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Mangala C, Maulot-Bangola D, Moutsinga A, Okolongo-Mayani SC, Matsomo-Kombet GE, Moundanga M, Mombo-Maganga C, Mabika-Obanda AKF, Fokam J. Prevalence and factors associated with transfusion-transmissible infections (HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis) among blood donors in Gabon: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307101. [PMID: 39159193 PMCID: PMC11332953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) remain a major public health problem in countries with limited resources, particularly in Gabon. Complete information on the prevalence in Gabon of the main TTIs among blood donors is still lacking in the national context. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with TTIs among blood donors in Gabon. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis was reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. It was the result of data from several comprehensive studies published between 2014 and 2022, the purpose of which focused on the prevalence and factors associated with TTIs among blood donors in Gabon. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for studies reporting prevalence data. The overall prevalence of TTIs among blood donors was determined using the random effects model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2 statistics. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of the funnel plot and Egger's statistics. RESULTS A total of 175,140 blood donors from the nine eligible studies were admitted to this study. The combined prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis obtained in the random effects model was 3.0%, 6.0%, 4.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Moreover, being a male blood donor and aged between 25 and 44 years was significantly associated with HBV infection and being a female blood donor and aged 35 years and over was significantly associated with HIV infection. Family or replacement blood donors had a high infection burden for all four TTIs of study. CONCLUSION The overall prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections remains high in the country's blood banks. Improving current prevention (selection criteria) and screening strategies may be necessary in a global approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mangala
- National Public Health Laboratory, Libreville, Gabon
- Peyrie Medical Center, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Denis Maulot-Bangola
- National Public Health Laboratory, Libreville, Gabon
- Peyrie Medical Center, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Alain Moutsinga
- National Public Health Laboratory, Libreville, Gabon
- Peyrie Medical Center, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Serge Christian Okolongo-Mayani
- Peyrie Medical Center, Libreville, Gabon
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Fokam
- Doctoral Training Unit of School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Kamga Wouambo R, Panka Tchinda G, Kagoue Simeni LA, Djouela Djoulako PD, Yateu Wouambo CI, Tamko Mella GF, Tchoumi Leuwat EP, Bello D, Fokam J. Anti-hepatitis C antibody carriage and risk of liver impairment in rural-Cameroon: adapting the control of hepatocellular carcinoma for resource-limited settings. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:875. [PMID: 38093205 PMCID: PMC10717920 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Viral hepatitis elimination by 2030 is uncertain in resource-limited settings (RLS), due to high burdens and poor diagnostic coverage. This sounds more challenging for hepatitis C virus (HCV) given that antibody (HCVAb) sero-positivity still lacks wide access to HCV RNA molecular testing. This warrants context-specific strategies for appropriate management of liver impairment in RLS. We herein determine the association between anti-HCV positivity and liver impairment in an African RLS. METHODS A facility-based observational study was conducted from July-August 2021 among individuals attending the "St Monique" Health Center at Ottou, a rural community of Yaounde,Cameroon. Following a consecutive sampling, consenting individuals were tested for anti-HCV antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV antibodies (HIVAb) as per the national guidelines. After excluding positive cases for HBsAg and/or HIVAb, liver function tests (ALT/AST) were performed on eligible participants (HBsAg and HIVAb negative) and outcomes were compared according to HCVAb status; with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Out of 306 eligible participants (negative for HBsAg and HIVAb) enrolled, the mean age was 34.35 ± 3.67 years. 252(82.35%) were female and 129 (42.17%) were single. The overall HCVAb sero-positivity was 15.68%(48/306), with 17.86% (45/252) among women vs. 5.55%(3/54) among men [OR (95%CI) = 3.69(2.11-9.29),p = 0.04]. HCVAb Carriage was greater among participants aged > 50 years compared to younger ones [38.46%(15/39) versus 12.36% (33/267) respectively, OR(95%CI) = 4.43(2.11-9.29), p < 0.000] and in multipartnership [26.67%(12/45)vs.13.79%(36/261) monopartnership, OR (95%CI) = 2.27(1.07-4.80),p = 0.03]. The liver impairment rate (abnormal ALT+AST levels) was 30.39%(93/306), with 40.19%(123/306) of abnormal ALT alone. Moreover, the burden of Liver impairment was significantly with aged> 50 versus younger ones [69.23% (27/39) versus 24.72%(66/267) respectively, p < 0.000). Interestingly, the burden of liver impairment (abnormal AST + ALAT) was significantly higher in HCVAb positive (62.5%, 30/48) versus HCVAb negative (24.42%, 63/258) participants, OR: 3.90 [1.96; 7.79], p = 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS In this rural health facility, HCVAb is highly endemic and the burden of liver impairment is concerning. Interestingly, HCVAb carriage is associated with abnormal liver levels of enzyme (ALT/AST), especially among the elderly populations. Hence, in the absence of nuclei acid testing, ALT/AST are relevant sentinel markers to screen HCVAb carriers who require monitoring/care for HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Kamga Wouambo
- Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
- American Society for Microbiology (ASM), ASM Cameroon, Bangangte, Cameroon.
