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Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital organ that digests food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes waste. Normal GI motility is the basis for these functions. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the GI muscularis layer promote GI motility together with the enteric nervous system and smooth muscle cells. Since GI motility results from complex coordination of these heterogeneous cells, failure of any one of them can lead to GI dysmotility. Knowledge about ICC in physiological conditions has accumulated in recent decades, while the pathophysiology of ICC in GI inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the previous studies about the pathophysiological changes of ICC in inflammatory diseases and discuss the inflammatory mediators that induce ICC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kaji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201,
Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-8657, Japan
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Graneli C, Patarroyo S, Mitev RM, Gisselsson D, Gottberg E, Erlöv T, Jansson T, Hagelsteen K, Cinthio M, Stenström P. Histopathological dimensions differ between aganglionic and ganglionic bowel wall in children with Hirschsprung's disease. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:723. [PMID: 36536313 PMCID: PMC9764572 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the validation of new imaging technology for children with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), basic anatomical parameters of the bowel wall must be established specifically for this patient group. AIM To explore differences in histoanatomical layers of bowel wall, comparing ganglionic and aganglionic bowel walls, and to examine if the bowel wall thickness is linked to patient weight. METHODS This was an observational study of bowel specimens from children weighing 0-10 kg, operated on consecutively during 2018-2020. Ganglionic and aganglionic bowel walls were measured in digitalized microscopy images from 10 sites per trans-sectional specimen and compared regarding the thickness of their histoanatomical layers. RESULTS Bowel walls were measured in 21 children. Full bowel wall thickness did not differ between aganglionic and ganglionic bowel (2.20 vs 2.04; p = 0.802) while weight at surgery correlated positively with both ganglionic and aganglionic bowel wall thickness (r = 0.688 and 0.849, respectively), and age at surgery with ganglionic bowel wall thickness (r = 0.517). In aganglionic segments, the muscularis externa layer was thicker compared to that in ganglionosis (0.45 vs 0.31 mm, p = 0.012) whereas the muscularis interna was thinner (0.45 vs 0.62 mm, p < 0.001). A diagnostic index was identified whereby a lower ratio of muscularis interna/externa thickness followed by a thinner muscularis interna differed between aganglionic and ganglionic bowel in all specimens. CONCLUSION Thicknesses of the bowel wall's muscle layers differ between aganglionic and ganglionic bowel walls in children with HSCR. These findings support a diagnostic index that could be validated for transfer to instant diagnostic imaging techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic: 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Graneli
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Patarroyo
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Munoz Mitev
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Gisselsson
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emilia Gottberg
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Erlöv
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jansson
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Clinical Engineering, Clinical Sciences Lund, LTH, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristine Hagelsteen
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Cinthio
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stenström
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zhang Z, Li B, Jiang Q, Li Q, Pierro A, Li L. Hirschsprung-Associated Enterocolitis: Transformative Research from Bench to Bedside. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2022; 32:383-390. [PMID: 35649434 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1745780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disease that is characterized by the absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the distal colon and is the most common cause of congenital intestinal obstruction. Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is a life-threatening complication of HSCR, which can occur either before or after surgical resection of the aganglionic bowel. Even though HAEC is a leading cause of death in HSCR patients, its etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. Various factors have been associated with HAEC, including the mucus barrier, microbiota, immune function, obstruction of the colon, and genetic variations. In this review, we examine our current mouse model of HAEC and how it informs our understanding of the disease. We also describe current emerging research that highlights the potential future of HAEC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Translational Medicine Program, Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Long Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, Beijing, China
