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Moore IS, Bitchell CL, Vicary D, Rafferty J, Robson BC, Mathema P. Concussion increases within-player injury risk in male professional rugby union. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:bjsports-2021-105238. [PMID: 36588427 PMCID: PMC10086303 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess within-player change in injury risk and between-player subsequent injury risk associated with concussive and common non-concussive injuries in professional rugby union. METHODS This prospective cohort study in Welsh professional male rugby union analysed within-player and between-player injury risk for five common injuries: concussion, thigh haematoma, hamstring muscle strain, lateral ankle sprain and acromioclavicular joint sprain. Survival models quantified within-player injury risk by comparing precommon (before) injury risk to postcommon (after) injury risk, whereas between-player subsequent injury risk was quantified by comparing players who had sustained one of the common injuries against those who had not sustained the common injury. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated. Specific body area and tissue type were also determined for new injuries. RESULTS Concussion increased the within-player overall injury risk (HR 1.26 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.42)), elevating head/neck (HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.83)), pelvic region (HR 2.32 (95% CI 1.18 to 4.54)) and neurological (HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.76)) injury risk. Lateral ankle sprains decreased within-player injury risk (HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.97)), reducing head/neck (HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.91)), upper leg and knee (HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.81)), joint and ligament (HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.99)) and neurological (HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.91)) injury risk. Concussion (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.40)), thigh haematomas (HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.34)) and hamstring muscle strains (HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.29)) increased between-player subsequent injury risk. CONCLUSION Elevated within-player injury risk was only evident following concussive injuries, while lateral ankle sprains reduced the risk. Both concussion and ankle injuries altered head/neck and neurological injury risk, but in opposing directions. Understanding why management of ankle sprains might be effective, while current concussion management is not at reducing such risks may help inform concussion return to play protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Danielle Vicary
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ben Charles Robson
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Epidemiology of injuries sustained in professional Australian netball: A three season cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:294-299. [PMID: 35031236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the medical attention and time-loss injury epidemiology of Australia's premier netball competition. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS One-hundred and nineteen players in the Suncorp Super Netball league were under surveillance during three consecutive seasons (2017-2019), inclusive of pre-, in-, and post- season phases. Medical attention injuries were recorded by medical personnel, and additionally sub-categorised according to time loss. Injury incidence rates (IIR) and injury burden were calculated per 365 player contract days, with differences between season and season phase IIRs compared using negative binomial generated incidence rate ratios (IRR). RESULTS Eight hundred and sixty-six medical attention injuries and 393 time-loss injuries were recorded. The majority of the players had multiple (≥2) medical attention (n = 92; 77.3%) and time-loss (n = 75, 63.0%) injuries reported. The ankle (n = 181; 20.9%), knee (n = 136; 15.7%) and foot (n = 98; 11.3%) were the body sites with the most frequently reported medical attention injuries. Overall, there was a comparable injury incidence rate between the pre-season and in-season periods (IRR = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.98-1.30, p = 0.0842), although variation in the injury burden was identified. Ankle tendon injuries (23.5 days absence) and knee joint injuries (44.9 days absence) the most burdensome injuries in the pre-season and in-season periods respectively. CONCLUSIONS Lower limb injuries are the most frequent in professional level netball. Knee and ankle injuries are the most burdensome overall, however the type of injuries with a high burden vary between pre- and in-season periods. Time-loss, non-time loss and subsequent injuries are prominent in professional level netball.
