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Young WJ, Kennedy M, Wackowski OA, Mitarotondo A, Assan MA, Scalia D, Stepanov I, Steinberg MB, Heckman CJ. Measurement of cigarette relighting: A common but understudied behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 257:111257. [PMID: 38493565 PMCID: PMC11129345 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relighting, i.e., extinguishing, saving, and later relighting and smoking unfinished cigarettes, appears prevalent, may be associated with nicotine dependence and negative health outcomes, yet is poorly understood. We estimate the prevalence, frequency, correlates of, and reasons for, cigarette relighting. METHODS Survey respondents (n=676) were 18-45-year-old US-based Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) participants who smoked cigarettes every/some days. Items assessed frequency of and reasons for relighting. Reported smoking sessions per day were compared to calculations based on reported cigarettes per day (CPD) and relighting frequency. RESULTS Seventy-two percent of those who smoked reported relighting cigarettes. Reasons included not having time to finish (77%), not feeling like finishing (75%), saving money or avoiding wasting (70%), and making cigarettes last longer (59%). Nearly half (44%) relight to cut down and 34% to reduce harm. Hispanic (OR=1.73, CI:1.03-2.91) and non-Hispanic Black respondents (OR= 2.23, CI:1.20-4.10) had higher odds of relighting than others, as did those who smoke within 30minutes of waking (OR=2.45, CI:1.33-4.52) or wake up at night to smoke (OR=2.40, CI:1.68-3.44) (all ps <0.05). Respondents demonstrated low consistency in reporting the number of times they smoke (first-lit and relit) compared to calculations based on CPD and relighting frequency. CONCLUSIONS Relighting is associated with race, ethnicity, nicotine dependence, and is often done to save money, cut down smoking, and reduce harm. Among those who relight, "smoking session" frequency seemed to be underestimated. Single item smoking frequency measures may not be ideal for individuals who smoke and relight.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Young
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 303 George Street Suite 500, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Michelle Kennedy
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 303 George Street Suite 500, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 303 George Street Suite 500, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane W, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Anna Mitarotondo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 120 Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Maame Araba Assan
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 120 Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Daniel Scalia
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455USA.
| | - Michael B Steinberg
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 303 George Street Suite 500, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Carolyn J Heckman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 120 Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Minami H, Selva Kumar D, Nahvi S. The Impact of Cigarette Relighting on Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Cessation Treatment Outcome Measures Among Adults With Mood Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1310-1314. [PMID: 35271721 PMCID: PMC9278837 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) is a component of commonly used nicotine dependence measures and often used as a smoking cessation treatment outcome. Yet relighting (ie, smoking used cigarette butts) is not usually considered when CPD is assessed, which may underestimate nicotine dependence and result in an inaccurate picture of smoking behaviors. AIMS AND METHODS Data from a randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention were used. Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), CPD, and the frequency of smoking (number of smoking episodes/day) assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up were used. RESULTS Participants were 49 adults with mood disorders who smoke daily receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment. At baseline, 27 (55.1%) participants reported relighting cigarettes, and 6 (27.3%) of those who did not report relighting at baseline reported relighting at 3-month follow-up. Replacing CPD with the frequency of smoking to recalculate the total FTCD score increased the score for 21 participants (43%). The mean FTCD scores increased from 4.61 to 5.16, from a classification of low to medium dependence, and 16 participants (33%) moved up in the dependence classification. Of the 31 participants who reported a >=50% reduction in CPD at 3-month follow-up, 5 (16%) did not achieve the outcome of >=50% reduction in the frequency of smoking per day. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of adults with mood disorders who smoke, over half reported relighting cigarettes. Results underscore the importance of incorporating the frequency of smoking/relighting when assessing nicotine dependence and patterns of smoking behaviors in high-risk populations. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to investigate the patterns of relighting behavior and its impact on nicotine dependence and smoking cessation treatment outcome measures among treatment-seeking adults with mood disorders who smoke. The majority were relighting, and over a quarter of those who did not report relighting at baseline subsequently reported relighting in the context of a quit attempt. The findings demonstrate that overlooking relighting may underestimate nicotine dependence and overestimate the rates of those who have made meaningful changes in smoking behavior. Incorporating the frequency of smoking/relighting may help to more accurately capture nicotine dependence and patterns of smoking behavior among high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Minami
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Shadi Nahvi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
