Antibiotic use in children with asthma: cohort study in UK and Dutch primary care databases

A study on viruses and bacteria with particular interest on Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with exacerbation of asthma from a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka

Asthma is a significant public health concern, particularly in children with severe symptoms. Exacerbation of asthma (EOA) is life-threatening, and respiratory infections (RIs) play a crucial role. Though viruses play a significant role in EOA, patients are empirically treated with antibiotics, contributing to antibiotic resistance development. Although there are widely reported associations of EOA with viral or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, there are no published data for Sri Lanka. The present study aimed to identify the association of common respiratory viruses, typical respiratory bacterial pathogens and M. pneumoniae in children with EOA and relate them with the compatibility of antimicrobial use. A case-control study was conducted in the paediatric unit of North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, involving two groups of children between 5 and 15 years of age. Group 1 is children with EOA and Group 2 is children with stable asthma (SA). Each group consisted of 100 children. Sputum/throat swabs were tested for common respiratory viruses using virus-specific fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), bacteria by routine culture, and M. pneumoniae by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Macrolide resistance in M. pneumoniae was detected using conventional PCR and sequencing specific genetic mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. M. pneumoniae was genotyped using nested multilocus sequence typing, which targeted eight housekeeping genes (ppa, pgm, gyrB, gmk, glyA, atpA, arcC and adk). There was no significant difference in age, gender, demographic or geographical location between the two groups. In children with EOA, antibiotics were used in 66 % (66/100) and macrolides in 42 % (42/100). Samples comprised 78 % (78/100) sputum and 22 % (22/100) throat swabs. Adenovirus was the most common virus identified, and it was significantly higher in children with EOA compared to those with SA. Still, the two groups had no significant difference in typical bacteria findings. M. pneumoniae was detected in one patient with EOA, but none was detected in the SA group. The M. pneumoniae was macrolide-sensitive and ST14 by multilocus sequence typing. This study showed that the empiric use of antibiotics in children with asthma might be better targeted with prior pathogen screening to inform appropriate treatment to minimize antibiotic resistance.

Comparison of chest radiograph and lung ultrasound in children with acute respiratory failure

PURPOSE

Chest x-ray (CXR) is the standard imaging used to evaluate children in acute respiratory distress and failure. Our objective was to compare the lung-imaging techniques of CXR and lung ultrasound (LUS) in the evaluation of children with acute respiratory failure (ARF) to quantify agreement and to determine which technique identified a higher frequency of pulmonary abnormalities.

METHODS

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of LUS in children with ARF from 12/2018 to 02/2020 completed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA). Children > 37.0 weeks corrected gestational age and ≤ 18 years of age admitted to the PICU with ARF were evaluated with LUS. We compared CXR and LUS completed within 6 h of each other. Kappa statistics (k) adjusted for maximum attainable agreement (k/kmax) were used to quantify agreement between imaging techniques and descriptive statistics were used to describe the frequency of abnormalities.

RESULTS

Eighty-eight children had LUS completed, 32 with concomitant imaging completed within 6 h are included. There was fair agreement between LUS and CXR derived diagnoses with 58% agreement (k/kmax = 0.36). Evaluation of imaging patterns included: normal, 57% agreement (k = 0.032); interstitial pattern, 47% agreement (k = 0.003); and consolidation, 65% agreement (k = 0.29). CXR identified more imaging abnormalities than LUS.

CONCLUSIONS

There is fair agreement between CXR and LUS-derived diagnoses in children with ARF. Given this, clinicians should consider the benefits and limitations of specific imaging modalities when evaluating children with ARF. Additional studies are necessary to further define the role of LUS in pediatric ARF given the small sample size of our study.

Current Approaches in the Multimodal Management of Asthma in Adolescents-From Pharmacology to Personalized Therapy

Asthma and adolescence are two sensitive points and are difficult to manage when they coexist. The first is a chronic respiratory condition, with frequent onset in early childhood (between 3 and 5 years), which can improve or worsen with age. Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood (12-19 years), marked by various internal and external conflicts and a limited capacity to understand and accept any aspect that is delimited by the pattern of the social circle (of the entourage) frequented by the individual. Therefore, the clinician is faced with multiple attempts regarding the management of asthma encountered during the adolescent period, starting from the individualization of the therapy to the control of compliance (which depends equally on the adverse reactions, quality of life offered and support of the close circle) and the social integration of the subject, communication probably having a more important role in the monitoring and evolution of the condition than the preference for a certain therapeutic scheme. Current statistics draw attention to the increase in morbidity and mortality among children with bronchial asthma, an aspect demonstrated by the numerous hospitalizations recorded, due either to an escalation in the severity of this pathology or to faulty management. The purpose of this article is to review the delicate aspects in terms of controlling symptoms and maintaining a high quality of life among teenagers.

