [IH]–the principal feature of sleep apnea–on murine sepsis. 5-week-old male C57BL6 mice were assigned to groups receiving severe IH (O2 fluctuating from room air to an O2 nadir of 5.7% with a cycle length of 90 seconds), mild IH (room air to 12%, 4 minutes/cycle), or room air for 3 weeks. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture and survival was monitored. Sepsis severity was evaluated by murine sepsis scores, blood bacterial load, plasma tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]/interleukin-6 [IL-6] levels and histopathology of vital organs. Compared with normoxic controls, mice subjected to severe IH had earlier mortality, a lower leukocyte count, higher blood bacterial load, higher plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels, more severe inflammatory changes in the lung, spleen and small intestine. Mice subjected to mild IH did not differ from normoxic controls, except a higher IL-6 level after sepsis induced. The adverse impact of severe IH was reversed following a 10-day normoxic recovery. In conclusion, severe IH, not mild IH, contributed to poorer outcomes in a murine sepsis model.
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27
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Pullinger SA, Bradley PS, Causer J, Ford PR, Newlove A, Patel K, Reid K, Robertson CM, Burniston JG, Doran DA, Waterhouse JM, Edwards BJ. Football-induced fatigue in hypoxia impairs repeated sprint ability and perceptual-cognitive skills. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1591633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Pullinger
- Sport Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul S. Bradley
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joe Causer
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Antonia Newlove
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kieran Patel
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin Reid
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Colin M. Robertson
- School of Sport and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - Jatin G. Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dominic A. Doran
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James M. Waterhouse
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben J. Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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박훈영, 임기원, 김지수. Exercise physiology basis and necessity of hypoxic training to improve exercise performance in elite athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.24985/kjss.2018.29.4.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Hamlin MJ, Lizamore CA, Hopkins WG. The Effect of Natural or Simulated Altitude Training on High-Intensity Intermittent Running Performance in Team-Sport Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:431-446. [PMID: 29129021 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While adaptation to hypoxia at natural or simulated altitude has long been used with endurance athletes, it has only recently gained popularity for team-sport athletes. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of hypoxic interventions on high-intensity intermittent running performance in team-sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search of five journal databases was performed. Percent change in performance (distance covered) in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1 and level 2 were used without differentiation) in hypoxic (natural or simulated altitude) and control (sea level or normoxic placebo) groups was meta-analyzed with a mixed model. The modifying effects of study characteristics (type and dose of hypoxic exposure, training duration, post-altitude duration) were estimated with fixed effects, random effects allowed for repeated measurement within studies and residual real differences between studies, and the standard-error weighting factors were derived or imputed via standard deviations of change scores. Effects and their uncertainty were assessed with magnitude-based inference, with a smallest important improvement of 4% estimated via between-athlete standard deviations of performance at baseline. RESULTS Ten studies qualified for inclusion, but two were excluded owing to small sample size and risk of publication bias. Hypoxic interventions occurred over a period of 7-28 days, and the range of total hypoxic exposure (in effective altitude-hours) was 4.5-33 km h in the intermittent-hypoxia studies and 180-710 km h in the live-high studies. There were 11 control and 15 experimental study-estimates in the final meta-analysis. Training effects were moderate and very likely beneficial in the control groups at 1 week (20 ± 14%, percent estimate, ± 90% confidence limits) and 4-week post-intervention (25 ± 23%). The intermittent and live-high hypoxic groups experienced additional likely beneficial gains at 1 week (13 ± 16%; 13 ± 15%) and 4-week post-intervention (19 ± 20%; 18 ± 19%). The difference in performance between intermittent and live-high interventions was unclear, as were the dose of hypoxia and inclusion of training in hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic intervention appears to be a worthwhile training strategy for improvement in high-intensity running performance in team-sport athletes, with enhanced performance over control groups persisting for at least 4 weeks post-intervention. Pending further research on the type of hypoxia, dose of hypoxia and training in hypoxia, coaches have considerable scope for customising hypoxic training methods to best suit their team's training schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine A Lizamore