| | - Gaelle Panka Tchinda
- American Society for Microbiology (ASM), ASM Cameroon, Bangangte, Cameroon
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Luc Aime Kagoue Simeni
- American Society for Microbiology (ASM), ASM Cameroon, Bangangte, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Paule Dana Djouela Djoulako
- American Society for Microbiology (ASM), ASM Cameroon, Bangangte, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Ghislaine Flore Tamko Mella
- Laboratory of Fundamental Virology, Centre for Research on Emerging and Reemerging Diseases (CREMER), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Djoda Bello
- Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Fokam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Virology Laboratory, Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Nartey YA, Okine R, Seake-Kwawu A, Ghartey G, Asamoah YK, Siaw ADJ, Senya K, Duah A, Owusu-Ofori A, Adarkwa O, Agyeman S, Bampoh SA, Hiebert L, Njuguna H, Gupta N, Ward JW, Roberts LR, Bockarie AS, Awuku YA, Obiri-Yeboah D. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence, testing, and treatment capacity in public health facilities in Ghana, 2016-2021; A multi-centre cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287580. [PMID: 37352242 PMCID: PMC10289322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current burden of Hepatitis C virus infection and the availability of HCV-related services in Ghana are not well described. Previous estimates on HCV seroprevalence in the country are outdated. This study investigated the HCV seroprevalence and testing and treatment capacity in Ghana. A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted in which laboratory and blood bank registers from 17 public healthcare institutions in Ghana were reviewed. A survey on cost and availability of HCV-related testing and treatment was also performed. Crude and pooled estimates of HCV seroprevalence, frequency and median cost of available diagnostic tests and medicines were described. The crude HCV seroprevalence was 2.62% (95% CI 2.53-2.72) and the pooled estimate was 4.58% (95% CI 4.06-5.11) among 103,609 persons tested in laboratories. Age (OR 1.02 95% CI 1.01-1.02) and male sex (OR 1.26 95% CI 1.08-1.48) were predictors of a positive anti-HCV RDT test. Northern administrative regions in Ghana had the highest HCV seroprevalence ranging from 8.3-14.4%. Among 55, 458 potential blood donors, crude HCV seroprevalence was 3.57% (95% CI 3.42-3.72). Testing was through Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits in most facilities, and only 2 of 17 centres were performing HCV RNA testing. The median cost of an anti-HCV RDT test was $0.97 (0-1.61) and $3.23 (1.61-7.58) for persons with and without government health insurance respectively. The median cost of a 12-week course of the pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral therapy sofosbuvir-daclatasvir was $887.70. In conclusion, there are significant regional differences in HCV burden across Ghana. Limited access to and cost of HCV RNA and DAA therapy hinders testing and treatment capability, and consequently HCV elimination efforts. A national HCV program supported with a sustainable financing plan is required to accelerate HCV elimination in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ayerki Nartey
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Rafiq Okine
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Atsu Seake-Kwawu
- National Viral Hepatitis Control Program, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Georgia Ghartey
- Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Karikari Asamoah
- Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ampem Darko Jnr Siaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kafui Senya
- World Health Organisation, Country Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amoako Duah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alex Owusu-Ofori
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Opei Adarkwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo-Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Seth Agyeman
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sally Afua Bampoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lindsey Hiebert
- Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Henry Njuguna
- Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Neil Gupta
- Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - John W. Ward
- Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Lewis Rowland Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Ansumana Sandy Bockarie
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asante Awuku
- Department of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast Ghana
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Kabamba-Tshikongo A, Manya-Mboni H, Mwamba-Mulumba C, Takaisi-Kikuni NB, Vandenbroucke AT, Pâques AT, Dessilly G, Kabamba-Mukadi B, Longanga-Otshudi A. Hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Lubumbashi, DRC: Seroprevalence and molecular characterisation. Transfus Clin Biol 2023; 30:272-278. [PMID: 36898574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date, no study has been done yet on the distribution of Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. The objective of this work was to determine the seroprevalence and study the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes among blood donors in Lubumbashi, DRC. METHODS This was a cross-sectional descriptive study among blood donors. The detection of anti-HCV antibodies was carried out by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) then confirmed by Chemiluminescent immuno-assay (CLIA). Viral load was determined by Nucleic Acid Amplification test (NAT) on Panther system and genotyping by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on Sentosa platform. RESULTS The obtained seroprevalence was 4.8%. Genotypes 3a (5.0%), 4 (90.0%) and 7 (5.0%) and a few drug resistance mutations were identified in the study population. Significant disturbances of some studied biochemical parameters (HDL-cholesterol, direct bilirubin, transaminases, ALP, GGT and albumin) have been observed in positive HCV blood donors. Irregular family and volunteer donors have been found as the socio-demographic characteristics associated with hepatitis C. CONCLUSION With a seroprevalence of 4.8% obtained among blood donors, Lubumbashi is in an area with medium endemicity for HCV, highlighting the need to implement strategies aiming to improve transfusion safety among blood recipients in Lubumbashi. This study reports for the first time the presence of HCV strains of genotypes 3a, 4 and 7. These results might allow better therapeutic management of HCV infections and contribute to the development of the mapping of HCV genotypes in Lubumbashi and DRC as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kabamba-Tshikongo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Clinique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Centre d'Excellence et d'Expertise des hépatites virales et autres pathologies, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Microbiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - H Manya-Mboni
- Laboratoire de Biologie Clinique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - C Mwamba-Mulumba
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - N B Takaisi-Kikuni
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Expérimentale et Pharmaceutique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - A T Vandenbroucke
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Microbiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A T Pâques
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Microbiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Dessilly
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Microbiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Kabamba-Mukadi
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Microbiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Longanga-Otshudi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Clinique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Centre d'Excellence et d'Expertise des hépatites virales et autres pathologies, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among Blood Donors from Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. ADVANCES IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5073171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a highly contagious virus, is a circular partial double-stranded DNA virus. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus with a major blood-borne infection worldwide. Infection of HBV and HCV among blood donors is an important public health problem. Objective. To assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and associated factors among blood donors at Bahir Dar Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia. Method. Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahir Dar Blood Bank from May 18, 2020 to July 27, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 426 participants. Variables having a
value of <0.05 with 95% CI and AOR were considered statistically significant. Results. From 426 proposed participants, 418 (98.1%) of them completed the face-to-face interview. The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among study participants was 4.07% and 0.48%, respectively. Having multiple sexual partners (AOR = 10.356: 95% CI: (2.277–47.099)), having a family history of hepatitis (AOR = 8.106: 95% CI: (1.278–51.403)), and having sharp materials sharing experience (AOR = 11.313, 95% CI: (1.144–111.864)) have a significant association with HBV infection. No risk factors were found for HCV infectious markers. Conclusion and Recommendations. This study showed that the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections confirmed with positive tests among voluntary blood donors in Bahir Dar Blood Bank was 4.07% and 0.48%, respectively. HBV seroprevalence among blood donors in this study has remained stable when compared to a study done in 2013 in the same population. Strict donor selection, safe sex practice, using proper safety precautions when offering care to a family member, and immunization of people at risk could constitute an important package of a prevention program.