Antibiotic use among admitted pediatric patients in the United States with status asthmaticus before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVE

Hospital admission trends of children with status asthmaticus diminished during the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic of 2020, possibly secondary to several factors such as school closures and use of face masks. What effect this had on antibiotic prescribing practices has yet to be described. The objective of our study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics in hospitalized children with a diagnosis of status asthmaticus before and during the COVID pandemic.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the TriNetX® cloud-based program with a national and institutional database. Each database was queried for all inpatient pediatric encounters from 3 to 18 years old, admitted with a diagnosis of status asthmaticus in the spring seasons of 2017-2019. Admission data and antibiotic usage were queried during the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020 from both databases and compared amongst all study years.Results: In 2020, there was an overall decrease in the number of admissions as compared to the average number from 2017-2019, by 76.9% in the national database (p < 0.05) and 91.2% in the institutional database. The rates of antibiotic prescriptions significantly dropped among the national database (p < 0.001, z = 3.39) and remained non-significantly changed among the institutional database (p = 0.944 and z = 0.073).Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020 coincided with a significant decrease in hospital admissions and antibiotic prescribing prevalence among children with status asthmaticus on a national level. Nonetheless, our reported trends in antibiotic prescribing are still grossly similar to that of pre-pandemic times and may demonstrate a continued need for antimicrobial stewardship.

Uncontrolled Asthma Among Children and Its Association With Parents’ Asthma Knowledge and Other Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors

Objective To estimate the frequency of uncontrolled asthma among asthmatic children from Jeddah and to analyze its association with parental asthma knowledge and other socioeconomic and environmental factors. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pediatrics Departments of King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from July to December 2018. It involved the caregivers of 150 children with asthma, who were following at KAUH. A structured questionnaire was administered by a phone interview to collect the following: socioeconomic and environmental factors of asthma, answers to the Arabic version of the Asthma Control Test^TM (ACT), and answers to the Arabic version of the caregiver Asthma Knowledge questionnaire (AKq). Result The frequency of uncontrolled asthma was 32.7% (95%CI: 25.2 - 40.8). Parents had myths about asthma such as "children with asthma should use asthma control medications (inhaled corticosteroids) only when they have symptoms" and "it's not good for children to use the inhaler for too long". Besides, we observed mixed results regarding parents' knowledge about the disease, with correct answers ranging from 56.0% to 88.7% depending on the item. Exposure to bakhoor (aromatic woodchips) at home (OR = 0.41, p=0.044), two or more ICU admissions during the past 12 months (OR = 3.30, p=0.030), and using a rescue inhaler even if there's no cough or wheeze when the child gets the flu (OR = 0.22, p=0.001) were the three independent factors of uncontrolled asthma among children. Conclusion Uncontrolled asthma concerns one-third of the asthmatic children following at our centre, representing a less concerning figure compared to the national data. The contribution of parents' knowledge to asthma control did not show significant results, although uncontrolled asthma may represent an opportunity to increase parents' knowledge and awareness. We emphasize the significance of exposure to bakhoor, the use of oral steroids, and the number of ICU admission as strong indicators for uncontrolled asthma in children. An adaptive national strategy should be designed to enable effective and personalized interventions, resources, and objectives for maximized benefits.

Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Health with a Special Focus on Specific Bacterial Clusters

Health is influenced by how the gut microbiome develops as a result of external and internal factors, such as nutrition, the environment, medication use, age, sex, and genetics. Alpha and beta diversity metrics and (enterotype) clustering methods are commonly employed to perform population studies and to analyse the effects of various treatments, yet, with the continuous development of (new) sequencing technologies, and as various omics fields as a result become more accessible for investigation, increasingly sophisticated methodologies are needed and indeed being developed in order to disentangle the complex ways in which the gut microbiome and health are intertwined. Diseases of affluence, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), are commonly linked to species associated with the Bacteroides enterotype(s) and a decline of various (beneficial) complex microbial trophic networks, which are in turn linked to the aforementioned factors. In this review, we (1) explore the effects that some of the most common internal and external factors have on the gut microbiome composition and how these in turn relate to T2D and CVD, and (2) discuss research opportunities enabled by and the limitations of some of the latest technical developments in the microbiome sector, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI), strain tracking, and peak to trough ratios.