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Pan W, Goldstein AM, Hotta R. Opportunities for novel diagnostic and cell-based therapies for Hirschsprung disease. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:61-68. [PMID: 34852916 PMCID: PMC9068833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), early and accurate diagnosis and operative management can be challenging. Moreover, long-term morbidity following surgery, including fecal incontinence, constipation, and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), remains problematic. Recent advances applying state-of-the art imaging for visualization of the enteric nervous system and utilizing neuronal stem cells to replace the missing enteric neurons and glial cells offer the possibility of a promising new future for patients with HSCR. In this review, we summarize recent research advances that may one day offer novel approaches for the diagnosis and management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 6-215, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 6-215, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 6-215, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Bhave S, Arciero E, Baker C, Ho WL, Stavely R, Goldstein AM, Hotta R. Enteric neuronal cell therapy reverses architectural changes in a novel diphtheria toxin-mediated model of colonic aganglionosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18756. [PMID: 31822721 PMCID: PMC6904570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is characterized by absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic segment, gastrointestinal (GI) problems persist. Cell therapy offers potential treatment but use of genetic models is limited by their poor survival. We have developed a novel model of aganglionosis in which enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs) express diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor. Local DT injection into the colon wall results in focal, specific, and sustained ENS ablation without altering GI transit or colonic contractility, allowing improved survival over other aganglionosis models. Focal ENS ablation leads to increased smooth muscle and mucosal thickness, and localized inflammation. Transplantation of ENCDCs into this region leads to engraftment, migration, and differentiation of enteric neurons and glial cells, with restoration of normal architecture of the colonic epithelium and muscle, reduction in inflammation, and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhada Bhave
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Arciero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey Baker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wing Lam Ho
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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A Novel Mutation in Nucleoporin 35 Causes Murine Degenerative Colonic Smooth Muscle Myopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2254-61. [PMID: 27427419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare but life-threatening disease characterized by severe intestinal dysmotility. Histopathologic studies in CIPO patients have identified several different mechanisms that appear to be involved in the dysmotility, including defects in neurons, smooth muscle, or interstitial cells of Cajal. Currently there are few mouse models of the various forms of CIPO. We generated a mouse with a point mutation in the RNA recognition motif of the Nup35 gene, which encodes a component of the nuclear pore complex. Nup35 mutants developed a severe megacolon and exhibited a reduced lifespan. Histopathologic examination revealed a degenerative myopathy that developed after birth and specifically affected smooth muscle in the colon; smooth muscle in the small bowel and the bladder were not affected. Furthermore, no defects were found in enteric neurons or interstitial cells of Cajal. Nup35 mice are likely to be a valuable model for the subtype of CIPO characterized by degenerative myopathy. Our study also raises the possibility that Nup35 polymorphisms could contribute to some cases of CIPO.
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Stamp LA, Obermayr F, Pontell L, Young HM, Xie D, Croaker DH, Song ZM, Furness JB. Surgical Intervention to Rescue Hirschsprung Disease in a Rat Model. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:552-9. [PMID: 26424040 PMCID: PMC4622138 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Rats with a spontaneous null mutation in endothelin receptor type B or Ednrb (sl/sl; spotting lethal) lack enteric neurons in the distal bowel and usually die within the first week after birth. This early postnatal lethality limits their use for examining the potential of cell therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease, and for studies of the influence of EDNRB on the mature CNS and vascular systems. Methods We have developed a surgical intervention to prolong the life of the spotting lethal sl/sl rat, in which we perform a colostomy on postnatal (P) day 4–6 rats to avoid the fatal obstruction caused by the lack of colonic enteric neurons. Results The stomas remained patent and functional and the rats matured normally following surgery. Weight gains were comparable between control and Hirschsprung phenotype (sl/sl) rats, which were followed until 4 weeks after surgery (5 weeks old). We confirmed the absence of enteric neurons in the distal colon of rats whose lives were saved by the surgical intervention. Conclusions This study provides a novel approach for studying EDNRB signalling in multiple organ systems in mature rats, including an animal model to study the efficacy of cell therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Florian Obermayr
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Louise Pontell
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dan Xie
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research and Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David H Croaker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Zan-Min Song
