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Schara M, Zeng M, Jumet B, Preston DJ. A low-cost wearable device for portable sequential compression therapy. Front Robot AI 2022; 9:1012862. [DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.1012862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, cardiovascular diseases resulted in 25% of unnatural deaths in the United States. Treatment with long-term administration of medication can adversely affect other organs, and surgeries such as coronary artery grafts are risky. Meanwhile, sequential compression therapy (SCT) offers a low-risk alternative, but is currently expensive and unwieldy, and often requires the patient to be immobilized during administration. Here, we present a low-cost wearable device to administer SCT, constructed using a stacked lamination fabrication approach. Expanding on concepts from the field of soft robotics, textile sheets are thermally bonded to form pneumatic actuators, which are controlled by an inconspicuous and tetherless electronic onboard supply of pressurized air. Our open-source, low-profile, and lightweight (140 g) device costs $62, less than one-third the cost the least expensive alternative and one-half the weight of lightest alternative approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), presenting the opportunity to more effectively provide SCT to socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Furthermore, our textile-stacking method, inspired by conventional fabrication methods from the apparel industry, along with the lightweight fabrics used, allows the device to be worn more comfortably than other SCT devices. By reducing physical and financial encumbrances, the device presented in this work may better enable patients to treat cardiovascular diseases and aid in recovery from cardiac surgeries.
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Lin Y, Hidru TH, Fan R, Gao J, Li H, Yang X, Xia Y. The Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid at Different Concentrations of Lipid Indices and the Risk of Myocardial Revascularization in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:732715. [PMID: 34497839 PMCID: PMC8419518 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.732715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Both serum uric acid (SUA) levels and lipid components, such as LDL, HDL, and Lp(a), have been reported to associate with CAD. However, the influence of SUA status at different concentrations of lipid indices for the risk of myocardial revascularization (MRT) in ACS patients is currently unknown. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a hospital-based sample of 14,234 ACS patients with no previous history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. All patients went for coronary angiography. Binary logistic regression models were performed, and the odds ratios (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to approximate the associated risk of UA and lipid profile for myocardial revascularization, with the lowest quartile/tertile serving as the reference category. Results: Overall, 8,818 (61.9%) patients undergone MRT out of 14,234 patients. Elevated SUA and HDL were negatively associated with an increased likelihood of MRT during admission (P < 0.001). However, LDL and Lp(a) levels were positively associated with MRT among ACS patients. Furthermore, interaction analyses between SUA and lipid profiles, particularly LDL and Lp(a), compared with those in the lowest quartile of SUA levels, show that patients in higher SUA quartiles grouped by lipid components had a significantly lower chance of undergoing MRT, with the lowest OR (95%CI) for subjects being 0.222 (0.170-0.290), 0.478 (0.374-0.612), and 0.604 (0.468-0.780) in LDL tertiles, being 0.671(0.523-0.862), 0.316(0.242-0.413), and 0.410 (0.310-0.542) in Lp(a) tertiles, respectively. In the three tertiles of HDL levels, the incidence of MRT dropped steadily as SUA levels increased. Also, we further analyzed ACS patients without diabetes. Compared with the first quartile of SUA levels, the risks of MRT were significantly lower in different tertiles of lipids components [LDL, Lp(a), HDL]. Conclusion: An increase in SUA levels may decrease the chance of undergoing MRT in ACS patients, even in those with increased Lp(a) and LDL-c. Elevated serum uric acid may play a protective role during an acute stage of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Rui Fan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinghan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Graw JA, von Haefen C, Poyraz D, Möbius N, Sifringer M, Spies CD. Chronic Alcohol Consumption Leads to a Tissue Specific Expression of Uncoupling Protein-2. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:995-9. [PMID: 26664262 PMCID: PMC4661299 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are anion channels that can decouple the mitochondrial respiratory chain. "Mild uncoupling" of internal respiration reduces free radical production and oxidative cell stress. Chronic alcohol consumption is a potent inducer of oxidative stress in multiple tissues and regulates UCP-2 and -4 expression in the brain. To analyse the impact of chronic alcohol intake on UCP-2 expression in tissues with high endogenous UCP-2 contents, male Wistar rats (n=34) were treated with a 12-week 5% alcohol diet. In the lungs and the spleen of rats with a chronic alcohol diet cytochrome c release from mitochondria was significantly increased. Both organs did not show any altered gene and protein expression of UCP-2. Different to cerebral tissue chronic alcohol consumption has no regulatory effect on UCP-2 gene and protein expression in organs with a high endogenous UCP-2 content. Therefore, chronic alcohol consumption leads to a tissue specific expression of UCP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Graw