Chronic diseases and variations in rates of antimicrobial use in the community: a population-based analysis of linked administrative data in Quebec, Canada, 2002-2017

BACKGROUND

Chronic diseases may increase risk of infection and complications from infections; fear of these risks may lower clinicians' tolerance threshold for the prescription of antimicrobials, thus increasing the risk of selecting resistant bacteria. We sought to describe rates of antimicrobial use in Quebec and measure the association between chronic diseases and utilization rates.

METHODS

Using the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System, we analyzed data of people covered by the public drug insurance plan in 2002-2017. Based on delivered prescriptions, we described trends in antimicrobial use in the population, and per category of select chronic diseases (i.e., none, respiratory, cardiovascular, diabetes, mental disorder), according to age group (0-17 yr, 18-64 yr and ≥ 65 yr). We computed ratios of extended-to-narrow-spectrum antimicrobials in 2014-2017. We used robust Poisson regression to quantify the association between chronic diseases and rates of antimicrobial use among children and adults (≥ 18 yr).

RESULTS

Between 2002 and 2017, 4 231 724 prescriptions were received over 6 653 473 individual-years among children; 1 367 492 (20.6%) individual-years had at least 1 chronic disease. Among adults aged 18-64 years, 13 365 577 prescriptions were received over 24 935 592 individual-years; 9 533 493 (38.2%) individual-years had at least 1 chronic disease. Among adults 65 years or older, 11 689 365 prescriptions were received over 15 927 342 individual-years; 12 743 588 (80.0%) individual-years had least 1 chronic disease. Antimicrobial use decreased among children, remained stable among younger adults and increased among older adults. Trends were consistent across chronic disease categories in children and older adults. In 2014-2017, 19.9% of children, 39.1% of younger adults and 79.7% of older adults had at least 1 chronic disease. Claims for extended-spectrum antimicrobials were frequent in all age and chronic disease groups, relative to narrow-spectrum antimicrobials (ratios from 3.1:1 to 14.6:1). Antimicrobial use was higher among people with respiratory diseases (adults: relative rate [RR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07-2.10; children: RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.59-1.65), mental health diagnoses (adults: RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.46-1.49; children: RR 1.22, 95% 1.20-1.24), diabetes (adults: RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.28-1.41; children: RR 2.02, 95% CI 1.58-2.57) and cardiovascular diseases (adults: RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.30-1.32), compared with those with none of the studied chronic diseases.

INTERPRETATION

During the study period, large proportions of antimicrobial prescriptions were for people with chronic diseases, across the age spectrum. Interventions to reduce antimicrobial use should be tailored for these populations.

Impact of covid-19 on primary care contacts with children and young people aged 0-24 years in England; longitudinal trends study 2015-2020

Background: The NHS response to covid-19 altered provision and access to primary care. Aim: To examine the impact of covid-19 on general practitioner (GP) contacts with children and young people in England. Design and Setting: Longitudinal trends analysis using electronic health records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum database. Methods: We included all children and young people younger than 25 years registered with a GP. We compared the number of total, remote and face-to-face contacts during the first UK lockdown (March to June 2020) with the mean contacts for comparable weeks from 2015 to 2019. Results: We examined 47 607 765 GP contacts with 4 307 120 million children and young people. GP contacts fell 41% during the first lockdown compared with previous years. Children aged 1-14 had greater falls in total contacts (>50%) compared with infants and 15-24s. Face-to-face contacts fell by 88% with the greatest falls occurring among children aged 1-14 (> 90%). Remote contacts more than doubled, increasing most in infants (over 2.5 fold). Total contacts for respiratory illnesses fell by 74% whereas contacts for common non-transmissible conditions shifted largely to remote, mitigating the total fall (31%). Conclusion: During the covid-19 pandemic, children and young people’s contact with GPs fell, particularly for face-to-face assessment. This may be explained by a lower prevalence of respiratory illnesses due to fewer social contacts and changing health care seeking behaviour. The large shift to remote contacts mitigated total falls in contacts for some age groups and for common non-transmissible conditions.

