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Malaekeh-Nikouei A, Shokri-Naei S, Karbasforoushan S, Bahari H, Baradaran Rahimi V, Heidari R, Askari VR. Metformin beyond an anti-diabetic agent: A comprehensive and mechanistic review on its effects against natural and chemical toxins. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115263. [PMID: 37541178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the anti-diabetic effect of metformin, a growing number of studies have shown that metformin has some exciting properties, such as anti-oxidative capabilities, anticancer, genomic stability, anti-inflammation, and anti-fibrosis, which have potent, that can treat other disorders other than diabetes mellitus. We aimed to describe and review the protective and antidotal efficacy of metformin against biologicals, chemicals, natural, medications, pesticides, and radiation-induced toxicities. A comprehensive search has been performed from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from inception to March 8, 2023. All in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were considered. Many studies suggest that metformin affects diseases other than diabetes. It is a radioprotective and chemoprotective drug that also affects viral and bacterial diseases. It can be used against inflammation-related and apoptosis-related abnormalities and against toxins to lower their effects. Besides lowering blood sugar, metformin can attenuate the effects of toxins on body weight, inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, caspase-3 activation, cell viability and survival rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB, TNF-α, many interleukins, lipid profile, and many enzymes activity such as catalase and superoxide dismutase. It also can reduce the histopathological damages induced by many toxins on the kidneys, liver, and colon. However, clinical trials and human studies are needed before using metformin as a therapeutic agent against other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Malaekeh-Nikouei
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Shokri-Naei
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sobhan Karbasforoushan
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Cancer Screening and Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Goudie L, Mancini NL, Shutt TE, Holloway GP, Mu C, Wang A, McKay DM, Shearer J. Impact of experimental colitis on mitochondrial bioenergetics in intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7453. [PMID: 35523978 PMCID: PMC9076608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is highly dependent on optimal epithelial barrier function and permeability. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) regulate these properties acting as cellular gatekeepers by selectively absorbing nutrients and controlling the passage of luminal bacteria. These functions are energy demanding processes that are presumably met through mitochondrial-based processes. Routine methods for examining IEC mitochondrial function remain sparse, hence, our objective is to present standardized methods for quantifying mitochondrial energetics in an immortalized IEC line. Employing the murine IEC4.1 cell line, we present adapted methods and protocols to examine mitochondrial function using two well-known platforms: the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer and Oxygraph-2 k. To demonstrate the applicability of these protocols and instruments, IEC were treated with and without the murine colitogenic agent, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v). Profound impairments with DSS treatment were found with both platforms, however, the Oxygraph-2 k allowed greater resolution of affected pathways including short-chain fatty acid metabolism. Mitochondrial functional analysis is a novel tool to explore the relationship between IEC energetics and functional consequences within the contexts of health and disease. The outlined methods offer an introductory starting point for such assessment and provide the investigator with insights into platform-specific capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Goudie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole L Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 228, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 228, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 228, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Bureš J, Kohoutová D, Květina J, Radochová V, Pavlík M, Tichý A, Rejchrt S, Kopáčová M, Douda T, Vysloužil D, Pejchal J. The Effect of Lactobacillus casei on Experimental Porcine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulphate. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2021; 64:85-90. [PMID: 34331427 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal injury caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is a reliable porcine experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 (LC) on DSS-induced experimental IBD. RESULTS Eighteen female pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica, weight 33-36 kg, age 4-5 months) were divided into 3 groups (6 animals per group): controls with no treatment, DSS, and DSS + LC. LC was administered to overnight fasting animals in a dietary bolus in the morning on days 1-7 (4.5 × 1010 live bacteria/day). DSS was applied simultaneously on days 3-7 (0.25 g/kg/day). On day 8, the pigs were sacrificed. Histopathological score and length of crypts/glands (stomach, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon), length and width of villi (jejunum, ileum), and mitotic and apoptotic indices (jejunum, ileum, transverse colon) were assessed. DSS increased the length of glands in the stomach, length of crypts and villi in the jejunum and ileum, and the histopathological score of gastrointestinal damage, length of crypts and mitotic activity in the transverse colon. Other changes did not achieve any statistical significance. Administration of LC reduced the length of villi in the jejunum and ileum to control levels and decreased the length of crypts in the jejunum. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a probiotic strain of LC significantly accelerated regeneration of the small intestine in a DSS-induced experimental porcine model of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bureš
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Kohoutová
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Květina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Radochová
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pavlík
- Animal Laboratory, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Tichý
- Department of Radiobiology, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Kopáčová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Douda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - David Vysloužil
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury Further Aggravates the Impact of Galantamine on the Gastric Myoelectric Activity in Experimental Pigs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060590. [PMID: 34207410 PMCID: PMC8234489 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galantamine has been used as a treatment for Alzheimer disease. It has a unique, dual mode of action (inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors). Nausea (in about 20%), vomiting (10%) and diarrhoea (5–7%) are the most common side effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of galantamine on porcine gastric myoelectric activity without (Group A) and with (Group B) dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced gastrointestinal injury. Galantamine hydrobromide was administrated to twelve pigs as a single intragastric dose (24 mg). Gastric myoelectric activity was investigated by electrogastrography (EGG). Basal (15 min before galantamine administration) and study recordings after galantamine administration (300 min) were evaluated using a running spectral analysis. Results were expressed as dominant frequency of gastric slow waves and power analysis (areas of amplitudes). Altogether, 3780 one-minute EGG recordings were evaluated. In Group A, power was steady from basal values for 180 min, then gradually decreased till 270 min (p = 0.007). In Group B, there was a rapid gradual fall from basal values to those after 120 min (p = 0.007) till 300 min (p ˂ 0.001). In conclusion, galantamine alone revealed an unfavourable effect on porcine myoelectric activity assessed by gastric power. It can be a plausible explanation of galantamine-associated dyspepsia in humans. DSS caused further profound decrease of EGG power. That may indicate that underlying inflammatory, ischaemic or NSAIDs-induced condition of the intestine in humans can have aggravated the effect of galantamine on gastric myoelectric activity.
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Local Immune Changes in Early Stages of Inflammation and Carcinogenesis Correlate with the Collagen Scaffold Changes of the Colon Mucosa. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102463. [PMID: 34070183 PMCID: PMC8158480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic colitis and colon cancer develop for alteration of the mucosa homeostatic regulation, also involving TGF-β1. Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis animal models allow for the investigation of the pathological evolution steps. Since chronic inflammation is a common factor, we aimed to explore in rat models the colon mucosa immunological and structural conditions at one month after the end of the inductions, a transition period between acute effects and established lesions. We found, in comparison to healthy controls, downregulation of inflammatory cytokines (except IL-6) and of TGF-β1. At the same time, the collagen scaffold was significantly remodelled in both groups. We conclude that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, in front of a downregulated TGF-β1, sustained a smouldering inflammation with structural changes preparing the niche of both pathologies (ulcerative colitis with fibrosis; tumour). The collagen scaffold changes pointing to an unnoticed inflammation may be suggested as a possible pre-neoplastic condition marker. Abstract Continuous activation of the immune system inside a tissue can lead to remodelling of the tissue structure and creation of a specific microenvironment, such as during the tumour development. Chronic inflammation is a central player in stimulating changes that alter the tissue stroma and can lead to fibrotic evolution. In the colon mucosa, regulatory mechanisms, including TGF-β1, avoid damaging inflammation in front of the continuous challenge by the intestinal microbiome. Inducing either DSS colitis or AOM colorectal carcinogenesis in AVN-Wistar rats, we evaluated at one month after the end of each treatment whether immunological changes and remodelling of the collagen scaffold were already in development. At this time point, we found in both models a general downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and even of TGF-β1, but not of IL-6. Moreover, we demonstrated by multi-photon microscopy the simultaneously presence of pro-fibrotic remodelling of the collagen scaffold, with measurable changes in comparison to the control mucosa. The scaffold was significantly modified depending on the type of induced stimulation. These results suggest that at one month after the end of the DSS or AOM inductions, a smouldering inflammation is present in both induced conditions, since the pro-inflammatory cytokines still exceed, in proportion, the local homeostatic regulation of which TGF-β1 is a part (inflammatory threshold). Such an inflammation appears sufficient to sustain remodelling of the collagen scaffold that may be taken as a possible pathological marker for revealing pre-neoplastic inflammation.
