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La Torre G, Mannocci A, Saulle R, Colamesta V, Meggiolaro A, Mipatrini D, Sinopoli A. Economic evaluation of HBV vaccination: A systematic review of recent publications (2000-2013). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2299-311. [PMID: 27105443 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1166328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To conduct a systematic review of the economic evaluations (EE) of HBV vaccination, taking also into account the studies published in the new millennium. METHODS An extensive scientific literature review was conducted using two electronic medical journal databases: Scopus and PubMed engines for published studies on EE of HBV vaccination. RESULTS 22 articles were reviewed, 9, 5 and 8 cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit and cost-utility analysis, respectively. Studies were mainly concerning EE of universal vaccination (UV), mostly with regards to low or low-medium income countries. For high income countries, EE were focused on the possible implementation of HBV vaccination in particular settings, such as diabetic, renal and other chronic conditions care, as well as infectious diseasesUV has usually a very good cost-effectiveness ratio (80%), ranging from cost-saving (China) or few Euro per LY/QALY gained (in Thailand, and Vietnam) to 630.00$/QALY in USA (Asian and Pacific Islands) Moreover, EE of HBV vaccination are favorable in the infectious diseases field as well as for chronic conditions. In relation to diabetes the studies gave controversial results. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlighted the importance of introducing HBV vaccination not only for infant UV program but also for other settings in which patients are people affected by communicable and non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Torre
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Alice Mannocci
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Rosella Saulle
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Vittoria Colamesta
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Angela Meggiolaro
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniele Mipatrini
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandra Sinopoli
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Orlando R, Foggia M, Maraolo AE, Mascolo S, Palmiero G, Tambaro O, Tosone G. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection: from the past to the future. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1059-70. [PMID: 25678010 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
About 3-5 % of the world's population is chronically infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is at risk of developing liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The risk of dying prematurely because of chronic HBV infection is higher in younger people. The current strategies to prevent HBV infection involve immunization (active and/or passive) and antiviral chemoprophylaxis. The vaccines available for active immunization, containing hepatitis B surface antigen, are safe and confer long-term immunity in most healthy subjects. Since the vaccination is unsatisfactory in some patients, e.g., those with chronic kidney disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, type I diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease, new strategies of vaccination are required. The neonatal, infant, and adolescent routine program vaccination in about 180 countries has greatly decreased the disease burden. Passive immunization with specific HBV immunoglobulins is recommended after single acute exposure, in infants born to infected mothers, and in HBV-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation combined with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (chemoprophylaxis). Chemoprophylaxis is also indicated in HBV carrier candidates for immunosuppressive treatment and in patients with occult B infection undergoing immunosuppressive therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Since HBV is not eradicable by an immune response or by antiviral drugs developed so far, the only preventive strategy remains global neonatal vaccination in all countries, firstly in HBV-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Orlando
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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de Oliveira AC, Maluta RP, Stella AE, Rigobelo EC, Marin JM, de Ávila FA. Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from dental office environments and units in Barretos, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and analysis of their susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:579-84. [PMID: 24031269 PMCID: PMC3768431 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of opportunistic pathogens has been detected in the tubing supplying water to odontological equipment, in special in the biofilm lining of these tubes. Among these pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, is frequently found in water lines supplying dental units. In the present work, 160 samples of water, and 200 fomite samples from forty dental units were collected in the city of Barretos, State of São Paulo, Brazil and evaluated between January and July, 2005. Seventy-six P. aeruginosa strains, isolated from the dental environment (5 strains) and water system (71 strains), were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobial drugs most frequently used against P. aeruginosa infections. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, followed by meropenem was the predominant profile. The need for effective means of reducing the microbial burden within dental unit water lines is emphasized, and the risk of exposure and cross-infection in dental practice, in special when caused by opportunistic pathogens like P. aeruginosa, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia de Oliveira
- Programa de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Jaboticabal, SP , Brasil
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Evaluation of the risk of infection through exposure to aerosols and spatters in dentistry. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36:304-7. [PMID: 18455053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many dental procedures produce extensive aerosols and splatters that are routinely contaminated with microorganisms. METHODS Air containing blood-bearing aerosols and surfaces contaminated by sedimenting blood particulate was sampled in 5 different dental cubicles. To assess contamination by blood particulate, the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in the air and on the sedimentation surfaces was determined. RESULTS The mean concentration of Hb in the air aspirated in the 5 cubicles was 0.14 +/- 0.23 microg/m(3), corresponding to a blood volume of 8.7 x 10(-4) microL/m(3). Similarly, the mean concentration of blood particulate sedimented on surfaces was calculated and found to be 1.56 microL/m(2). In 80% of the cubicles monitored, 100% positivity to the Hb determination test was recorded in all of the surface samples. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained revealed contamination of both air and surfaces by blood particulate. Moreover, with the exception of those obtained in 1 cubicle, all of the samples of sedimenting particulate analyzed were positive for the presence of Hb.
