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Isaacs JY, Mackinnon SP, Joyce KM, Stewart SH. Reactivity to Daily Self-Monitoring of Cannabis Use in Biological Females. CANNABIS (RESEARCH SOCIETY ON MARIJUANA) 2021; 4:17-30. [PMID: 37287532 PMCID: PMC10212272 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment reactivity involves changes to behaviours from self-monitoring those behaviours (Nelson & Hayes, 1981). In the substance use field, reactivity has been identified both as a potential confound in daily diary research (Cohn et al., 2015) and as a possible intervention tool in clinical practice (Cohn et al., 2018). Reactivity to daily self-monitoring of alcohol and tobacco use has been inconsistent in prior research. Reactivity to daily self-monitoring of cannabis use quantity has received far less study. This study involved secondary analyses of data from N = 88 females who self-monitored their cannabis use for 32 days. We examined objective reactivity of cannabis use to daily self-monitoring by assessing changes in daily cannabis use over 32 days. We also explored participants' perceptions of the impact daily self-monitoring had on their cannabis use at study completion (i.e., subjective reactivity). In hurdle models testing objective reactivity, neither probability of cannabis use, nor quantity of cannabis use, changed significantly over the study period. Many respondents (45%) reported no subjective reactivity, though a slight majority (55%) reported some subjective reactivity. Subjective reactivity did not moderate objective reactivity over time; however, higher subjective reactivity was significantly associated with increased variability (interquartile range [IQR]) in cannabis use across the self-monitoring period. Overall, reactivity appears unlikely to confound research utilizing daily diary cannabis measures, and daily self-monitoring of cannabis use may be unlikely to serve as a useful stand-alone intervention for reducing cannabis use in non-treatment-seeking individuals. Potential clinical implications of the novel finding of a link between subjective reactivity and objective cannabis use variability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Isaacs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University
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Attwood S, Parke H, Larsen J, Morton KL. Using a mobile health application to reduce alcohol consumption: a mixed-methods evaluation of the drinkaware track & calculate units application. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:394. [PMID: 28511698 PMCID: PMC5434584 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smartphone applications (“apps”) offer promise as tools to help people monitor and reduce their alcohol consumption. To date, few evaluations of alcohol reduction apps exist, with even fewer considering apps already available to the public. The aim of this study was to evaluate an existing publically available app, designed by Drinkaware, a UK-based alcohol awareness charity. Methods We adopted a mixed-methods design, analysing routinely collected app usage data to explore user characteristics and patterns of usage. Following this, in-depth interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of app users to examine perceptions of acceptability, usability and perceived effectiveness, as well as to provide recommendations on how to improve the app. Results One hundred nineteen thousand seven hundred thirteen people downloaded and entered data into the app over a 13-month period. High attrition was observed after 1 week. Users who engaged with the app tended to be “high risk” drinkers and to report being motivated “to reduce drinking” at the point of first download. In those who consistently engaged with the app over time, self-reported alcohol consumption levels reduced, with most change occurring in the first week of usage. Our qualitative findings indicate satisfaction with the usability of the app, but mixed feedback was given regarding individual features. Users expressed conflicting views concerning the type of feedback and notifications that the app currently provides. A common preference was expressed for more personalised content. Conclusions The Drinkaware app is a useful tool to support behaviour change in individuals who are already motivated and committed to reducing their alcohol consumption. The Drinkaware app would benefit from greater personalisation and tailoring to promote longer term use. This evaluation provides insight into the usability and acceptability of various app features and contains a number of recommendations for improving user satisfaction and the potential effectiveness of apps designed to encourage reductions in alcohol consumption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4358-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Attwood
- Nuffield Health Research Group, Nuffield Health, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Katie L Morton
- Health and Well-being Services, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
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Burke LE, Shiffman S, Music E, Styn MA, Kriska A, Smailagic A, Siewiorek D, Ewing LJ, Chasens E, French B, Mancino J, Mendez D, Strollo P, Rathbun SL. Ecological Momentary Assessment in Behavioral Research: Addressing Technological and Human Participant Challenges. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e77. [PMID: 28298264 PMCID: PMC5371716 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) assesses individuals’ current experiences, behaviors, and moods as they occur in real time and in their natural environment. EMA studies, particularly those of longer duration, are complex and require an infrastructure to support the data flow and monitoring of EMA completion. Objective Our objective is to provide a practical guide to developing and implementing an EMA study, with a focus on the methods and logistics of conducting such a study. Methods The EMPOWER study was a 12-month study that used EMA to examine the triggers of lapses and relapse following intentional weight loss. We report on several studies that informed the implementation of the EMPOWER study: (1) a series of pilot studies, (2) the EMPOWER study’s infrastructure, (3) training of study participants in use of smartphones and the EMA protocol and, (4) strategies used to enhance adherence to completing EMA surveys. Results The study enrolled 151 adults and had 87.4% (132/151) retention rate at 12 months. Our learning experiences in the development of the infrastructure to support EMA assessments for the 12-month study spanned several topic areas. Included were the optimal frequency of EMA prompts to maximize data collection without overburdening participants; the timing and scheduling of EMA prompts; technological lessons to support a longitudinal study, such as proper communication between the Android smartphone, the Web server, and the database server; and use of a phone that provided access to the system’s functionality for EMA data collection to avoid loss of data and minimize the impact of loss of network connectivity. These were especially important in a 1-year study with participants who might travel. It also protected the data collection from any server-side failure. Regular monitoring of participants’ response to EMA prompts was critical, so we built in incentives to enhance completion of EMA surveys. During the first 6 months of the 12-month study interval, adherence to completing EMA surveys was high, with 88.3% (66,978/75,888) completion of random assessments and around 90% (23,411/25,929 and 23,343/26,010) completion of time-contingent assessments, despite the duration of EMA data collection and challenges with implementation. Conclusions This work informed us of the necessary preliminary steps to plan and prepare a longitudinal study using smartphone technology and the critical elements to ensure participant engagement in the potentially burdensome protocol, which spanned 12 months. While this was a technology-supported and -programmed study, it required close oversight to ensure all elements were functioning correctly, particularly once human participants became involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora E Burke