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Deniz Poyraz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Möbius
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Sifringer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Grines C, Cho L. Atherothrombotic Disease and the Role of Antiplatelet Therapy in Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2008; 17:35-46. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2006.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie Cho
- The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Thomson MJ, Puntmann V, Kaski JC. Atherosclerosis and oxidant stress: the end of the road for antioxidant vitamin treatment? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007; 21:195-210. [PMID: 17484034 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-007-6027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive experimental data have revealed a central role for oxidative stress in atherogenesis and suggested a potential role for 'antioxidant' treatment in cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1-11]. Experimental data, however, have not translated into clinical benefit: most antioxidant vitamin trials have failed to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [12]. Moreover, recent clinical trials have suggested that mono-therapy with certain antioxidant vitamins like vitamin E may, in fact, be detrimental [13]. As a result of the disappointing outcome of 'antioxidant' vitamin trials, some authors have questioned both the utility of 'antioxidant' treatment in CVD and the supposedly central role of oxidative stress in atherogenesis [14-19]. Other investigators, however, sustain that the beneficial effects of lipid lowering and anti-hypertensive treatment are at least, in part, due to their 'antioxidant' properties, in addition to their specific pharmacological properties [20, 21]. Oxidant stress plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis, however, the clinical promise of antioxidant vitamins has failed to translate into clinical benefit. Increasing evidence suggests that more rigorous clinical trial designs are necessary to effectively divulge antioxidant utility and that a multifaceted antioxidant approach to atherosclerosis may yield the most clinical reward. This article reviews currently available evidence on the role of oxidant stress in atherosclerosis, analyzes the results of large anti-oxidant trials, and suggests ways to investigate the true role of antioxidant treatment in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika J Thomson
- Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Versari D, Taddei S, Salvetti A. Endothelial Dysfunction, Vascular Damage and Clinical Events. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.2165/00151642-200411010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) is a cholesterol-enriched lipoprotein, consisting of a covalent linkage joining the unique and highly polymorphic apolipoprotein(a) to apolipoprotein B100, the main protein moiety of low-density lipoproteins. Although the concentration of lipoprotein(a) in humans is mostly genetically determined, acquired disorders might influence synthesis and catabolism of the particle. Raised concentration of lipoprotein(a) has been acknowledged as a leading inherited risk factor for both premature and advanced atherosclerosis at different vascular sites. The strong structural homologies with plasminogen and low-density lipoproteins suggest that lipoprotein(a) might represent the ideal bridge between the fields of atherosclerosis and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of vascular occlusive disorders. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms by which lipoprotein(a) promotes, accelerates, and complicates atherosclerosis are only partially understood. In some clinical settings, such as in patients at exceptionally low risk for cardiovascular disease, the potential regenerative and antineoplastic properties of lipoprotein(a) might paradoxically counterbalance its athero-thrombogenicity, as attested by the compatibility between raised plasma lipoprotein(a) levels and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
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Abstract
A link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and the hardness of drinking water (DW) is suggested by about 30 epidemiological studies performed worldwide in the general population since 1957. This review examines the main ecological studies, case-control studies and cohort studies, published between 1960 and 2000. Attention is paid to the problem of interpretation of this typical result of environmental epidemiology. Some studies focused on the role played by inorganic elements known as DW contaminants (mainly, As, Pb) and above all on the role of the magnesium content of DW and its cardioprotective effects. To date, it would be impossible to understand this environmental findings without large intervention studies performed in well-controlled public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sauvant
