Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain of the neck, upper extremities and lower back among dental practitioners working in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Impact of Neck and Shoulder Pain on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults in Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

Musculoskeletal pain is widely recognized as a prevalent public health issue that affects individuals of various genders and age groups. This study aimed to assess the influence of neck and shoulder pain on the quality of life (QoL) of adult individuals living in Saudi Arabia.

METHOD

This is a cross-sectional study using an online-administered questionnaire that was distributed via online platforms in Saudi Arabia for the duration between January and June 2023. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire was used to estimate participants QoL. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of better QoL.

RESULTS

A total of 6601 participants were involved in this study. The majority of the participants (76.8%, n = 4610) reported that they had muscle tension, stiffness, pressure, or dull pain in the neck and shoulder area. The mean pain score for the study participants was 4.0 (SD: 2.9), which indicates mild degree of pain. When the participants were asked about their health today, the mean score was 5.9 (SD: 3.9), which indicates moderate health status. The mean SF-36 score for the study participants was 58.16 (17.4), which demonstrates moderate quality of life. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, younger age, being married or divorced, and having lower BMI (less than 25.3 kg/cm2) were predictors of better QoL (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Notwithstanding the participants' moderate evaluations of their current health and quality of life, certain demographic attributes - such as being male, being younger in age, being married, and having a lower body mass index - showed a favorable association with quality of life. Strict interventions and preventative measures are essential for addressing musculoskeletal issues in the neck and shoulder region, as indicated by these findings. Further research should be dedicated to developing tailored interventions that specifically target different demographic cohorts, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life for all.

Identification of prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and various risk factors in dentists

Purpose

The awkward and repetitive movements lead to tissue straining, potentially leading to painful musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). MSDs in dentists result in work inefficiency and a reduction in work hours. A survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of MSDs amongst the dental population of interest.

Methods

Customized individual detail questionnaires, Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaires, and Level of Pain estimation using the Likert Scale were used to deduce the various responsible risk factors for the occurrence of MSDs in dentists. Inferential statistical analysis was done to identify the prevalence and severity of the MSDs. The Chi-Square test (95 % confidence interval) was used to identify and compare the association of risk factors involved in MSDs with the occurrence of the Effect of MSDs, the presence of MSDs, and the severity of the MSDs.

Results

The results of the study deduced that the dentists followed the sedentary work practices. The dentists experienced maximum discomfort in the neck region, which was accompanied by the discomfort experienced in the lower back, hands and wrists, making the upper extremity being more susceptible to the MSDs. Gender risk factors the, the prevalence of MSDs in the dentist's upper back, and the severity of pain in the upper back region showed a significant association level.

Conclusion

The wrist posture, the prevalence of MSDs and the severity of pain in the dentists' neck, shoulder and upper back showed a significant association level.

Prevalence of Pain and Its Relationship with Age and Sex among Patients in Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

Studies investigating the prevalence of patients with pain referred for physical therapy in Saudi Arabia are scarce. This study aimed to estimate the period prevalence of pain that led to referrals for physical therapy and to evaluate the association between pain and patient age and sex.

METHODS

This retrospective study used data from the electronic health record system of a hospital for adult patients referred for physical therapy.

RESULTS

In total, 7426 (26.0%) patients (mean (±SD) age, 51.4 ± 15.0 years) experienced pain, the majority of whom were female (65.8%). The back (30.7%) was the most commonly reported pain region, followed by the neck (13.2%), shoulders (12.1%), and knees (11.8%). The referring physician(s) identified pain in a specific body region in 5894 of the 7426 (79.4%) patients. A moderate correlation was found between sex and pain region (Cramer's V = 0.151, p < 0.001) and between age group and pain region (Cramer's V = 0.10, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Pain was prevalent among adult patients referred for physical therapy and was moderately associated with sex and age. Further research examining the prevalence of pain and its risk factors in a larger, representative sample of the population is warranted.

Work-Related Shoulder Pain Among Saudi Orthopedic Surgeons: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION

Shoulder pain is one of the most frequently reported musculoskeletal conditions that approximately 6.9 to 26% of people experience. Numerous etiologies have been linked to causing shoulder pain, with the most frequent one being rotator cuff tendinopathy. Work-related musculoskeletal pain is prevalent in the medical field in general, but orthopaedic surgeons account for the majority of cases overall. The pain experienced is usually caused by many attributing factors that all relate to either the long hours and physically intensive procedures or the unnatural positions orthopaedic surgeons are put in during their surgeries. This study seeks to shed light on the prevalence, contributing factors, and effect of the complications of shoulder pain among orthopaedic surgeons, a topic unexpectedly understudied, particularly in Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

A survey has been developed to ask orthopaedic surgeons at various levels of their careers. The study was conducted in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh. It was a multi-centered study that included both governmental and private hospitals in Riyadh. The collected data included age, gender, BMI, sub-specialty, position, number of surgeries performed per week, and the average time per surgery. In our survey, we used the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) to assess shoulder pain. Ethical approval was obtained for this study by the Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (IRB/1484/23).

RESULTS

Fifty orthopaedic surgeons participated in this study most of whom were male (88%) and fell within the age range of 31-40 years (36%). Regarding their positions, a significant proportion were consultants (54%). In terms of workload, approximately (38%) of the surgeons performed three to four surgeries per week. As for the duration of surgeries, almost half of the participants spent between three and five hours per surgery (48%). When it comes to experiencing pain or difficulties during shoulder activities, a considerable number reported occasional occurrences (36%). Moreover, a substantial majority did not have a history of specific shoulder-related disorders, as (88%) of the participants had none of the mentioned conditions, such as shoulder trauma or disorders like adhesive capsulitis and impingement. Most participants reported difficulties in performing daily activities due to their work-related shoulder pain. Mild pain was the most common reported severity level in all assessed activities.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed that orthopaedic surgeons in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, occasionally experience shoulder pain from their jobs. Most of our sample stated that mild shoulder discomfort made it difficult to conduct daily tasks. This study is limited by a relatively low response rate, which may be attributed to the demanding nature of orthopaedic surgery. To promote health among caregivers throughout the kingdom, more studies should be conducted about shoulder pain.

A Survey of Neck Pain among Dentists of the Lebanese Community

Results

The majority of participants were between the ages of 25 and 35, and the gender distribution of the demographic distribution was comparable. The prevalence of pain was 86.8% (97/342 dentists). NDI analysis showed that 65.7% had mild disability, 12.8% have a moderate disability, and 1% had severe disability. Bivariate analysis showed that pain was affected by age (p=0.013), orthodontist practices (p=0.031), regular exercise (p < 0.001), using vibrating instruments (p < 0.001), cervical flexion for better vision while working (p < 0.001), knowledge, and experience about ergonomic posture (p < 0.005). Multivariate analysis showed four predictors for pain: age (p=0.017), performing stretching exercises after finishing clinical practice (p=0.022), orthodontist specialty (p=0.029), and performing cervical flexion for better vision while working (p=0.004).