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Edinga BEE, Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Tchapmi AY, Mbouna SFM, Belinga S, Njoya O, Ama-Moor VJ, Njouom R. Simple noninvasive tests for liver fibrosis diagnosis in sub-Saharan African adults with chronic viral hepatitis B or C: A cross sectional study in Cameroon. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:56-60. [PMID: 36155867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed at measure the correlation between simple less expensive and noninvasive tests for liver fibrosis and Fibrotest among patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) in resource-limited settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Centre Pasteur of Cameroon among adults with chronic HBV or HCV infection. The correlation between aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index(APRI), the gamma-glutamyl transferase to platelet ratio (GPR), and Fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4); and Fibrotest was assessed using the Spearman rank test providing the rho (ρ) coefficient of correlation. RESULTS Of the 52 patients (mean age: 49 years, males: 51.9%) included, 52% were infected with HBV (n = 27). The APRI, GPR, FIB-4, and Fibrotest median scores (25th-75th percentiles) were: 0.37 (0.25-0.64), 0.34 (0.20-1.45), 1.49 (0.88-3.12), and 0.43 (0.21-0.80), respectively. The correlation with Fibrotest were: APRI (ρ = 0.678, p value < 0.0001), GPR (ρ = 0.621, p value < 0.0001) and FIB-4 (ρ = 0.772, p value < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study found a significant correlation between APRI, GPR and FIB-4; and Fibrotest among patients with chronic HBV or HCV infection in Cameroon. FIB-4 appeared as the diagnosis method with the strongest correlation with Fibrotest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertille Elodie E Edinga
- National Laboratory of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Yaounde, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Higher Institute of Medical Technologies, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Joel Bigna
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Jobert Richie Nansseu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Adrienne Y Tchapmi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | | | - Suzanne Belinga
- Department of Medical Analyses, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Oudou Njoya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Vicky Jocelyne Ama-Moor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Kumalo A, Teklu T, Demisse T, Anjulo A. Undiagnosed Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in the Community of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. HEPATIC MEDICINE : EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2022; 14:111-122. [PMID: 35971532 PMCID: PMC9375552 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s374029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite Ethiopia’s hepatitis endemic status with intermediate to hyperendemic level, there is no national strategy for monitoring, preventing, and controlling viral hepatitis. In order to advise community-based intervention programs, studies on the magnitude, determinant factors, and understanding of indigenous social organization are important. Thus, this study examined undiagnosed seroprevalence and associated factors for HBV and HCV infections among community members in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 individuals from randomly selected two woredas in the Wolaita Zone to determine the magnitude of HBV and HCV. Multistage sampling was used to select participants. Relevant clinical and sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. One test strip technique was used for the screening of hepatitis B surface antigen and for antibodies against HCV. Both tests were confirmed by ELISA methods. The associated factors were assessed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The seroprevalence for HBV infection was 6.6% (95% CI: 4.22%, 8.69%) using a one-step HBsAg test strip and 5.6% (95% CI: 3.47%, 8.58%) using confirmatory test (ELISA). The two tests had a very good agreement (K = 0.918; SE = 0.047; P < 0.001). The overall seroprevalence for HCV infection was 1.9% (95% CI: 0.9%, 3.0%). All four of the one-step HCV test strip positives were also positive by ELISA. One (0.3%) of the participants was co-infected with HBV and HCV. Hospital admission (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.5–0.95) and needle stick (AOR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.07–0.72) were independently associated with HBV infections. Conclusion According to the current study, in Wolaita community, there is endemic to HBV at a higher-intermediate level and to HCV at a low level. It would be imperative to increase awareness of transmission modes and prevention of infection, as well as vaccination, in order to reduce the burden of both HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abera Kumalo
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Teklu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tigistu Demisse
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Anjulo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Wolaita Sodo Blood Bank, Sodo, Ethiopia
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Bitty-Anderson AM, Ferré V, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Tchankoni MK, Sadio A, Salou M, Descamps D, Dagnra CA, Charpentier C, Ekouevi DK, Coffie PA. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C among female sex workers in Togo, West Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259891. [PMID: 34890388 PMCID: PMC8664183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B and C are endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, with prevalence among the highest in the World. However, several challenges impede the progression towards the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030 as suggested by the World Health Organization Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, including the lack of knowledge on the scale of this epidemic in the region. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among female sex workers (FSW) in Togo. METHODS This ancillary study from a national cross-sectional bio-behavioral study was conducted in 2017 using a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method, in eight towns of Togo among FSW. Socio-demographic, behavioral and sexual characteristics were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for HIV, hepatitis B and C serological testing. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and a logistic regression model. RESULTS Out of the 1,036 FSW recruited for this study, biological analyses for viral hepatitis were completed for 769 of them. The median age was 26 years [IQR: 22-33] and 49.8% (n = 383) had attained secondary school. The prevalence of hepatitis B was 9.9% [95% CI: (7.9-12.2)] and the prevalence of hepatitis C was 5.3% [95% CI: (3.9-7.2)]. Higher hepatitis B and C prevalence was associated with recruitment out of Lomé (aOR: 6.63; 95%CI: 3.51-13.40, p <0.001 and OR: 2.82; 95% CI: [1.37-5.99]; p<0.001, respectively) and, for hepatitis B, with never using condoms for vaginal intercourse (OR: 3.14; 95%CI: [1.02-8.71]; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results from this study reveals high prevalence of hepatitis B and C among FSW in Togo and an opportunity for advocacy toward the introduction of immunizations and treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Bitty-Anderson