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Attwood MJ, Hudd LJW, Roberts SP, Irwin G, Stokes KA. Eight Weeks of Self-Resisted Neck Strength Training Improves Neck Strength in Age-Grade Rugby Union Players: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Health 2021; 14:500-507. [PMID: 34558993 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211044736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater neck strength is associated with fewer head and neck injuries. Neck-strengthening programs are commonly burdensome, requiring specialist equipment or significant time commitment, which are barriers to implementation. HYPOTHESIS Completing a neck-strengthening program will increase isometric neck strength in age-group rugby players. STUDY DESIGN A pilot randomized controlled exercise intervention study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Twenty-eight U18 (under 18) male regional age-group rugby union players were randomized (intervention n =15/control n = 13). An 8-week exercise program was supervised during preseason at the regional training center. Control players continued their "normal practice," which did not include neck-specific strengthening exercises. The 3-times weekly trainer-led intervention program involved a series of 15-second self-resisted contractions, where players pushed maximally against their own head, in forward, backward, left, and right directions. OUTCOME MEASURE Peak isometric neck strength (force N) into neck flexion, extension, and left and right side flexion was measured using a handheld dynamometer. RESULTS Postintervention between-group mean differences (MDs) in isometric neck strength change were adjusted for baseline strength and favored the intervention for total neck strength (effect size [ES] = 1.2, MD ± 95% CI = 155.9 ± 101.9 N, P = 0.004) and for neck strength into extension (ES = 1.0, MD ± 95% CI = 59.9 ± 45.4 N, P = 0.01), left side flexion (ES = 0.7, MD ± 95% CI = 27.5 ± 26.9 N, P = 0.05), and right side flexion (ES = 1.3, MD ± 95% CI = 50.5 ± 34.4 N, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION This resource-efficient neck-strengthening program has few barriers to implementation and provides a clear benefit in U18 players' neck strength. While the present study focused on adolescent rugby players, the program may be appropriate across all sports where head and neck injuries are of concern and resources are limited. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Greater neck strength is associated with fewer head and neck injuries, including concussion. Performing this neck exercise program independently, or as part of a whole-body program like Activate, an interactive guide for players and coaches, could contribute to lower sports-related head and neck injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Attwood
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lewis-Jon W Hudd
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
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Bitchell CL, Varley-Campbell J, Robinson G, Stiles V, Mathema P, Moore IS. Recurrent and Subsequent Injuries in Professional and Elite Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:58. [PMID: 33270184 PMCID: PMC7714809 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury surveillance in professional sport categorises injuries as either "new" or "recurrent". In an attempt to make categorisation more specific, subsequent injury categorisation models have been developed, but it is not known how often these models are used. The aim was to assess how recurrent and subsequent injuries are reported within professional and elite sport. METHODS Online databases were searched using a search strategy. Studies needed to prospectively report injury rates within professional or elite sports that have published consensus statements for injury surveillance. RESULTS A total of 1322 titles and abstract were identified and screened. One hundred and ninety-nine studies were screened at full text resulting in 81 eligible studies. Thirty studies did not report recurrent injuries and were excluded from data extraction. Within the studies that reported recurrent injuries, 21 reported the number and percentage; 13 reported only the proportion within all injuries; three reported only the number; five reported the number, percentage and incidence; and two only reported the incidence. Seven studies used subsequent injury terminology, with three reporting subsequent injury following concussion, one using an amended subsequent injury model and three using specific subsequent injury categorisation models. The majority of subsequent injuries (ranging from 51 to 80%) were categorised as different and unrelated to the index injury. The proportion of recurrent injuries (exact same body area and nature related to index injury) ranged from 5 to 21%. CONCLUSIONS Reporting recurrent or subsequent injuries remains inconsistent, and few studies have utilised subsequent injury models. There is limited understanding of subsequent injury risk, which may affect the development of injury prevention strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42019119264.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gemma Robinson
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Prabhat Mathema
- Welsh Rugby Union Group, WRU National Centre of Excellence, Vale of Glamorgan, UK
| | - Isabel Sarah Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Injuries across a pre-professional ballet and contemporary dance tertiary training program: A retrospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1166-1171. [PMID: 32703722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aims to analyse the incidence of medical attention injuries, subsequent injuries, and the median time to injury, across tertiary ballet and contemporary dance training programs. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Consenting ballet and contemporary dance students completing the third/final year of two tertiary programs were included. The three-year programs consisted of six semesters. Access was granted to onsite physiotherapy notes, timetables, and academic enrolment. Injury was defined as requiring medical attention. Injury and exposure data were extracted, injuries coded for location and tissue, and subsequent injuries, occurring after an initial index injury, categorised. Mean, standard deviation, range, injury incidence, risk and rate ratios, proportions and Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated to report participant characteristics, and injury patterns across three years of the dance program. RESULTS All 17 students (mean age=20.7 years; standard deviation=1.32) from one program consented to participate, of which all were injured across the three-year program, with 2.71 (95% confidence interval: 2.22, 3.20) injury incidence rate per 1000h, and increasing injury incidences seen across the program. The most injured site and tissue were the ankle (17.65%) and muscle (23.53%) respectively. 74.86% of subsequent injuries were different (affecting a different location and tissue), and 4.88% reinjuries (affecting the same location, tissue, and structure after recovery). The median time to the first injury was seven weeks in the first semester, and later in subsequent year levels. CONCLUSIONS Increasing injury incidences were seen across the program. Most subsequent injuries were different from previous injuries in this cohort. Future research should use exposure measures beyond hours (i.e. intensity) and consider subsequent injuries.