Conclusion

This study showed that through the application of some strategies such as stretching, exercising, and being careful in using vibrating instruments, the dentist may be able to relieve the pain.

Effect of ergonomics awareness in controlling work-related musculoskeletal-pain among dental students: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Dentistry is a profession that demands a high level of physical work and excessive repetitive movements in strained positions, both of which are risk factors for developing musculoskeletal pain (MS-P).

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to assess the awareness of ergonomics and physical activities in controlling MS-P among dental students.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study conducted at a university dental hospital in Saudi Arabia, through a validated self-administered questionnaire, distributed to undergraduates and postgraduate's dental students.

RESULTS

Out of 402 students responded to the questionnaire, 337(83.8%) reported suffering from MS-P with 67.7% of participants did not take any measures to alleviate their symptoms and the majority reported limited physical activity. Females reported significantly higher MS-P than males. Lower back (56.5%), neck (56.2%) and shoulder (50%) were the most frequently reported MS-P. Unexpectedly, undergraduate reporting significantly more pain than interns and postgraduate students (P = 0.009). The dental students' awareness of ergonomics and MSDs were insufficient.

CONCLUSION

Physical activity, student's awareness of MSD and ergonomics were the major factors for controlling MS-Ps. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of enhancing students' knowledge of the importance of controlling work-related MS-P, especially during their university educational hours.

Neck and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Dentists: A Review of the Literature

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), notably neck pain, are important occupational health issues in the field of dentistry. Many studies were done worldwide to gather data about neck and back pain. They used different characteristics and risk factors. Other studies aimed to determine only the prevalence of neck and back problems among dentists. We aim to review the literature for research about the optimal factors to be assessed and the proper measures to be installed by dentists to prevent cervical pain and to be taught and shared with dental students. Such an aim requires a thorough review of the current condition. This is a brief review of the literature to shed light on the latest news on this topic. Research using keywords such as dentistry, neck pain, neck pain index, occupational pain, and dental specialties were used to skim the literature for related topics. Publications are considered based on their relevance to the topic. Topics related to other professions and pain induced by illnesses other than occupational factors are not included. The final conclusion shows that no final results were conducted regarding the optimal characteristics that the dentists should be using. Therefore, we recommend a study with an aim to determine the optimal factors to be used by dentists to prevent cervical pain and to be taught to dental students.

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: A dental environment possesses a serious ergonomic health issue on the dental team members which in turn contributes to the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The present research is aimed at evaluating the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders and their associated sociodemographic and work environment risk factors among dentists in the United Arab Emirates. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a pretested and validated questionnaire was sent via email as well as on different social media platforms to a total of 497 dentists. A total of 179 dentists completed the study survey, with a total response rate of 36%. A binary logistic regression model was conducted to identify significant risk factors associated with WMSDs. Results: Dentists in the United Arab Emirates experience a high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (90.4%) which were associated with high levels of stress in the work environment. Furthermore, dentists in the private sector worked more clinical hours per day (p = 0.000) and had more financial stress (p = 0.007) as compared to those in the governmental sector. Gender (p = 0.007), age (p = 0.01), monthly income (p = 0.073), work experience (p = 0.037), number of patients treated per day (p = 0.049), and the use of an ergonomic dental chair (p = 0.005) were all factors associated with a greater number of affected body regions by WMSDs. Multivariate binary logistic regression for the number of regions affected by WMSDs revealed that not using an ergonomic dental chair (OR 2.70, 95% CI, 1.14-6.36) and high stress in the work environment (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02 to1.67) were associated with more body regions being affected by WMSDs. Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence rate of WMSDs among dentists in the UAE. Future research should be directed towards reducing stress in the work environment, increasing awareness regarding the importance of an ergonomic dental chair, and reducing gaps between private and governmental practices.

The prevalence of low back pain and risk factors in academic teaching staff at King Abdulaziz University Jeddah: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorder symptoms affecting adults’ health in the workplace including academic settings. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of LBP among academic teaching staff at King Abdulaziz University, as well as to identify its socio-demographic and work-related risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to estimate the prevalence of LBP and the risk factors in 123 academic teaching staff members at King Abdulaziz University. Data on LBP history and disability using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), work-related and socio-demographic characteristics of study participants were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The prevalence of low back pain data was analyzed using frequency and percentage descriptive statistics, and Chi-square was used to identify group differences. RESULTS: A total of 123 academic teaching staff with a mean age of 37.5 years old of whom 79 (64.2%) were females and 44 (35.8%) were males completed a self-administrative questionnaire. Using a self-rating scale, approximately a quarter of academic teaching staff had moderate disability 25.2%; 4.9% had a severe disability; only one subject 0.8% was crippled. There has been a significant relationship between the number of years of experience and the extent of low back disability (P < 0.05). The Chi-square test revealed 56.3% of takes part with 11–15 years of experience have moderate disability relative to those with 0–5 years of experience (11.1%). There was a trend towards significance among academic teaching staff for the effect of the faculty stream on low back disability (P = 0.077, Chi-square test revealed teaching staff in the medical stream had the highest percentage of participates with minimal disability (78.7%) whereas in the scientific stream had the lowest percentage of minimal disability (52%). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have shown that there is a major problem of low back pain among academic staff at King Abdulaziz University and that the situation in other higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia is changing.

Occupational ergonomics and related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

There is an increasing concern about musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), resulting from occupational health hazards among dentists. Dentists who are susceptible to occupational health hazards could develop cumulative trauma disorders, lead to absenteeism from work, loss of productivity and performance or even long-term disability.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists, explore the risk factors and identify the ergonomic preventive measures for dental professionals.

METHODS

Articles published between 2008-2020 were searched in scientific databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library). The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Systematic Review Checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies were found to be suitable in the final review. Relevant data was extracted and summarized from the included studies. The annual prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in any body site ranged between 68% and 100%. The most predominant regions for musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals were identified to be the lower back (29% to 94.6%), shoulder (25% to 92.7%), and neck (26% to 92%). The most frequently reported risk factors of MSDs were the individual characteristic female gender (57.1%), followed by awkward working postures (50%), long working experience (50%) and being dental specialists (42.9%). Several preventive measures were identified as the most effective ways in preventing MSDs, the use of magnification (40%) and regular physical activity (40%).

CONCLUSIONS

This review reported a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among dentists. It critically updates and adds the latest evidence on occupational ergonomics among dentists.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dental staff in Armed Force Hospital in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

Work related musculoskeletal disorders' (WMSDs) are the most important public health challenge among dental staff. The objective of study was to ascertain the prevalence and risk factors for work related musculoskeletal disorder among dental staff in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

It is a cross sectional study and 130 dental staff with at least 1 year of working experience were random selected from Armed Forced Hospital. The self-administered validated and structured Standardized Nordic questionnaire was used. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine the association of risk factors with WMSD.