- Programme PACCI–Site ANRS Côte d’Ivoire, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valentine Ferré
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Fifonsi A. Gbeasor-Komlanvi
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Martin Kouame Tchankoni
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Arnold Sadio
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
| | - Mounerou Salou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Claver A. Dagnra
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH/Sida, les Hépatites virales et les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (PNLS/HV/IST), Lomé, Togo
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Didier K. Ekouevi
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Centre Africain de Recherches en Epidémiologie et en Santé Publique (CARESP), Lomé, Togo
- Institut de Santé Publique Epidémiologie Développement (ISPED), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick A. Coffie
- Programme PACCI–Site ANRS Côte d’Ivoire, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département de Dermatologie et d’Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- CHU de Treichville, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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9
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Samje M, Sop S, Tayou CT, Mbanya D. Knowledge, attitude and seropositivity of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in the Bamenda Regional Hospital Blood Bank, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:33. [PMID: 34422156 PMCID: PMC8356930 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.33.28911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction despite the existence of a preventive vaccine against hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection, approximately 250 million people are infected with the virus worldwide. This study aimed at evaluating the level of knowledge, attitude and seropositivity of the disease among apparently healthy, potential blood donors at the blood service of the Bamenda Regional Hospital Blood Bank. Methods a cross-sectional study was carried out from March to May 2019 among 250 blood donors. Following screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using the one-step HBsAg test strip, information on the level of knowledge and attitude towards the infection was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The correlation analysis was done to assess relationships between selected factors and knowledge of hepatitis B, p-value of 0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Results the seropositivity of HBV was 6.4% (n = 16). Overall, 46.8% (n = 19) of the study participants had adequate knowledge while 76.3% (n = 31) had a positive attitude toward the disease. The highest seropositivity was observed in singles (7.1%; n = 13), primary school leavers (14.3%; n = 5), unskilled laborers (14.5%; n = 8) and replacement donors (9.33%; n = 7). The probability of being hepatitis B seropositive was higher in males, students (aOR: 8.8, 95% CI 0.7-96.1; p = 0.046) and those who had attained higher education (aOR: 3.2, 95% CI 0.8-12.7; p = 0.016). Independent factors responsible for higher odds of inadequate knowledge were being a male and attaining secondary education. On the contrary, students (aOR: 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8; p = 0.012) and those with a history of blood donation (aOR: 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9; p = 0.042) recorded lower odds of inadequate knowledge. Conclusion the prevalence of hepatitis B among blood donors in this blood service is in the high intermediate category. Overall, the level of knowledge on this infection among these blood donors is average. These findings suggest that health education on HBV infection should be provided to the public as a major strategy to curb the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Samje
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Sylvain Sop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Claude Tagny Tayou
- Service d'Hématologie et de Transfusion, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.,Service d'Hématologie et de Transfusion, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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10
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Kasraian L, Imanieh MH, Tabrizi R, Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Hosseini S. Prevalence of HBV and HCV Infections in Iranian Blood Donors; An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Middle East J Dig Dis 2021; 13:237-252. [PMID: 36606217 PMCID: PMC9489455 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2021.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awareness of the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, as blood transmitted infections, among blood donors can help policymakers improve the guidelines, share experiences, and estimate the blood safety over the country and in the region. We aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in Iranian blood donors based on the present published literature. METHODS A meta-analysis was carried out based on the results of an electronic literature search in the international and national databases for all articles published until October 2020. We selected studies that had appropriate sampling and valid statistical analysis as well as proper measurement methods. The heterogenic indices of the studies were determined using Cochran's (Q) and I-square (I2) tests. According to the heterogeneity results, a fixed or random-effects model was implemented to estimate the pooled prevalence of HBV and HCV. Meta-regression was conducted to explore the suspected sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS We included 61 and 58 eligible studies related to HBV and HCV, respectively. The pooled prevalence of HBV was 0.57% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47 - 0.67, I2: 99.9%) among the blood donors. The range of prevalence rates of HBV was between 0.10% and 2.34% in different areas of Iran. The pooled prevalence of HCV was 0.22% (95% CI: 0.20 - 0.24, I2: 98.64%) in blood donors, which varied between 0.02% and 1.09% in separate locations. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed that the year of publication, geographical location, and quality of the studies probably generated the heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HBV and HCV decreased steadily in Iranian blood donors during the past two decades. It should be asserted that most of the health policies and safety measures taken in recent years in Iran have been effective and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kasraian
- Department of Fars Blood Transfusion Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Imanieh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
,Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hossein Imanieh, MD Gastroenterohepatology Research Center,Nemazee Hospital Nemazee square, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Telefax: + 98 71 36474316
| | - Reza Tabrizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
,Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Deress T, Million Y, Belachew T, Jemal M, Girma M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Viral Infection in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:8873389. [PMID: 33897305 PMCID: PMC8052182 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8873389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus is a highly genetically heterogenous bloodborne pathogen that is responsible for acute and chronic hepatitis. Globally, an estimated 71 million population is chronically infected with this virus from which 399,000 people die every year. Its prevalence is high in Ethiopia and varies from region to region, even among different studies within a region. METHODS Electronic databases, including Science Direct, Medline, HINARI, African Journals Online, TRIP database, African Index Medicus, and Directory of Open Access Journals, searched from 2010 to 2020 and published articles were included. Due to evidence of considerable heterogeneity, the pooled prevalence of anti-HCV was analyzed using the random-effects model. The possible sources of heterogeneity were analyzed through subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. Funnel plots and Egger's test statistics were used to determine the presence of publication bias. RESULTS The analysis of 56 articles showed that the prevalence of anti-HCV in Ethiopia ranged from 0% to 22%. The pooled prevalence estimated was 2% (95% CI 2.0-3.0), and the meta-regression statistics indicated that the diagnostic method (p=0.037), study group (p=0.005), and level of bias (p=0.035) showed statistically significant association with the outcome variable. The sensitivity analysis claims no influence on the overall effect estimate while removing a single study from the analysis at a time. Egger's test statistics (p ≤ 0.001) declare the presence of publication bias that is handled using time and fill analysis. CONCLUSIONS The pooled prevalence of anti-HCV in Ethiopia was high. Predictor variables, including the diagnostic method, study group, and level of bias, showed a statistically significant relationship with the outcome variable. Strengthening the scope of existing prevention and control programs and implementing novel approaches, including screen-and-treat, could significantly help to tackle this critical public health issue. The study provides a current estimate which is valuable for policymakers and other responsible bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshiwal Deress
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yihenew Million
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Belachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohabaw Jemal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Girma
- Unit of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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12
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Yengo CK, Torimiro J, Kowo M, Lebon PA, Tiedeu BA, Luma H, Njoya O, Rowland-Jones S, Yindom LM. Variation of HLA class I (-A and -C) genes in individuals infected with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus in Cameroon. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05232. [PMID: 33102855 PMCID: PMC7569220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) work in concert with other immune factors to modulate immunity to viral infections. Extensive variation has been reported in the genetic sequences and functions of classical HLA class I genes in many (mostly Western) populations, and several HLA associations with infectious disease outcomes have been reported. Little is known about their role in the susceptibility or resistance to hepatitis viruses in Central African populations. The aim of this study was to determine variants of two HLA class I genes (HLA-A and -C) in adults infected with hepatitis B (HBV)- or -C (HCV) virus in Cameroon. In this case-control study, a total of 169 unrelated adults comprising 68 HCV-infected, 38 HBV-infected and 63 uninfected (controls) individuals participated. Each consented participant was screened for HBV, HCV, and HIV infections and willingly donated a single blood sample for genomic DNA isolation and some clinical laboratory tests. HLA-A and HLA-C were genotyped using previously described sequence-based techniques (SBT). A total of 54 HLA alleles were identified in the study population (27 HLA-A and 27 HLA-C). HLA-A∗23:01 and HLA-C∗07:01 were the most common alleles with genotype frequencies of 31.4% and 29.3%, respectively. Hepatitis individuals were six times more likely to be HLA-A∗30:01 carriers than uninfected controls (OR = 6.30, p = 0.020 (HBV); OR = 6.21, p = 0.010 (HCV), respectively). Similarly, carriers of HLA-C∗17:01 were over-represented in the HBV-infected compared to the uninfected control group (21.9% vs. 6.4%, respectively) suggesting that this allele could play a role in the susceptibility to HBV infection. These findings demonstrate that carriers of HLA-A∗30:01 were over-represented in the hepatitis group compared to uninfected controls while HLA-C∗17:01 was completely absent in the HCV + group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clauvis Kunkeng Yengo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Judith Torimiro
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mathurin Kowo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Awoumou Lebon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Barbara Atogho Tiedeu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Henry Luma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Oudou Njoya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louis-Marie Yindom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Torimiro J, Yengo CK, Bimela JS, Tiedeu AB, Lebon PA, Sake CS, Kouanfack C, Nchinda G, Rowland-Jones S, Yindom LM. Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Genotypes and Haplotypes Contribute to Susceptibility to Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Cameroon. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:110-115. [PMID: 31977279 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over 325 million people worldwide are living with hepatitis B and C viral infections and are at greater risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The interactions between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their cognate ligands, human leukocyte antigens, modulate both infection processes and disease progression. We report here (1) genotype and haplotype variations in KIR genes in Cameroon and (2) their impact on susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In 98 unrelated individuals (33 HCV+, 31 HBV+, and 34 uninfected healthy controls), we determined the presence of 15 KIR genes by polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer techniques. One pseudogene and all 14 KIR genes were present. We identified 36 KIR genotypes, 5 of which have not been previously reported in public databases. Two inhibitory (KIR2DL1 and KIR2DL3) and three activating (KIR2DS4, KIR2DS2, and KIR2DS3) genes were present in all HCV-infected individuals. Similarly, KIR3DL1, KIR2DL1, and KIR2DS4 were present at 100% in the HBV+ group. Compared with uninfected healthy controls, the frequencies of KIR2DL2 and KIR3DS1 were significantly lower in the HBV+ group (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, KIR3DS1 was significantly overrepresented in the HCV+ group compared with controls (97.0% vs. 64.7%, respectively, p < 0.001). These results may imply that KIR3DS1 carriers were less likely to be HBV infected, but may be predisposed to HCV infection compared with uninfected controls, indicating their important role in transmission of these viruses. However, phenotypic, functional, and genomic studies to elucidate the role of these KIR genotypes and haplotypes in infection with HBV and HCV are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Torimiro
- Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Clauvis Kunkeng Yengo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jude Saber Bimela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Atogho Barbara Tiedeu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Awoumou Lebon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carole Stephanie Sake
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Kouanfack
- Central Hospital of Yaoundé, AIDS Outpatient Clinic, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Public Health Department, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louis-Marie Yindom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Kamdem SD, Konhawa F, Kuemkon EM, Meyo Kamguia L, Tchanana GK, Nche F, Oumarou A, Hamza M, Ouratou Y, Tcheutchoua MN, Ghislain Essomba R, Ngogang MP, Kengne M, Netongo PM, Ondigui BE, Okomo Assoumou MC, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Negative Association of Interleukin-33 Plasma Levels and Schistosomiasis Infection in a Site of Polyparasitism in Rural Cameroon. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2827. [PMID: 31849991 PMCID: PMC6901687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma levels of IL-33, a mucosal alarmin known to elicit type-2 immunity, with infection and liver fibrosis profiles of school children from an endemic area for Schistosoma mansoni, malaria and hepatitis (B & C) in rural Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolling schoolchildren from 5 public schools was conducted. Single schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis infections or co-infections were assessed by kato katz, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests, respectively. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by ultrasound according to WHO Niamey guidelines and plasma levels of Interleukin 33 were determined by ELISA. All statistics were performed using R studio software. Principal findings: We found a prevalence of 13.5% (37/275), 18.2% (50/275), and 8% (22/275), respectively for schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis (B or C) single infections. Only 7.6% (21/275) of co-infections were reported. Although Plasma IL-33 showed a minimal negative risk for schistosomiasis infection (AOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97–1.01), S. mansoni infected participants had lower levels of plasma IL-33 (p = 0.003) which decreased significantly as eggs burdens increased (p = 0.01) with a negative Pearson coefficient of r = −0.22. Hepatic fibrosis occurred in 47.3% (130/275) of our study population independently from plasma levels of IL-33 (AOR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99–1.01). Conclusion/Significance: Our data failed to show an association between plasma IL-33 levels and liver disease but convincingly report on a negative association between plasma IL-33 levels and schistosomiasis infection and egg burden in school children from a polyparasitic schistosomiasis endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis Konhawa
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Erve Martial Kuemkon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leonel Meyo Kamguia
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gladys K Tchanana
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,CIAB EXACT Medical Laboratory, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frungwa Nche
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Yasmine Ouratou
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - René Ghislain Essomba
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Michel Kengne
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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15
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Fopa D, Candotti D, Tagny CT, Doux C, Mbanya D, Murphy EL, Kenawy HI, El Chenawi F, Laperche S. Occult hepatitis B infection among blood donors from Yaoundé, Cameroon. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2019; 17:403-408. [PMID: 31846605 PMCID: PMC6917532 DOI: 10.2450/2019.0182-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Cameroon, the prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission by blood transfusion is still only based on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening. However, occult HBV infection (OBI) characterised by the absence of detectable HBsAg and low level of viral DNA remains a potential threat for blood safety. The prevalence of OBI was investigated in blood donors from Yaoundé to provide evidence-based recommendations to improve HBV blood safety. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood donations from August 1st, 2016 to March 31st, 2017 were routinely screened for HBV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (Murex HBsAg Version 3, Murex HIV Ag/Ab Combination, and Murex HCV Ag/Ab Combination [DiaSorin]). Additional HBV investigations were performed, including hepatitis B core antibody ([HBc] Monolisa Anti-HBc PLUS; BIO-RAD) and HBV DNA tested in minipools of two samples using the quantitative Cobas Taqman HBV assay (Roche; LoQ: 6 IU/mL) and HBV DNA genotyping by sequencing. RESULTS Of 1,162 donations analysed, 91 (7.8%) were reactive for HBsAg. All of them were also anti-HBc positive. Among the 1,071 HBsAg negative samples, 522 (48.7%) were reactive for anti-HBc. Six (0.56% of all donations) samples fulfilled the consensus definition of OBI and showed low HBV DNA loads (all <6 IU/mL). Following nested polymerase chain reaction amplifications, HBV DNA sequences were obtained for 4 of these samples (1 nearly whole genome [3123 nt], 2 Pre-S/S regions [1,356 nt], and 1 S region [445 nt]). Phylogenetic analysis identified genotype E in all samples. DISCUSSION Around 1 in 100 Cameroonian blood donors screened who resulted HBsAg negative and anti-HBc positive carried occult HBV infection. HBsAg alone for screening prospective donors is not sufficient to eliminate the risk of HBV transfusion transmission in Cameroon, and because anti-HBc screening does not seem to be feasible without compromising blood supply, implementation of HBV nucleic acid testing could be considered when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diderot Fopa
- Haematology and Transfusion Service, University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Daniel Candotti
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, Department of Blood Borne Agents, National Reference Center for Infectious Risks in Blood Transfusion, Paris, France
| | - Claude T. Tagny
- Haematology and Transfusion Service, University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Camille Doux
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, Department of Blood Borne Agents, National Reference Center for Infectious Risks in Blood Transfusion, Paris, France
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Haematology and Transfusion Service, University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edward L. Murphy
- University of California San Francisco and Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Hany I. Kenawy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Syria Laperche
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, Department of Blood Borne Agents, National Reference Center for Infectious Risks in Blood Transfusion, Paris, France
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16