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Piazza M. Universal hepatitis B vaccination. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:88-9; author reply 90. [PMID: 18222158 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carducci A, Verani M, Casini B, Giuntini A, Mazzoni F, Rovini E, Passaglia A, Giusti L, Valenza A, Lombardi R. Detection and potential indicators of the presence of hepatitis C virus on surfaces in hospital settings. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 34:189-93. [PMID: 11874540 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The risk of hepatitis C virus infection in hospital environments can be assessed not only by studying epidemiological data and work practices, but also by the detection of these viruses (or indicators thereof) in health-care settings, on instruments etc. METHODS Since standardized techniques specific to this end do not exist, this study was undertaken to apply methods currently used on clinical samples to the assessment of environmental HCV risk, either through direct detection of the virus (RT-PCR), or by probing for haemoglobin as a potential indicator of blood contamination. The tested techniques were applied in a trial environmental monitoring programme undertaken in various hospital laboratories and clinics, during which total bacterial count determinations were performed in parallel with haemoglobin and hepatitis C virus detection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The data indicate that the applied methods are of value in detecting low levels of contamination in a hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnologies, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, University of Pisa, Italy.
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Monarca S, Grottolo M, Renzi D, Paganelli C, Sapelli P, Zerbini I, Nardi G. Evaluation of environmental bacterial contamination and procedures to control cross infection in a sample of Italian dental surgeries. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57:721-6. [PMID: 11024194 PMCID: PMC1739882 DOI: 10.1136/oem.57.11.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a pilot study on bacterial contamination in some dental surgeries (n=51) in a local health unit in Brescia (Lombardy Region, Italy) and to evaluate the procedures to control cross infection used by the personnel to reduce the risk of infection in dental practice. METHODS A survey was carried out by interviewing 133 dental personnel with a questionnaire on the procedures used to control infection. The autoclaves, chemical baths (chemiclaves), and ovens present in the surgeries were tested for sterilisation efficiency with a spore test, and already packed and sterilised instruments were randomly sampled and tested for sterility. Microbial contamination of air, surface, and dental unit water samples were also studied. RESULTS The dental personnel did not generally follow the principal procedures for infection control: 30% of personnel were not vaccinated against hepatitis B virus, infected instruments were often not decontaminated, periodic checks of autoclave efficiency were lacking, and the knowledge of disinfection mechanisms and procedures was incomplete. High bacteriological contamination of water at dental surgeries was often found and total bacteriological counts in air samples were high. Surface studies showed widespread bacterial contamination. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, an educational programme for the prevention of infective hazards has been prepared and carried out. The results of this pilot study will be used for planning a national survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monarca
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Via Valsabbina 19, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Monarca S, Grottolo M, Renzi D, Paganelli C, Sapelli P, Zerbini I, Nardi G. Evaluation of environmental bacterial contamination and procedures to control cross infection in a sample of Italian dental surgeries. Occup Environ Med 2000. [PMID: 11024194 DOI: 10.1136/foem.57.11.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a pilot study on bacterial contamination in some dental surgeries (n=51) in a local health unit in Brescia (Lombardy Region, Italy) and to evaluate the procedures to control cross infection used by the personnel to reduce the risk of infection in dental practice. METHODS A survey was carried out by interviewing 133 dental personnel with a questionnaire on the procedures used to control infection. The autoclaves, chemical baths (chemiclaves), and ovens present in the surgeries were tested for sterilisation efficiency with a spore test, and already packed and sterilised instruments were randomly sampled and tested for sterility. Microbial contamination of air, surface, and dental unit water samples were also studied. RESULTS The dental personnel did not generally follow the principal procedures for infection control: 30% of personnel were not vaccinated against hepatitis B virus, infected instruments were often not decontaminated, periodic checks of autoclave efficiency were lacking, and the knowledge of disinfection mechanisms and procedures was incomplete. High bacteriological contamination of water at dental surgeries was often found and total bacteriological counts in air samples were high. Surface studies showed widespread bacterial contamination. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, an educational programme for the prevention of infective hazards has been prepared and carried out. The results of this pilot study will be used for planning a national survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monarca
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Via Valsabbina 19, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Vignarajah S, Eastmond VH, Ashraph A, Rashad M. An assessment of cross-infection control procedures among English-speaking Caribbean general dental practitioners. A regional preliminary study. Int Dent J 1998; 48:67-76. [PMID: 9779086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.1998.tb00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey was undertaken to assess the level of compliance with recommended infection control procedures among English-speaking Caribbean general dental practitioners. A four page questionnaire was sent to all practitioners in 18 English-speaking Caribbean islands. A response rate of 32 per cent was obtained. A large proportion of dentists followed the recommended barrier techniques particularly the use of gloves and facemasks. The most commonly available methods of sterilisation were steam autoclaves (82 per cent) and cold solutions (94 per cent). Seventy four per cent of respondents had received hepatitis B vaccination. A high percentage of dentists showed willingness to treat HBV (95 per cent) and HIV (84 per cent) carriers and this level of willingness to treat infectious patients has rarely been reported previously. There is an urgent need for further improvements to avoid getting inoculation injuries and splatters in the face or eyes with body fluids. Disposal of sharps and collection of solid waste are to be upgraded. The Caribbean Atlantic Regional Dental Association is planning to carry out similar research before the end of the year 2000.