RESULTS

the results of the present study revealed that there was a high incidence of MSDs in neck, shoulder, and lower back pain among dental personnel (72.6%). The common risk factors which contributed to WMSD were more than 5 year of experience (AOR 1.19(1.03-2.82)), Saudi nationality (AOR 4.88 (1.27 - 18.72)), working more than 12 hours (AOR 3.115 (1.258 7.578)) and resident doctors (AOR 1.14 (1.02 - 1.94)).

CONCLUSION

The study conclude work related MSD were common with high rate of incidence among dental staff . There is need to make a policy which will reduce the burden of WMSD among dental staff.

Musculoskeletal symptoms among radiation technologists in Saudi Arabia: prevalence and causative factors

BACKGROUND

Radiation technologists usually perform several physical tasks as part of their work routine that are related to imaging equipment and handling patients. These kinds of physical activities increase their risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS).

PURPOSE

To determine the prevalence and causative factors of MSS among radiation technologists in Saudi Arabia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A previously validated and published questionnaire was sent electronically to 800 radiation technologists in Saudi Arabia. It focused on the presence and prior diagnosis of MSS. Questions to determine risk factors were included.

RESULTS

A total of 381 responses were obtained. MSS were indicated by 326 responders (85.6%). Furthermore, it was reported that 309 responders (81.1%) spent more than 2 h per day in awkward postures. Of the responders, 164 (43%) stated that they worked 4 h per day on a personal computer or PACS. The most frequently selected reasons for MSS included patient transfer (50.6%), chairs (38.5%), lead aprons (25.6%), moving heavy equipment (23.1%), and fixed table height (19.4%). An association between work-related MSS and gender was observed (χ²(1) = 5.338; P = 0.021). Similarly, an association between work-related MSS and age was also observed (χ²(3) = 48.58; P = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

Radiation technologists in Saudi Arabia reported a fairly high incidence of MSS, more commonly among female and senior workers. To have a better and safer workplace for radiation technologists, this study suggests preventive measures on organizational and individual levels.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of ergonomics among dental practitioners in Riyadh City in Saudi Arabia

Aim:

Methodology:

Results:

Conclusion:

Evidence based analysis on neck and low back pain among dental practitioners- A systematic review

This systematic review was undertaken to assess neck and back pain in dental practitioners. Published articles from 2015 onwards were explored in search engines of Pubmed, Medline, Scopus and Journal of web for outcomes of neck and back pain in dental practitioners. A total of 13 articles were reviewed, after carefully considering the eligibility criteria. The prevalence of neck and back pain was considerably higher, with neck pain occurrence ranging from 13.02% to 84.6% and back pain observed in 15.7% - 88.9% of reviewed studies. A higher prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was observed stressing appropriate interventional measures to reduce the same.

Musculoskeletal complaints and associated factors among dental practitioners of Nepal: a nationwide survey

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) constitute a significant occupational hazard among dental practitioners. An online-based e-survey was conducted among 252 registered dentists of Nepal using the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) to assess musculoskeletal complaints and work-related characteristics. Musculoskeletal complaints in lower regions were found to be highly prevalent among dental practitioners with prevalence of 76, 27 and 28.2% in the last 12 months, 1 month and 7 days, respectively, followed by musculoskeletal complaints in the neck, wrist/hand and shoulder. Musculoskeletal complaint during the last 12 months was significantly associated with age, years in dental practice after graduation and leave from duty in the past 12 months. Similarly, educational qualification, medical comorbidities and leave from duty were associated with complaints in the last 1 month. Musculoskeletal complaint during the last 7 days was associated with gender, working hours in a day, practice of four-handed dentistry and patients examined in a day.

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Dental Staff in Armed Force Hospital in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Background

Work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) is the most important public health challenge among dental staff. The objective of this study is to ascertain the prevalence and associated risk factors, which related to WMSD among dental staff in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

It is a cross-sectional study and 130 dental staff were selected through simple random sampling from in Armed Forced Hospital with at least 1 year of working experience. The self-administered validated and structured Standardized Nordic questionnaire was used. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine the association of risk factors with WMSD.

Results

The results of the present study revealed that there was a high incidence of MSDs in the neck, shoulder, and lower back pain among dental personnel (72.6%). The common risk factors that contributed to WMSD were more than 5 years of experience (AOR 1.19 (1.03-2.82)), Saudi nationality (AOR 4.88 (1.27-18.72)), working more than 12 h (AOR 3.115 (1.258-7.578)) and resident doctors (AOR 1.14 (1.02-1.94)).

Conclusions

The study concludes that WMSDs were a common and high rate of incidence among dental staff. There is a need to make a policy that will reduce the burden of WMSD among dental staff.

Effectiveness of Ergonomic Training to Decrease Awkward Postures during Dental Scaling Procedures: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Studies demonstrate that there is a lack of effective ergonomic principles for adopting a neutral posture during the execution of dental procedures. ISO 11.226:2000 Standard, Corr. 1:2006 has been thoroughly evaluated and adapted to the way that dentists work by the European Society of Dental Ergonomics (ESDE). However, after 15 years, no studies that showed strong evidence of effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of awkward posture in applying its parameters within the scope of dental practice were found. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of applying the ergonomic parameters proposed by the European Society of Dental Ergonomics (ESDE) and ISO 11226 in reducing the prevalence of the main awkward postures adopted by female dental surgeons during the execution of dental scaling on a dental mannequin. A randomized clinical trial was carried out with sixty dental surgeons randomly assigned to two groups: the intervention group, who received instructions and theoretical and practical ergonomic training; and the control group, who received the same training only at the end of the study. For data analysis, Software IBM SPSS 27 and RStudio was used. Descriptive statistics were performed to verify the effectiveness of the intervention, and generalized linear models (specifically, generalized estimated equation models) were used. Poisson distribution was carried out with log link function and network analyses. Sixty female dental surgeons participated in the study. Twenty-two were distributed in the intervention group and thirty-eight in the control group. It was found that ergonomic training enabled a 63% reduction in the prevalence of awkward postures and that there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) only in the intervention group. The analyses showed that the estimated marginal means of postures not recommended in the groups’ initial control, final control, initial intervention, and final intervention were 8.6, 8.2, 9.0, and 3.4, respectively. The relationship of networks analyses of the variables is shown with different profiles in the control and intervention groups, but the same pattern between the groups only vary in the strength and direction of the correlations. It was concluded that the ergonomic training based on the parameters of ISO 11226 and DIN EN 1005-4, and its adaptations to the dental practice provided by the European Society of Dental Ergonomics, as well as recent studies, contributed significantly to reducing the prevalence of awkward postures adopted by female dentists during the simulation of the basic periodontal procedures; however, it was not effective enough to improve the posture of the head and neck.

Association between smartphone use and carpal tunnel syndrome: A case-control study

Context

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb. No published Saudi Arabian study has explored the effect of smartphones on the median nerve.

Aim

To assess the association between smartphone use and the development of CTS.

Settings and Design

This case-control study involved adults aged 18 years and older who visited King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods

Patients were clinically diagnosed with CTS, and the diagnosis was confirmed by a nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography. The controls were free of CTS based on the disease-specific Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS version 25.0.