- Department of Health & Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Saul Shiffman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Edvin Music
- Department of Health & Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mindi A Styn
- Department of Health & Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrea Kriska
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Asim Smailagic
- Institute for Complex Engineered Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Siewiorek
- Human Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Linda J Ewing
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eileen Chasens
- Department of Health & Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian French
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Juliet Mancino
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dara Mendez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Strollo
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen L Rathbun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States
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Chelwa G, van Walbeek C, Blecher E. Evaluating South Africa's tobacco control policy using a synthetic control method. Tob Control 2016; 26:509-517. [PMID: 27601453 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa has since 1994 consistently increased the excise tax on cigarettes to maintain a total tax burden of 50% (1997-2003) and 52% (after 2004) of the average retail selling price. Between 1994 and 2004, the real (inflation-adjusted) excise tax increased by 249%, and the average real retail price of cigarettes increased by 110%. In addition, advertising and smoking bans were implemented in 2001. These measures, which we collectively refer to as tax-led, coincided with a 46% decrease in per capita consumption of cigarettes. No evaluation of South Africa's tobacco control policies has created a counterfactual of what would have happened if the tax-led measures had not occurred. OBJECTIVE (1) To create a credible counterfactual of what would have happened to per capita cigarette consumption if the tax-led measures had not happened. (2) To use this counterfactual to estimate their impact on cigarette consumption in South Africa. METHOD We use a synthetic control method to create a synthetic South Africa, as a weighted average of countries (the 'donor pool') that are similar to South Africa, but that did not engage in large-scale tobacco control measures between 1990 and 2004. RESULTS Per capita cigarette consumption would not have continued declining in the absence of the tax-led measures that began in 1994. By 2004, per capita cigarette consumption was 36% lower than it would have been in the absence of the tax-led measures. These results, which we mostly attribute to tax increases, are robust to different specifications of the 'donor pool'. CONCLUSIONS Significant public health dividends can be obtained by consistently increasing the real tax on cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grieve Chelwa
- Center for African Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Corné van Walbeek
- Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evan Blecher
- Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Was it the drink? The conditioned association of alcohol and desire to quit smoking on the dual use of little cigars/cigarillos and cigarettes among men and women. Addict Behav 2016; 59:48-51. [PMID: 27070096 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual use of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs) with cigarettes is becoming more popular; especially among men, but infrequently studied. Dual tobacco users show a higher prevalence of health-risk behaviors such as drug and alcohol use, are likely exposed to higher levels of nicotine and tobacco-related toxicants, and have greater difficulty quitting and maintaining abstinence. This study examined the effects of alcohol use, and desire to quit smoking on dual use of LCCs and cigarettes among men and women. METHODS Data utilized responses from a screening survey of 571 adult smokers. Basic demographic information, current cigarette use, desire to quit smoking, frequency of current LCC use, and alcohol and drug use were collected. RESULTS Dual users were more likely to be male and younger, report drug use in the past 90-days, and have a lower desire to quit smoking. Regression analyses showed a 3-way interaction of gender, alcohol use frequency, and desire to quit smoking, such that men who drank alcohol more frequently who had a higher desire to quit smoking used LCCs more frequently than men with a lower desire to quit. DISCUSSION Alcohol use may be a risk factor for men's dual use of LCCs and cigarettes among those who want to quit smoking. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.
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Xue N, Zhang X, Teng J, Fang Y, Ding X. A Cross-Sectional Study on the Use of Urinalysis for Screening Early-Stage Renal Insufficiency. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 132:335-41. [PMID: 26959373 DOI: 10.1159/000444650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Proteinuria and hematuria detected by routine urinalysis can indicate impaired renal function. This study evaluated the effect of routine urinalysis in screening out patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 at an early stage and investigated its associated factors. METHODS Healthy adults who underwent physical examination between September 2008 and September 2013 were enrolled in the study (n = 43,516). Urine was analyzed for protein, and red and white blood cells. Ten milliliter blood samples were collected for serum creatinine, urea, albumin and other parameters for the estimation of eGFR and renal function. RESULTS Abnormal routine urinalysis was found in 7.1% and eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was found in 0.9% of subjects. Age and gender were similar in the overall and abnormal urinalysis populations (43 vs. 43 years and 36.7 vs. 38.2% females, respectively), but the eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 group were older (64 years, p < 0.001) with increased females (46.4%, p = 0.002). Sensitivity for predicting eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 0.110 and specificity was 0.928. Univariate and multivariate analyses in 6,318 subjects with more detailed clinical data suggested significant associations of sex (OR 0.058, 95% CI 0.030-0.113), age (OR 1.045, 95% CI 1.027-1.064), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 0.158, 95% CI 0.043-0.587) with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. CONCLUSION Routine urinalysis showed a poor performance in the screening for early-stage renal insufficiency. In future, other screening methods should be considered. Age, gender and HDL were associated with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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