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Will G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1931-1949. [PMID: 28451905 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many sport competitions, typically involving the completion of single- (e.g. track-and-field or track cycling events) and multiple-sprint exercises (e.g. team and racquet sports, cycling races), are staged at terrestrial altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. Our aim was to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the responses to either acute or chronic altitude exposure relevant to single and multiple sprints. Performance of a single sprint is generally not negatively affected by acute exposure to simulated altitude (i.e. normobaric hypoxia) because an enhanced anaerobic energy release compensates for the reduced aerobic adenosine triphosphate production. Conversely, the reduction in air density in terrestrial altitude (i.e. hypobaric hypoxia) leads to an improved sprinting performance when aerodynamic drag is a limiting factor. With the repetition of maximal efforts, however, repeated-sprint ability is more altered (i.e. with earlier and larger performance decrements) at high altitudes (>3000-3600 m or inspired fraction of oxygen <14.4-13.3%) compared with either normoxia or low-to-moderate altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%). Traditionally, altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%) for inducing haematological adaptations. However, beneficial effects on sprint performance after such altitude interventions are still debated. Recently, innovative 'live low-train high' methods, in isolation or in combination with hypoxic residence, have emerged with the belief that up-regulated non-haematological peripheral adaptations may further improve performance of multiple sprints compared with similar normoxic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Burtscher M, Niedermeier M, Burtscher J, Pesta D, Suchy J, Strasser B. Preparation for Endurance Competitions at Altitude: Physiological, Psychological, Dietary and Coaching Aspects. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1504. [PMID: 30425646 PMCID: PMC6218926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It was the Summer Olympic Games 1968 held in Mexico City (2,300 m) that required scientists and coaches to cope with the expected decline of performance in endurance athletes and to establish optimal preparation programs for competing at altitude. From that period until now many different recommendations for altitude acclimatization in advance of an altitude competition were proposed, ranging from several hours to several weeks. Those recommendations are mostly based on the separate consideration of the physiology of acclimatization, psychological issues, performance changes, logistical or individual aspects, but there is no review considering all these aspects in their entirety. Therefore, the present work primarily focusses on the period of altitude sojourn prior to the competition at altitude based on physiological and psychological aspects complemented by nutritional and sports practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Niedermeier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jiri Suchy
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbara Strasser
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Toward a Common Understanding of Diet-Exercise Strategies to Manipulate Fuel Availability for Training and Competition Preparation in Endurance Sport. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:451-463. [PMID: 30249148 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From the breakthrough studies of dietary carbohydrate and exercise capacity in the 1960s through to the more recent studies of cellular signaling and the adaptive response to exercise in muscle, it has become apparent that manipulations of dietary fat and carbohydrate within training phases, or in the immediate preparation for competition, can profoundly alter the availability and utilization of these major fuels and, subsequently, the performance of endurance sport (events >30 min up to ∼24 hr). A variety of terms have emerged to describe new or nuanced versions of such exercise-diet strategies (e.g., train low, train high, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, periodized carbohydrate diet). However, the nonuniform meanings of these terms have caused confusion and miscommunication, both in the popular press and among the scientific community. Sports scientists will continue to hold different views on optimal protocols of fuel support for training and competition in different endurance events. However, to promote collaboration and shared discussions, a commonly accepted and consistent terminology will help to strengthen hypotheses and experimental/experiential data around various strategies. We propose a series of definitions and explanations as a starting point for a more unified dialogue around acute and chronic manipulations of fat and carbohydrate in the athlete's diet, noting philosophies of approaches rather than a single/definitive macronutrient prescription. We also summarize some of the key questions that need to be tackled to help produce greater insight into this exciting area of sports nutrition research and practice.