Results

In total, 95 cases and 190 controls were included. Most of the participants were females (84.2%). The mean ages in the controls and cases were 34.6 +/- 10.2 years and 51.8 +/- 10.6 years, respectively. Using smartphones for 2 hours per day or more was significantly associated with the occurrence of CTS. After adjusting for covariates, 4 hours or more per day of smartphone use was associated with CTS. Moreover, those who held the smartphone with both hands had 7.8 times higher odds of developing CTS than those who held it with one hand.

Conclusion

CTS has a negative impact on patients' daily activities and work. This study showed that an increased number of hours of smartphone use is associated with the development of CTS. Further prospective studies are needed to examine the long-term effects of smartphone use.

Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms in Saudi Allied Dental Professionals: Is there an Underestimation of Related Occupational Risk Factors?

This study aims to examine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms in allied dental professionals (ADPs) in Saudi Arabia and risk factors for MSDs. The study also explores ADPs' opinions and attitudes about the effect of MSD symptoms on the quality of life and potential mitigatory measures. This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Participants were 355 licensed dental staff (average age 33.6 ± 8.1 years, 69% women) working as assistants, lab technicians, radiology technicians, or sterilization technicians with at least six months' work experience. The self-administrated questionnaire comprised socio-demographics, work-related factors, and items from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Multivariate and univariate logistic regressions were conducted to investigate risk factors for MSD symptoms. Overall, 93% of ADPs complained of MSD symptoms in at least one body site in the past 12 months. Factors related to work conditions (e.g., 'keeping an uncomfortable posture for long periods of time', 'lifting heavy objects') and years of experience were proven to be significant risk factor for developing MSDs. The cohort of ADPs showed a high MSD symptoms prevalence. Efforts are imperative in addressing the risk factors of ergonomics and the workplace environment, and more rigorous studies are needed to further investigate risk factors.

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Diseases of the Upper Extremity Among Dental Professionals in Germany

Objective

Although many findings on occupational musculoskeletal complaints are available from American and European dentists, the corresponding data from Germany are still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide additional information on the prevalence of and risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity, particularly the shoulder in this specific population.

Methods

A written survey was carried out among 600 dentists in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Questionnaire items included physical and psychosocial workload, general health, and the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms during the previous 12 months that led to sick leave and medical care according to a modified version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Regression analysis was used to evaluate relevant risk factors for severe musculoskeletal disorders.

Results

A total of 229 dentists were participated in the study (response rate 38%). Overall, 92.6% of the participants had already suffered from musculoskeletal symptoms in at least one body region. Symptoms were mostly reported in the neck (65.1%) and in the shoulder (58.1%). Limitations in daily activities were experienced by 15.9% due to neck pain and by 15.4% due to shoulder pain. Medical care was sought by 23.7% because of neck pain and by 21.1% due to shoulder pain. Risk factors for symptoms in the upper extremity regions were gender (female), increased physical load, and numerous comorbidities.

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists. Suitable interventions are therefore needed to prevent musculoskeletal diseases and pain among dental professionals, with particular attention to female dentists.

Relationship between Musculoskeletal Disorders and Work Performance of Nursing Staff: A Comparison of Hospital Nursing Departments

This study aimed to explore the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and the work performance of nursing staff. This cross-sectional study used the Checklist for Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), and the Work Ability Index to survey the prevalence of MSDs, as well as to determine the impact of MSDs on 117 nursing staff working in an emergency department, an intensive care unit, and general wards. The findings indicate that the nursing staff were exposed to a workplace environment with a high risk of MSDs. Nursing staff in the emergency department were at a particularly high risk of MSDs in their upper and lower limbs, while those working in the intensive care unit had a particularly high risk of injuries caused by manual material handling. Analyzing the relationship between MSD risk factors and NMQ scores showed a 6 times, 3.25 times, and 2.28 times increase in MSD conditions with a high workload compared to a low workload in the hand and wrist, the lower back or waist, and the knee, respectively. Medium and high workloads were found to increase the risk of MSD, which in turn affected the work ability of the nurses.

Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of dentists in Kuwait and the impact on health and economic status

BACKGROUND

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders have become a great health issue among dentists. However, it is never been examined among dentists in the State of Kuwait.

OBJECTIVES

The purposes of this study were to define the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) among dentists in the State of Kuwait, to identify risk factors for WMSD, and to explore relationships between WMSD and absenteeism/productivity.

METHODS

A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to dentists at government, private, and academic dental clinics.

RESULTS

A total of 186 questionnaires were returned (80% response rate). The results showed that 88 (47%) of responding dentists experienced WMSDs. Dentists self-reporting WMSD were older (36.4 (10.3) years vs. 32.6 (9.33); P = 0.01), in practice longer (11.7 (10.4) years vs. 8.2 (8.4); P = 0.013), and worked longer hours (34.9 (10.6) hours vs. 30.4 (11.5); P = 0.08) than dentists not reporting WMSD. A significant association was found between rating of pain and lost days from work (x2 (10, n = 85) = 20.96, ρ = 0.021).

CONCLUSIONS

Dentists' occupational procedures expose their bodies to prolonged and awkward postures, thereby subjecting the dentists to unnatural forces and stresses on crucial movement and functioning joints. Cumulative exposures to such postures lead to WMSDs. Generally, WMSD has a considerable impact on the health and economic status of the individual, family, and workplace. WMSD increases absenteeism and reduces productivity.

Effects of Line of Vision on Posture, Muscle Activity and Sitting Balance During Tooth Preparation

OBJECTIVES

Most dentists maintain awkward and restricted postures for prolonged periods that stress the body while providing direct patient care. Information about working posture must be analysed in a more systematic manner to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between working posture and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the effects of different lines of vision during tooth preparation, such as the direct and the mirror view technique, on-body tilt (angle), muscle activity, and sitting balance, which may correlate with the reduction or prevention of MSD.

METHODS

A mannequin head with a maxillary right first molar embedded in a model was attached to the dental chair headrest. Two different techniques for tooth preparation were selected: direct view and mirror view. Muscle activity, body tilt (angle), and sitting balance were analysed as independent parameters.

RESULTS

Different tooth preparation techniques had a distinct influence on body tilt (angle), muscle activity, and sitting balance. The direct view technique resulted in significantly larger values for all parameters, except for the activity of the spinal column erector muscles than the mirror view technique.

CONCLUSION

Based on these results, the direct view technique for tooth preparation, which is used by most dentists in practice, imposes a burden on the lower back, shoulders, and neck of the dentist.

Prevalence and Predictors of Musculoskeletal Pain Among Undergraduate Students at a Dental School in Saudi Arabia

Objective

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries to the musculoskeletal (MSK) system that occur due to repetitive or singular trauma and negatively affect one’s daily life. Dentistry is a field that exposes professionals to the highest rate of work-related MSDs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of MSK pain among a sample of dental students.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 377 dental students and interns at the dental school of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We distributed a validated questionnaire, the Nordic Back Pain Questionnaire, which included additional questions, to all dental students participating in clinical practice and to dental interns. Categorical variables were described by presenting frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables by displaying means and standard deviations. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors for developing MSK pain over the last 12 months.