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Eloumou SAFB, Mefo'o JPN, Nga WTB, Kenfack GU, Yakana L, Malongue A, Okalla C, Kowo M, Andoulo FA, Tzeuton C, Bidja MSD, Namme HL, Adiogo D, Noah DN. [Cryoglobulin and factors associated with it in patient with anti-hepatitis-C antibodies living in resource-limited countries]. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:169. [PMID: 31565130 PMCID: PMC6756798 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.169.19162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION hepatitis C virus (HCV) has several extra-hepatic manifestations including cryoglubulinemia. Cryoglobulinemia is defined as the abnormal presence in the blood of one or several proteins (cryoglobulins) that can precipitate at low temperatures. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional analytical study in the Laboratory of Biology and in the Unit of Hepatology of the General Hospital in Douala (HGD) over a period of 6 months. All patients agreeing to participate to the study and with anti-hepatitis-C antibodies under treatment or not were enrolled. Cryoglobulins were detected using biuret method and the classification was performed using Brouet immunoelectrophoresis. A multivariate analysis was conducted, confounding factors such as age, sex and the length of time after Hepatitis C Virus screening were adjusted. RESULTS The study enrolled 116 patients. The average age of patients was 58.47±9.95 years. Male sex accounted for 50.86% of cases. Arthralgia was found in 69.80% of cases. Cryoglobulin was found in 63.80% of patients. After adjustment, female sex (OR =2.18; CI 95% [0,97-4,90]; p= 0.059), asthenia alone (OR =2.45;CI 95% [1,04-5,80]; p= 0.041), asthenia combined with arthralgia (OR =2.84;CI 95% [1,13-7, 10]; p= 0.026) and the presence of HCV RNA (OR =2.84;CI 95% [1,13-7,10]; p= 0.028) were factors independently associated with the presence of cryoglobulin. CONCLUSION The prevalence of cryoglobubin is high in patients with anti-hepatitis-C antibodies at the HGD. Simple biological methods are used to detect it. Cryoglobulin test in patients with HCV is essential in resource-limited countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servais Albert Fiacre Bagnaka Eloumou
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Jean Pierre Nda Mefo'o
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Service de Biologie, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Winnie Tatiana Bekolo Nga
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Gabin Ulrich Kenfack
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé I, Cameroun
| | - Linus Yakana
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Agnès Malongue
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Cecile Okalla
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Service de Biologie, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Mathurin Kowo
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé I, Cameroun
| | | | - Christian Tzeuton
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Centre Médical des Capucines, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Marie Solange Doualla Bidja
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Henry Luma Namme
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Général de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales, Université de Yaoundé I, Cameroun
| | - Dieudonne Adiogo
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Dominique Noah Noah
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
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Adjei CA, Stutterheim SE, Naab F, Ruiter RAC. Chronic Hepatitis B stigma in Ghana: a qualitative study with patients and providers. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025503. [PMID: 31248915 PMCID: PMC6597648 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored beliefs contributing to Hepatitis B stigma, and the ways in which Hepatitis B stigma manifests, from the perspectives of people with chronic Hepatitis B as well as healthcare providers in Northern and Southern Ghana. DESIGN We used an exploratory qualitative design with a purposive sampling technique. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. Data were processed using QSR Nvivo V.10.0 and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. SETTINGS Participants were recruited from one tertiary and one regional hospital in Ghana between February and November 2017. PARTICIPANTS Overall, 18 people with chronic Hepatitis B (PWHB) and 47 healthcare providers (primary care physicians, nurses and midwives) between the ages of 21 and 57 years participated in the study. RESULTS PWHB face stigma in their sociocultural context and the healthcare environment. Three main beliefs underlying stigma were found: (1) the belief that Hepatitis B is highly contagious; (2) the belief that Hepatitis B is very severe and (3) the belief that Hepatitis B is caused by curses. Stigmatisation manifested as avoidance and social isolation (discrimination). In healthcare settings, stigmatisation manifested as excessive cautiousness, procedure postponement or avoidance, task-shifting and breaches of confidentiality. CONCLUSIONS Given the prevalence of incorrect knowledge, as reflected in the beliefs about Hepatitis B, we recommend public awareness campaigns that emphasise Hepatitis B transmission routes. Also, given the manifestations of the stigma in healthcare settings, we recommend the development and implementation of a continuing professional development programme on Hepatitis B and adjusted policy on Hepatitis B vaccination for Healthcare providers (HCPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ampong Adjei
- Community Health Nursing Department, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Stutterheim
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Florence Naab
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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18
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Chabrol F, Noah Noah D, Tchoumi EP, Vidal L, Kuaban C, Carrieri MP, Boyer S. Screening, diagnosis and care cascade for viral hepatitis B and C in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a qualitative study of patients and health providers coping with uncertainty and unbearable costs. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025415. [PMID: 30898817 PMCID: PMC6475147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To document patients' and healthcare professionals' (HCP) experiences with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis and care, as well as consequences of these infections on patients' life trajectories in Cameroon, an endemic country in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN Qualitative sociological study combining in-depth interviews and observations of medical consultations. Interviews and observations transcripts were thematically analysed according to the following themes: circumstances and perceptions surrounding hepatitis screening, counselling and disclosure, information provided by HCP on hepatitis prevention and treatment, experience of access to care and treatment, social/economic trajectories after diagnosis. SETTING HIV and gastroenterology/medical services in two reference public hospitals in Yaoundé (Cameroon). PARTICIPANTS 12 patients affected by HBV and/or HCV (co-infected or not with HIV), 14 HCP, 14 state and international stakeholders. FINDINGS Many patients are screened for HBV and HCV at a time of great emotional and economic vulnerability. The information and counselling delivered after diagnosis is limited and patients report feeling alone, distressed and unprepared to cope with their infection. After screening positive, patients struggle with out-of-pocket expenditures related to the large number of tests prescribed by physicians to assess disease stage and to decide whether treatment is needed. These costs are so exorbitant that many decide against clinical and biological follow-up. For those who do pay, the consequences on their social and economic life trajectories are catastrophic. CONCLUSION Large out-of-pocket expenditures related to biological follow-up and treatment pose a real challenge to receiving appropriate care. Free or reasonably priced access to hepatitis B and C treatments can only be effective and efficient at reducing the hepatitis disease burden if the screening algorithm and the whole pretherapeutic assessment package are simplified, standardised and subsidised by comprehensive national policies orientated towards universal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chabrol