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research and Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Wagner JP, Sullins VF, Khalil HA, Dunn JCY. A durable model of Hirschsprung's colon. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1804-8. [PMID: 25487488 PMCID: PMC4261142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by colonic aganglionosis, curable only by surgical correction. Stem cells may offer regenerative benefits while preventing surgical risks. Existing Hirschsprung's model systems are limited by alimentary compromise and spontaneous ganglionic reconstitution. We endeavored to generate a model of permanent colonic aganglionosis to support longitudinal cell therapy studies. METHODS Among adult female Lewis rats (n=11), laparotomy was performed and one-centimeter segments of descending colon were isolated from continuity and denervated by trans-serosal benzalkonium chloride (BAC) exposure. Postoperative weights were plotted. The colon segments were retrieved after 50 or 100days. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for beta-III tubulin (TUJ1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) revealed colonic ganglia. Muscle layer diameter and the presence of ganglia were contrasted between normal and denervated segments. RESULTS All animals survived, experienced 5% weight loss after one week, and then consistently gained weight. Isolated segments had significantly hypertrophied smooth muscle layers compared to normal colon. Ganglia were identified by IHC in normal colonic segments, and denervated colonic segments had no IHC evidence of myenteric ganglia. CONCLUSION Colonic segmental isolation and denervation result in an effective model of irreversible colonic aganglionosis. Animals retain alimentary function. Muscularis hypertrophy, myenteric denervation, and normal animal longevity are suitable for long-term studies of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Wagner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1749, USA
| | - Veronica F. Sullins
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1749, USA
| | - Hassan A. Khalil
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1749, USA
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1749, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7098, USA,Corresponding Author: James C. Y. Dunn, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave 72-140 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, Tel.: +1 310 206 2429, Fax: +1 310 206 1120,
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Kozakai T, Sakate M, Takizawa S, Uchide T, Kobayashi H, Oishi K, Ishida N, Saida K. Effect of feeding behavior on circadian regulation of endothelin expression in mouse colon. Life Sci 2014; 118:232-7. [PMID: 25010841 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The function, regulation and gene expression of the endothelin (ET) system in the intestine is not well understood. We investigated the dependence on feeding schedule and biological clock of the regulation of ET-1 gene expression in mouse colon. MAIN METHODS Mice were fed freely, fasted for 48 h and re-fed after fasting. KEY FINDINGS Where indicated ET-1 gene expression was highest in the colon compared with other tissues examined in fasted mice. Fasting increased the level, while maintaining the rhythmicity, of ET-1 gene expression in epithelial colonic tissue. Re-feeding, however, decreased ET-1 gene expression and suppressed rhythmic oscillation, and the rhythmicity also changed for gene expression for circadian clocks, period-1 and period-2 (Per1 and Per2). Furthermore, the decrease in ET-1 gene expression induced by re-feeding was blocked by pre-treatment with hexamethonium and atropine. The daily change in ET-1 gene expression in colon, which depends on feeding schedule via the autonomic nervous system, is synchronized with peripheral circadian oscillators under conditions of free feeding and fasting but not re-feeding. The decrease in ET-1 gene expression in the proximal colon induced by re-feeding occurs via the nervous system. SIGNIFICANCE ET-1 plays an important physiological role, which is dependent on feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Kozakai
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Yamagata University, Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Kojirakawa 1-4-12, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Mitsue Sakate
- International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Norio Ishida
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kaname Saida
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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10
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Wagner JP, Sullins VF, Dunn JCY. A novel in vivo model of permanent intestinal aganglionosis. J Surg Res 2014; 192:27-33. [PMID: 25015748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric neuromuscular disease is a characteristic of several disease states, including Hirschsprung disease, esophageal achalasia, Chagas disease, and gastroparesis. Medical therapy for these conditions is limited, and surgical intervention may incur significant morbidity. Alternatively, transplantation of neural progenitor cells may regenerate enteric ganglia. Existing aganglionosis model systems are limited by swift animal demise or by spontaneous regeneration of native ganglia. We propose a novel protocol to induce permanent aganglionosis in a segment of rat jejunum, which may serve as an experimental transplantation target for cellular therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This