Results

Overall, 91.2% of the participants experienced MSK pain or discomfort in one or more body parts over the last 12 months. The highest prevalence was for neck pain (69.2%), followed by shoulder pain (67.1%) and lower back pain (65%). Females were more likely than males to experience MSK pain (odds ratio [OR] = 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–6.7), and those who exercised regularly were less likely to experience MSK pain than were those who did not (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.1–0.6).

Conclusion

This study showed a concerningly high prevalence of MSD symptoms among dental students, especially in the neck, shoulders, and lower back. Educational and occupational health programs in preclinical years could be effective for reducing MSK pain.

Musculoskeletal disorders and related factors in the Colombian orthodontists' practice

Objective. This study aimed to characterize the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their related factors in a group of orthodontists in the city of Medellín (Colombia). Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 100 orthodontists. A survey provided sociodemographic and work-related information. MSDs were recorded through the Nordic questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were carried out by determining the prevalence of MSD symptoms by anatomical zone and selected variables. Results. Prevalence of MSDs was 81% for males and 88% for females. Anatomical regions were the neck (males 44%, females 59%), shoulders (males 44%, females 48%), lower back-lumbar zone (males 63%, females 51%), elbow-forearm (males 15%, females 15%) and wrist-hand (males 32%, females 51%). The frequency of symptoms was higher in males >41 years old, with more than a work contract or females who worked >40 h per week, and in orthodontists (males-females) who reported higher work-related dissatisfaction levels. Conclusions. A high prevalence of MSDs was found among orthodontists, with differences in the frequency of symptoms related to sociodemographic and work-related factors. Preventive strategies related to health and work safety would be advisable considering the particular needs of this dentist group.

Evaluation of Quality of Life among Dental Professionals by Using the WHOQOL-BREF Instrument in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Objective

To evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of dental professionals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited dental professionals (general dentists, specialists, and consultants) from public and private sectors in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The World Health Organization's QOL Assessment-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was administered among study participants. The questionnaire addresses four domains of QOL which are physical, psychological, social relationships, and environment.

Results

There were 313 dental professionals in the study with a mean age of 35.72 (8.58) years. The mean score of QOL in the sample was 63 (13.9) on a 0–100 scale. 75% of the participants rated their QOL as good or very good. Of four domains, the social relationship domain had the highest mean score of QOL (67.04 SD: 23.52) and the physical domain had the lowest score (59.66 SD: 14.69). There were significant differences in the QOL of consultants (66.46 SD: 12.55), specialists (65.42 SD: 12.91), and general dentists (61.06 SD: 14.18) (P 0.010). The participants with medical illness had significantly lower QOL (56.91 SD: 12.83) than those without medical illness (63.67 SD: 13.92) (P 0.01). There were significant differences in the QOL of participants with 0–10 years since graduation (61.97 SD: 14.71), 11–20 years (61.92 SD: 13.56), and more than 20 years (68.53 SD: 10.71) (P 0.009).

Conclusion

The qualifications, medical illness, and years since graduation were important determinants of QOL among dental professionals. Measures should be taken to improve QOL of dental professionals which can enhance the quality of patient care.

Predictors of Opioid Prescription Among a Sample of Patients with Acute Musculoskeletal Pain at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia

Background

Musculoskeletal pain is one of the most complex and debilitating types of pain. Although different pharmacologic treatments are available, very few studies have explored the predictors for opioid analgesics prescription to manage this type of pain.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the predictors for opioid prescription in patients with acute musculoskeletal pain in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of adult patients (≥18 yrs.) with an acute nociceptive musculoskeletal pain at a university-affiliated medical center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cancer patients and those with chronic neuropathic pain were excluded. Patients’ age, gender, number of comorbidities, duration of pain management, number of clinic visits for pain, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) scores at rest and with normal activities were collected. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between the type of musculoskeletal pain and the prescription of opioid analgesics controlling for NPRS score on activity, age, gender, number of comorbidities, duration of pain treatment, and number of clinic visits for pain.

Results

The mean age of the 227 patients, who met the inclusion criteria, was 39 years and 68% of them were male. Sixty-three percent of the patients were prescribed opioid analgesics, and 61% of them had shoulder pain, 29% had back pain, and 10% had lower extremity pain (eg, hip, thigh, lower leg, knee, ankle, and foot pain). Tramadol was the most commonly prescribed opioid analgesic (82%), followed by codeine (13%). Ninety-seven percent of patients who were prescribed non-opioid analgesics had shoulder pain. Patients with shoulder pain had lower odds of receiving opioid analgesics (OR=0.019, P<0.0001, 95% CI=0.004–0.081) in comparison to their counterparts who had lower extremity or back pains. Moreover, the higher the pain score on activity was, the higher odds of receiving opioid analgesics (OR=1.317, P<0.0001, 95% CI=1.029–1.685).

Conclusion

Future studies should explore the impact of different opioid prescribing policies to improve the quality of patient care and reduce the unnecessary prescribing of opioids for patients with non-cancer musculoskeletal pain.

Effectiveness of Hydrogalvanic Bath on Improving Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Individuals with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Neck pain is one of the world's leading factors in years lived with disability. Ambiguity in the effect of electrotherapy modalities for the treatment of chronic nonspecific neck pains (CNSNP) needs to be examined further. This study sought to elucidate the effectiveness of hydrogalvanic bath on improving pain, disability, and quality of life among individuals with CNSNP.

Methods

Thirty-four individuals with a diagnosis of CNSNP were selected through convenient sampling and randomly divided into two groups by block randomization. The control group treatment underwent low Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and exercise, and the experimental group was subjected to hydrogalvanic bath therapy (HGBT) and exercise. Individuals were evaluated for pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), disability with the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and quality of life with Short Form-36 (SF-36). These measures were applied at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

The pretreatment and posttreatment results for VAS, NDI, and SF-36 were compared for both control and experimental groups. We found that all the three variables showed significant differences between the two time points with p < 0.05 in both the groups but the experimental group improvements were more significant than the control group with p < 0.05.

Conclusion

Twelve weeks of low TENS or HGBT along with exercises can decrease pain and neck disability and increase the quality of life in individuals with CNSNP. However, HGBT along with exercise has superior effects relative to low TENS along with exercise. This randomized controlled trial was registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number-ISRCTN29695190 and registered on 05/02/2020. This study is a retrospective registration.

[Effects of loupes and microscope on the prosthodontist's posture from ergonomic aspects]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of loupes and microscope on the posture of prosthodontists when preparing the laminate veneer, and to assess the clinical value of loupes and microscope from the ergonomic aspects.