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Piazza M, Borgia G, Picciotto L, Nappa S, Cicciarello S, Orlando R. Detection of hepatitis C virus-RNA by polymerase chain reaction in dental surgeries. J Med Virol 1995; 45:40-2. [PMID: 7536229 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890450108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mean prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Italy is 0.87%. It reaches 2% in Campania, Southern Italy. Approximately 50% of community acquired non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis cannot be associated with known parenteral exposure. A recent Italian study has shown that the only demonstrable risk factor in 9% of acute C/NANB hepatitis is dental treatment. There are no data on direct contamination by HCV of dental surgeries. Possible environmental contamination by HCV-RNA was investigated in dental surgeries after treatment of anti-HCV and HCV-RNA positive patients. Thirty-five anti-HCV and HCV-RNA positive patients with chronic hepatitis underwent dental treatment and were enrolled in this study. Eight had chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), 23 chronic active hepatitis (CAH), and 4 cirrhosis. A total of 328 samples collected from instruments and surfaces were tested after dental treatment of 35 anti-HCV positive patients. The presence of HCV-RNA was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate contamination of instruments and surfaces in dental surgeries. Twenty (6.1%) out of 328 collected samples were positive for HCV-RNA. The positive samples were from work benches (two), air turbine handpieces (one), holders (four), suction units (one), forceps (four), dental mirrors (two), and burs (six). Our data indicate that there is extensive contamination by HCV of dental surgeries after treatment of anti-HCV patients and that if sterilisation and disinfection are inadequate there is the possible risk of transmission to susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piazza
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Abstract
This paper reviews the use of non-sterile gloves in dental practice. It is now considered to be normal practice to wear gloves for all dental procedures and although there is considerable controversy regarding patterns of glove use, there is increasing evidence to the effect that single patient use is indicated. Careful use of gloves and proper hand care are key components to effective cross-infection control in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Burke
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Manchester Dental Hospital, UK
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Kennedy DA, Stevens JF, Horn AN. Clinical laboratory environmental contamination: use of a fluorescence/bacterial tracer. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41:1229-32. [PMID: 3145290 PMCID: PMC1141736 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.41.11.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A "Centrifichem" centrifugal analyser was found using a double fluorescence/bacterial tracer method to be a source of airborne and surface contamination in the laboratory. The airborne contamination was controlled by a modification incorporating a filter. Ubiquitous surface contamination generally accompanied the processing of simulated patients' sera. Double tracer samples could be used in laboratories to assess the quality of hygiene practices in the same way as quality control samples are currently used to assess the quality of analytical performance. The findings indicated a lack of understanding of basic hygiene practices in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kennedy
- Supplies Technology Division, Department of Health and Social Security, Russell Square, London
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Goh KT, Chan YW, Wong LY, Kong KH, Oon CJ, Guan R. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in dental personnel in Singapore. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988; 82:908-10. [PMID: 3256997 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers was conducted in a group of 693 dental personnel in Singapore where HBV infection is endemic. The overall prevalence of HBsAg (4.5%) and anti-HBc (29%) was no higher than that in the general population. However, dentists had a significantly higher HBsAg prevalence (11.4%) compared with that in the general population (4.2%) (P less than 0.01) and of other categories of dental personnel (3.1%) (P less than 0.001). Similarly, the anti-HBc prevalence of the dentists (45.6%) was significantly higher than that of the general population (29.7%) (P less than 0.01) and of other categories of dental personnel (25.7%) (P less than 0.0001). It appears that dentists in the endemic area have a definite occupational risk of acquiring HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Goh
- Quarantine & Epidemiology Department, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore
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