Antibiotic Use in Paediatric Patients Hospitalized with Acute Severe Asthma

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic use during asthma exacerbations in paediatric patients is not routinely recommended but common practise in out-patient and in-patient settings. Objective of this study was to analyse frequency of antibiotic use during acute severe asthma exacerbations, antibiotic classes utilized and clinical decision-making.

METHODS

All in-patient admissions over 10 years in a single German Children's University hospital due to acute severe asthma were included in this retrospective analysis. Age, length of stay, oxygen supplementation, treatment, laboratory parameters and chest x-rays of all patients ranging from 1 to 17 years were analysed.

RESULTS

580 hospital admissions were included in this study. Overall antibiotic use was high but decreased with age (1-5 years 69,6%, 6-11 years 57,6% and 12-17 years 39,7%, p<0.001). Analysis of antibiotic treatment without clear indication showed a consistently lower treatment rate of 28.3%, with macrolides being the most common antibiotic class. Younger age significantly decreased, whereas, increase of CrP value, use of oxygen supplementation and concomitant fever all significantly increased the odds ratio (OR 0.967; 4.366, 2.472 and 2.011 respectively) of receiving antibiotic treatment without clear indication.

CONCLUSION

Antibiotic treatment without clear indication during acute severe asthma is common in this German single-centre cohort. Clinical parameters of more severe disease affect clinician's decision to administer antibiotics despite evidence of bacterial infection or improved outcome.

Analysis of the Consumption of Drugs Prescribed for the Treatment of Asthma in Belgian Children

(1) Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world among children. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the consumption of asthma medications in order to investigate asthma in children (2-18 years) and the association with health care consumption; (2) a retrospective study using anonymized administrative data for 2013-2018 from the third largest Belgian health insurer was conducted; (3) in 2018, 12.9% of children received at least one asthma medication and 4.4% received at least two packages with a minimum of 30 days between purchases. Preschool children (2-6 years) were three times more likely to take asthma medication than older children (7-18 years). ICS, in combination or not with LABA, were the most dispensed drugs among children. Children with asthma medications were almost twice as likely to receive antibiotics, more likely to end up in the emergency room, and twice as likely to be hospitalized; (4) most children took ICS, according to the GINA guidelines. High rates of nebulization in young children were observed, despite the recommendation to use an inhaler with a spacing chamber as much as possible. Finally, children who took asthma medications were more likely to end up in the ER or be hospitalized.

General practitioner prescribing trends among pediatric patients in the United Kingdom: 1998-2018

PURPOSE

To describe the prescribing trends of 17 therapeutic drug categories and the specific drug classes of systemic antibiotics, analgesics, and antidepressants in children and adolescents in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2018.

METHODS

A population-based retrospective cohort study including children and adolescents aged 018 years. Overall and annual prescription rates per 10 000 person-years and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Rate ratios and 95% CIs were calculated to assess changes in prescription rates during the study period using Poisson regression.

RESULTS

Among 4 075 527 children and adolescents during the study period from 1998 to 2018, the prescribing rates increased by 15% for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs (rate ratio: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.12-1.18), 14% for anxiolytics and hypnotics (rate ratio: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.13-1.16), and 8% for drugs for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (rate ratio: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.07-1.09). Prescribing rates decreased by 6% for cough preparations (rate ratio: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.92-0.95) and by 3% for analgesics (rate ratio: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99). No meaningful changes were observed for systemic antibiotics (rate ratio: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.99-1.04). Among specific drug classes, prescribing rates decreased for broad-spectrum penicillins and cephalosporins, and they increased for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, opioids, and drugs for migraine.

CONCLUSIONS

Between 1998 and 2018, the prescribing of centrally acting drugs and drugs for GERD increased among pediatric patients, whereas prescribing of cough preparations and analgesics declined in this population.

How many medications do doctors in primary care use? An observational study of the DU90% indicator in primary care in England

AIM

To apply the drug utilisation 90% (DU90%) indicator (the number of unique drugs which makes up 90% of a doctor's prescribing) to general practitioner (GP) practices prescribing in England to examine time trends, practice-level variation, and relationships with practice characteristics, prescribing costs and low-value prescribing.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Primary care in England, using publicly available prescribing data available from the National Health Service (NHS) digital platform for 2013-2017.