METHODS

Twenty young prosthodontists from Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology were recruited into this study, which was a prospective, single blind, self-control trials. The research hypothesis was concealed and the participants were deceived about the precise purpose of the study to counterbalance the lack of direct blinding. The prosthodontists prepared laminate veneers of open window type in the artificial dental model, under routine visual field (control group), 2.5× headwear loupes (loupes group), and 8× operating microscope (microscopic group) by turning. The participants were photographed from profile view and front view. Thereafter, the subjective assessment was performed by themselves using the visual analogue score (VAS). The expert assessment was performed by two professors using modified-dental operator posture assessment instrument on the basis of photographs of the profile view and front view.

RESULTS

The subjective assessment scores for the control group, loupes group and microscopic group were 4.55±1.96, 7.90±1.12, and 9.00±0.92, respectively. There was significant difference between the three groups' subjective scores (P < 0.05). The expert assessment scores for the control group, loupes group and microscopic group were 16.38±1.52, 15.15±1.30, and 13.60±0.88, respectively. There was significant difference between the three groups' expert assessment scores (P < 0.05). Specifically, the three groups' expert assessment scores were significantly different (P < 0.05) in trunk position (front to back) (1.33±0.41, 1.03±0.11, 1.00±0.00), head and neck position (front to back) (2.75±0.38, 2.13±0.36, 1.23±0.38), elbows level (1.38±0.43, 1.40±0.45, 1.13±0.22), and shoulders level (1.43±0.41, 1.23±0.34, 1.13±0.28). Thereinto, the microscopic group was better than loupes group in head and neck position (front to back) and elbows level (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Loupes and microscope improve the posture of the prosthodontist when preparing the laminate veneer, in which the microscope is better than loupes. Therefore, the magnification devices have clinical value from the ergonomic aspects.

Nordic Assessment of Occupational Disorders among Dental Students and Dentists in Saudi Arabia

Objectives

Ergonomics and the avoidance of occupational or work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are crucial for a future dentist's career, as studies have linked WRMSDs to some serious complications, including early retirement. This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge and awareness about ergonomics and the prevalence of WRMSDs among dental students and dentists in Makkah province, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted of 322 dental students and dentists from two universities in Makkah province, Saudi Arabia, using a self-report questionnaire to measure ergonomic awareness and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to measure WRMSDs.

Results

Among the respondents, only 4.82% could correctly explain ergonomics, 14.16% had attended a course or workshop on ergonomics, 55.12% were familiar with preventive techniques for WRMSDs, and 37.95% were familiar with remedies/treatment for WRMSDs. Females were significantly more aware of WRMSDs than males. There was 81.33% who had trouble (pain, aches, or discomfort) in one or more parts of their body during the previous 12 months. The most common sites for WRMSDs were the upper back (48.19%), wrists/hands (44.27%), lower back (43.98%), neck (36.45%), and shoulder (33.43%). In most body parts, WRMSDs were more common among males and participants from a governmental university than among females or those from a private university.

Conclusion

Both dental students and dentists in Saudi Arabia lacked awareness of ergonomics and experienced high levels of WRMSDs. More educational efforts and attempts are needed to boost dental professionals' knowledge about musculoskeletal disorders related to dental profession and built the skills to cope with them.

Prevalence and Incidence of Low Back Pain in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Study Design: A systematic review.

Objective: To identify published studies that assess the prevalence and incidence of Low Back Pain (LBP) in the Saudi Arabian population.

Methods: Six electronic databases were searched for articles published between January 1995 and December 2018. Crosssectional or cohort studies were included if they were conducted in the KSA and focused on the prevalence or incidence of LBP in adults. Case–control and retrospective studies were excluded. Studies were also excluded if they did not meet the quality criteria set out by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) assessment or had a high or medium risk of bias according to the criteria proposed by Hoy et al. One independent reviewer (MAA) verified that the studies met the inclusion criteria, and three independent reviewers (MAA, AHM, CMA) assessed the quality of the studies and extracted their relevant characteristics. All the studies were assessed for quality using the JBI assessment and were assessed for risk of bias according to the Hoy et al. approach.

Results: The initial search identified 158 papers; five studies met the inclusion criteria. The nature of the findings meant no meta-analysis could be performed; therefore, a narrative summary was generated to discuss the findings. The prevalence of LBP in different professional groups within a working-age group ranged between 64% and 89%.

Discussion: The prevalence of LBP in the KSA has only been examined within specific professional groups, which limits the ability to generalize the finding. The review clarifies the need for further quality epidemiological studies to identify the prevalence of LBP in the general population. Many of the issues identified are problems related to occupational risk of LBP. The implication therefore is that these occupational factors need to be assessed so that risk factors for LBP among employees in KSA can be modified.

Practices and Attitudes of Dental Loupes and Their Relationship to Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dental Practitioners

Objective

A dental loupe is a tool used by many dentists and dental students to improve visual field and performance. This study aims to assess the practices and attitudes about dental magnification loupes and their relationship to musculoskeletal disorders.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 400 dental students and dentists in four dental colleges in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The mean age was 28.35 years (SD = 8.50), and 56% of the participants were male. Also, 70.75% were students or interns, while 29.25% were dentists. Data gathering was conducted using a questionnaire that was composed of four sections: demographic, magnification devices usage, attitude toward dental loupes, and the Nordic questionnaire to assess musculoskeletal disorders.

Results

A total of 66% of participants had used dental magnification tools before, but only 12.25% were using dental loupes at the time of the study. The main reported advantages of dental loupes were comfort in vision (59.25%) and improved work accuracy (53%), while the main disadvantage was difficulty in visual measurement (28.5%). A total of 73.25% reported that price was the main barrier to the use of dental loupes. Lower back (63.5%), neck (65.25%), and shoulder (46.25%) pain were the most frequently reported areas of discomfort. There was a significant relationship (<0.05) between the use of dental loupes and lowered levels of reported discomfort in the lower back, neck, shoulders, elbows, upper back, and feet.

Conclusion

There are few dental professionals who use dental loupes in Saudi Arabia. There was a significant relationship between dental loupes use and reduction of musculoskeletal disorders among dental students and dentists.

The Effect of Number of Patients Treated, Dental Loupes Usage, Stress, and Exercise on Musculoskeletal Pain among Dentists in Jeddah

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) and to explore its potential risk factors among dentists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional survey of private and government dentists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia was undertaken between January and December 2018. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed randomly to consenting participants. Descriptive data analysis involved measures of central tendency and percentages, t test, chi-square, and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate relationships among the variable “having MSP experience after dental work” and other potential predictors among dentists.