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Bullock N, Caling B, Fortington LV, Finch CF, Cook JL. Epidemiology of elite sprint kayak injuries: A 3-year prospective study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1108-1113. [PMID: 31239203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the characteristics of injuries sustained by elite sprint kayak athletes, to investigate relationships between initial and subsequent injuries, and to examine injury differences between male and female athletes. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Data from 63 athletes (37 male, 26 female) of the Australian national sprint kayak squad were prospectively collected over three continuous years (September 2014-August 2017). All medical attention injuries were recorded irrespective of time-loss and modality of training. Descriptive analyses were performed, and frequency comparisons across genders assessed with chi squared tests. RESULTS Forty-nine athletes (78%) sustained 146 injuries (median=2, interquartile range=1-4, range=0-12). Most injuries were to the upper limb (48%), with the shoulder being the most common body site injured (27%). Thirty-one athletes (49%) sustained at least one subsequent injury, equating to 97 subsequent injuries. The majority (68%) of subsequent injuries occurred at a different site and nature to previous injuries. Male athletes were more likely to sustain an injury than remain injury free compared to female athletes (Chi2(1)=6.75, p=0.009), but there was no difference between males and females who thereafter sustained a subsequent injury (Chi2(1)=0.84, p=0.359). CONCLUSIONS Injury occurrence is common in sprint kayak, with many athletes experiencing more than one injury. Small variations in injury characteristics exist between male and female athletes in sprint kayak. This study identifies upper limb and trunk, and joint and muscle injuries as the most prevalent sprint kayak injuries, providing a focus for the development of future injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia.
| | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | - Nicola Bullock
- Paddle Australia, Australia; Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Australia
| | | | - Lauren V Fortington
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Finch CF, Cook JL, Fortington LV. A 2-Year Prospective Study of Injury Epidemiology in Elite Australian Rugby Sevens: Exploration of Incidence Rates, Severity, Injury Type, and Subsequent Injury in Men and Women. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:1302-1311. [PMID: 30779880 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518825380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries are common in rugby sevens, but studies to date have been limited to short, noncontinuous periods and reporting of match injuries only. PURPOSE To report the injury incidence rate (IIR), severity, and burden of injuries sustained by men and women in the Australian rugby sevens program and to provide the first longitudinal investigation of subsequent injury occurrence in rugby sevens looking beyond tournament injuries only. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Ninety international rugby sevens players (55 men and 35 women) were prospectively followed over 2 consecutive seasons (2015-2016 and 2016-2017). All medical attention injuries were reported irrespective of time loss. Individual exposure in terms of minutes, distance, and high-speed distance was captured for each player for matches and on-field training, with the use of global positioning system devices. The IIR and injury burden (IIR × days lost to injury) were calculated per 1000 player-hours, and descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS Seventy-three players (81.1%) sustained 365 injuries at an IIR of 43.2 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI, 43.0-43.3). As compared with male players, female players experienced a lower IIR (incidence rate ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.90-0.91). Female players also sustained a higher proportion of injuries to the trunk region (relative risk, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.28-2.40) but a lower number to the head/neck region (relative risk, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.93; P = .011). The majority (80.7%) of subsequent injuries were of a different site and nature than previous injuries. A trend toward a reduced number of days, participation time, distance, and high-speed distance completed before the next injury was observed after successive injury occurrence. CONCLUSION Female players have a lower IIR than male players, with variation of injury profiles observed between sexes. With a surveillance period of 2 years, subsequent injuries account for the majority of injuries sustained in rugby sevens, and they are typically different from previous types of sustained injuries. After each successive injury, the risk profile for future injury occurrence appears to be altered, which warrants further investigation to inform injury prevention strategies in rugby sevens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Fortington LV, Menaspa MJ, Finch CF, Cook JL. Comparison of subsequent injury categorisation (SIC) models and their application in a sporting population. Inj Epidemiol 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 31245258 PMCID: PMC6582673 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-019-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The original subsequent injury categorisation (SIC-1.0) model aimed to classify relationships between chronological injury sequences to provide insight into the complexity and causation of subsequent injury occurrence. An updated model has recently been published. Comparison of the data coded according to the original and revised subsequent injury categorisation (SIC-1.0 and SIC-2.0) models has yet been formally compared. Methods Medical attention injury data was prospectively collected for 42 elite water polo players over an 8 month surveillance period. The SIC-1.0 and SIC-2.0 models were retrospectively applied to the injury data. The injury categorisation from the two models was compared using descriptive statistics. Results Seventy-four injuries were sustained by the 42 players (median = 2, range = 0–5), of which 32 injuries (43.2%) occurred subsequent to a previous injury. The majority of subsequent injuries were coded as occurring at a different site and being of a different nature, while also being considered clinically unrelated to the previous injury (SIC-1.0 category 10 = 57.9%; SIC-2.0 clinical category 16 = 54.4%). Application of the SIC-2.0 model resulted in a greater distribution of category allocation compared to the SIC-1.0 model that reflects a greater precision in the SIC-2.0 model. Conclusions Subsequent injury categorisation of sport injury data can be undertaken using either the original (SIC-1.0) or the revised (SIC-2.0) model to obtain similar results. However, the SIC-2.0 model offers the ability to identify a larger number of mutually exclusive categories, while not relying on clinical adjudication for category allocation. The increased precision of SIC-2.0 is advantageous for clinical application and consideration of injury relationships. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40621-019-0183-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia.,2Athlete Availability Program, Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- 2Athlete Availability Program, Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia.,4School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia.,5Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Miranda J Menaspa
