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Webster KE, Parkhouse T, Dawson S, Jones HE, Brown EL, Hay AD, Whiting P, Cabral C, Caldwell DM, Higgins JP. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for acute respiratory infection: a systematic review of reviews. Health Technol Assess 2024:1-75. [PMID: 39359102 DOI: 10.3310/jlcp4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections are a common reason for consultation with primary and emergency healthcare services. Identifying individuals with a bacterial infection is crucial to ensure appropriate treatment. However, it is also important to avoid overprescription of antibiotics, to prevent unnecessary side effects and antimicrobial resistance. We conducted a systematic review to summarise evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms, signs and point-of-care tests to diagnose bacterial respiratory tract infection in adults, and to diagnose two common respiratory viruses, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Methods The primary approach was an overview of existing systematic reviews. We conducted literature searches (22 May 2023) to identify systematic reviews of the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests. Where multiple reviews were identified, we selected the most recent and comprehensive review, with the greatest overlap in scope with our review question. Methodological quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tool. Summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity or area under the curve) were extracted. Where no systematic review was identified, we searched for primary studies. We extracted sufficient data to construct a 2 × 2 table of diagnostic accuracy, to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2 tool. Where possible, meta-analyses were conducted. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence from existing reviews and new analyses. Results We identified 23 reviews which addressed our review question; 6 were selected as the most comprehensive and similar in scope to our review protocol. These systematic reviews considered the following tests for bacterial respiratory infection: individual symptoms and signs; combinations of symptoms and signs (in clinical prediction models); clinical prediction models incorporating C-reactive protein; and biological markers related to infection (including C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and others). We also identified systematic reviews that reported the accuracy of specific tests for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. No reviews were found that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of white cell count for bacterial respiratory infection, or multiplex tests for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. We therefore conducted searches for primary studies, and carried out meta-analyses for these index tests. Overall, we found that symptoms and signs have poor diagnostic accuracy for bacterial respiratory infection (sensitivity ranging from 9.6% to 89.1%; specificity ranging from 13.4% to 95%). Accuracy of biomarkers was slightly better, particularly when combinations of biomarkers were used (sensitivity 80-90%, specificity 82-93%). The sensitivity and specificity for influenza or respiratory syncytial virus varied considerably across the different types of tests. Tests involving nucleic acid amplification techniques (either single pathogen or multiplex tests) had the highest diagnostic accuracy for influenza (sensitivity 91-99.8%, specificity 96.8-99.4%). Limitations Most of the evidence was considered low or very low certainty when assessed with GRADE, due to imprecision in effect estimates, the potential for bias and the inclusion of participants outside the scope of this review (children, or people in hospital). Future work Currently evidence is insufficient to support routine use of point-of-care tests in primary and emergency care. Further work must establish whether the introduction of point-of-care tests adds value, or simply increases healthcare costs. Funding This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number NIHR159948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Webster
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom Parkhouse
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Dawson
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Hayley E Jones
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol TAG, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily L Brown
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Penny Whiting
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol TAG, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christie Cabral
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Deborah M Caldwell
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol TAG, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian Pt Higgins
- NIHR Bristol Evidence Synthesis Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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O'Brien SF, Ehsani-Moghaddam B, Osmond L, Fan W, Goldman M, Drews SJ. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C over 28 years of monitoring Canadian blood donors: Insight into a low-risk undiagnosed population. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2319. [PMID: 39192303 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C is a blood-borne infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. About 70% (50-80%) of infections become chronic and exhibit anti-HCV and HCV nucleic acid (NAT) positivity. Direct acting oral pan genotypic antiviral treatment became available in 2014 and was free for most Canadians in 2018. Clinical screening for HCV infection is risk-based. About 1% of Canadians have been infected with HCV, with 0.5% chronically infected (about 25% unaware) disproportionately impacting marginalized groups. Blood donors are in good health, are deferred for risks such as injection drug use and can provide insight into the low-risk undiagnosed population. Here we describe HCV epidemiology in first-time blood donors over 28 years of monitoring. METHODS All first-time blood donors in all Canadian provinces except Quebec (1993 to 2021) were analyzed. All blood donations were tested for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) and since late 1999 also HCV NAT. A case-control study was also included. All HCV positive donors (cases) since 2005 and HCV negative donors (1:4 ratio controls) matched for age, sex and location were invited to complete a risk factor interview. Separate logistic regression models for anti-HCV positivity and chronic HCV assessed the association between age cohort, sex, region and neighbourhood material deprivation and ethnocultural concentration. CASE control data were analysed by logistic regression. RESULTS There were 2,334,238 donors from 1993 to 2021 included. Prevalence for anti-HCV was 0.33% (0.30,0.37) in 1993 and 0.07% (0.05,0.09) in 2021 (p < 0.0001). In 2021 0.03% (0.01,0.04) had chronic HCV. Predictors for both anti-HCV positivity and chronic HCV were similar, for chronic HCV were male sex (OR 1.8, 1.6,2.1), birth between 1945 and 1975 (OR 7.1, 5.9,8.5), living in the western provinces (OR 1.4, 1.2,1.7) and living in material deprived (OR 2.7, 2.1,3.5) and more ethnocultural concentrated neighbourhoods (OR 1.8, 1.3,2.5). There were 318 (35.4%) of chronic HCV positive and 1272 (39.6%) of controls who participated in case control interviews. The strongest risks for acquisition were injection drug use (OR 96.9, 22.3,420.3) and birth in a high prevalence country (OR 24.5, 11.2,53.6). CONCLUSIONS Blood donors have 16 times lower HCV prevalence then the general population. Donors largely mirror population trends and highlight the ongoing prevalence of untreated infections in groups without obvious risks for acquisition missed by risk-based patient screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila F O'Brien
- Epidemiology & Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, 1800 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1G 4J5, Canada.
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 4J5, Canada.
| | - Behrouz Ehsani-Moghaddam
- Epidemiology & Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, 1800 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1G 4J5, Canada
- Centre for Studies in Primary Care, Department of Family Medicine, Queens University, 220 Bagot Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3G2, Canada
| | - Lori Osmond
- Epidemiology & Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, 1800 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1G 4J5, Canada
| | - Wenli Fan
- Epidemiology & Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, 1800 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1G 4J5, Canada
| | - Mindy Goldman
- Donation and Policy Studies, Canadian Blood Services, 1800 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1G 4J5, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Microbiology, Canadian Blood Services, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 118 Street & 86 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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Stafford E, Dimitrov D, Trinidad SB, Matrajt L. Evaluating equity-promoting interventions to prevent race-based inequities in influenza outcomes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.20.24307635. [PMID: 39040204 PMCID: PMC11261914 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.24307635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Importance Seasonal influenza hospitalizations pose a considerable burden in the United States, with BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color) communities being disproportionately affected. Objective To determine and quantify the effects of different types of mitigation strategies on inequities in influenza outcomes (symptomatic infections and hospitalizations). Design In this simulation study, we fit a race-stratified agent-based model of influenza transmission to demographic and hospitalization data of the United States. Participants We consider five racial-ethnic groups: non-Hispanic White persons, non- Hispanic Black persons, non-Hispanic Asian persons, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native persons, and Hispanic or Latino persons. Setting We tested five idealized equity-promoting interventions to determine their effectiveness in reducing inequity in influenza outcomes. The interventions assumed (i) equalized vaccination rates, (ii) equalized comorbidities, (iii) work-risk distribution proportional to the distribution of the population, (iv) reduced work contacts for all, or (v) a combination of equalizing vaccination rates and comorbidities and reducing work contacts. Main Outcomes and Measures Reduction in symptomatic or hospitalization risk ratios, defined as the ratio of the number of symptomatic infections (hospitalizations respectively) in each age- and racial-ethnic group and their corresponding white counterpart. We also evaluated the reduction in the absolute mean number of symptomatic infections or hospitalizations in each age- and racial-ethnic group compared to the fitted scenario (baseline). Results Our analysis suggests that symptomatic infections were equalized and reduced (by up to 17% in BIPOC adults aged 18-49) by strategies reducing work contacts or equalizing vaccination rates. Reducing comorbidities resulted in significant decreases in hospitalizations, with a reduction of over 40% in BIPOC groups. All tested interventions reduced the inequity in influenza hospitalizations in all racial-ethnic groups, but interventions reducing comorbidities in marginalized populations were the most effective. Notably, these interventions resulted in better outcomes across all racial-ethnic groups, not only those prioritized by the interventions. Conclusions and Relevance In this simulation modeling study, equalizing vaccination rates and reducing number of work contacts (which are relatively simple strategies to implement) reduced the both the inequity in hospitalizations and the absolute number of symptomatic infections and hospitalizations in all age and racial-ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Stafford
