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Minetti ET, Erythropel HC, Keith R, Davis DR, Zimmerman JB, Krishnan-Sarin S, Hamburg NM. Cardiovascular Health Effects and Synthetic Cooling Agents in E-cigarettes Labeled as 'clear' Marketed in Massachusetts After the Tobacco Product Flavoring Ban. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.18.24305863. [PMID: 38699355 PMCID: PMC11065038 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.24305863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Massachusetts (MA) enacted statewide regulation on all flavored tobacco products in June 2020. Thereafter, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) labeled 'clear' emerged on the market. We aimed to combine cardiovascular health effects with chemical analysis of 'clear' e-cigarettes. Methods We measured acute changes in blood pressure and heart rate following a 10-minute structured use of participants' own e-cigarette, comparing 'clear' e-cigarette users with other flavored e-cigarette users and non-users. Chemical characterization and quantification of relevant flavorings and cooling agents (WS-3, WS-23) of 19 'clear'-labeled disposable e-cigarette liquids was carried out by GC/MS. Results After the ban, participants that used 'clear' labeled e-cigarettes increased from 0% to 21%. Increase in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate was significantly greater in 'clear' e-cigarettes users (n=22) compared to both non-'clear' flavored e-cigarette users (n=114) and non-users (n=72). We saw similar results in heart rate when comparing Juul e-cigarette and 'clear' users; Juul was used as a reference as synthetic coolants WS-3 or WS-23 were not detected in these.All (19/19) 'clear' e-liquids were found to contain synthetic cooling agents WS-23 and/or WS-3, menthol (18/19), as well as other flavorings (12/19). Discussion The detected presence of menthol alongside other flavorings in tested 'clear' products is a direct violation of the MA flavored tobacco product regulation, warranting stricter monitoring for new products and constituents. 'clear' e-cigarette use led to greater hemodynamic effects compared to other flavored e-cigarettes and Juul, which raises questions about the effect of cooling agents on users.
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Amraotkar AR, Owolabi US, Malovichko MV, Majid S, Weisbrod RM, Benjamin EJ, Fetterman JL, Hirsch GA, Srivastava S, Poudel R, Robertson RM, Bhatnagar A, Hamburg NM, Keith RJ. Association of electronic cigarette use with circulating angiogenic cell levels in healthy young adults: Evidence for chronic systemic injury. Vasc Med 2023; 28:18-27. [PMID: 36503365 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x221126205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) are indicative of vascular health and repair capacity; however, their relationship with chronic e-cigarette use is unclear. This study aims to assess the association between e-cigarette use and CAC levels. METHODS We analyzed CAC levels in 324 healthy participants aged 21-45 years from the cross-sectional Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use study in four groups: never tobacco users (n = 65), sole e-cigarette users (n = 19), sole combustible cigarette users (n = 212), and dual users (n = 28). A total of 15 CAC subpopulations with four cell surface markers were measured using flow cytometry: CD146 (endothelial), CD34 (stem), CD45 (leukocyte), and AC133 (early progenitor/stem). Generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log-link were generated to assess association between CACs and smoking status. Benjamini-Hochberg were used to adjust p-values for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The cohort was 47% female, 51% Black/African American, with a mean (± SD) age of 31 ± 7 years. Sole cigarette use was significantly associated with higher levels of two endothelial marker CACs (Q ⩽ 0.05). Dual users had higher levels of four endothelial marker CACs and one early progenitor/stem marker CAC (Q ⩽ 0.05). Sole e-cigarette users had higher levels of one endothelial and one leukocyte marker CAC (Q ⩽ 0.05). CONCLUSION Dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes was associated with higher levels of endothelial origin CACs, indicative of vascular injury. Sole use of e-cigarettes was associated with higher endothelial and inflammatory CACs, suggesting ongoing systemic injury. Distinct patterns of changes in CAC subpopulations suggest that CACs may be informative biomarkers of changes in vascular health due to tobacco product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Amraotkar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ugochukwu S Owolabi
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sana Majid
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenn A Hirsch
- Department of Cardiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ram Poudel
- American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Majid S, Weisbrod RM, Fetterman JL, Keith RJ, Rizvi SHM, Zhou Y, Behrooz L, Robertson RM, Bhatnagar A, Conklin DJ, Hamburg NM. Pod-based e-liquids impair human vascular endothelial cell function. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280674. [PMID: 36701344 PMCID: PMC9879485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pod-based electronic (e-) cigarettes more efficiently deliver nicotine using a protonated formulation. The cardiovascular effects associated with these devices are poorly understood. We evaluated whether pod-based e-liquids and their individual components impair endothelial cell function. We isolated endothelial cells from people who are pod users (n = 10), tobacco never users (n = 7), and combustible cigarette users (n = 6). After a structured use, pod users had lower acetylcholine-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation compared with never users and was similar to levels from combustible cigarette users (overall P = 0.008, P = 0.01 pod vs never; P = 0.96 pod vs combustible cigarette). The effects of pod-based e-cigarettes and their constituents on vascular cell function were further studied in commercially available human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) incubated with flavored JUUL e-liquids or propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerol (VG) at 30:70 ratio with or without 60 mg/mL nicotine salt for 90 min. A progressive increase in cell death with JUUL e-liquid exposure was observed across 0.0001-1% dilutions; PG:VG vehicle with and without nicotine salt induced cell death. A23187-stimulated nitric oxide production was decreased with all JUUL e-liquid flavors, PG:VG and nicotine salt exposures. Aerosols generated by JUUL e-liquid heating similarly decreased stimulated nitric oxide production. Only mint flavored e-liquids increased inflammation and menthol flavored e-liquids enhanced oxidative stress in HAECs. In conclusion, pod e-liquids and their individual components appear to impair endothelial cell function. These findings indicate the potential harm of pod-based devices on endothelial cell function and thus may be relevant to cardiovascular injury in pod type e-cigarette users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Majid