PARTICIPANTS

All general practices in England (n=7620).

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

The DU90% was calculated on an annual basis for each practice based on medication British National Formulary codes. Low-value prescribing was defined using NHS 2017 guidance (including lidocaine plasters, liothyronine, omega-3 supplements). Descriptive statistics were generated per year on time trends and practice-level variation in the DU90%. Multilevel linear regression was used to examine the practice characteristics (relating to staff, patients and deprivation of the practice area).

RESULTS

Among 7620 practices, mean DU90% ranged from 130.0 to 131.0 across study years, and regarding variation between practices, there was a 1.4-fold difference between the lowest and highest 5% of practices. A range of medications were included in the DU90% of virtually all practices, including atorvastatin, levothyroxine, omeprazole, ramipril, amlodipine, simvastatin and aspirin. A higher volume of prescribing was associated with a lower DU90%, while having more patients, higher proportions of patients who are women or aged ≥45 years, higher number of GPs working in the practice and being in a more deprived area were associated with a higher DU90%. Practices in higher quintiles of DU90% had higher levels of low-priority prescribing and prescribing costs.

CONCLUSION

GP practices typically use 130 different medications in the bulk of their prescribing. Higher DU90% was associated with higher levels of low-priority prescribing and prescribing costs. Increasing use of personal formularies may enhance prescribing quality and reduce costs.

Economic burden of peanut allergy in pediatric patients with evidence of reactions to peanuts in the United States

BACKGROUND: The economic burden of food allergy is large; however, costs specific to individuals with peanut allergy experiencing reactions to peanuts remain to be evaluated. As the prevalence of peanut allergy continues to increase in children, a better understanding of the cost of care is warranted. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost of care of peanut allergy among privately insured and Medicaid-insured pediatric patients in the United States. METHODS: This retrospective matched-cohort study included patients aged 4-17 years from the Optum Health Care Solutions and Medicaid Claims databases (January 1, 2007-March 31, 2017). Patients were classified into 2 cohorts: peanut allergy (with peanut allergy diagnosis codes and reactions triggering health care resource utilization [HRU]) and peanut allergy-free (no peanut allergy diagnosis codes in claims). Peanut allergy patients were matched 1:10 to peanut allergy-free patients based on baseline covariates. Comorbidities including anxiety and depression, HRU, and direct health care costs were compared between cohorts and reported for both perspectives separately. RESULTS: Compared with peanut allergy-free patients (n = 30,840 privately insured; n = 12,450 Medicaid), peanut allergy patients (n = 3,084 privately insured; n = 1,245 Medicaid) had higher prevalence of asthma, atopic dermatitis/eczema, other food allergies, allergic rhinitis, depression, and anxiety (all P < 0.01). Peanut allergy patients had higher HRU per patient per year (PPPY), including 90% more emergency department visits among both privately insured and Medicaid patients (P < 0.01) and higher direct health care costs PPPY, with incremental costs of $2,247 total or $1,712 excluding asthma-related costs for privately insured patients and $2,845 total or $1,844 excluding asthma-related costs for Medicaid patients (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients in the United States with peanut allergy and reactions triggering HRU had significantly higher comorbidity burdens, HRU, and direct health care costs, regardless of asthma-related costs, versus those without peanut allergy. DISCLOSURES: This study was funded by Aimmune Therapeutics, a Nestlé Health Science company. The study sponsor was involved in several aspects of the research including the study design, the interpretation of data, the writing of the manuscript, and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Yu and Tilles are employees of Aimmune Therapeutics, a Nestlé Health Science company. Robison and Norrett were employees of Aimmune Therapeutics at the time this study was conducted. Blaiss, Meadows, and Hass provided paid consulting services to Aimmune Therapeutics. Guerin and Latremouille-Viau are employees of Analysis Group, a consulting company that provided paid consulting services to Aimmune Therapeutics. Parts of the results were presented at the AMCP Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting held March 25-28, 2019, in San Diego, CA, and at the ISPOR Annual Meeting held May 18-22, 2019, in New Orleans, LA.