Results:

A total of 300 dentists completed the questionnaires. The overall prevalence of MSP was 68%, with back pain as the most frequently reported symptom (54%). The results revealed significant association of MSP with number of patients treated per day, nonuse of dental loupes during dental work, stress, and lack of regular exercise (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The prevalence of MSP among dentists in Jeddah is high attributable to poor ergonomics and stress, which further impact the quality of life of practitioners.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among Saudi orthopedic surgeons: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Studies have addressed the issue of increasing prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK) pain among different occupations. However, contributing factors to MSK pain have not been fully investigated among orthopaedic surgeons. Thus, this study aimed to approximate the prevalence and predictors of MSK pain among Saudi orthopaedic surgeons working in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study using an electronic survey was conducted in Riyadh. The questionnaire was distributed through email among orthopaedic surgeons in Riyadh hospitals. Standardized Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms were used. Descriptive measures for categorical and numerical variables were presented. Student's t-test and Pearson's χ2 test were used. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

The response rate was 80.3%, with a total number of 179 of Saudi orthopaedic surgeons (173 males and six females). Of our sample, 67.0% of the respondents complained of having MSK pain. The most commonly reported MSK pain was lower back (74.0%), followed by neck (58.2%). Age and body mass index were implicated in the development of more than one type of MSK pain. Increased years of experience (≥ 6 years) was linked to shoulder/elbow, lower back, and hip/thigh pain. Smoking is widely associated with lower back pain development, whereas physicians who do not smoke and exercise regularly reported fewer pain incidences. Excessive bending and twisting during daily practice have been correlated with increased neck pain.

CONCLUSION

MSK pain was found to be common among Saudi orthopaedic surgeons. Further extensive research should be conducted to understand and analyze the risk factors involved and search for possible improvements to avoid further complications. However, ergonomics education during surgical training could be effective at modifying behaviors and reducing MSK pain manifestations.

Low back pain prevalence and risk factors among health workers in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Low back pain (LBP) has a major impact on health workers, and its prevalence and risk factors among them in Saudi Arabia have been investigated previously. However, the results have never been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to identify the prevalence and risk factors of LBP among health workers in Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Saudi peer-reviewed journals were searched for relevant literature. After quality assessment of the eligible articles, 18 studies targeting seven occupational categories, with a total number of 5345 health workers, were analyzed.

RESULTS

Pooled prevalence rates of 40.8% (n = 7 studies), 65.0% (n = 13 studies), and 81.4% (n = 2 studies) were obtained for week, year, and career, respectively, across all professional groups. Nurses and physical therapists were more susceptible to LBP, in that order, than the other categories considering week and career periods. Age, body mass index, and female gender were the most commonly reported individual risk factors. Occupational risk factors mainly included work-related activities requiring back bending and twisting, lifting and pulling objects, and manual patient-handling.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this review indicate that LBP is highly prevalent among health workers in Saudi Arabia when compared with international rates. Proper prophylactic measures are necessary to reduce LBP and minimize its consequences. Further high-quality research is needed in different Saudi regions to achieve a broader understanding of LBP prevalence and causes.

Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Surgeons at a Tertiary Care Center: a Survey Based Study

Introduction:

Musculoskeletal (MSK) manifestations represent a common work-related physical complication that affect surgeons and impacts their life and the healthcare service negatively.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of work related MSK manifestations among surgeons in a tertiary care hospital and to identify the possible associated risk factors.

Methods:

A Web-based self-administered cross-sectional survey was conducted. This study targeted all surgeons regardless of their nationalities, ages, genders, and marital statuses. The questionnaire assessed the participants’ demographic data as well as musculoskeletal manifestations.

Results:

Most respondents (80%) suffered from MSK manifestations that were related to performing surgeries. Back and neck areas represented the most affected body parts (71.1% and 59.8%, respectively). A significantly higher percentage of those with musculoskeletal manifestations practiced for 5-10 years (28.9%) (p = 0.006).

Conclusion:

MSK pain is common among Saudi surgeons in different specialties. More attention should be directed to improving the physical environments in which the surgeons are operating. Moreover, surgeons should be educated about the recommended ergonomic positions that can prevent or decrease their work related MSK manifestations.

Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic practice among dentists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) is the second most common cause of disability. MSD due to the occupation are called work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) and are common among dentists.

Objective

Assess the prevalence of self-reported work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) and to identify associated ergonomic practice among dentists practicing in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

Dentists practicing in Jeddah were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study using a self-administered survey. The survey consisted of 20 close-ended questions. The survey included questions regarding demographics, dental practice, general health status, exercising, ergonomic practice, musculoskeletal pain location, the severity of pain using a numeric pain rating scale (0–10), interventions sought, and missed work due to WMSD.

Results

A sample of 234 dentists participated in this study. Prevalence of WMSD was found to be 70%. The most common location for WMSD pain was in the low back (85%) and neck (84.6%). Female dentists and dentists not exercising regularly had an increased risk of WMSD. The prevalence of CTS was 9%, and its risk increased with age and practicing in the private sector. Among the dental specialties, the least to report WMSD or CTS were maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists. The reported ergonomic practice reached as low as 24%.

Conclusion

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and inadequate ergonomic practices were common. Ergonomics training intervention programs targeting dentists is suggested as a preventive measure for longer and healthier career lives.

Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms among dentists working in Riyadh

BACKGROUND

Approximately 3-6% of the general population have carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). CTS is more prevalent among people with occupations that involve repetitive and forceful maneuvers, such as dentists. It is important to identify risk factors for these symptoms and to understand the impact they may have on clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES

Measure the prevalence of CTS-symptoms and identify factors associated with CTS.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SETTING

Dentists working in Riyadh.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

In-person interviews from 15 July to 10 September 2017 of subjects obtained using random cluster sampling.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Prevalence of CTS-related symptoms among dentists.

SAMPLE SIZE

223 dentists (134 males and 89 females).

RESULTS

The prevalence of CTS-related symptoms among dentists working in Riyadh was 30.5% (95% CI 0.25 to 0.36). Female dentists had a significantly greater risk of having CTS symptoms than male dentists (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.09-4.17). Obese dentists were also more likely to complain of CTS symptoms than dentists within normal weight limits (OR 3.66; 95% CI 1.55-8.64). Left-hand dominance was strongly associated with CTS symptoms, with an estimated OR of 6.28 (95% CI 1.24-31.90). However, there was no relationship between CTS symptoms and age, marital status, history of smoking, exercise, dental specialty, occupation period, or having other educational degrees.

CONCLUSION

Thirty percent of dentists working in Riyadh had experienced severe or mild symptoms related to CTS. Several risk factors for CTS have been identified. Future research could explore the reasons behind these risk factors to identify and implement prevention measures.