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Asgharzadeh F, Yaghoubi A, Nazari SE, Hashemzadeh A, Hasanian SM, Avan A, Javandoost A, Ferns GA, Soleimanpour S, Khazaei M. The beneficial effect of combination therapy with sulfasalazine and valsartan in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:236-247. [PMID: 33628160 PMCID: PMC7898046 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined by the chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis is one of the most prevalent chronic IBDs. The increase in the mucosal expression of angiotensin II (AT-II) in colitis suggests a possible role of AT-II in colitis-associated inflammation. Here, we examined the potential therapeutic effects of combination therapy regarding valsartan (Val), as an AT-II receptor blocker, with sulfasalazine (SSZ) in a murine colitis model. DSS induced colitis was initiated by the administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in male C57BL/6 mice for 1 week. Val (160 mg/kg/day, gavage) was given on the third day and continued for seven days. SSZ (100 mg/kg/day) was used as reference drug and also used in combination in one group (Val; 160 mg/kg/day and/or SSZ; 100 mg/kg/day). Colonic mucosal inflammation was evaluated clinically, biochemically, and histologically. The disease activity index in DSS-treated mice, including weight loss, stool consistency, and rectal bleeding, were significantly lower in the group of mice receiving the combination of valsartan and sulfasalazine compared to the DSS-treated group. Valsartan and sulfasalazine treatment was associated with a lower reduction in colon length, diminished colon weight, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein level in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Valsartan and sulfasalazine also reduced markers of oxidative stress after DSS administration. Our findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities of a combination therapy with sulfasalazine and valsartan in experimentally induced colitis, indicating its value as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atieh Yaghoubi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Elnaz Nazari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hasanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Javandoost
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Payros D, Ménard S, Laffitte J, Neves M, Tremblay-Franco M, Luo S, Fouche E, Snini SP, Theodorou V, Pinton P, Oswald IP. The food contaminant, deoxynivalenol, modulates the Thelper/Treg balance and increases inflammatory bowel diseases. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3173-3184. [PMID: 32617661 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is increasing in both Western and developing countries. IBD are multifactorial disorders involving complex interactions between genetic, immune, and environmental factors such as exposure to food contaminants. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin that contaminates staple food and induces intestinal breakdown and inflammatory response. To delineate the role of DON oral exposure in IBD, we used a Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model in rats fed with a DON-contaminated diet or a control diet for 4 weeks. Colitis was induced in the 4th week by increasing concentrations of DSS in the drinking water (0, 2, 3 or 5%). DON exacerbated body weight loss and accelerated the appearance of symptoms in animals treated with DSS. DON increased morphological damage, pro-inflammatory markers (myeloperoxidase, CXCL-1 and IL-1β) and immune cell responses. In lamina propria of the rat with colitis, DON increased adaptive and innate immune responses after anti-CD3/28 or LPS stimulation, respectively. In the spleen, DON increased IFNγ secretion and reduced Treg populations. Interestingly, De-epoxy-DON (DOM-1) a detoxified form of DON did not have any consequences on colitis. These results suggest that DON is a risk factor in the onset of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Payros
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Joelle Laffitte
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Manon Neves
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tremblay-Franco
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Su Luo
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Edwin Fouche
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Selma P Snini
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, cedex 03, F-31027, Toulouse, France.
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Perturbed Mitochondrial Dynamics Is a Novel Feature of Colitis That Can Be Targeted to Lessen Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:287-307. [PMID: 32298841 PMCID: PMC7327843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondria exist in a constantly remodelling network, and excessive fragmentation can be pathophysiological. Mitochondrial dysfunction can accompany enteric inflammation, but any contribution of altered mitochondrial dynamics (ie, fission/fusion) to gut inflammation is unknown. We hypothesized that perturbed mitochondrial dynamics would contribute to colitis. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion was applied to tissue from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated mice. An inhibitor of mitochondrial fission, P110 (prevents dynamin related protein [Drp]-1 binding to mitochondrial fission 1 protein [Fis1]) was tested in the DSS and di-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) models of murine colitis, and the impact of DSS ± P110 on intestinal epithelial and macrophage mitochondria was assessed in vitro. RESULTS Analysis of colonic tissue from mice with DSS-colitis revealed increased mRNA for molecules associated with mitochondrial fission (ie, Drp1, Fis1) and fusion (optic atrophy factor 1) and increased phospho-Drp1 compared with control. Systemic delivery of P110 in prophylactic or treatment regimens reduced the severity of DSS- or DNBS-colitis and the subsequent hyperalgesia in DNBS-mice. Application of DSS to epithelial cells or macrophages caused mitochondrial fragmentation. DSS-evoked perturbation of epithelial cell energetics and mitochondrial fragmentation, but not cell death, were ameliorated by in vitro co-treatment with P110. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that the anti-colitic effect of systemic delivery of the anti-fission drug, P110, works at least partially by maintaining enterocyte and macrophage mitochondrial networks. Perturbed mitochondrial dynamics can be a feature of intestinal inflammation, the suppression of which is a potential novel therapeutic direction in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Danielsen EM, De Haro Hernando A, Yassin M, Rasmussen K, Olsen J, Hansen GH, Danielsen EM. Short-term tissue permeability actions of dextran sulfate sodium studied in a colon organ culture system. Tissue Barriers 2020; 8:1728165. [PMID: 32079482 PMCID: PMC7549740 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1728165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is the most commonly used animal model for inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the precise molecular action of DSS, in particular its initial effect on the epithelial tissue permeability, is still poorly understood. In the present work, organ culture of mouse – and pig colon explants were performed for 1–2 h in the presence/absence of 2% DSS together with polar- and lipophilic fluorescent probes. Probe permeability was subsequently assessed by fluorescence microscopy. DSS rapidly increased paracellular permeability of 70-kDa dextran without otherwise affecting the overall epithelial integrity. FITC-conjugated DSS likewise permeated the epithelial barrier and strongly accumulated in nuclei of cells scattered in the lamina propria. By immunolabeling, plasma cells, T cells, macrophages, mast cells, and fibroblasts were identified as possible targets for DSS, indicating that accumulation of the polyanion in nuclei was not confined to a particular type of cell in the lamina propria. In contrast, colonocytes were rarely targeted by DSS, but as visualized by transmission electron microscopy, it induced the formation of vacuole-like structures in the intercellular space between adjacent epithelial cells. Nuclei of various cell types in the lamina propria, including both cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, are novel targets for a rapid action of DSS, and from previous in vitro studies, polyanions like DSS are known to disrupt nucleosomes by binding to the histones. We therefore propose that nuclear targeting is one way whereby DSS exerts its inflammatory action as a colitogen in animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alba De Haro Hernando
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Yassin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Rasmussen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Olsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gert H Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Michael Danielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Effects of Anti-Cytokine Antibodies on Gut Barrier Function. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7028253. [PMID: 31780866 PMCID: PMC6875247 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7028253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cytokine antibodies are used in treating chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatic diseases. Patients with these diseases often have a compromised gut barrier function, suggesting that anti-cytokine antibodies may contribute to the re-establishment of gut barrier integrity, in addition to their immunomodulatory effects. This paper reviews the effects of anti-cytokine antibodies on gut barrier function and their mechanisms.