Tiotropium as an Add-on Treatment Option for Severe Uncontrolled Asthma in Preschool Patients

Background

Toddlers with asthma suffer disproportionally more than school-aged children from exacerbations with emergency visits and hospital admissions despite inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment. A recent trial for children ≤5 years showed tolerability of tiotropium and potential to reduce asthma-related events.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of electronic outpatient records (2017‒2019) of children <6 years treated with ICS plus long-acting β₂-agonists (LABAs) plus tiotropium as an add-on for uncontrolled severe asthma. The primary endpoint was a comparison of systemic corticosteroid (SCS) prescriptions 6 months before and after ICS/LABA/tiotropium start. Secondary endpoints included physician visits, hospitalisations and antibiotic prescriptions. We compared outcomes with children without asthma matched for age, sex, season and screening date.

Results

Compared with a mean 2.42 (95% CI: 1.75, 3.36) SCS courses per patient within 6 months prior to ICS/LABA/tiotropium, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.25, 1.08) SCS courses per patient were prescribed within 6 months after starting ICS/LABA/tiotropium (P<0.001). Physician visits dropped from 9.23 (95% CI: 7.15, 12.72) to 5.76 (95% CI: 3.10, 7.70) per patient (P<0.01). Nineteen hospitalisations were recorded 6 months before ICS/LABA/tiotropium compared with one hospitalisation after (P<0.01). A mean 1.79 antibiotic courses (95% CI: 1.22, 2.23) per patient were prescribed before ICS/LABA/tiotropium compared with 0.74 (95% CI: 0.22, 1.00) after ICS/LABA/tiotropium (P<0.001). Hospitalisation rates for patients at observation end were not statistically different from healthy controls before/after matching.

Interpretation

Our retrospective study showed that adding tiotropium to ICS/LABA is a new treatment option for patients with severe preschool asthma; however, larger confirmatory studies are needed.

Antibiotic use in children and youths with asthma: a population-based case-control study

RATIONALE

Antibiotics are among the most common medications dispensed to children and youths. The objective of this study was to characterise and compare antibiotic use patterns between children and youths with and without asthma.

METHODS

We conducted a population-based nested case-control study using health administrative data from Ontario, Canada, in 2018. All Ontario residents aged 5-24 years with asthma were included as cases. Cases were matched to controls with a 1:1 ratio based on age (within 0.5 year), sex and location of residence. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to obtain an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for having filled at least one antibiotic prescription, adjusted for socioeconomic status, rurality, and presence of common infections, allergic conditions and complex chronic conditions.

RESULTS

The study population included 1 174 424 Ontario children and youths aged 5-24 years. 31% of individuals with asthma and 23% of individuals without asthma filled at least one antibiotic prescription. The odds of having filled at least one antibiotic prescription were 34% higher among individuals with asthma compared to those without asthma (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.32-1.35). In the stratified analysis, the odds ratios were highest in the youngest group of children studied, aged 5-9 years (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.41-1.48), and in females (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.34-1.38).

CONCLUSION

Asthma is significantly associated with increased antibiotic use in children and youths. This association is the strongest in younger children and in females.

First-Year Antibiotics Exposure in Relation to Childhood Asthma, Allergies, and Airway Illnesses

Background: Associations of early antibiotics exposures with childhood asthma, allergies, and airway illnesses are debated. Objectives: We aimed to investigate associations of first-year antibiotics exposure with childhood asthma, allergies, and airway illnesses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among preschoolers in Shanghai, China during 2011–2012. A questionnaire regarding household environment and lifestyles and childhood health outcomes was reported by the child’s parents. Results: In total, 13,335 questionnaires (response rate: 85.3%) were analyzed and 3049 (24.1%) children had first-year antibiotics exposure. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, first-year antibiotics exposure had significant associations with the higher odds of lifetime-ever pneumonia (adjusted OR, 95% CI: 2.15, 1.95–2.37), croup (1.46, 1.24–1.73), wheeze (1.44, 1.30–1.60), asthma (1.38, 1.19–1.61), food allergy (1.29, 1.13–1.46), and allergic rhinitis (1.23, 1.07–1.41), and as well as current (one year before the survey) common cold (≥3 times) (1.38, 1.25–1.52), dry cough (1.27, 1.13–1.42), atopic dermatitis (1.25, 1.09–1.43), wheeze (1.23, 1.10–1.38), and rhinitis symptoms (1.15, 1.04–1.26). These associations were different in children with different individual characteristics (age, sex, family history of atopy, and district) and other early exposures (breastfeeding, home decoration, pet-keeping, and environmental tobacco smoke). Conclusions: Our results indicate that first-year antibiotics exposure could be a strong risk factor for childhood pneumonia, asthma, allergies, and their related symptoms. The individual characteristics and other early exposures may modify effects of early antibiotic exposure on childhood allergies and airway illnesses.