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Maloney SF, Combs M, Scholtes RL, Underwood M, Kilgalen B, Soule EK, Breland AB. Impacts of COVID-19 on cigarette use, smoking behaviors, and tobacco purchasing behaviors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109144. [PMID: 34768140 PMCID: PMC8577861 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant global impact. As a respiratory illness, COVID-19 may pose unique risks to cigarette smokers. This study used concept mapping, a mixed-method participatory approach, to identify impacts of COVID-19 on cigarette smokers. METHODS Cigarette smokers across the United States (U.S.) were recruited to complete this online, multi-step study. Of the 126 participants who were invited to participate in this study, 91 participants (mean age = 40.9; SD = 11.3) completed at least one of the three study tasks (i.e., brainstorming, sorting, and rating). Participants completed a brief demographic survey and brainstormed statements that completed a focus prompt: "A specific way that Coronavirus/COVID-19 has impacted/affected my cigarette use, smoking behaviors, tobacco purchasing behaviors, and/or other tobacco-related behaviors is." After duplicate statements were removed, participants sorted the final list of 87 statements by similarity of content and rated how true statements were from them (1-Definitely NOT true to 7-Definitely true). RESULTS Nine thematic clusters were identified: Smoking More, Smoking to Cope/Reduce Stress, Change in Smoking Behaviors Due to COVID-19, Concerns about Smoking and COVID-19 Risk, Social Impacts, Maintaining and Rationing Cigarette Supply, Impacts on Obtaining Cigarettes, Use of Other Tobacco Products/Drugs, and Minimal/No Impacts/Concerns of COVID-19. The highest rated cluster (i.e., most true) was the Smoking More cluster followed by the Concerns about Smoking and COVID-19 Risk cluster. The highest rated statement in the study was the statement "Smoking keeps me calm". CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smokers may endure additional impacts of COVID-19, such as increased COVID-19 health burdens, stressors related to risk of exposure, social stigma and isolation, financial burdens, and increased toxicant exposure from increased smoking frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Maloney
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100W. Franklin St. Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Madison Combs
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100W. Franklin St. Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Rebecca Lester Scholtes
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100W. Franklin St. Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Megan Underwood
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100W. Franklin St. Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Barbara Kilgalen
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100W. Franklin St. Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Eric K Soule
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 1000 East 1st Street, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Alison B Breland
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100W. Franklin St. Suite 200, Richmond, VA 23220, USA.
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Cigarette Relighting: A Series of Pilot Studies Investigating a Common Yet Understudied Smoking Behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126494. [PMID: 34208528 PMCID: PMC8296510 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The act of extinguishing, saving, and later relighting unfinished cigarettes is a common yet understudied behavior that may have implications for tobacco treatment and health. METHODS This paper presents four pilot studies investigating various aspects of this topic: (1) the prevalence of relighting among NJ and NY Quitline callers (n = 20,984); (2) the prevalence and correlates of relighting in two national surveys (n = 1008, n = 1018); (3) a within-subject (n = 16) laboratory experiment comparing cigarettes smoked per day and exhaled carbon monoxide when relighting and not relighting cigarettes; and (4) a national survey of tobacco treatment providers' (n = 150) perceptions of relighting. RESULTS Relighting was found to be common (approximately 45% of smokers), and associated with lower socioeconomic status, heavier smoking and nicotine dependence, greater smoking-related concerns, as well as high levels of exhaled carbon monoxide. Providers noted the potential importance of relighting but reported that they do not regularly incorporate it into their assessment or tobacco treatment planning. CONCLUSIONS These findings address a major research gap in the emerging research on this common behavior. Future research is needed to better understand the potential implications of relighting for policies and clinical practices related to tobacco cessation and health.
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Allen SI, Wasserman E, Veldheer S, Yingst J, Hrabovsky S, Liao J, Krebs NM, Horn K, Reinhart L, Modesto J, Putt K, Evins AE, Muscat JE, Richie JP, Foulds J. Characteristics of Adult Cigarette Smokers Who "Relight" and the Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Constituents. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1206-1212. [PMID: 29982710 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About half of smokers relight their cigarette, a habit that is a risk factor for chronic bronchitis and possibly lung cancer. Little is known about the characteristics of smokers who relight and their dependence on nicotine. It is unknown whether relighting affects exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. This study examined the characteristics of relighters of usual brand cigarettes and whether relighting affects exposure to selected tobacco smoke constituents. METHODS We explored relighting status and frequency, using baseline data from 248 adult smokers participating in studies of reduced nicotine cigarettes in relation to demographic and cigarette characteristics, smoking behaviors, nicotine dependence, biomarkers of exposure (exhaled carbon monoxide, blood cotinine), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione). RESULTS 69.4% (n = 172) of subjects reported relighting, and they relit an average of five cigarettes out of 20. Both relighters and non-relighters smoked a mean of 20 cigarettes per day (p = .6). Relighting was significantly associated with higher nicotine dependence, use of longer rod cigarettes, older age, lower income, and unemployment. There were no significant associations between relighting and blood cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide or measures of oxidized/reduced blood glutathione. CONCLUSIONS The majority of subjects were relighters, who had higher levels of nicotine dependence than non-relighters. Relighters had similar levels of plasma cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide to non-relighters. IMPLICATIONS No study has compared the cigarette characteristics and biomarkers of exposure of adult cigarette smokers who relight with those who do not. Relighting behavior was common in our sample and was associated with low income, not currently working, higher nicotine dependence, cigarette rod length, daily cigarette use years, and a lifetime history of depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia I Allen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Emily Wasserman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Susan Veldheer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jessica Yingst
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Shari Hrabovsky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Kimberly Horn
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lisa Reinhart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jennifer Modesto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Kayla Putt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - A Eden Evins
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