protocol was performed in 17 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. A laparotomy was performed and a 1-cm segment of jejunum was isolated from continuity. Among 14 rats, the isolated segments were treated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) for 20 min to induce aganglionosis. Jejunal segment isolation was performed without BAC treatment in three rats. The animals were euthanized at posttreatment days 21-166. Muscle layer diameter was compared among normal, isolated, and BAC-treated isolated jejunal segments. The presence of jejunal ganglia was documented by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for beta-III tubulin (TUJ1) and S100, markers of neuronal and glial cell lineages, respectively. RESULTS Ganglia were identified by IHC in normal and isolated jejunal segments. Isolated segments had significantly hypertrophied smooth muscle layers compared with normal jejunum (diameter 343 ± 53 μm versus 211 ± 37 μm, P < 0.0001). BAC-treated jejunal segments had no IHC evidence of ganglionic structures. Aganglionosis was persistent in all specimens up to 166 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS The exclusion of a jejunal segment from continuity and concurrent treatment with BAC results in an effective, reproducible, and permanent model of aganglionosis. Muscular hypertrophy and aganglionosis in the isolated jejunal segment make it an ideal recipient site for transplantation of neuroglial precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Veronica F Sullins
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Xiong HL, Guo ZY, Li SX, Li N, Liu SH, Ji YH. In vivo detection of Hirschsprung's disease by optical coherence tomography in rats. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:1549-61. [PMID: 23417024 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental intestinal obstruction, which is often diagnosed with a repeated biopsy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, real-time imaging modality. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of diagnosis of HSCR, the targeted biopsies of suspicious tissues and the location of operative treatment using OCT. An HSCR Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model (benzalkonium chloride-treated (BAC-treated)) was used. Colon tissues with BAC-treated and without BAC-treated were imaged using OCT. To establish OCT criteria for identification of HSCR, OCT images were compared with corresponding histology images and muscle layer thickness was measured. Furthermore, attenuation coefficients of OCT signals were calculated to illustrate the differences between tissues with BAC-treated and without BAC-treated. Our results show that OCT images of colon tissues with HSCR are well correlated with histology images. In comparison with a muscle layer without HSCR, the thickness of muscle layer with HSCR is increased significantly. The muscle layer in colon tissues with HSCR for 6 weeks had a higher attenuation coefficient than those without HSCR. However, the attenuation coefficient of those with HSCR for 3 weeks had no obvious change. In conclusion, the study demonstrates for the first time that OCT has the potential for diagnosis, biopsy and location of HSCR in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
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Large RJ, Bradley E, Webb T, O'Donnell AM, Puri P, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD, McHale NG, Sergeant GP. Investigation of L-type Ca(2+) current in the aganglionic bowel segment in Hirschsprung's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:1126-e571. [PMID: 22947173 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on animal models of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) suggest that L-type Ca(2+) channels are down-regulated in the aganglionic bowel segment, however, this has yet to be confirmed in HD patients. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that L-type Ca(2+) current density is decreased in smooth muscle cells (SMC) obtained from the aganglionic bowel segment of patients with HD in comparison with those from the ganglionic segment. METHODS Smooth muscle cells were freshly isolated from colon samples obtained from HD patients undergoing pull-through surgery. L-type Ca(2+) currents were recorded using the perforated patch configuration of the whole cell voltage clamp technique and the expression levels of CACNA1C transcripts (which encode L-type Ca(2+) channels) in the ganglionic and aganglionic bowel segments were compared using real-time quantitative PCR. KEY RESULTS All SMC displayed robust currents that had activation/inactivation kinetics typical of L-type Ca(2+) current, were inhibited by nifedipine and enhanced by the L-type Ca(2+) channel agonists FPL 64176 and Bay K 8644. Moreover, FPL 64176 activated currents were also inhibited by nifedipine. However, there was no significant difference in L-type Ca(2+) current density, CACNA1C subunit expression or sensitivity to the pharmacological agents noted above, between SMC isolated from the ganglionic and aganglionic regions of the HD colon. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In contrast to studies on genetic animal models of HD, L-type Ca(2+) currents are not down-regulated in the aganglionic bowel segment of HD patients and are therefore unlikely to account for the impaired colonic peristalsis observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Large
- The Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland