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Current address: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, SE
| | - Dobromir Dimitrov
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan Brown Trinidad
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Matrajt
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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O'Brien SF, Ehsani-Moghaddam B, Goldman M, Drews SJ. Prevalence of Hepatitis B in Canadian First-Time Blood Donors: Association with Social Determinants of Health. Viruses 2024; 16:117. [PMID: 38257817 PMCID: PMC11326446 DOI: 10.3390/v16010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B is transmitted sexually, by blood contact, and vertically from mother to child. Chronic hepatitis B is often seen in immigrants from higher-prevalence countries and their Canadian-born children. We assessed the relationship between hepatitis B and social determinants of health. Included were 1,539,869 first-time Canadian blood donors from April 2005 to December 2022. All donations were tested for hepatitis B markers. Logistic regression was fit with chronic hepatitis B as the dependent variable and age, sex, year, and ethnocultural composition and material deprivation quintiles as independent variables. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence was 47.5/100,000 (95% CI 41.5-53.5, years 2017-2022). Chronic hepatitis B prevalence was elevated in males, older age groups, and those living in more materially deprived and higher ethnocultural neighbourhoods. Of 212,518 donors from 2020 to 2022 with race/ethnicity data, chronic hepatitis B prevalence was highest in East Asians. The findings are consistent with infections in immigrants, acquired in their country of origin, in their Canadian-born children and in those with other risks. As blood donors are a low-risk population unaware of their infection and unlikely to seek testing, our results highlight the ongoing public health challenges of diagnosing chronic hepatitis B and treating it when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila F O'Brien
- Epidemiology & Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 192, Canada
| | - Behrouz Ehsani-Moghaddam
- Epidemiology & Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada
- Centre for Studies in Primary Care, Department of Family Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mindy Goldman
- Donation and Policy Studies, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 192, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Microbiology, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Miranda AE, Lima RCD. Syphilis as a marker of ethnoracial inequalities in Brazil. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1670-e1671. [PMID: 37858572 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica E Miranda
- Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29040-091, Brazil.
| | - Rita Cassia D Lima
- Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29040-091, Brazil
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Primieri C, Chiavarini M, Giacchetta I, de Waure C, Bietta C. COVID-19 Vaccination Actual Uptake and Potential Inequalities Due to Socio-Demographic Characteristics: A Population-Based Study in the Umbria Region, Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1351. [PMID: 37631919 PMCID: PMC10458483 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Socio-demographic factors are responsible for health inequalities also in vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate their role at the population level through a population-based study performed on the whole population entitled to receive COVID-19 vaccines in the Umbria Region, Italy, and registered to the Regional Healthcare Service as of 28 February 2021. Socio-demographic characteristics and vaccination status in terms of uptake of at least one dose of any available vaccine, completion of the primary vaccination cycle and uptake of the booster doses as of 28 February 2022 were collected from the Umbria regional database. The percentage of eligible population who did not initiate the COVID-19 vaccination, complete the full vaccination cycle and get the booster dose was 11.8%, 1.2% and 21.5%, respectively. A younger age, being a non-Italian citizen, and not holding an exemption for chronic disease/disability and a GP/FP were associated with all the endpoints. Females, as compared to males, were more likely to not initiate the vaccination but less likely to not receive the booster dose. On the contrary, the findings did not show a significant association between the deprivation index and the vaccine uptake. The findings, beyond confirming current knowledge at the population level, provide new inputs for better tailoring vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Primieri
- Local Health Unit 1 of Umbria, Prevention Department, Epidemiology Service, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Manuela Chiavarini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Irene Giacchetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Chiara de Waure
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Carla Bietta
- Local Health Unit 1 of Umbria, Prevention Department, Epidemiology Service, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.B.)
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