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Weisbrod
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rachel J. Keith
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Syed H. M. Rizvi
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yuxiang Zhou
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Leili Behrooz
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Naomi M. Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Berenguer C, Pereira JAM, Câmara JS. Urinary volatomic profile of traditional tobacco smokers and electronic cigarettes users as a strategy to unveil potential health issues. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:582-593. [PMID: 34741791 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many harmful and potentially harmful constituents are present in tobacco products. Cigarette smoke is known to cause different forms of cancer and trigger the development of chronic diseases. In the last decade, electronic cigarettes have emerged as a healthier alternative associated to less harmful effects in comparison to traditional tobacco. However, the lack of standardization of electronic cigarettes products makes it difficult to establish and compare the real effects on health of products from different manufacturers. To better understand the impact of smoking and vaping, the volatomic composition of urine samples from traditional tobacco smokers and electronic cigarette users was established and compared with nonsmokers (control group), using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 45 urinary volatile organic metabolites belonging to different chemical families were identified in the urine of the studied groups. Benzene derivatives, terpenes, and aromatics were the chemical families that contributed the most to the urinary profile of smokers. The vapers urinary volatomic pattern was also dominated by terpenes and aromatics, in addition to alcohols. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis of the data obtained indicated that the urinary profile of vapers is more closely related to the control group, reinforcing the hypothesis of the lowest harmfulness of electronic cigarettes. Further studies recruiting a higher number of subjects are therefore necessary to consolidate the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Berenguer
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
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Majid S, Keith RJ, Fetterman JL, Weisbrod RM, Nystoriak J, Wilson T, Stokes AC, Blaha MJ, Srivastava S, Robertson RM, Bhatnagar A, Hamburg NM. Lipid profiles in users of combustible and electronic cigarettes. Vasc Med 2021; 26:483-488. [PMID: 34013801 PMCID: PMC10026074 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x211009313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use has especially risen among adolescents and young adults. The aim of this study was to investigate fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles in chronic combustible cigarette and electronic cigarette users. We evaluated participants aged 21 to 45 (n = 525, mean age 31 ± 7 years, 45% women) without established cardiovascular disease or risk factors who were combustible cigarette users (n = 290), electronic cigarette users (n = 131; 65 sole users and 66 dual users), or never users (n = 104). In the first wave of enrollment (2014-2017), electronic cigarette users reported their products as first, second and third generation devices (e-cig users) and were all largely current (i.e., dual) or former (sole) combustible cigarette users, whereas in the second wave of enrollment (2019-2020), electronic cigarette users all reported pod-based device use (pod users) and included more sole users who were never smokers. In multivariable-adjusted analyses comparing to never users, both sole e-cig users and combustible cigarette users had higher glucose and triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Dual e-cig users showed higher triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lower HDL cholesterol compared to never users. In contrast, pod users (both sole and dual) had lipid profiles and glucose levels similar to never users. Overall, users of early generation electronic cigarettes display adverse metabolic profiles. In contrast, pod-based electronic cigarette users have similar lipid profiles to never users. Future studies are needed to understand the cumulative effects of electronic cigarette use on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Majid
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M. Weisbrod
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Nystoriak
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Tabitha Wilson
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Michael J Blaha
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Sami A, Elimairi I, Patangia D, Watkins C, Ryan CA, Ross RP, Stanton C. The ultra-structural, metabolomic and metagenomic characterisation of the sudanese smokeless tobacco 'Toombak'. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1498-1512. [PMID: 34401360 PMCID: PMC8355839 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toombak, a form of moist smokeless tobacco from Sudan is placed as a dip in the oral cavity most commonly used by males. The microbiome of Toombak predominantly consists of the phyla, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria while abundant species include Corynebacterium casei, Atopostipes suicloacalis and Oceanobacillus chironomi. High concentrations of iron, volatile aldehydes and tobacco specific nitrosamines were found in Toombak and can lead to toxicity. Toombak has a non-homogenous abrasive surface with a high sodium level in the ready to buy form that can damage the oral mucosa. New measures must be taken in Sudan to limit harmful compounds in Toombak.