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11
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Genipin attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via suppressing inflammatory and oxidative responses. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:333-339. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Saito Y, Hinoi T, Adachi T, Miguchi M, Niitsu H, Kochi M, Sada H, Sotomaru Y, Sakamoto N, Sentani K, Oue N, Yasui W, Tashiro H, Ohdan H. Synbiotics suppress colitis-induced tumorigenesis in a colon-specific cancer mouse model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216393. [PMID: 31242213 PMCID: PMC6594584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although synbiotics may be effective in maintaining remission of inflammatory bowel disease, their anticarcinogenic effects are still debated. To address this issue, we evaluated the effects of synbiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics on tumorigenesis using a CDX2P-Cre; Apc+/flox mouse model harboring a colon-specific Apc knock out, which develops adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the colon. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-administration promoted colonic tumor development in CDX2P-Cre; Apc+/flox mice, and these tumors were associated with loss of Apc heterozygosity, as confirmed by observation of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas with β-catenin accumulation in tumor cell cytoplasm. Synbiotics-treatment suppressed dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in CDX2P-Cre; Apc+/flox mice, thereby reducing mortality, and inhibited tumorigenesis accelerated by DSS-administration. Conversely, neither probiotics nor prebiotics had any effect on inflammation and tumorigenesis. Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve were detected in the fecal microbiota of probiotics-treated mice. Synbiotics-treatment suppressed DSS-induced expression of IL-6, STAT-3, COX-2, and TNF-α gene transcripts in normal colonic epithelium, indicating the possibility of suppressing tumor development. Importantly, these genes may be potential therapeutic targets in inflammation-associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Hinoi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomohiro Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Miguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Niitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, GI medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Masatoshi Kochi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Sada
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Division of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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13
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Woo SH, Lee SH, Park JW, Go DM, Kim DY. Osteopontin Protects Colonic Mucosa from Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Acute Colitis in Mice by Regulating Junctional Distribution of Occludin. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:421-431. [PMID: 30146676 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) has been reported to play an important role in intestinal mucosal protection. Although OPN may have positive effects on tight junctions, the exact relationship between OPN and tight junctions has yet to be elucidated. AIMS To investigate the role of OPN on tight junctions. METHODS We evaluated clinical signs and histopathology of acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in OPN knockout and wild-type (WT) mice in vivo. Expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 were examined using immunofluorescence. For in vitro analysis, an siRNA-mediated OPN-suppressed Caco-2 monolayer was used. Expression levels and patterns of occludin were analyzed by immunofluorescence, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured to evaluate barrier function. Triton X-100 fractionation was used to analyze phosphorylated occludin associated with tight junctional localization. RESULTS OPN deficiency resulted in an elevated disease activity index, shortened colon length, and aggravated histological signs in mice with DSS-induced acute colitis compared to WT mice. OPN deficiency decreased occludin expression in the colonic mucosa. In Caco-2 monolayers, OPN suppression reduced junctional occludin and redistributed it into the intracellular compartment with decreased TER. Furthermore, western blot for occludin from Triton X-100 insoluble fraction revealed that OPN suppression reduced the phosphorylated form of occludin, which is actually distributed in the tight junction. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that OPN is essential for maintaining the tight junction complex by allowing occludin to localize at tight junctions. This could constitute additional evidence that OPN plays a crucial role in intestinal mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Woo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Lee
- Branch of Carcinogenesis and Metastasis, Research Institute of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Park
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Du-Min Go
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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14
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Zakariassen HL, Bendtsen KM, Tougaard P, Hansen AK. Reduced early life mucosal integrity decreases thymic cell counts and increases local, but not thymic regulatory, T cell recruitment: Gut mucosal integrity breach and thymic T cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218823466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life immune gut microbiota contact is critical for regulatory T cell–mediated oral tolerance induction. We induced a mucosal integrity breach with low dextran sulfate sodium dose right after weaning in BALB/c mice along with a standard high dose to study the impact of increased gut microbiota lymphatic tissue contact on the thymus. Both doses increased gut permeability, which caused a short-term generalized thymic involution and regulatory T cell induction in the mesenteric lymph nodes, even in the absence of clinically apparent inflammation in the low-dose group. The thymic regulatory T cells resisted thymic involution. In the low-dose group, we found acutely altered gut mobilization patterns characterized by changed gut-homing marker CD103 expression on mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells as well as on mature CD8+ T cells and developing CD4−/CD8− thymocytes. Furthermore, CD218a (IL-18-receptor-a) expression was acutely decreased on both mature CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells, while increased on the mesenteric lymph node CD8+ T cells, indicating a direct link between the thymus and the mesenteric lymph nodes with CD218a in a functional role in thymic involution. Acute and non-persisting regulatory responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes were induced in the form of a relative regulatory T cell increase. We saw no changes in total thymic regulatory T cells and thus the thymus does not seem to play a major role of in the regulatory immunity induced by increased gut microbiota lymphatic tissue contact around weaning, which in our study primarily was located to the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Louise Zakariassen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Katja Maria Bendtsen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Tougaard
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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15
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NLRP3 inflammasome in colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:817-830. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Perera AP, Fernando R, Shinde T, Gundamaraju R, Southam B, Sohal SS, Robertson AAB, Schroder K, Kunde D, Eri R. MCC950, a specific small molecule inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome attenuates colonic inflammation in spontaneous colitis mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8618. [PMID: 29872077 PMCID: PMC5988655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MCC950 a potent, highly specific small molecule inhibitor of canonical and noncanonical activation of NLRP3 inflammasome has been evaluated in a multitude of NLRP3 driven inflammatory diseases. However, the effect of MCC950 on colonic inflammation has not yet been reported. In the present study we investigated the effect of MCC950 in a spontaneous chronic colitis mouse model Winnie, which mimics human ulcerative colitis. Oral administration of 40 mg/kg MCC950 commencing at Winnie week seven for three weeks significantly improved body weight gain, colon length, colon weight to body weight ratio, disease activity index and histopathological scores. MCC950 significantly suppressed release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, IL1-α, IFNγ, TNF-α, IL6, IL17, chemokine MIP1a and Nitric Oxide in colonic explants. Moreover, MCC950 resulted in a significant decrease of IL-1β release and activation of caspase-1 in colonic explants and macrophage cells isolated from Winnie. Complete inhibition with MCC950 in Winnie colonic explants shows, for the first time, the contribution of inflammatory effects resulting exclusively from canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation in colitis. Taken together, our results illustrate the efficacy of MCC950 in the treatment of murine ulcerative colitis and provides avenue for a potential novel therapeutic agent for human inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruchira Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Tanvi Shinde
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Benjamin Southam
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Avril A B Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Dale Kunde
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
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17
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Martín R, Chain F, Miquel S, Motta JP, Vergnolle N, Sokol H, Langella P. Using murine colitis models to analyze probiotics-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:S49-S70. [PMID: 28830096 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as 'live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host'. So, to consider a microorganism as a probiotic, a demonstrable beneficial effect on the health host should be shown as well as an adequate defined safety status and the capacity to survive transit through the gastrointestinal tract and to storage conditions. In this review, we present an overview of the murine colitis models currently employed to test the beneficial effect of the probiotic strains as well as an overview of the probiotics already tested. Our aim is to highlight both the importance of the adequate selection of the animal model to test the potential probiotic strains and of the value of the knowledge generated by these in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florian Chain
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Miquel
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- Department of Biological Science, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, AB T3E 4N1, Canada.,IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Sorbonne University - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), 75252 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Equipe de Recherche Labélisée (ERL) 1157, Avenir Team Gut Microbiota and Immunity, 75012 Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, UPMC, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- INRA, Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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18
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Barone M, Chain F, Sokol H, Brigidi P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Langella P, Martín R. A Versatile New Model of Chemically Induced Chronic Colitis Using an Outbred Murine Strain. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:565. [PMID: 29636738 PMCID: PMC5881104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine colitis models are crucial tools for understanding intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. However, most current models utilize a highly inbred strain of mice, and often only one sex is employed to limit bias. This targeted approach, which in itself is biased, means that murine genetic diversity and sex-related differences are ignored, making it even more difficult to extend findings to humans, who are highly heterogeneous. Furthermore, most models do not examine the chronic form of colitis, an important fact taking into account the chronic nature of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here, we attempted to create a more realistic murine colitis model by addressing these three issues. Using chemically induced chronic colon inflammation in an outbred strain of mice (RjOrl:SWISS [CD-1]), we (i) mimicked the relapsing nature of the disease, (ii) better represented normal genetic variability, and (iii) employed both female and male mice. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). After a recovery period and 3 days before the mice were euthanized, colitis was reactivated by a second administration of DNBS. Protocol length was 24 days. Colitis severity was assessed using body mass, macroscopic scores, and histological scores. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, cytokine levels, and lymphocyte populations were also characterized. Our results show that the intrarectal administration of DNBS effectively causes colitis in both female and male CD-1 mice in a dose-dependent manner, as reflected by loss of body mass, macroscopic scores and histological scores. Furthermore, colon cytokine levels and mesenteric lymph node characteristics indicate that this model involves immune system activation. Although some variables were sex-specific, most of the results support including both females and males in the model. Our ultimate goal is to make this model available to researchers for testing candidate anti-inflammatory agents, such as classical or next-generation probiotics; we also aim for the results to be more easily transferrable to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Barone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Florian Chain