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McKeown SJ, Stamp L, Hao MM, Young HM. Hirschsprung disease: a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:113-29. [PMID: 23799632 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is also called congenital megacolon or intestinal aganglionosis, is characterized by an absence of enteric (intrinsic) neurons from variable lengths of the most distal bowel. Because enteric neurons are essential for propulsive intestinal motility, infants with HSCR suffer from severe constipation and have a distended abdomen. Currently the only treatment is surgical removal of the affected bowel. HSCR has an incidence of around 1:5,000 live births, with a 4:1 male:female gender bias. Most enteric neurons arise from neural crest cells that emigrate from the caudal hindbrain and then migrate caudally along the entire gut. The absence of enteric neurons from variable lengths of the bowel in HSCR results from a failure of neural crest-derived cells to colonize the affected gut regions. HSCR is therefore regarded as a neurocristopathy. HSCR is a multigenic disorder and has become a paradigm for understanding complex factorial disorders. The major HSCR susceptibility gene is RET. The penetrance of several mutations in HSCR susceptibility genes is sex-dependent. HSCR can occur as an isolated disorder or as part of syndromes; for example, Type IV Waardenburg syndrome is characterized by deafness and pigmentation defects as well as intestinal aganglionosis. Studies using animal models have shown that HSCR genes regulate multiple processes including survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Research into HSCR and the development of enteric neurons is an excellent example of the cross fertilization of ideas that can occur between human molecular geneticists and researchers using animal models. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:113-129. doi: 10.1002/wdev.57 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
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Geisbauer CL, Wu BM, Dunn JCY. Transplantation of enteric cells into the aganglionic rodent small intestines. J Surg Res 2011; 176:20-8. [PMID: 21704327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric cells, a mixture of cells isolated from the longitudinal and circular muscle of the gut, may contain neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) and therefore may be a potential source to regenerate the enteric nervous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Benzylalkonium chloride (BAC) was employed to ablate the myenteric and submucosal plexi of the rodent jejunum. Enteric cells were then injected into this BAC-treated segment of the jejunum either with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mixed in collagen. RESULTS Expression of peripherin, S100, and synaptophysin were found in all of the cell injection sites. Peripherin and S100 expression appeared in close proximity in ganglion-like structures when bFGF was injected simultaneously with enteric cells. Synapses that were formed in the presence of bFGF were elongated compared with those formed in the absence of exogenously delivered bFGF. A small percentage of enteric cells expressed peripherin in the injection site after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Enteric cells transplanted with collagen and bFGF in an aganglionic segment of jejunum regenerated ganglion-like structures and may hold potential as a cellular therapeutic for various motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Geisbauer
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7098, USA
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Matsumoto K, Hosoya T, Tashima K, Namiki T, Murayama T, Horie S. Distribution of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel-expressing nerve fibers in mouse rectal and colonic enteric nervous system: relationship to peptidergic and nitrergic neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 172:518-34. [PMID: 20951772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the gut, transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 activation leads to release of neurotransmitters such as neuropeptides and nitric oxide. However, the distribution of TRPV1 nerve fibers and neurotransmitters released form sensory nerve endings in the enteric nervous system are currently not well understood. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of TRPV1 channels, sensory neuropeptides, and nitric oxide and their co-localization in mouse large intestine. Numerous TRPV1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivities were detected, mainly in the mucosa, submucosal layer, and myenteric plexus. Abundant substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactivity were revealed in muscle layers. Motor function studies of circular and longitudinal muscles found that contractile responses to capsaicin in the rectum were most sensitive among the rectum, and distal, transverse, and proximal colon. Double labeling studies were carried out in horizontal sections of mouse rectum. TRPV1/protein gene product (PGP)9.5 double labeled axons were observed, but PGP9.5 and neuronal nuclear protein immunopositive cell bodies did not express TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus. In the mucosa, submucosal layer, deep muscular plexus, circular muscle, myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle layer, TRPV1 nerve fibers were found to contain CGRP, SP and nNOS. SP and NKA were almost entirely colocalized at the axons and cell bodies in all layers. Double labeling with c-Kit revealed that TRPV1 nerve fibers localized adjacent to the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). These results suggest that the TRPV1-expressing nerve and its neurotransmitters regulate various functions of the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan.