Toombak is a smokeless tobacco produced from the Nicotiana rustica tobacco plant from Sudan. Pre-prepared and ready to buy Toombak samples were analysed using mass spectrometry (heavy metals), gas and liquid chromatography (metabolomics), 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing (microbiome) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and pH analysis. Chromium, cobalt, and copper were high in the pre-prepared form of Toombak while iron, tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were high in both types. Firmicutes and Actinobacteria dominated Toombak. Samples of ready to buy Toombak showed inter-variational differences depending on place of purchase. We found Virgibacillus were increased in the pre-prepared form while Corynebacterium casei, Atopococus tabaci, Atopostipes suicloacalis, Oceanobacillus chironomi and Staphylococcus gallinarum were the most abundant species in the ready to buy forms. PICRUSt analysis highlighted increased activity of metal transport systems in the ready to buy samples as well as an antibiotic transport system. SEM-EDX highlighted large non-homogenous, irregular particles with increased sodium, while pH of samples was in the alkaline range. The final composition of Toombak is affected by its method of preparation and the end product has the potential to impart many negative consequences on the health of its users. TSNA levels observed in Toombak were some of the highest in the world while the micro-environment of Toombak supports a distinct microbiota profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Sami
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum, 1111, Sudan
| | - Imad Elimairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, National Ribat University, Nile Street, Khartoum, 1111, Sudan
| | - Dhrati Patangia
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
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Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. Modifiable risk factors including cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, poor diet quality, obesity, and physical inactivity, along with underlying genetic factors contribute to lower extremity atherosclerosis. Patients with PAD often have coexistent coronary or cerebrovascular disease, and increased likelihood of major adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. Patients with PAD often have reduced walking capacity and are at risk of acute and chronic critical limb ischemia leading to major adverse limb events, such as peripheral revascularization or amputation. The presence of polyvascular disease identifies the highest risk patient group for major adverse cardiovascular events, and patients with prior critical limb ischemia, prior lower extremity revascularization, or amputation have a heightened risk of major adverse limb events. Medical therapies have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and major adverse limb events, and improving function in patients with PAD by modulating key disease determining pathways including inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. Treatment with guideline-recommended therapies, including smoking cessation, lipid lowering drugs, optimal glucose control, and antithrombotic medications lowers the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events and major adverse limb events. Exercise training and cilostazol improve walking capacity. The heterogeneity of risk profile in patients with PAD supports a personalized approach, with consideration of treatment intensification in those at high risk of adverse events. This review highlights the medical therapies currently available to improve outcomes in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Bonaca
- Division of Cardiology, CPC Clinical Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (M.P.B.)
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Vascular Biology, Boston Medical Center, MA (N.M.H.)
| | - Mark A Creager
- Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH (M.A.C.)
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Chung CJ, Hsu HT, Chang CH, Li SW, Liu CS, Chung MC, Wu GW, Jung WT, Kuo YJ, Lee HL. Relationships among cigarette smoking, urinary biomarkers, and urothelial carcinoma risk: a case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43177-43185. [PMID: 32729033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a known risk factor for urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, there is limited information about the distributions and effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on smoking-related UC risk. With this hospital-based case-control study, we explored the associations between urinary levels of cotinine and VOC metabolites (acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene) and the risk of UC. Urological examinations and pathological verifications were used to confirm the diagnoses of UC. All study participants provided smoking-related information via questionnaires and face-to-face interviews; they also provided urine samples for the measurement of VOC metabolites, cotinine, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which was used as an indicator of oxidative stress. We applied multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the risk of UC, and we found that levels of urinary cotinine and 8-OHdG were higher in the UC group than in the control group. Furthermore, urinary levels of VOC metabolites, including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine-3, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), increased with increasing levels of urinary cotinine. After adjusting for potential risk factors, dose-response relationships were observed between UC risk and urinary levels of AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG. Participants with high urinary levels of cotinine, AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG had risks of UC that were 3.5- to 6-fold higher than those of participants with lower levels. Future, large-scale investigations of the risks of UC should be explored, and repeated measurement of VOC metabolites should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Tsung Hsu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Li