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Sorbonne University - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Avenir Team Gut Microbiota and Immunity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe de Recherche Labélisée 1157, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rebeca Martín
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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Krych Ł, Kot W, Bendtsen KM, Hansen AK, Vogensen FK, Nielsen DS. Have you tried spermine? A rapid and cost-effective method to eliminate dextran sodium sulfate inhibition of PCR and RT-PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 144:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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4-methylesculetin, a coumarin derivative, ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced intestinal inflammation. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 280:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Samman FS, Elaidy SM, Essawy SS, Hassan MS. New insights on the modulatory roles of metformin or alpha-lipoic acid versus their combination in dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:488-496. [PMID: 29653414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is the most widely used model that resembles ulcerative colitis (UC) in human with challenging chronic mechanistic oxidative stress-inflammatory/immunological cascades. In models of acute colitis, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory burdens beside manipulation of many transcriptional factors were achieved by metformin or alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA). Currently, in vivo DSS-induced chronic colitis was conducted and the possible therapeutic roles of metformin and/or α-LA were explored. METHODS Chronic UC was induced by adding 5% DSS orally in drinking water for 7days followed by 3% DSS in drinking water for 14days in adult male albino Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of α-LA (25mg/kg, twice/day) and/or metformin (100mg/kg/day) were set at day 7 of DSS administration and continued for 14days. Body weights, survival rates, disease activity index (DAI), colonic oxidative stress markers, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, colonic nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) immunohistochemical expression, and the colonic histopathological changes were observed. RESULTS Metformin or/and α-LA attenuated the severity of the DSS-induced colitis through improving the reductions in body weights, the DAI, the colonic oxidative stress markers, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels, and the morphological mucosal damage scores. Significant synergetic therapeutic effects were observed with combined therapeutic regimens. CONCLUSION Therapeutically, metformin and α-LA could be administered in chronic colitis. The combination of currently used pharmaceutics with natural and synthetic potent antioxidant compounds will become a therapeutic strategy of choice for UC to improve the quality of life if sufficient clinical trials are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma S Samman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Samah M Elaidy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
| | - Soha S Essawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
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22
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Wunschel EJ, Schirmer B, Seifert R, Neumann D. Lack of Histamine H 4-Receptor Expression Aggravates TNBS-Induced Acute Colitis Symptoms in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:642. [PMID: 28955241 PMCID: PMC5601386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a growing health problem worldwide, severely affecting patients’ life qualities and life expectancies. Therapeutic options, which are rare and focus on symptoms associated with the disease, suffer from increasing numbers of patients refractory to the established strategies. Thus, in order to generate new therapeutic regimens, the detailed understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms causing IBD is necessary. Histamine is an inflammatory mediator associated with IBD. Four histamine receptors are currently known of which the histamine H4-receptor (H4R) has been shown to possess a pro-inflammatory function in several experimental models of inflammatory diseases, including dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. No single model reflects the complexity of human IBD, but each model provides valuable information on specific aspects of IBD pathogenesis. While DSS-induced colitis mostly relies on innate immune mechanisms, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rather reflects T-cell mechanisms. Consequently, an observation made in a single model has to be verified in at least one other model. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effect of genetic blockade of H4R-signaling in mice subjected to the model of TNBS-induced acute colitis. We analyzed severity and progression of clinical signs of colitis, as well as histopathologic alterations in the colon and local cytokine production. Genetic ablation of H4R expression worsened clinical signs of acute colitis and histological appearance of colon inflammation after TNBS application. Moreover, TNBS instillation enhanced local synthesis of inflammatory mediators associated with a neutrophilic response, i.e., CXCL1, CXCL2, and interleukin-6. Lastly, also myeloperoxidase concentration, indicative for the presence of neutrophils, was elevated in cola of TNBS-treated mice due to the absence of H4R expression. Our results indicate an anti-inflammatory role of histamine via H4R in TNBS-induced acute neutrophilic colitis in mice, thus questioning the strategy of pharmacological H4R blocked as new therapeutic option for patients suffering from IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Wunschel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHanover, Germany
| | - Bastian Schirmer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHanover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHanover, Germany
| | - Detlef Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHanover, Germany
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23
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Yang Y, Li TR, Balthasar JP. Investigation of the Influence of Protein-Losing Enteropathy on Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics in Mice. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1791-1803. [PMID: 28849396 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein losing enteropathy (PLE), which is characterized by substantial loss of plasma proteins into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a complication of a variety of GI diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical studies have found that the clearance of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is often increased in subjects with diseases known to cause PLE; however, direct relationships between PLE and mAb pharmacokinetics have not been demonstrated. This study employed a murine model of colitis to examine the influence of PLE on mAb pharmacokinetics. Mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, 2% w/v) supplemented tap water as drinking source for 6 days to induce colitis and PLE. Mice were then intravenously injected with 8C2, a murine IgG1 mAb. 8C2 plasma concentrations were measured up to 14 days post injection. Fecal alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) clearance was measured as biomarker for PLE. DSS-treated mice developed PLE of clinically relevant severity. They also showed a transient increase in 8C2 plasma clearance and a decrease in 8C2 plasma exposure. The area under the 8C2 plasma concentration-time curve for the length of the study (AUC0-14d) reduced from 1368 ± 255 to 594 ± 224 day μg/ml following DSS treatment (p = 0.001). A quantitative relationship between A1AT clearance and 8C2 clearance was obtained via population pharmacokinetic modeling. DSS treatment substantially increased 8C2 clearance and reduced 8C2 exposure. Increased mAb plasma clearance was highly correlated with A1AT fecal clearance, suggesting the possible utility of A1AT fecal clearance as a mechanistic biomarker to predict the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 452 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Tommy R Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 452 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 452 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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24
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Bailey J, Vince V, Williams N, Cogan T. Streptococcus thermophilus NCIMB 41856 ameliorates signs of colitis in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:605-614. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly based on suppression of symptoms, often with numerous side effects. Trials of probiotics in IBD have frequently produced disappointing results. The majority of probiotics are unusual, since they do not require iron for growth, unlike many bacteria resident in the intestine. The IBD intestine is iron-rich due to bleeding and use of oral iron supplements; conventional probiotics would be rapidly outcompeted. We have evaluated an iron-responsive Streptococcus thermophilus strain for its potential to reduce signs of colitis. Efficacy of S. thermophilus was evaluated in the dextran sodium sulphate mouse model of colitis. Treated animals were given 1×108 cfu S. thermophilus per day and clinical observations were taken daily. At termination, gross and histopathological signs of disease, cellular infiltration, location of bacteria, and cytokine expression in the intestine were determined. S. thermophilus delayed onset of colitis and reduced clinical signs of disease, including bodyweight loss and gastrointestinal bleeding. It reduced bacterial translocation into the colonic tissue. Increased numbers of CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes were seen in control animals treated with S. thermophilus. S. thermophilus had no effect on gross pathology, histopathology or cytokine production in either colitic or control animals. We propose that S. thermophilus promotes maintenance of mucosal barrier function which reduces bacterial translocation, thereby reducing immune stimulation and associated inflammation. This allows mucosal healing, reducing gastrointestinal bleeding and weight loss. This could be studied as a locally-acting adjunct or alternative to current IBD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Bailey
- Mucosal Microbiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - V. Vince
- KWS BioTest Ltd., Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - N.A. Williams
- KWS BioTest Ltd., Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - T.A. Cogan
- Mucosal Microbiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
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25
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Jeong EM, Son YH, Choi Y, Kim JH, Lee JH, Cho SY, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 is dispensable but required for the survival of mice in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e267. [PMID: 27811936 PMCID: PMC5133373 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes crosslinking, polyamination or deamidation of glutamine residues in proteins. It has been reported that TG2 is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases including celiac disease, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis and sepsis. Recently, using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, we showed that TG2 is required to trigger inflammation via the induction of T helper type 17 (Th17) cell differentiation in response to tissue damage. However, the role of TG2 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is thought to be a Th17 cell-associated disease, has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of TG2 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, the most widely used mouse model for IBD. Age- and sex-matched wild-type and TG2-/- mice were fed 2% DSS for 7 days or 3.5% DSS for 5 days in drinking water. An in situ TG activity assay revealed that DSS treatment activates TG2 in various colon cell types, including columnar absorptive cells and goblet cells. DSS-treated TG2-/- mice showed lower interleukin (IL)-6, but higher IL-17A and RORγt (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt) expression levels in the colon tissues than that in the wild-type mice. Moreover, TG2-/- mice showed higher mortality than the wild-type mice because of DSS treatment. Nevertheless, we found no significant differences in changes of body weight, colon length, morphology, immune cell infiltration and in vivo intestinal permeability between DSS-treated wild-type and TG2-/- mice. These results indicate that TG2-mediated Th17 cell differentiation is not required for the pathogenesis of DSS-induced acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yewon Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Abstract