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33
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Kent GL, Dawson B, McNaughton LR, Cox GR, Burke LM, Peeling P. The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on repeat-sprint performance in hypoxia. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:339-346. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1504369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L. Kent
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Lars R. McNaughton
- Sport and Exercise Science, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Gregory R. Cox
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- High Performance Service Centre, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Claremont, Australia
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34
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Turner G, Fudge BW, Pringle JSM, Maxwell NS, Richardson AJ. Altitude training in endurance running: perceptions of elite athletes and support staff. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:163-172. [PMID: 29932816 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1488383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to establish perceptions of elite endurance athletes on the role and worth of altitude training. Elite British endurance runners were surveyed to identify the altitude and hypoxic training methods utilised, along with reasons for use, and any situational, cultural and behaviour factors influencing these. Prior to the 2012 Olympics Games, 39 athletes and 20 support staff (coaches/practitioners) completed an internet-based survey to establish differences between current practices and the accepted "best-practice". Almost all of the athletes (98%) and support staff (95%) surveyed had utilised altitude and hypoxic training, or had advised it to athletes. 75% of athletes believed altitude and hypoxia to be a "very important" factor in their training regime, with 50% of support staff believing the same. Athletes and support staff were in agreement of the methods of altitude training utilised (i.e. 'hypoxic dose' and strategy), with camps lasting 3-4 weeks at 1,500-2,500 m being the most popular. Athletes and support staff are utilising altitude and hypoxic training methods in a manner agreeing with research-based suggestions. The survey identified a number of specific challenges and priorities, which could provide scope to optimise future altitude training methods for endurance performance in these elite groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Turner
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK.,c EIS Performance Centre , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Barry W Fudge
- b National Performance Centre , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Jamie S M Pringle
- c EIS Performance Centre , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
| | - Alan J Richardson
- a Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Eastbourne , UK
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35
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Brocherie F, Girard O, Faiss R, Millet GP. Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Sea-Level Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:1651-1660. [PMID: 28194720 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) is a recent intervention regarding which numerous studies have reported effects on sea-level physical performance outcomes that are debated. No previous study has performed a meta-analysis of the effects of RSH. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed the literature and meta-analyzed the effects of RSH versus repeated-sprint training in normoxia (RSN) on key components of sea-level physical performance, i.e., best and mean (all sprint) performance during repeated-sprint exercise and aerobic capacity (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]]). METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE, SportDiscus®, ProQuest, and Web of Science online databases were searched for original articles-published up to July 2016-assessing changes in physical performance following RSH and RSN. The meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) between the effects of RSH and RSN on sea-level performance outcomes. RESULTS After systematic review, nine controlled studies were selected, including a total of 202 individuals (mean age 22.6 ± 6.1 years; 180 males). After data pooling, mean performance during repeated sprints (SMD = 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.02 to 0.93; P = 0.05) was further enhanced with RSH when compared with RSN. Although non-significant, additional benefits were also observed for best repeated-sprint performance (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.89; P = 0.30) and [Formula: see text] (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.61; P = 0.41). CONCLUSION Based on current scientific literature, RSH induces greater improvement for mean repeated-sprint performance during sea-level repeated sprinting than RSN. The additional benefit observed for best repeated-sprint performance and [Formula: see text] for RSH versus RSN was not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Girard
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raphaël Faiss