LIMITATIONS

Cannot be generalized to the whole of Saudi Arabia, or the region. Larger controlled studies are needed to further identify the risk factors associated with CTS among dentists. In addition, since the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire was used, the self-reporting nature of the study might be affected by external bias.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

Prevalencia de dolor musculoesquelético y factores asociados en odontólogos de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, 2016

Introducción: el dolor es uno de los síntomas principales de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos y tiene alta frecuencia en los profesionales de la odontología. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del dolor musculoesquelético y los factores sociodemográficos y laborales asociados en odontólogos que laboran en la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 240 odontólogos inscritos en la Dirección Provincial de Salud del Azuay de la ciudad de Cuenca hasta el año 2015. Se usó el cuestionario de Kuorinka para determinar síntomas musculoesqueléticos. Se creó un formulario con variables sociodemográficas y las características del dolor para establecer asociaciones estadísticas. La información fue procesada en el programa SPSS versión 22. Resultados: el 58,7% eran mujeres. El promedio de edad fue de 37 años con una DE de 11,6. La prevalencia de dolor musculoesquelético fue del 73,3%. El 90,3% atribuyó el dolor a causas laborales. Los factores asociados al dolor fueron: sexo femenino, sedentarismo, trabajar en el sector público y carga horaria mayor a 30 horas semanales. El dolor musculoesquelético en los odontólogos está asociado estadísticamente a: sexo femenino (OR= 2,60; IC 95%= 1,35 – 4,99; p= 0,004), sedentarismo (OR= 2,42; IC 95%= 1,20 – 4,89; p= 0,013), ejercer en el área pública (OR= 2,97; IC 95%= 1,26 – 6,99; p= 0,012) y carga horaria mayor a 30 horas semanales (OR= 2,21; IC 95%= 1,15 – 4,21; p= 0,017). Conclusiones: el ejercicio de la práctica clínica odontológica constituye un factor de riesgo para la generación de trastornos musculoesqueléticos.Palabras clave: Dolor musculoesquelético; osteomuscular; salud ocupacional; odontólogos; atención odontológica

Insights about Dental Ergonomics among Dental Students: The Need of the Hour to Recommend Dental Ergonomics in Academic Curriculum

Aims and Objectives:

To assess the perception, practice, and attitude about dental ergonomics among dental students in Chennai.

Materials and Methods:

The study was carried out among 148 dental students in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, using a self-made validated closed-ended questionnaire.

Results:

Among 148 dental students, 75 (50.6%) were undergraduate and 73 (49.4%) were postgraduate students. Of the study population, 38 (25.67%) had listed their general health problems which they thought were related to their profession, 102 (68.5%) were aware of musculoskeletal disorders, 90 (60.4%) were aware of dental ergonomics, and 104 (69.8%) were not aware of dental ergonomics. Of the dental students, 55% practiced both sitting and standing dentistry, and 43% of them practiced sitting dentistry alone. Only 22.8% of the dental students practiced 4-handed dentistry and 38.3% of them, who did not practice 4-handed dentistry swiveled themselves to face the area. A total of 113 (75.8%) dental students suggest to include dental ergonomics in their academic curriculum and 94 (63.1%) wanted to practice workshops on dental ergonomics.

Conclusions:

A majority of the dental students in this present study were aware of musculoskeletal disorders and dental ergonomics, but only a considerable number of them practiced dental ergonomics. This study recommends the need for including dental ergonomics in the academic curriculum.

Physical activity participation and the association with work-related upper quadrant disorders (WRUQDs): A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Workers in various occupations often report work-related upper quadrant disorders (WRUQDs). Research has shown that associative factors for WRUQDs include psychosocial and environmental elements, gender and physical activity levels. To date, no review has investigated whether physical activity participation is associated with and/or predicts the development of WRUQDs, so the present study set out to determine this.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted including searches of PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE and CINAHL from inception to 31 March 2017. Quantitative studies, including any outcome measure of physical activity participation and its association with and/or prediction of WRUQDs, were included. One reviewer conducted the search and two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and completed methodological quality assessment using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Data were analysed narratively.

RESULTS

Eight studies were eligible for inclusion in the final review. The quality of these ranged from moderate to high quality. Three studies reported no statistical difference between physical activity participation and the risk of developing WRUQD. Three studies reported a negative and one study a positive association between physical activity participation and WRUQDs. One study reported that little or no physical exercise participation was a risk factor for WRUQD.

CONCLUSIONS

There is limited evidence for a negative association between physical activity participation and the development of WRUQDs. However, this was not a consistent finding across all studies included. Further research is indicated in standardizing diagnostic criteria and the measurement of physical activity participation in this patient population.

Prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms among dental students and dental practitioners in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

This study assessed the nature, prevalence, and risk factors of musculoskeletal symptoms (MS) in dental clinics. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 515 dental students and dentists about nature of work and prevalence and frequency of MS symptoms. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to determine the association of MS with a number of important variables. Pain in the lower back (64%) and neck (60%) were the most prevalent MS. Working in the dental colleges' clinics was associated with increased risk of MS (adjusted OR 2.30, 95% CI [1.27, 4.18]). A stronger association was observed for dentists working in the private clinics (adjusted OR 2.58, 95% CI [1.28, 5.17]). Female dentists were at more risk of MS than male participants (OR 1.63, 95% CI [1.02, 2.59]). The higher risk of reported MS symptoms in women and for those working in the dental colleges and private clinics underscores the importance of recognition and prevention of MS symptoms even early in the dental profession.

Work related musculoskeletal disorders among adolescent girls and young women employees of textile industries in Tamil Nadu, India - a comparative study

Musculoskeletal disorders are common in those employed in the textile industry. The aim of the study is to assess musculoskeletal disorders among adolescent girls who are current employees of textile industries in comparison with the adolescent girls and young women who are past employees of textile industries and adolescent girls who have never been employed in the textile industry. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 321 subjects, 107 in each study group were sampled. Standardized nordic questionnaires (SNQ) was used to assess musculoskeletal symptoms. Results More than half of the current employees (67.28%) and past employees (67.28%) reported musculoskeletal pain. Among the never been employed, 18.69% reported musculoskeletal pain. Neck and shoulder were the most common sites of musculoskeletal pain among the current employees (49.5% and 50.5%, respectively) and the past employees (45.8% and 49.5%, respectively). In the regression model, having ever been diagnosed for anemia (AOR 6.57, 95% CI 1.4 to 30.76), working for more than 48 h in a week (AOR 3.37, 95% CI 1.53 to 7.41) and the presence of depression (AOR 6.6, 95% CI 1.48 to 29.36) were significantly associated with the presence of musculoskeletal pain in the study participants. Conclusion Musculoskeletal disorders are a major occupational health problem among the adolescent and young women employees of textile industries. Working hours should be fixed at 48 h per week and anemia and depression should be treated to avert the work related musculoskeletal disorders in the study population.

The prevalence of low back pain in Iranian dentists: An epidemiological study

Objective:

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common and prevalent work-related conditions. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with LBP in dentists and to analyze the association between individual and occupational characteristics and LBP.

Methods:

Following ethical approval, 300 dentists from Tehran Iran have voluntarily participated. Different questionnaires were completed to collect personal, occupational characteristics and the prevalence and risk factors of LBP. Visual analogue scale and Oswestry disability questionnaires were used to determine pain intensity and level of functional disability.

Results:

The results indicated that point, last month, last six month, last year and lifetime prevalence of LBP were 24.6%, 24.9%, 27.7%, 28.1% and 31.4%, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the prevalence of LBP and preventive strategies, general health condition, having an assistant and job satisfaction. Body mass index, age and gender were not significantly correlated with the prevalence of Low back pain

Conclusions:

The prevalence of Low back pain in dentists appears to be high. Further studies focusing on the effectiveness of different preventive strategies are recommended.