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Zimmermann MH, Richardson DL, Manderski MTB, Delnevo CD, Steinberg MB. Relighting behaviour among cigarette smokers seeking treatment: implications for tobacco treatment and policy. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68:1358-63. [PMID: 25113663 PMCID: PMC5270767 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS During the recent economic downturn, trends towards fewer cigarettes smoked per day have emerged along with the practice of extinguishing and relighting cigarettes. Few studies have characterised factors related to relighting cigarettes and none have explored this behaviour in those seeking tobacco treatment. This study describes treatment-seeking patients who relight cigarettes and examines implications on tobacco policy and treatment. METHODS Data were collected from a cross-sectional sample of 496 patients at a specialty tobacco treatment programme in New Jersey from 2010 to 2012. RESULTS Forty-six per cent of the sample reported relighting, and those subjects smoked significantly fewer cigarettes per day (CPD), despite similar levels of dependence and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) values. In unadjusted analyses, significantly higher rates of relighting were found among females, African-Americans, smokers who had a high school diploma or less, and were unemployed, sick or disabled. Relighting was more prevalent among smokers with higher markers of dependence, menthol smoking and night smoking. In multivariate analyses, markers of dependence and economic factors (employment and education) remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics linked to economic factors were related to increased relighting. Implications for tobacco treatment include the impact on pharmacotherapy dosing and counselling interventions. The tobacco control community needs to be aware of this phenomenon. Collecting data on 'smoking sessions per day' might be a more accurate depiction of smoking exposure than CPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zimmermann
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Fabian LA, Canlas LL, Potts J, Pickworth WB. Ad lib smoking of Black & Mild cigarillos and cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 14:368-71. [PMID: 22025543 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 20 years, there has been a tripling in the consumption of small cigars and cigarillos, with further increases expected because cigar products are not subject to Food and Drug Administration regulations. Acute toxin exposure from cigar smoking is difficult to assess because unlike cigarettes, cigars vary widely in size, design, composition, and in the smoking behavior of their consumers. For example, a recent practice among urban youth is to remove the paper liner (i.e., "freaking") of a small cigar in the belief that it is this paper liner that leads to addiction and cancer. METHODS We examined acute exposure (CO and nicotine boosts) and puffing behavior in 12 participants (10 men) who smoked (ad lib) their usual conventional cigarette, a Black & Mild cigar (B&M) and a B&M without the paper liner (i.e., "freaked" [B&Mf]). RESULTS All products (cigarettes, B&M, and B&Mf) significantly increased heart rate and CO with a trend for plasma nicotine. Nicotine boost was significantly higher after cigarette smoking than both B&M and B&Mf, while CO boost was significantly greater after B&M and B&Mf than cigarettes. The CO boost after B&M was larger than after B&Mf. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that small cigar smoking is associated with smoke inhalation that leads to significant exposure to nicotine, CO, and presumably other components of tobacco smoke and that removing the inner liner does not substantially reduce toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy A Fabian
- Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation, Battelle, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA.
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Cunningham JA, Selby PL, Faulkner G. Increasing perceived choice about change in smokers: implications. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1907-12. [PMID: 17307302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a representative sample of 434 daily smokers, this study tested the immediate impact of providing "safer smoking tips". As was predicted, a randomized half of respondents who were asked about their knowledge of "safer smoking tips" before being asked about their perceptions of choice about smoking rated their perceived choice as higher than respondents who were not asked the safer smoking tips first. However, the present study also provided evidence of the need for caution because hearing about safer smoking tips was associated with lower ratings of perceptions of health risks from smoking. Perceived choice has been identified as an important factor in change from negative health behaviors, and the implications and future directions of this research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cunningham
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Cunningham JA, Faulkner G, Selby P, Cordingley J. Motivating smoking reductions by framing health information as safer smoking tips. Addict Behav 2006; 31:1465-8. [PMID: 16307846 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Explored the hypothesis that framing health information as safer smoking tips might motivate change in cigarette smokers. Daily smokers were randomly assigned to a control condition or to an intervention condition in which respondents were asked if they knew about a range of different safer smoking tips. Respondents (43 daily smokers, 18 years or older, 58% male) who received safer smoking tips reported a small reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked (p=.05) by the 3-month follow-up as compared to respondents in the control condition. This pilot result is encouraging but requires replication before considering the value of including safer smoking tips in health messages for smokers in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cunningham
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1.
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Abstract
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity are basic cellular effects of cigarette smoke which underlie the development of lung cancer and chronic obstructive airways disease. This study reports that, on a weight-for-weight basis, cigarette smoke condensates from low, middle and high tar cigarettes produce similar mutagenic effects detected by induced sister chromatid exchanges and similar cytotoxic effects detected by vital dye exclusion in human leucocytes. These findings, taken with the strong evidence that smokers extract more smoke from lower tar cigarettes to compensate for low nicotine yields, suggest that the health dangers associated with smoking these "safer" products are underestimated.
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STEWART WD, MADDIN S, NELSON AJ, DANTO JL. SMOKERS WHO COUGH. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1963; 89:1099-100. [PMID: 14079134 PMCID: PMC1921958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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