- Centre Population et Développement (CEPED), French Institute for Research on Sustainable Development (IRD), Université de Paris, INSERM SAGESUD, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Vidal
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé &Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Christopher Kuaban
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maria Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé &Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Boyer
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé &Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
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19
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Bigna JJ, Kenne AM, Hamroun A, Ndangang MS, Foka AJ, Tounouga DN, Lenain R, Amougou MA, Nansseu JR. Gender development and hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:16. [PMID: 30827278 PMCID: PMC6398223 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Africa is a region of hyper endemicity to viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infections, there is limited data on their related burden among pregnant women. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the magnitude of these infections among pregnant women living in Africa and investigate its association with gender-related human development indicators. Main text We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus, with no language restriction, to identify observational studies on HBV and HCV infections in pregnant women residing in Africa published from January 1, 2000 until December 31, 2017. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of HBV and/or HCV infection(s) (HBs antigen and HCV antibodies) and/or infectivity (HBe antigen or detectable HCV viral load). Each study was independently reviewed for methodological quality. We used a random-effects model meta-analysis to pool studies. In total, 145 studies (258 251 participants, 30 countries) were included, of which 120 (82.8%) had a low, 24 (16.5%) a moderate, and one (0.7%) had a high risk of bias. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infections was 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.1–7.6, 113 studies) and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.6–4.2, 58 studies), respectively. The prevalence of HBe antigen and HCV detectable viral load was 18.9% (95% CI: 14.4–23.9) and 62.3% (95% CI: 51.6–72.5) in HBV positive and HCV positive pregnant women, respectively. The multivariable meta-regression analysis showed that the prevalence of HBV infection increased with decreasing gender development index, males’ level of education and females’ expected years of schooling. Furthermore, this prevalence was higher in rural areas and in western and central Africa. The prevalence of HCV infection increased with decreasing proportion of seats held by women in parliament. Conclusions To address the burden of HBV and HCV infections, beyond well-known risk factors at the individual-level, macro-level factors including gender-related human development indicators and dwelling in rural areas should be considered. In Africa, HBV or HCV infected mothers seems to have high potential of transmission to their children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-019-0526-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Joel Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France.
| | - Angeladine M Kenne
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aghiles Hamroun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France.,Department of Nephrology, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Marie S Ndangang
- Department of Medical Information and Informatics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Audrey Joyce Foka
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Rémi Lenain
- Department of Nephrology, Huriez Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,MethodS in Patient-centered outcomes & HEalth ResEarch (EA 4275 SPHERE), Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Marie A Amougou
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jobert Richie Nansseu
- Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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20
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Rodgers MA, Holzmayer V, Vallari A, Olivo A, Forberg K, Fuhrman J, Coller KE, Awazi B, Kenmegne Sidje JB, Frankel MB, Berg MG, Mbanya D, Ndembi N, Cloherty GA. Hepatitis C virus surveillance and identification of human pegivirus 2 in a large Cameroonian cohort. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:30-37. [PMID: 30187640 PMCID: PMC7379692 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the presence of human pegivirus 2 (HPgV-2) have not been examined in Cameroon, although HCV has been associated with HPgV-2 infections previously. Herein we aimed to characterize the burden and genetic diversity of HCV and the presence of HPgV-2 in Cameroon. Retrospective plasma specimens collected from N = 12 369 consenting subjects in South Cameroon from 2013 to 2016 were included in the study. The majority (97.1%) of participants were patients seeking health care. All specimens were screened for HCV using the Abbott RealTime HCV viral load assay and positive specimens with remaining volume were also screened for HPgV-2 antibodies on the Abbott ARCHITECT instrument, followed by molecular characterization. Overall, HCV RNA was detected in 305 (2.47%; 95% CI: 2.21%-2.75%) specimens. Notably, the prevalence of HCV RNA was 9.09% amongst participants over age 40 and 3.81% amongst males. Phylogenetic classification of N = 103 HCV sequences identified genotypes 1 (19.4%), 2 (15.5%) and 4 (65.1%) within the study cohort. Amongst HCV RNA-positive specimens, N = 28 (10.6%; 95% CI: 7.44%-14.90%) specimens also had detectable HPgV-2 antibodies. Of these, N = 2 viremic HPgV-2 infections were confirmed by sequencing and shared 93-94 median % identity with strains found on other continents. This is the first study to determine the prevalence of chronic HCV in Cameroon, and the discovery of HPgV-2 in this study cohort expands the geography of HPgV-2 to the African continent, indicating a widespread distribution exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Olivo
- Abbott LaboratoriesAbbott ParkIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | | | - Bih Awazi
- Université de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | | | | | | | - Dora Mbanya
- Université de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon,University of BamendaBamendaCameroon
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21
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Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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