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Building Geopolis, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Hauser A, Troesch S, Steiner T, Brocherie F, Girard O, Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Millet GP, Wehrlin JP. Do male athletes with already high initial haemoglobin mass benefit from 'live high-train low' altitude training? Exp Physiol 2017; 103:68-76. [PMID: 29024137 DOI: 10.1113/ep086590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? It has been assumed that athletes embarking on an 'live high-train low' (LHTL) camp with already high initial haemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) have a limited ability to increase their Hbmass further post-intervention. Therefore, the relationship between initial Hbmass and post-intervention increase was tested with duplicate Hbmass measures and comparable hypoxic doses in male athletes. What is the main finding and its importance? There were trivial to moderate inverse relationships between initial Hbmass and percentage Hbmass increase in endurance and team-sport athletes after the LHTL camp, indicating that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gains post-LHTL. It has been proposed that athletes with high initial values of haemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) will have a smaller Hbmass increase in response to 'live high-train low' (LHTL) altitude training. To verify this assumption, the relationship between initial absolute and relative Hbmass values and their respective Hbmass increase following LHTL in male endurance and team-sport athletes was investigated. Overall, 58 male athletes (35 well-trained endurance athletes and 23 elite male field hockey players) undertook an LHTL training camp with similar hypoxic doses (200-230 h). The Hbmass was measured in duplicate pre- and post-LHTL by the carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Although there was no relationship (r = 0.02, P = 0.91) between initial absolute Hbmass (in grams) and the percentage increase in absolute Hbmass , a moderate relationship (r = -0.31, P = 0.02) between initial relative Hbmass (in grams per kilogram) and the percentage increase in relative Hbmass was detected. Mean absolute and relative Hbmass increased to a similar extent (P ≥ 0.81) in endurance (from 916 ± 88 to 951 ± 96 g, +3.8%, P < 0.001 and from 13.1 ± 1.2 to 13.6 ± 1.1 g kg-1 , +4.1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and team-sport athletes (from 920 ± 120 to 957 ± 127 g, +4.0%, P < 0.001 and from 11.9 ± 0.9 to 12.3 ± 0.9 g kg-1 , +4.0%, P < 0.001, respectively) after LHTL. The direct comparison study using individual data of male endurance and team-sport athletes and strict methodological control (duplicate Hbmass measures and matched hypoxic dose) indicated that even athletes with higher initial Hbmass can reasonably expect Hbmass gain post-LHTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hauser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Severin Troesch
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Girard O, Millet GP, Morin JB, Brocherie F. Does "Live High-Train Low (and High)" Hypoxic Training Alter Running Mechanics In Elite Team-sport Players? J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16:328-332. [PMID: 28912649 PMCID: PMC5592283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if "Live High-Train Low (and High)" hypoxic training alters constant-velocity running mechanics. While residing under normobaric hypoxia (≥14 h·d-1; FiO2 14.5-14.2%) for 14 days, twenty field hockey players performed, in addition to their usual training in normoxia, six sessions (4 × 5 × 5-s maximal sprints; 25 s passive recovery; 5 min rest) under either normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 ~14.5%, n = 9) or normoxia (FiO2 20.9%, n = 11). Before and immediately after the intervention, their running pattern was assessed at 10 and 15 km·h-1 as well as during six 30-s runs at ~20 km·h-1 with 30-s passive recovery on an instrumented motorised treadmill. No clear changes in running kinematics and spring-mass parameters occurred globally either at 10, 15 or ~20 km·h-1, with also no significant time × condition interaction for any parameters (p > 0.14). Independently of the condition, heart rate (all p < 0.05) and ratings of perceived exertion decreased post-intervention (only at 15 km·h-1, p < 0.05). Despite indirect signs for improved psycho-physiological responses, no forthright change in stride mechanical pattern occurred after "Live High-Train Low (and High)" hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Franck Brocherie
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Abstract
CONTEXT Athletes at different skill levels perform strenuous physical activity at high altitude for a variety of reasons. Multiple team and endurance events are held at high altitude and may place athletes at increased risk for developing acute high altitude illness (AHAI). Training at high altitude has been a routine part of preparation for some of the high level athletes for a long time. There is a general belief that altitude training improves athletic performance for competitive and recreational athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A review of relevant publications between 1980 and 2015 was completed using PubMed and Google Scholar. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. RESULTS AHAI is a relatively uncommon and potentially serious condition among travelers to altitudes above 2500 m. The broad term AHAI includes several syndromes such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Athletes may be at higher risk for developing AHAI due to faster ascent and more vigorous exertion compared with nonathletes. Evidence regarding the effects of altitude training on athletic performance is weak. The natural live high, train low altitude training strategy may provide the best protocol for enhancing endurance performance in elite and subelite athletes. High altitude sports are generally safe for recreational athletes, but they should be aware of their individual risks. CONCLUSION Individualized and appropriate acclimatization is an essential component of injury and illness prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Khodaee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