Investigating the mechanism of impact and differential effect of the Quality Premium scheme on antibiotic prescribing in England: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

In 2017, approximately 73% of antibiotics in England were prescribed from primary care practices. It has been estimated that 9%-23% of antibiotic prescriptions between 2013 and 2015 were inappropriate. Reducing antibiotic prescribing in primary care was included as one of the national priorities in a financial incentive scheme in 2015-2016.

AIM

To investigate whether the effects of the Quality Premium (QP), which provided performance-related financial incentives to clinical commissioning groups (CCGs), could be explained by practice characteristics that contribute to variations in antibiotic prescribing.

DESIGN & SETTING

Longitudinal monthly prescribing data were analysed for 6251 primary care practices in England from April 2014 to March 2016.

METHOD

Linear generalised estimating equations models were fitted, examining the effect of the 2015-2016 QP on the number of antibiotic items per specific therapeutic group age-sex related prescribing unit (STAR-PU) prescribed, adjusting for seasonality and months since implementation. Consistency of effects after further adjustment for variations in practice characteristics were also examined, including practice workforce, comorbidities prevalence, prescribing rates of non-antibiotic drugs, and deprivation.

RESULTS

Antibiotics prescribed in primary care practices in England reduced by -0.172 items per STAR-PU (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.180 to -0.171) after 2015-2016 QP implementation, with slight increases in the months following April 2015 (+0.014 items per STAR-PU; 95% CI = +0.013 to +0.014). Adjusting the model for practice characteristics, the immediate and month-on-month effects following implementation remained consistent, with slight attenuation in immediate reduction from -0.172 to -0.166 items per STAR-PU. In subgroup analysis, the QP effect was significantly greater among the top 20% prescribing practices (interaction p<0.001). Practices with low workforce and those with higher diabetes prevalence had greater reductions in prescribing following 2015-2016 QP compared with other practices (interaction p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

In high-prescribing practices, those with low workforce and high diabetes prevalence had more reduction following the QP compared with other practices, highlighting the need for targeted support of these practices and appropriate resourcing of primary care.

Microbiology testing associated with antibiotic dispensing in older community-dwelling adults

Background

It is commonly recommended that microbiological assessment should accompany the use of antibiotics prone to resistance. We sought to estimate the rate of microbiology testing and compare this to dispensing of the World Health Organization classified “watch” group antibiotics in primary care.

Methods

Data from a cohort of older adults (mean age 69 years) were linked to Australian national health insurance (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme & Medicare Benefits Schedule) records of community-based antibiotic dispensing and microbiology testing in 2015. Participant characteristics associated with greater watch group antibiotic dispensing and microbiology testing were estimated using adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial regression models.

Results

In 2015, among 244,299 participants, there were 63,306 watch group antibiotic prescriptions dispensed and 149,182 microbiology tests conducted; the incidence rate was 0.26 per person-year for watch group antibiotic dispensing and 0.62 for microbiology testing. Of those antibiotic prescriptions, only 19% were accompanied by microbiology testing within − 14 to + 7 days. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors and co-morbidities, individuals with chronic respiratory diseases were more likely to receive watch group antibiotics than those without, e.g. asthma (aIRR:1.59, 95%CI:1.52–1.66) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (aIRR:2.71, 95%CI:2.48–2.95). However, the rate of microbiology testing was not comparably higher among them (with asthma aIRR:1.03, 95%CI:1.00–1.05; with COPD aIRR:1.00, 95%CI:0.94–1.06).

Conclusions

Priority antibiotics with high resistance risk are commonly dispensed among community-dwelling older adults. The discord between the rate of microbiology testing and antibiotic dispensing in adults with chronic respiratory diseases suggests the potential for excessive empirical prescribing.