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Cheng Z, Dhall D, Zhao L, Wang HL, Doherty TM, Bresee C, Frykman PK. Murine model of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. I: phenotypic characterization with development of a histopathologic grading system. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:475-82. [PMID: 20223308 PMCID: PMC4370315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to characterize enterocolitis in the Ednrb-null (Ednrb-/-) mouse with aganglionosis of the colon and to develop and validate a semiquantitative histopathologic grading system to assess enterocolitis. METHODS We isolated colon and ileal specimens of Ednrb-/- and control mice (Ednrb+/+) and performed histochemical staining (H&E) on tissue sections. After establishing inflammation grading criteria, 2 blinded pathologists independently assessed the severity and depth of inflammation of proximal colon segments on 2 separate occasions. Interclass correlations (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to determine interrater and intrarater agreement. We then prospectively applied the enterocolitis grading system to Ednrb-/- mice that became clinically ill. A cohort of Ednrb-/- mice were observed until they developed clinical illness, at which time they were euthanized and had multiple organ homogenates cultured for bacteria, and colon and small bowel were histopathologically graded for enterocolitis. Spearman's rank correlations comparing enterocolitis scores with level of bacteremia were performed. RESULTS Intra- and interrater ICCs of the histologic scoring system were satisfactory (0.61 and 0.94, respectively), as were intra- and interrater CVs (18% and 9%, respectively). Of the Ednrb-/- mice, 65% developed bacteremia. Those with bacteremia had significantly higher enterocolitis scores than those without bacteremia (P < .01). Ednrb-/- mice that developed bacteremia showed a strong positive correlation between total enterocolitis scores and number of bacterial colony forming units in peritoneal lavage, liver, kidney, and aerobic spleen. CONCLUSIONS The Ednrb-/- mouse with aganglionosis develops enterocolitis and has features similar to Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis in humans. Our grading system is a reliable way to assess enterocolitis. By performing microsurgical pull-through, we can now perform controlled, hypothesis-driven, mechanistic studies to evaluate etiologic factors affecting enterocolitis in the Ednrb-/- mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lifu Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hanlin L. Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Terence M. Doherty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Catherine Bresee
- The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Philip K. Frykman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Zhao L, Dhall D, Cheng Z, Wang HL, Doherty TM, Bresee C, Frykman PK. Murine model of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis II: Surgical correction of aganglionosis does not eliminate enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:206-11; discussion 211-2. [PMID: 20105605 PMCID: PMC4375950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung disease (HD) results from aganglionosis of the colon, is linked to acute and chronic enterocolitis (known as Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis) despite successful corrective surgery, and can lead to bacteremia and even death. The genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are largely unknown. METHODS We developed a microsurgical corrective pull-through procedure in mice, and applied that to Ednrb(-/-) mice, which manifest aganglionic megacolon that is very similar to HD. Wild-type littermates (Ednrb(+/+)) also underwent identical surgery. At prespecified time points postoperatively, mice were sacrificed, and histopathologic analyses of intestinal inflammation were performed. Mice of both genotypes were sacrificed after the postoperative recovery period to determine if corrective surgery itself caused inflammation. Stooling patterns were assessed as well to determine if intestinal function normalized after surgery. RESULTS There was no difference in histopathological enterocolitis scores after recovery from surgery. Stooling patterns in Ednrb(-/-) and Ednrb(+/+) mice were similar postoperatively, suggesting normalization of intestinal function. However, with time, approximately 40% of Ednrb(-/-) mice developed clinical illness consistent with enterocolitis. No control (Ednrb(+/+)) mice developed clinical enterocolitis. Histopathological enterocolitis scores in the 40% of Ednrb(-/-) mice that developed clinical enterocolitis postoperatively were significantly worse than those of healthy postoperative Ednrb(-/-) mice. In contrast, none of the Ednrb(+/+) control mice exhibited postoperative long-term inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Microsurgical pull-through operation in Ednrb(-/-) mice produces a mouse model that closely resembles key features of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis, enabling controlled study of genetic and molecular mechanisms in Ednrb(-/-) mice and other genotypes that produce similar phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hanlin L. Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Terence M. Doherty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Catherine Bresee
- The Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Philip K. Frykman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA, Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 310 423 2331; fax: +1 310 423 4850., (P.K. Frykman)