- Morteza Khodaee, MD, MPH, Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, AFW Clinic, 3055 Roslyn Street, Denver, CO 80238 ()
| | - Heather L. Grothe
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jonathan H. Seyfert
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karin VanBaak
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
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Richardson AJ, Relf RL, Saunders A, Gibson OR. Similar Inflammatory Responses following Sprint Interval Training Performed in Hypoxia and Normoxia. Front Physiol 2016; 7:332. [PMID: 27536249 PMCID: PMC4971433 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is an efficient intervention capable of improving aerobic capacity and exercise performance. This experiment aimed to determine differences in training adaptations and the inflammatory responses following 2 weeks of SIT (30 s maximal work, 4 min recovery; 4-7 repetitions) performed in normoxia or hypoxia. Forty-two untrained participants [(mean ± SD), age 21 ±1 years, body mass 72.1 ±11.4 kg, and height 173 ±10 cm] were equally and randomly assigned to one of three groups; control (CONT; no training, n = 14), normoxic (NORM; SIT in FiO2: 0.21, n = 14), and normobaric hypoxic (HYP; SIT in FiO2: 0.15, n = 14). Participants completed a [Formula: see text] test, a time to exhaustion (TTE) trial (power = 80% [Formula: see text]) and had hematological [hemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct)] and inflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)] measured in a resting state, pre and post SIT. [Formula: see text] (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) improved in HYP (+11.9%) and NORM (+9.8%), but not CON (+0.9%). Similarly TTE improved in HYP (+32.2%) and NORM (+33.0%), but not CON (+3.4%) whilst the power at the anaerobic threshold (AT; W.kg(-1)) also improved in HYP (+13.3%) and NORM (+8.0%), but not CON (-0.3%). AT (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) improved in HYP (+9.5%), but not NORM (+5%) or CON (-0.3%). No between group change occurred in 30 s sprint performance or Hb and Hct. IL-6 increased in HYP (+17.4%) and NORM (+20.1%), but not CON (+1.2%), respectively. TNF-α increased in HYP (+10.8%) NORM (+12.9%) and CON (+3.4%). SIT in HYP and NORM increased [Formula: see text], power at AT and TTE performance in untrained individuals, improvements in AT occurred only when SIT was performed in HYP. Increases in IL-6 and TNFα reflect a training induced inflammatory response to SIT; hypoxic conditions do not exacerbate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Richardson
- Environmental Extremes Lab, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Rebecca L Relf
- Environmental Extremes Lab, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Arron Saunders
- Environmental Extremes Lab, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London Uxbridge, UK
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BROCHERIE FRANCK, MILLET GRÉGOIREP, MORIN JEANBENOIT, GIRARD OLIVIER. Mechanical Alterations to Repeated Treadmill Sprints in Normobaric Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1570-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Morin JB, Millet GP. Running mechanical alterations during repeated treadmill sprints in hot versus hypoxic environments. A pilot study. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1190-8. [PMID: 26473996 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined if performance and mechanical running alterations during repeated treadmill sprinting differ between severely hot and hypoxic environments. Six male recreational sportsmen (team- and racket-sport background) performed five 5-s sprints with 25-s recovery on an instrumented treadmill, allowing the continuous (step-by-step) measurement of running kinetics/kinematics and spring-mass characteristics. These were randomly conducted in control (CON; 25°C/45% RH, inspired fraction of oxygen = 20.9%), hot (HOT; 38°C/21% RH, inspired fraction of oxygen = 20.9%; end-exercise core temperature: ~38.6°C) and normobaric hypoxic (HYP, 25°C/45% RH, inspired fraction of oxygen = 13.3%/simulated altitude of ~3600 m; end-exercise pulse oxygen saturation: ~84%) environments. Running distance was lower (P < 0.05) in HOT compared to CON and HYP for the first sprint but larger (P < 0.05) sprint decrement score occurred in HYP versus HOT and CON. Compared to CON, the cumulated distance covered over the five sprints was lower (P < 0.01) in HYP but not in HOT. Irrespective of the environmental condition, significant changes occurred from the first to the fifth sprint repetitions (all three conditions compounded) in selected running kinetics (mean horizontal forces, P < 0.01) or kinematics (contact and swing times, both P < 0.001; step frequency, P < 0.001) and spring-mass characteristics (vertical stiffness, P < 0.001; leg stiffness, P < 0.01). No significant interaction between sprint number and condition was found for any mechanical data. Preliminary evidence indicates that repeated-sprint ability is more impaired in hypoxia than in a hot environment, when compared to a control condition. However, as sprints are repeated, mechanical alterations appear not to be exacerbated in severe (heat, hypoxia) environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- a ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland.,b Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- a ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- c Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (LAMHESS) , University of Nice Sophia Antipolis , Nice , France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- a ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Kasai N, Mizuno S, Ishimoto S, Sakamoto E, Maruta M, Goto K. Effect of training in hypoxia on repeated sprint performance in female athletes. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:310. [PMID: 26155449 PMCID: PMC4488237 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background This study determined the effect of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) in female athletes. Methods Thirty-two college female athletes performed repeated cycling sprints of two sets of 10 × 7-s sprints with a 30-s rest between sprints twice per week for 4 weeks under either normoxic conditions (RSN group; FiO2, 20.9%; n = 16) or hypoxic conditions (RSH group; FiO2, 14.5%; n = 16). The repeated sprint ability (10 × 7-s sprints) and maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max) were determined before and after the training period. Results After training, when compared to pre-values, the mean power output was higher in all sprints during the repeated sprint test in the RSH group but only for the second half of the sprints in the RSN group (P ≤ 0.05). The percentage increases in peak and mean power output between before and after the training period were significantly greater in the RSH group than in the RSN group (peak power output, 5.0 ± 0.7% vs. 1.5 ± 0.9%, respectively; mean power output, 9.7 ± 0.9% vs. 6.0 ± 0.8%, respectively; P < 0.05). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\text{V}}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max did not change significantly after the training period in either group. Conclusion Four weeks of RSH further enhanced the peak and mean power output during repeated sprint test compared with RSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Etsuko Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Misato Maruta
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan ; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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Gatterer H, Philippe M, Menz V, Mosbach F, Faulhaber M, Burtscher M. Shuttle-run sprint training in hypoxia for youth elite soccer players: a pilot study. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13:731-735. [PMID: 25435763 PMCID: PMC4234940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to investigate if a) shuttle-run sprint training performed in a normobaric hypoxia chamber of limited size (4.75x2.25m) is feasible, in terms of producing the same absolute training load, when compared to training in normoxia, and b) if such training improves the repeated sprint ability (RSA) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (YYIR) test outcome in young elite soccer players. Players of an elite soccer training Centre (age: 15.3 ± 0.5 years, height: 1.73 ± 0.07 m, body mass: 62.6 ± 6.6 kg) were randomly assigned to a hypoxia or a normoxia training group. Within a 5-week period, players, who were not informed about the hypoxia intervention, performed at least 7 sessions of identical shuttle-run sprint training either in a normal training room (FiO2 = 20.95%) or in a hypoxic chamber (FiO2 = 14.8%; approximately 3300m), both equipped with the same floor. Each training session comprised 3 series of 5x10s back and forth sprints (4.5m) performed at maximal intensity. Recovery time between repetitions was 20s and between series 5min. Before and after the training period the RSA (6 x 40m shuttle sprint with 20 s rest between shuttles) and the YYIR test were performed. The size of the chamber did not restrict the training intensity of the sprint training (both groups performed approximately 8 shuttles during 10s). Training in hypoxia resulted in a lower fatigue slope which indicates better running speed maintenance during the RSA test (p = 0.024). YYIR performance increased over time (p = 0.045) without differences between groups (p > 0.05). This study showed that training intensity of the shuttle-run sprint training was not restricted in a hypoxic chamber of limited size which indicates that such training is feasible. Furthermore, hypoxia compared to normoxia training reduced the fatigue slope during the RSA test in youth soccer players. Key PointsShuttle-run sprint training is feasible in hypoxic chambers of limited size (i.e., 4.75x2.25m).Hypoxia sprint training (RSH), in comparison to normoxia training, might lead to better running speed maintenance during the repeated sprint ability test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck , Austria ; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence , Austria
| | - Marc Philippe
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck , Austria ; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence , Austria
| | - Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck , Austria ; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence , Austria
| | - Florian Mosbach
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck , Austria ; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence , Austria
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck , Austria ; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence , Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck , Austria ; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence , Austria
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Girard O, Pluim BM. Improving team-sport player's physical performance with altitude training: from beliefs to scientific evidence. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 Suppl 1:i2-3. [PMID: 24282201 PMCID: PMC3903311 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, , Doha, Qatar
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