- Laboratoire Hydrologie, Environnement et Santé Publique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Retterstol L, Eikvar L, Bohn M, Bakken A, Erikssen J, Berg K. C-reactive protein predicts death in patients with previous premature myocardial infarction--a 10 year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160:433-40. [PMID: 11849668 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). We measured CRP in a cohort of 247 patients (193 males and 54 females) who had had their first myocardial infarction (MI) at age < or = 55 (males) or < or = 60 (females). The cut-off values of the 25th, 50th and 75th centiles of CRP were 1.20, 2.37 and 4.20 mg/l. After 10 years, a total of 44 patients (17.8%) had died, 36 (81.8%) of cardiac causes. Unadjusted and adjusted (i.e. for age, ejection fraction (EF), serum total cholesterol (TC), fibrinogen, smoking and hypertension) relative risks (RRs) for total and cardiac mortality were generated. CRP was a strong predictor of death of all causes due to its strength as predictor of cardiac death. The RR of cardiac death was doubled with increasing CRP quartiles, and patients in the top quartile had six times as high risk of cardiac death as patients in the lowest quartile. The RRs were moderately attenuated after adjustment, but still significant. We conclude that CRP is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with premature MI. Thus, inflammation appears to be a critical prognostic factor in patients with previous premature MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Retterstol
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1036 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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Waring WS, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Systemic uric acid administration increases serum antioxidant capacity in healthy volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38:365-71. [PMID: 11486241 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200109000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and contributes to tissue damage that occurs as a consequence, particularly in myocardial infarction and acute stroke. Antioxidant properties of uric acid have long been recognized and, as a result of its comparatively high serum concentrations, it is the most abundant scavenger of free radicals in humans. Elevation of serum uric acid concentration occurs as a physiologic response to increased oxidative stress-for example, during acute exercise-thus providing a counter-regulatory increase in antioxidant defenses. In view of its antioxidant properties, uric acid may have potentially important and beneficial effects within the cardiovascular system. We wished to investigate whether administration of uric acid was feasible and if it could have an impact on antioxidant function in vivo. We have, therefore, performed a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study of the effects of systemic administration of uric acid, 1,000 mg, in healthy volunteers, compared with vitamin C, 1,000 mg. We observed a significant increase in serum free-radical scavenging capacity from baseline during uric acid and vitamin C infusion, using two methodologically distinct antioxidant assays. The effect of uric acid was substantially greater than that of vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Waring
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Shaw
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30342, USA.
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Berman DS, Hayes SW, Shaw LJ, Germano G. Recent advances in myocardial perfusion imaging. Curr Probl Cardiol 2001; 26:1-140. [PMID: 11252891 DOI: 10.1053/cd.2001.v26.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Berman
- University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Salonen JT, Nyyssönen K, Salonen R, Lakka HM, Kaikkonen J, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Voutilainen S, Lakka TA, Rissanen T, Leskinen L, Tuomainen TP, Valkonen VP, Ristonmaa U, Poulsen HE. Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study: a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2000; 248:377-86. [PMID: 11123502 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the efficacy of vitamin E and C supplementation on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis, hypothesizing an enhanced preventive effect in men and in smokers and synergism between vitamins. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Double-masked two-by-two factorial trial, randomization in four strata (by gender and smoking status) to receive twice daily either 91 mg (136 IU) of d-alpha-tocopherol, 250 mg of slow-release vitamin C, a combination of these or placebo for three years. A randomized sample of 520 smoking and nonsmoking men and postmenopausal women aged 45-69 years with serum cholesterol >/= 5.0 mmol L-1 were studied. SETTING The population of the city of Kuopio in Eastern Finland. INTERVENTION Twice daily either a special formulation of 91 mg of d-alpha-tocopherol, 250 mg of slow-release vitamin C, a combination of these (CellaVie(R)) or placebo for three years. MEASUREMENTS Atherosclerotic progression, defined as the linear regression slope of ultrasonographically assessed common carotid artery mean intima-media thickness (IMT), was calculated over semi-annual assessments. RESULTS The average increase of the mean IMT was 0.020 mm year-1 amongst men randomized to placebo and 0.018 mm year-1 in vitamin E, 0.017 mm year-1 in vitamin C and 0.011 mm year-1 in the vitamin combination group (P = 0.008 for E + C vs. placebo). The respective means in women were 0.016, 0.015, 0.017 and 0.016 mm year-1. The proportion of men with progression was reduced by 74% (95% CI 36-89%, P = 0.003) by supplementation with the formulation containing both vitamins, as compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that a combined supplementation with reasonable doses of both vitamin E and slow-release vitamin C can retard the progression of common carotid atherosclerosis in men. This may imply benefits with regard to other atherosclerosis-based events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Salonen
- Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Isles CG, Paterson JR. Identifying patients at risk for coronary heart disease: implications from trials of lipid-lowering drug therapy. QJM 2000; 93:567-74. [PMID: 10984551 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/93.9.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid levels contribute significantly to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), which is increased further in the presence of other risk factors. The association between elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and CHD risk is well established, and large primary and secondary prevention studies of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have shown conclusively that lowering LDL cholesterol levels reduces CHD events and total mortality. Regardless of the intervention used (diet, surgery, drugs), reduction of plasma cholesterol has consistently produced a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Absolute benefit is greatest in those who are at highest risk initially, and trial results suggest that the lower the LDL cholesterol level achieved, at least down to LDL of 3.0 mmol/l, then the lower is the CHD event risk. Epidemiological data also point to the negative impact of other lipids on CHD risk. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and high levels of triglycerides (particularly in conjunction with an LDL/HDL ratio >5) are particularly strong risk factors for CHD. Thus, although prevention trials to date have primarily assessed the impact of LDL lowering on CHD events, the initial assessment of CHD risk should consider a more detailed atherogenic profile including HDL and triglyceride levels. A general approach to preventing cardiovascular disease should include strategies to reduce the overall CHD risk by lifestyle modification and management of modifiable risk factors such as smoking, hypertension and diabetes. Based on data from recent prevention studies, and because they are the most potent lipid-lowering agents available for lowering LDL cholesterol, statins have appropriately become the drug of choice for most patients with hyperlipidaemia who require drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Isles
- Departments of Medicine and. Biochemistry, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, UK.
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Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: reducing the risk of further cardiovascular events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1054/chec.2000.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pater C, Ditlef Jacobsen C, Rollag A, Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Karin Kogstad E. Design of a randomized controlled trial of comprehensive rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction, stabilized acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting: Akershus Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Trial (the CORE Study). CURRENT CONTROLLED TRIALS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2000; 1:177-183. [PMID: 11714435 PMCID: PMC56205 DOI: 10.1186/cvm-1-3-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2000] [Revised: 11/06/2000] [Accepted: 11/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the long-term effectiveness of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation programme on quality of life and survival in patients with a large spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting). 2. To establish the degree of correlation between expected improvement of health-related quality of life and improvement in physical function attributable to rehabilitation in the intervention group, in comparison with similar changes in the conventional care group. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, parallel-group design (intervention/conventional care). SETTING: Akershus County, southeast of Oslo City, Norway. PARTICIPANTS: 500 patients, men and women, aged 40-85 years, who have sustained at least one of the above-mentioned cardiovascular diseases. INTERVENTIONS: 8 weeks of supervised, structured physical training of three periods of 20 min per week, targeting a heart rate of 60-70% of the individual's maximum; home-based physical exercise training with the same basic schedule as in the supervised period; quantification of patients' compliance with the exercise programme by the use of wristwatches, information stored in the watch memory being retrieved once a month during the 3-year follow-up period; and life-style modification with an emphasis on the cessation of smoking and on healthy nutrition and weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Pater
- Internal Medical Department, Division for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Central Hospital Akershus, Oslo, Norway
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Ness A, Egger M, Smith GD. Role of antioxidant vitamins in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Meta-analysis seems to exclude benefit of vitamin C supplementation. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 319:577. [PMID: 10463913 PMCID: PMC1116451 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7209.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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