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Hori M, Ozaki H. [Muscularis macrophage-mediated dysmotility in the inflamed intestine]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2009; 133:190-3. [PMID: 19367018 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.133.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhao L, Cheng Z, Dhall D, Doherty TM, Frykman PK. A novel corrective pullthrough surgery in a mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:759-66. [PMID: 19361637 PMCID: PMC4372194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The study aimed to develop a mouse model of post-pullthrough Hirschsprung's disease that will allow investigation of mechanisms that cause postoperative complications. METHODS We developed a novel microsurgical pullthrough operation on Balb/C mice and evaluated its effect on growth rate and stooling pattern. Histologic assessment of the pullthrough colon was performed. The pullthrough operation was then performed on Ednrb-/- mice that have aganglionic megacolon and Ednrb+/+ littermate controls, and the outcomes compared. RESULTS The Balb/C pullthrough group had 97% survival at 1 week and 70% survival at 2 weeks. Body weight of the pullthrough animals declined 15% in the first week after surgery and subsequently normalized. The stooling pattern showed consistently softer stools in the pullthrough group, but no difference in frequency compared to controls. Histopathologic analyses 4 weeks postoperatively showed well-healed coloanal anastomoses. Two-week survival after pullthrough surgery in Ednrb-/- and Ednrb+/+ mice was 50.0%, and 69.2%, respectively (P = NS). Increased mortality in the Ednrb-/- mice was related to the technical challenge of performing microsurgery on smaller-sized mice with poor baseline health status. CONCLUSIONS Our microsurgical pullthrough operation in mice is feasible and allows systematic investigations into potential mechanisms mediating post-pullthrough complications and poor long-term results in mouse models of Hirschsprung's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Section of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Terence M. Doherty
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Philip K. Frykman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and The Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 310 423 2331; fax: +1 310 423 4850. (P.K. Frykman)
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Kozakai T, Sakate M, Saida K. Regulation of endothelin-1 expression and function by nutrient stress in mouse colon epithelia. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:886-94. [PMID: 18584528 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701792372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endothelin (ET) system is influenced by a variety of stress conditions in many tissues. However, the effects of nutrient stress conditions on ET expression and its function are not well understood in the intestinal tract, while ET-1 gene expression and peptide were found in the intestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding and fasting on the expression of ET-1 and short-circuit current (Isc) induced by ET-1 in mouse colon. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice were fed freely, fasted for 48 h, and re-fed after fasting, respectively. ET-1 mRNA levels and peptide concentrations were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sandwich ELISA, respectively. Isc of epithelial tissue was measured under short-circuit conditions using a Ussing chamber. RESULTS ET-1 mRNA expression and peptide concentrations in epithelial colonic tissue were significantly increased 48 h after fasting, and decreased within 2 h of re-feeding after a 48-h fast. Furthermore, the addition of ET-1 to the serosal but not the mucosal side increased Isc in colonic epithelia. An increase in Isc was caused by chloride ion (Cl(-)) secretion because Isc induced by ET-1 was blocked by bumetanide and Cl(- -) free conditions. In addition, an increase in Isc induced by ET-1 in colon excised from fasted mice was much lower than that obtained from free-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression, peptide concentration, and the function of ET-1 in mouse colonic epithelia are regulated by nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Kozakai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hori M, Nobe H, Horiguchi K, Ozaki H. MCP-1 targeting inhibits muscularis macrophage recruitment and intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in colonic inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 294:C391-401. [PMID: 17977946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of muscularis macrophage numbers and activities plays an important role in the intestinal dysmotility associated with intestinal inflammation. The present study aimed to clarify changes in population dynamics of intestinal muscularis macrophages during colonic inflammation and to test possible inhibitory actions of agents targeting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) on muscularis macrophage dynamics and motility disorder in the colonic inflammation elicited by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In the inflamed muscle layer, ED1 antibody-positive monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages were increased, followed by increasing resident macrophages positively staining for ED2 antibody. Initiation of the ED1-positive macrophage dynamic is