The cause of Crohn’s disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients’ inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
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27
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Abstract
The cause of Crohn's disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients' inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
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28
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Tschurtschenthaler M, Kachroo P, Heinsen FA, Adolph TE, Rühlemann MC, Klughammer J, Offner FA, Ammerpohl O, Krueger F, Smallwood S, Szymczak S, Kaser A, Franke A. Paternal chronic colitis causes epigenetic inheritance of susceptibility to colitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31640. [PMID: 27538787 PMCID: PMC4990911 DOI: 10.1038/srep31640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) arises by unknown environmental triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression may integrate internal and external influences and may thereby modulate disease susceptibility. Epigenetic modification may also affect the germ-line and in certain contexts can be inherited to offspring. This study investigates epigenetic alterations consequent to experimental murine colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), and their paternal transmission to offspring. Genome-wide methylome- and transcriptome-profiling of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and sperm cells of males of the F0 generation, which received either DSS and consequently developed colitis (F0DSS), or non-supplemented tap water (F0Ctrl) and hence remained healthy, and of their F1 offspring was performed using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), respectively. Offspring of F0DSS males exhibited aberrant methylation and expression patterns of multiple genes, including Igf1r and Nr4a2, which are involved in energy metabolism. Importantly, DSS colitis in F0DSS mice was associated with decreased body weight at baseline of their F1 offspring, and these F1 mice exhibited increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis compared to offspring from F0Ctrl males. This study hence demonstrates epigenetic transmissibility of metabolic and inflammatory traits resulting from experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology &Hepatology), Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Priyadarshini Kachroo
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Femke-Anouska Heinsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Timon Erik Adolph
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johanna Klughammer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Albert Offner
- Department of Pathology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Krueger
- Bioinformatics Group, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Smallwood
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Szymczak
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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29
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Zhu C, Ling Q, Cai Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hoffmann PR, Zheng W, Zhou T, Huang Z. Selenium-Containing Phycocyanin from Se-Enriched Spirulina platensis Reduces Inflammation in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5060-5070. [PMID: 27223481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) plays an important role in fine-tuning immune responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves hyperresponsive immunity of the digestive tract, and a low Se level might aggravate IBD progression; however, the beneficial effects of natural Se-enriched diets on IBD remain unknown. Previously, we developed high-yield Se-enriched Spirulina platensis (Se-SP) as an excellent organic nutritional Se source. Here we prepared Se-containing phycocyanin (Se-PC) from Se-SP and observed that Se-PC administration effectively reduced the extent of colitis in mouse induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Supplementation with Se-PC resulted in significant protective effects, including mitigation of body weight loss, bloody diarrhea, and colonic inflammatory damage. The anti-inflammatory effects of Se-PC supplementation were found to involve modulation of cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-10. Mechanistically, Se-PC inhibited the activation of macrophages by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which is involved in the transcription of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results together suggest potential benefits of Se-PC as a functional Se supplement to reduce the symptoms of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qinjie Ling
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhihui Cai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peter R Hoffmann
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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30
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Munyaka PM, Rabbi MF, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. Acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis promotes gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:986-98. [PMID: 27112251 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The most widely used and characterized experimental model of ulcerative colitis (UC) is the epithelial erosion, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, which is developed by administration of DSS in drinking water. We investigated fecal and colonic mucosa microbial composition and functional changes in mice treated with DSS. C57Bl/6 mice received 5% DSS in drinking water for 5 days. Inflammation was evaluated clinically and by analysis of colonic tissue cytokine levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum. Colonic mucosa and fecal samples were used for DNA extraction and the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was subjected to MiSeq Illumina sequencing. Alpha- and beta-diversities, and compositional differences at phylum and genus levels were determined, and bacterial functional pathways were predicted. DSS increased disease severity, serum CRP and cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, but decreased bacterial species richness, and shifted bacterial community composition. Bacteroides, Turicibacter, Escherichia, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroidales, among other taxa were associated with DSS treatment in fecal and colonic samples. Also, DSS altered microbial functional pathways in both colonic mucosa and fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS The development of colitis in DSS model was accompanied with reduced microbial diversity and dysbiosis of gut microbiota at lower taxonomical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peris Mumbi Munyaka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical & Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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31
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Wang L, Jiang X, Liu X, Qian T, Chu Y. Local immune compartments are related to the severity of dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis. Biosci Trends 2015; 8:242-7. [PMID: 25382439 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2014.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis is commonly used to simulate human ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the mucosal immune responses related to the severity of disease have not been comprehensively documented. We used different concentration of DSS, induced various severities of colitis, and simultaneously examined the frequency of immune cells, antibodies and cytokine production. We found that T regulatory cells (Tregs), B cells, and IgA secretion increased on the recovery phase of mild colitis, accompanied by CD11b(+) cells, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α accumulated mildly. While during severe and irreversible colitis, the CD11b(+) cells, IL-6, and TNF-α infiltrated severely with Tregs, B cells, and IgA increased inconspicuously. These results demonstrate that Tregs, B cells, and IgA may play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of gut, by suppressing CD11b(+) cells and the pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical
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32
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Saijo H, Tatsumi N, Arihiro S, Kato T, Okabe M, Tajiri H, Hashimoto H. Microangiopathy triggers, and inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Transl Med 2015; 95:728-48. [PMID: 25938626 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a representative clinical manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic gastrointestinal tract inflammation. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice have been used to investigate UC pathogenesis, and in this UC model, disturbance and impairment of the mucosal epithelium have been reported to cause colitis. However, how DSS sporadically breaks down the epithelium remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the colonic microcirculation and myenteric neurons of DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, we examined the potential of myenteric neurons as a target to prevent exacerbation of colitis. Fluorescent angiographic and histopathological studies revealed that DSS administration elicited blood vessel disruption before epithelial disorders appeared. Ischemic conditions in the lamina propria induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in myenteric neurons as colitis aggravated. When neuronal activity was inhibited with butylscopolamine, neuronal iNOS expression decreased, and the exacerbation of colitis was prevented. These results suggested that DSS-induced colitis was triggered by microcirculatory disturbance in the mucosa, and that excessive neuronal excitation aggravated colitis. During remission periods of human UC, endoscopic inspection of the colonic microcirculation may enable the early detection of disease recurrence, and inhibition of neuronal iNOS expression may prevent the disease from worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saijo
- 1] Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan [2] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Arihiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Tajiri
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is downregulated in ulcerative colitis and is involved in experimental colitis-associated neoplasia. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1259-1266. [PMID: 26622660 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to also identify the association between PPAR-γ and the clinical features of patients with IBD. An azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) animal model of colitis-associated neoplasia was established to investigate the protective effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and to explore the changes in the expression of PPAR-γ during this process. A total of 66 specimens of colorectal tissue obtained from biopsy performed on IBD patients and 30 healthy control individuals were immunohistochemically stained for PPAR-γ. An AOM/DSS animal model of colitis-associated neoplasia was then established. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted and it was found that, compared with the control group and patients with Crohn's disease (CD), the expression of PPAR-γ in the intestinal tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) was significantly decreased (P=0.027 and 0.046, respectively). The expression of PPAR-γ was found to be negatively associated with the disease activity of UC and was not associated with the severity of disease, site of lesions or CD characteristics. Administration of 5-ASA decreased the colitis and tumor burden of colons. The expression level of PPAR-γ in the intestinal tissue was also increased in the AOM/DSS/5-ASA group compared with AOM/DSS group (P<0.001). PPAR-γ is an important factor in the pathogenesis of UC and colitis-associated cancer. The present study found that 5-ASA significantly alleviates the colitis and tumor burden in a mouse model of AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated neoplasia, and promotes the expression of PPAR-γ in the intestinal tract.