- 3Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia.,4School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Fortington LV, Finch CF, Cook JL. An Updated Subsequent Injury Categorisation Model (SIC-2.0): Data-Driven Categorisation of Subsequent Injuries in Sport. Sports Med 2018; 48:2199-2210. [PMID: 29500797 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accounting for subsequent injuries is critical for sports injury epidemiology. The subsequent injury categorisation (SIC-1.0) model was developed to create a framework for accurate categorisation of subsequent injuries but its operationalisation has been challenging. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to update the subsequent injury categorisation (SIC-1.0 to SIC-2.0) model to improve its utility and application to sports injury datasets, and to test its applicability to a sports injury dataset. METHODS The SIC-1.0 model was expanded to include two levels of categorisation describing how previous injuries relate to subsequent events. A data-driven classification level was established containing eight discrete injury categories identifiable without clinical input. A sequential classification level that sub-categorised the data-driven categories according to their level of clinical relatedness has 16 distinct subsequent injury types. Manual and automated SIC-2.0 model categorisation were applied to a prospective injury dataset collected for elite rugby sevens players over a 2-year period. Absolute agreement between the two coding methods was assessed. RESULTS An automated script for automatic data-driven categorisation and a flowchart for manual coding were developed for the SIC-2.0 model. The SIC-2.0 model was applied to 246 injuries sustained by 55 players (median four injuries, range 1-12), 46 (83.6%) of whom experienced more than one injury. The majority of subsequent injuries (78.7%) were sustained to a different site and were of a different nature. Absolute agreement between the manual coding and automated statistical script category allocation was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The updated SIC-2.0 model provides a simple flowchart and automated electronic script to allow both an accurate and efficient method of categorising subsequent injury data in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- Department of Physical Therapies, c/o AIS Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.
- School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Sport and Exercise Medicine Department, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Michael K Drew
- Department of Physical Therapies, c/o AIS Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Sport and Exercise Medicine Department, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Sport and Exercise Medicine Department, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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Ranson C, George J, Rafferty J, Miles J, Moore I. Playing surface and UK professional rugby union injury risk. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2393-2398. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1458588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Ranson
- Athlete Health, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | | | - James Rafferty
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John Miles
- Medical Department, Welsh Rugby Union, Cardiff, UK
| | - Isabel Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Rafferty J, Ranson C, Oatley G, Mostafa M, Mathema P, Crick T, Moore IS. On average, a professional rugby union player is more likely than not to sustain a concussion after 25 matches. Br J Sports Med 2018. [PMID: 29530941 PMCID: PMC6662947 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate concussion injury rates, the likelihood of sustaining concussion relative to the number of rugby union matches and the risk of subsequent injury following concussion. Methods A four-season (2012/2013–2015/2016) prospective cohort study of injuries in professional level (club and international) rugby union. Incidence (injuries/1000 player-match-hours), severity (days lost per injury) and number of professional matches conferring a large risk of concussion were determined. The risk of injury following concussion was assessed using a survival model. Results Concussion incidence increased from 7.9 (95% CI 5.1 to 11.7) to 21.5 injuries/1000 player-match-hours (95% CI 16.4 to 27.6) over the four seasons for combined club and international rugby union. Concussion severity was unchanged over time (median: 9 days). Players were at a greater risk of sustaining a concussion than not after an exposure of 25 matches (95% CI 19 to 32). Injury risk (any injury) was 38% greater (HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.56) following concussion than after a non-concussive injury. Injuries to the head and neck (HR 1.34; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.70), upper limb (HR 1.59; 95% CI 1.19 to 2.12), pelvic region (HR 2.07; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.65) and the lower limb (HR 1.60; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.10) were more likely following concussion than after a non-concussive injury. Conclusion Concussion incidence increased, while severity remained unchanged, during the 4 years of this study. Playing more than 25 matches in the 2015/2016 season meant that sustaining concussion was more likely than not sustaining concussion. The 38% greater injury risk after concussive injury (compared with non-concussive injury) suggests return to play protocols warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giles Oatley
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohamed Mostafa
- Social Data Science Lab, School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Tom Crick
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Finch CF, Fortington LV. So you want to understand subsequent injuries better? Start by understanding the minimum data collection and reporting requirements. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:1077-1078. [PMID: 29191932 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Finch
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
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