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Chi Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Wei Wu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jung Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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Keith RJ, Fetterman JL, Orimoloye OA, Dardari Z, Lorkiewicz PK, Hamburg NM, DeFilippis AP, Blaha MJ, Bhatnagar A. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites in Cigarette Smokers, Electronic Nicotine Device Users, Dual Users, and Nonusers of Tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:264-272. [PMID: 30759242 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited research exists about the possible cardiovascular effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). We therefore sought to compare exposure to known or potentially cardiotoxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ENDS users, smokers, and dual users. METHODS A total of 371 individuals from the Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use study, a cross-sectional study of healthy participants aged 21-45 years, were categorized as nonusers of tobacco (n = 87), sole ENDS users (n = 17), cigarette smokers (n = 237), and dual users (n = 30) based on 30-day self-reported tobacco product use patterns. Participants provided urine samples for VOC and nicotine metabolite measurement. We assessed associations between tobacco product use and VOC metabolite measures using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. RESULTS Mean (SD) age of the population was 32 (±6.8) years, 55% men. Mean urinary cotinine level in nonusers of tobacco was 2.6 ng/mg creatinine, whereas cotinine levels were similar across all tobacco product use categories (851.6-910.9 ng/mg creatinine). In multivariable-adjusted models, sole ENDS users had higher levels of metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and xylene compared with nonusers of tobacco, but lower levels of most VOC metabolites compared with cigarette smokers or dual users. In direct comparison of cigarettes smokers and dual users, we found lower levels of metabolites of styrene and xylene in dual users. CONCLUSION Although sole ENDS use may be associated with lower VOC exposure compared to cigarette smoking, further study is required to determine the potential health effects of the higher levels of certain reactive aldehydes, including acrolein, in ENDS users compared with nonusers of tobacco. IMPLICATIONS ENDS use in conjunction with other tobacco products may not significantly reduce exposure to VOC, but sole use does generally reduce some VOC exposure and warrants more in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Keith
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Olusola A Orimoloye
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zeina Dardari
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Michael J Blaha
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association Tobacco, Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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10
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Fetterman JL, Keith RJ, Palmisano JN, McGlasson KL, Weisbrod RM, Majid S, Bastin R, Stathos MM, Stokes AC, Robertson RM, Bhatnagar A, Hamburg NM. Alterations in Vascular Function Associated With the Use of Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014570. [PMID: 32345096 PMCID: PMC7428567 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been proposed as a potential harm reduction tool for combustible cigarette smokers. The majority of adult e-cigarette users continue to smoke combustible cigarettes and are considered dual users. The vascular impact of e-cigarettes remains incompletely defined. Methods and Results We examined the association of e-cigarette use with measures of vascular function and tonometry, preclinical measures of cardiovascular injury. As part of the CITU (Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use) study, we performed noninvasive vascular function testing in individuals without known cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors who were nonsmokers (n=94), users of combustible cigarettes (n=285), users of e-cigarettes (n=36), or dual users (n=52). In unadjusted analyses, measures of arterial stiffness including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, carotid-radial pulse wave velocity, and central blood pressures differed across the use groups. In multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, race, and study site, combustible cigarette smokers had higher augmentation index compared with nonusers (129.8±1.5 versus 118.8±2.7, P=0.003). The augmentation index was similar between combustible cigarette smokers compared with sole e-cigarette users (129.8±1.5 versus 126.2±5.9, P=1.0) and dual users (129.8±1.5 versus 134.9±4.0, P=1.0). Endothelial cells from combustible cigarette smokers and sole e-cigarette users produced less nitric oxide in response to A23187 stimulation compared with nonsmokers, suggestive of impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling. Conclusions Our findings suggest that e-cigarette use is not associated with a more favorable vascular profile. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the long-term risks of sustained e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | - Rachel J Keith
- University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville KY
| | - Joseph N Palmisano
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | - Kathleen L McGlasson
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | - Sana Majid
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | - Reena Bastin
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | - Mary Margaret Stathos
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
| | | | | | | | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA
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Atorvastatin enhances endothelial adherens junctions through promoting VE-PTP gene transcription and reducing VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 117:7-14. [PMID: 29894844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is essential for endothelial cells (ECs) adherens junction and vascular homeostasis; however, the regulatory mechanism of VE-PTP transcription is unknown, and a drug able to promote VE-PTP expression in ECs has not yet been reported in the literature. In this study, we used human ECs as a model to explore small molecule compounds able to promote VE-PTP expression, and found that atorvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor widely used in the clinic to treat hypercholesterolemia-related cardiovascular diseases, strongly promoted VE-PTP transcription in ECs through activating the VE-PTP promoter and upregulating the expression of the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (SP1). Additionally, atorvastatin markedly reduced VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation induced by cigarette smoke extract and significantly enhanced stability of endothelial adherens junctions. Together, our findings reveal that atorvastatin up-regulates VE-PTP expression, increases VE-cadherin protein levels, and decreases VE-cadherin-Y731 phosphorylation to strengthen EC adherens junctions and maintain vascular cell monolayer integrity, offering a new mechanism of atorvastatin against CSE-induced disruption of vascular integrity and relevant cardio-cerebrovascular disease.
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