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Abstract
Background: Herbal products from Ayurveda were always in the forefront in providing leads to new drug discovery. Triphala, an ancient Ayurvedic herbal formulation comprises of equal portions of Amalaki, Bibhitaki and Haritaki and is used extensively for constipation, as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-arthritic, hypoglycemic and an anti-aging agent. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Triphala on dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in rats. Materials and Methods: Present study carried out in total five groups (n = 6 in each group); first group served as normal, second group control, third group standard control and remaining two as test drug groups. Mesalzine was used as a standard drug for comparison. Two doses (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) of Triphala were given as treatment for two separate groups of colitis rats for 7 days. C-reactive protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde levels were evaluated and histological study of the distal colon was conducted. Results: The colitis rats treated with higher dose of Triphala (300 mg/kg) exhibited normal parameters similar to normal control group animals, which is on par with standard drug mesalzine effect. Conclusion: The results suggest that Triphala (300 mg/kg) has a considerable and reliable effect in reducing colitis in rats. This effect can be attributed to its antioxidant activity and well presence of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Rayudu
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Peters Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vidyanagar, Hanamkonda, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Akondi B Raju
- Department of Pharmacology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Al Mahjar, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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35
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Boirivant M. Experimental Models of Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Shen Y, Ma J, Yan R, Ling H, Li X, Yang W, Gao J, Huang C, Bu Y, Cao Y, He Y, Wan L, Zu X, Liu J, Huang MC, Stenson WF, Liao DF, Cao D. Impaired self-renewal and increased colitis and dysplastic lesions in colonic mucosa of AKR1B8-deficient mice. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1466-76. [PMID: 25538260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a serious health issue, but etiopathological factors remain unclear. Aldo-keto reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10) is specifically expressed in the colonic epithelium, but downregulated in colorectal cancer. This study was aimed to investigate the etiopathogenic role of AKR1B10 in ulcerative colitis and CAC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ulcerative colitis and CAC biopsies (paraffin-embedded sections) and frozen tissues were collected to examine AKR1B10 expression. Aldo-keto reductase 1B8 (the ortholog of human AKR1B10) knockout (AKR1B8(-/-)) mice were produced to estimate its role in the susceptibility and severity of chronic colitis and associated dysplastic lesions, induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) at a low dose (2%). Genome-wide exome sequencing was used to profile DNA damage in DSS-induced colitis and tumors. RESULTS AKR1B10 expression was markedly diminished in over 90% of ulcerative colitis and CAC tissues. AKR1B8 deficiency led to reduced lipid synthesis from butyrate and diminished proliferation of colonic epithelial cells. The DSS-treated AKR1B8(-/-) mice demonstrated impaired injury repair of colonic epithelium and more severe bleeding, inflammation, and ulceration. These AKR1B8(-/-) mice had more severe oxidative stress and DNA damage, and dysplasias were more frequent and at a higher grade in the AKR1B8(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. Palpable masses were seen in the AKR1B8(-/-) mice only, not in wild-type. CONCLUSIONS AKR1B8 is a critical protein in the proliferation and injury repair of the colonic epithelium and in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and CAC, being a new etiopathogenic factor of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Ruilan Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Hongyan Ling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Gao
- Department of Pathology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Chenfei Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Yiwen Bu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Yingchun He
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Laxiang Wan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Mei Chris Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - William F Stenson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois. Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Wu X, Yang Y, Dou Y, Ye J, Bian D, Wei Z, Tong B, Kong L, Xia Y, Dai Y. Arctigenin but not arctiin acts as the major effective constituent of Arctium lappa L. fruit for attenuating colonic inflammatory response induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:505-15. [PMID: 25284342 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The crude powder of the fruit of Arctium lappa L. (ALF) has previously been reported to attenuate experimental colitis in mice. But, its main effective ingredient and underlying mechanisms remain to be identified. In this study, ALF was extracted with ethanol, and then successively fractionated into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fraction. Experimental colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice. Among the four fractions of ALF, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the most significant inhibition of DSS-induced colitis in mice. The comparative studies of arctigenin and arctiin (the two main ingredients of ethyl acetate fraction) indicated that arctigenin rather than arctiin could reduce the loss of body weight, disease activity index and histological damage in the colon. Arctigenin markedly recovered the loss of intestinal epithelial cells (E-cadherin-positive cells) and decreased the infiltration of neutrophils (MPO-positive cells) and macrophages (CD68-positive cells). Arctigenin could down-regulate the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-2, MCP-1, MAdCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 at both protein and mRNA levels in colonic tissues. Also, it markedly decreased the MDA level, but increased SOD activity and the GSH level. Of note, the efficacy of arctigenin was comparable or even superior to that of the positive control mesalazine. Moreover, it significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of MAPKs and the activation of NF-κB, including phosphorylation of IκBα and p65, p65 translocation and DNA binding activity. In conclusion, arctigenin but not arctiin is the main active ingredient of ALF for attenuating colitis via down-regulating the activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yannong Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Difei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bei Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yue Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Potential therapeutic utility of mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:515-21. [PMID: 25133649 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found to provide an effective therapeutic role in inflammatory diseases by modulating inflammatory responses and tissue regeneration by their differentiation ability. The present work sought to demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of MSCs in treating chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. A new model to induce chronic IBD based on alternative administration periods of Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) was established. Mice were divided into 2 groups; one was treated with MSCs and the other was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of MSCs was by measuring weight, stool scoring, histopathological examination, and measuring the gene expression of inflammatory markers: Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The results showed that DSS administration causes bloody and watery stool, weight loss, and altered histopathologic picture. MSC treated mice showed a significant improvement in stool condition, weight gain, and normal histopathologic picture compared to the PBS treated mice. Moreover, gene expressions of inflammatory markers in the intestines of the MSC treated mice were also significantly lower than those of the PBS treated mice. In conclusion, the data here showed that MSCs have a clear potential efficacy in the treatment for IBD, as their immune modulation effects include inhibition in the expression of key inflammatory markers that each plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Randhawa PK, Singh K, Singh N, Jaggi AS. A review on chemical-induced inflammatory bowel disease models in rodents. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:279-88. [PMID: 25177159 PMCID: PMC4146629 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.4.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are a set of chronic, idiopathic, immunological and relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract referred to as inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD). Although the etiological factors involved in the perpetuation of IBD remain uncertain, development of various animal models provides new insights to unveil the onset and the progression of IBD. Various chemical-induced colitis models are widely used on laboratory scale. Furthermore, these models closely mimic morphological, histopathological and symptomatical features of human IBD. Among the chemical-induced colitis models, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, oxazolone induced-colitis and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis models are most widely used. TNBS elicits Th-1 driven immune response, whereas oxazolone predominantly exhibits immune response of Th-2 phenotype. DSS-induced colitis model also induces changes in Th-1/Th-2 cytokine profile. The present review discusses the methodology and rationale of using various chemical-induced colitis models for evaluating the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Kavinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Genetic deletion of Klf4 in the mouse intestinal epithelium ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by modulating the NF-κB pathway inflammatory response. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:811-20. [PMID: 24681655 PMCID: PMC4091934 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc finger transcription factor expressed in the differentiated epithelial cells lining of the intestine. Under physiological conditions, KLF4 inhibits cell proliferation. Conversely, KLF4 mediates proinflammatory signaling in macrophages and its overexpression in the esophageal epithelium activates cytokines, leading to inflammation-mediated esophageal squamous cell cancer formation in mice. Here, we tested whether KLF4 has a proinflammatory activity in experimental colitis in mice. METHODS Villin-Cre;Klf4 mice with intestine-specific Klf4 deletion (Klf4) and control mice with floxed Klf4 gene (Klf4) were treated or not with 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days to induce colitis. Additionally, WT mice were administered or not, nanoparticles loaded with scrambled or Klf4-siRNA, and concomitantly given DSS. RESULTS Compared with DSS-treated Klf4 mice, DSS-treated Klf4 mice were significantly less sensitive to DSS-induced colitis. DSS treatment of Klf4 mice induced Klf4 expression in the crypt zone of the colonic epithelium. DSS-treated Klf4 mice had increased proliferation relative to DSS-treated control mice. DSS treatment induced NF-κB signaling pathway in Klf4 mice colon but not Klf4 mice. Additionally, WT mice given DSS and nanoparticle/Klf4-siRNA were less sensitive to colitis and had reduced Klf4 expression and while maintaining the proliferative response in the colonic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Klf4 is an important mediator of DSS-induced colonic inflammation by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway and could be involved in the pathogenesis and/or propagation of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, Klf4 may represent a novel therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Seamons A, Treuting PM, Brabb T, Maggio-Price L. Characterization of dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation and colonic tumorigenesis in Smad3(-/-) mice with dysregulated TGFβ. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79182. [PMID: 24244446 PMCID: PMC3823566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few mouse models that adequately mimic large bowel cancer in humans or the gastrointestinal inflammation which frequently precedes it. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induces colitis in many animal models and has been used in combination with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to induce cancer in mice. Smad3−/− mice are deficient in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling molecule, SMAD3, resulting in dysregulation of the cellular pathway most commonly affected in human colorectal cancer, and develop inflammation-associated colon cancer. Previous studies have shown a requirement for a bacterial trigger for the colitis and colon cancer phenotype in Smad3−/− mice. Studies presented here in Smad3−/− mice detail disease induction with DSS, without the use of AOM, and show a) Smad3−/− mice develop a spectrum of lesions ranging from acute and chronic colitis, crypt herniation, repair, dysplasia, adenomatous polyps, disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis, adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) and squamous metaplasia; b) the colon lesions have variable galactin-3 (Mac2) staining c) increased DSS concentration and duration of exposure leads to increased severity of colonic lesions; d) heterozygosity of SMAD3 does not confer increased susceptibility to DSS-induced disease and e) disease is partially controlled by the presence of T and B cells as Smad3−/−Rag2−/− double knock out (DKO) mice develop a more severe disease phenotype. DSS-induced disease in Smad3−/− mice may be a useful animal model to study not only inflammation-driven MAC but other human diseases such as colitis cystica profunda (CCP) and pseudomyxomatous peritonei (PMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Seamons
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Piper M. Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mashtoub S, Hoang BV, Vu M, Lymn KA, Feinle-Bisset C, Howarth GS. Clinical and structural effects of traditional Chinese medicine and the herbal preparation, Iberogast, in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2013; 19:10-9. [PMID: 24647374 DOI: 10.1177/2156587213503660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-sourced formulations such as Iberogast and the traditional Chinese medicine formulation, Cmed, purportedly possess anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging properties. We investigated Iberogast and Cmed, independently, for their potential to decrease the severity of the large bowel inflammatory disorder, ulcerative colitis. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 8/group) received daily 1 mL gavages (days 0-13) of water, Iberogast (100 μL/200 μL), or Cmed (10 mg/20 mg). Rats ingested 2% dextran sulfate sodium or water ad libitum for 7 days commencing on day 5. Dextran sulfate sodium administration increased disease activity index scores from days 6 to 12, compared with water controls (P < .05). On day 10, 200 μL Iberogast decreased disease activity index scores in colitic rats compared with colitic controls (P < .05). Neither Iberogast nor Cmed achieved statistical significance for daily metabolic parameters or colonic crypt depth. The therapeutic effects of Iberogast and Cmed were minimal in the colitis setting. Further studies of plant extracts are required investigating greater concentrations and alternative delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Dashdorj A, Jyothi KR, Lim S, Jo A, Nguyen MN, Ha J, Yoon KS, Kim HJ, Park JH, Murphy MP, Kim SS. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ ameliorates experimental mouse colitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cytokines. BMC Med 2013. [PMID: 23915129 DOI: 10.1186/17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MitoQ is a mitochondria-targeted derivative of the antioxidant ubiquinone, with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic functions. Reactive oxygen species are involved in many inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of MitoQ in a mouse model of experimental colitis and investigated the possible mechanisms underlying its effects on intestinal inflammation. METHODS Reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial function were measured in blood mononuclear cells of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of MitoQ were evaluated in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. Clinical and pathological markers of disease severity and oxidative injury, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in mouse colonic tissue were measured. The effect of MitoQ on inflammatory cytokines released in the human macrophage-like cell line THP-1 was also analyzed. RESULTS Cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels in mononuclear cells were significantly higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (P <0.003, cellular reactive oxygen species; P <0.001, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species). MitoQ significantly ameliorated colitis in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse model in vivo, reduced the increased oxidative stress response (malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine formation), and suppressed mitochondrial and histopathological injury by decreasing levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-18 (P <0.001 and P <0.01 respectively). By decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, MitoQ also suppressed activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome that was responsible for maturation of IL-1 beta and IL-18. In vitro studies demonstrated that MitoQ decreases IL-1 beta and IL-18 production in human THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that MitoQ may have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute phases of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjargal Dashdorj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Dashdorj A, Jyothi KR, Lim S, Jo A, Nguyen MN, Ha J, Yoon KS, Kim HJ, Park JH, Murphy MP, Kim SS. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ ameliorates experimental mouse colitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cytokines. BMC Med 2013; 11:178. [PMID: 23915129 PMCID: PMC3750576 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MitoQ is a mitochondria-targeted derivative of the antioxidant ubiquinone, with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic functions. Reactive oxygen species are involved in many inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of MitoQ in a mouse model of experimental colitis and investigated the possible mechanisms underlying its effects on intestinal inflammation. METHODS Reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial function were measured in blood mononuclear cells of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of MitoQ were evaluated in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. Clinical and pathological markers of disease severity and oxidative injury, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in mouse colonic tissue were measured. The effect of MitoQ on inflammatory cytokines released in the human macrophage-like cell line THP-1 was also analyzed. RESULTS Cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels in mononuclear cells were significantly higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (P <0.003, cellular reactive oxygen species; P <0.001, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species). MitoQ significantly ameliorated colitis in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse model in vivo, reduced the increased oxidative stress response (malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine formation), and suppressed mitochondrial and histopathological injury by decreasing levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta and IL-18 (P <0.001 and P <0.01 respectively). By decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, MitoQ also suppressed activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome that was responsible for maturation of IL-1 beta and IL-18. In vitro studies demonstrated that MitoQ decreases IL-1 beta and IL-18 production in human THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that MitoQ may have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute phases of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjargal Dashdorj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin and ghrelin in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57:211-8. [PMID: 23549326 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318294711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obestatin and ghrelin are hormones derived from the same gene but have opposing effects. Ghrelin has anti-inflammatory activities; however, the role of obestatin in the inflammatory processes has not been clearly demonstrated yet. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the anti-inflammatory effect of exogenous ghrelin and obestatin in a rat model of colitis. METHODS Acute and chronic colitis was induced in 96 rats by adding 3% dextran sulfate sodium to the drinking water for 5 and 10 days, respectively. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with ghrelin or obestatin was started before the induction of colitis, and continued for 5 and 10 days. Clinical signs of the disease and histopathological changes were evaluated. By-products of neutrophil activation, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured in colonic tissues. RESULTS Obestatin and ghrelin significantly ameliorated clinical and histopathological severity of chronic colitis, whereas they were less effective in the acute form. Therapeutic effect of ghrelin and obestatin in acute colitis was associated with reduced lipid peroxidation and TH1-induced inflammatory response, whereas obestatin in chronic colitis was protective via the suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and enhancement of glutathione synthesis. Moreover, therapeutic effects of ghrelin and obestatin in chronic colitis appear to be associated with inhibition of inflammatory and activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the novel anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin and ghrelin in an experimental model of colitis. Although both obestatin and ghrelin exerted anti-inflammatory effects in chronic colitis, they were less effective in acute colitis.
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Dong F, Zhang L, Hao F, Tang H, Wang Y. Systemic responses of mice to dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute ulcerative colitis using 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2958-66. [PMID: 23651354 DOI: 10.1021/pr4002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between genetic mutation and environmental factors is believed to contribute to the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While focused attention has been paid to the aforementioned research, time-specific and organ-specific metabolic changes associated with IBD are still lacking. Here, we induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice by providing water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days and investigated the metabolic changes of plasma, urine, and a range of biological tissues by employing a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics approach with complementary information on serum clinical chemistry and histopathology. We found that DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis leads to significant elevations in the levels of amino acids in plasma and decreased levels in the membrane-related metabolites and a range of nucleotides, nucleobases, and nucleosides in the colon. In addition, acute-colitis-induced elevations in the levels of nucleotides in the liver were observed, accompanied by reduced levels of glucose. DSS-induced acute colitis also resulted in increased levels of oxidized glutathione and attenuated levels of taurine in the spleen. Furthermore, acute colitis resulted in depletion in the levels of gut microbial cometabolites in urine along with an increase in citric acid cycle intermediates. These findings suggest that DSS-induced acute colitis causes a disturbance of lipid and energy metabolism, damage to the colon and liver, a promoted antioxidative and anti-inflammatory response, and perturbed gut microbiotal communities. The information obtained here provided details of the time-dependent and holistic metabolic changes in the development of the DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis, which could be useful in discovery of novel therapeutic targets for management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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Traffic control of bacteria-derived molecules: a new system of host-bacterial crosstalk. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:757148. [PMID: 23606846 PMCID: PMC3626219 DOI: 10.1155/2013/757148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulent microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses, are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain proteins (NODs), and induce inflammatory responses in mammalian hosts. Conversely, commensal bacteria and probiotics, which symbiotically confer health benefits on the host organisms, can lodge in the host intestinal tract without inducing intestinal inflammation. Recent advances in investigations concerning host-microbial interactions have shown that some effector molecules secreted from beneficial bacteria activate cell survival pathways, such as those mediated by p38 MAPK and Akt, and bring health benefits to mammalian hosts. It is noteworthy that such bacteria-derived molecules are taken into the intestinal epithelia through a transport or endocytosis system, thereafter exhibiting their beneficial effects. Understanding this traffic control process can aid in the comprehension of host and microbe interactions and may provide new insight to clarify the pathogenesis of intestinal disorders. This paper highlights the intestinal trafficking systems of bacteria-derived molecules that affect the bacterial functions and modulate epithelial signaling cascades. The latter mechanism may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by improving the host damage induced by virulence factors and various disease states.
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Frantz AL, Bruno ME, Rogier EW, Tuna H, Cohen DA, Bondada S, Chelvarajan RL, Brandon JA, Jennings CD, Kaetzel CS. Multifactorial patterns of gene expression in colonic epithelial cells predict disease phenotypes in experimental colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:2138-48. [PMID: 23070952 PMCID: PMC3476470 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex and the need to identify molecular biomarkers is critical. Epithelial cells play a central role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. We previously identified five "signature" biomarkers in colonic epithelial cells (CEC) that are predictive of disease phenotype in Crohn's disease. Here we investigate the ability of CEC biomarkers to define the mechanism and severity of intestinal inflammation. METHODS We analyzed the expression of RelA, A20, pIgR, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in CEC of mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) acute colitis or T-cell-mediated chronic colitis. Factor analysis was used to combine the five biomarkers into two multifactorial principal components (PCs). PC scores for individual mice were correlated with disease severity. RESULTS For both colitis models, PC1 was strongly weighted toward RelA, A20, and pIgR, and PC2 was strongly weighted toward TNF and MIP-2, while the contributions of other biomarkers varied depending on the etiology of inflammation. Disease severity was correlated with elevated PC2 scores in DSS colitis and reduced PC1 scores in T-cell transfer colitis. Downregulation of pIgR was a common feature observed in both colitis models and was associated with altered cellular localization of pIgR and failure to transport IgA. CONCLUSIONS A multifactorial analysis of epithelial gene expression may be more informative than examining single gene responses in IBD. These results provide insight into the homeostatic and proinflammatory functions of CEC in IBD pathogenesis and suggest that biomarker analysis could be useful for evaluating therapeutic options for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L. Frantz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Maria E.C. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Eric W. Rogier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Halide Tuna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Donald A. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - R. Lakshman Chelvarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - J. Anthony Brandon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - C. Darrell Jennings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte S. Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Araki Y, Bamba T, Mukaisho KI, Kanauchi O, Ban H, Bamba S, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Hattori T, Sugihara H. Dextran sulfate sodium administered orally is depolymerized in the stomach and induces cell cycle arrest plus apoptosis in the colon in early mouse colitis. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1597-605. [PMID: 22895560 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for human inflammatory bowel disease remain poorly understood. The pathogenic factors for dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, one of the experimental animal colitis models, also remain unknown. Furthermore, detailed studies on DSS metabolism in the gut lumen have not been reported. Therefore, we investigated DSS metabolism in the mouse gut lumen and report the mechanisms which induce colitis. DSS was labeled with 2-aminopyridine (pyridylamino-DSS, PA-DSS). PA-DSS was administered orally to male BALB/cA Jcl mice. The metabolites and histological findings were observed using HPLC and light or fluorescence microscopy. PA-DSS with Mr 5000 was depolymerized rapidly in the gastric lumen, and the depolymerized PA-DSS was absorbed in the small intestine. Therefore, the majority of the PA-DSS in the cecal contents returned to Mr 5000 PA-DSS, escaping absorption in the small intestine. Mr 5000 DSS induced severe colitis, and immunostaining using an anti-mouse Ki-67 antibody and the TUNEL assay showed that DSS arrested the cell cycle at the G0 phase and induced apoptosis of the colonic epithelium. Mr 2500 PA-DSS, however, induced these same effects weakly. During these processes, we observed that the epithelial cells can depolymerize DSS themselves. An in vitro study using Caco-2 cells also showed similar effects. Mr 5000 DSS was depolymerized in the gut lumen and epithelial cells. Therefore, the molecular mass distribution of the DSS differed between each part in the lumen. As an early stage event, DSS induced colitis through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis according to its molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Araki
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, undetermined colitis) are a group of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases distinguished by recurrent inflammation of various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) system and presenting a significant public health problem. Despite large basic and clinical research, the aetiology of these diseases and the pathogenesis of inflammation itself remain elusive. Previous studies have confirmed a causal relationship between mediators of inflammatory response and molecules involved in the regulation of their biological activity, especially proteases. The aim of this review is to summarise earlier findings on different aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases, paying particular attention to the involvement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26 molecule, DPP IV/CD26) in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the GI tract. Animal studies of colitis have significantly contributed to the understanding and treatment of these diseases, investigations of ulcerative colitis (DSS-colitis) and Crohn's disease (TNBS-colitis) on the murine model in particular.
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