associated with MCP-1 mRNA expression. MCP-1 was expressed in both ED1- and ED2-positive macrophages after inflammation. Electromicroscopic analysis revealed that the cell-division phase of muscularis macrophages was seen only in the early stages of inflammation. In addition, ED1 and ED2 double-positive macrophages can be detected during inflammation. Treatment with dominant negative MCP-1 or neutralizing MCP-1 antibodies markedly inhibited numbers of both ED1- and ED2-positive macrophages. Inflammation-mediated dysmotility was partially recovered by treatment with neutralizing MCP-1 antibodies. These results suggest that the inflamed muscle layer is initially infiltrated by monocytes, which then differentiate and develop into muscularis-resident macrophages. These macrophages express MCP-1 for further recruitment of monocytes. MCP-1 may be one potential therapeutic target for inhibiting intestinal motility disorders in gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Nakatsuji T, Ieiri S, Masumoto K, Akiyoshi J, Taguchi T, Suita S. Intracellular calcium mobilization of the aganglionic intestine in the endothelin B receptor gene-deficient rat. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:1663-70. [PMID: 17923193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Up to now, numerous reports have analyzed the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) by means of physiologic, pathologic, or molecular biologic methods. However, very little is still known about the smooth muscle cell itself. The endothelin B receptor gene-deficient (EDNRB(-/-)) rat, which is suitable for research of HD, has an aganglionic segment of the total colon. Our purpose is to investigate the myogenic mechanisms using simultaneous measurements of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and tension and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for L-type Ca2+ channel (L-VOC) expression. METHODS The muscle strips of the rat distal colon were loaded with a Ca2+ indicator dye, fura-PE3/AM, for 3 to 4 hours. The changes in the fluorescence intensity of Ca2+-fura-PE3 complex of the strips were monitored with a front surface fluorometer (CAM-230). The fluorescence intensities at 340- and 380-nm excitation and their ratio (F340/F380) were recorded as the level of [Ca2+]i. The comparison of L-VOC alpha1c subunit messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in both wild and homozygous rat was performed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The peak levels of force development induced by carbachol were 139.1% +/- 5.0% in EDNRB(-/-) rat, whereas the peak levels were 242.1% +/- 27.7% in EDNRB(+/+) rat. The changes in the [Ca2+]i elevation induced by carbachol were 101.7% +/- 12.2% in the homozygous rat, whereas these were 143.8% +/- 8.9% in the wild-type rat. Both results in the homozygous rat significantly decreased in comparison with those of the wild rat (P < .05). The expression of the L-VOC channel mRNA also decreased in the homozygous rat. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to show the [Ca2+]i mobilization in the smooth muscles of the rat model of HD. The decrease in both [Ca2+]i and force development was thus considered to be due to the decrease in the Ca2+ channel expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/biosynthesis
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/deficiency
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/physiopathology
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hirschsprung Disease/genetics
- Hirschsprung Disease/metabolism
- Hirschsprung Disease/physiopathology
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Receptor, Endothelin B/deficiency
- Receptor, Endothelin B/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin B/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nakatsuji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Lelievre V, Favrais G, Abad C, Adle-Biassette H, Lu Y, Germano PM, Cheung-Lau G, Pisegna JR, Gressens P, Lawson G, Waschek JA. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in mice with a targeted mutation in the gene encoding vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: a model for the study of intestinal ileus and Hirschsprung's disease. Peptides 2007; 28:1688-99. [PMID: 17606312 PMCID: PMC2042583 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1970, Drs. Said and Mutt isolated a novel peptide from porcine intestinal extracts with powerful vasoactive properties, and named it vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Since then, the biological actions of VIP in the gut as well as its signal transduction pathways have been extensively studied. A variety of in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that VIP, expressed in intrinsic non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurons, is a potent regulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility, water absorption and ion flux, mucus secretion and immune homeostasis. These VIP actions are believed to be mediated mainly by interactions with highly expressed VPAC(1) receptors and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, VIP has been implicated in numerous physiopathological conditions affecting the human gut, including pancreatic endocrine tumors secreting VIP (VIPomas), insulin-dependent diabetes, Hirschsprung's disease, and inflammatory bowel syndromes such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To further understand the physiological roles of VIP on the GI tract, we have begun to analyze the anatomical and physiological phenotype of C57BL/6 mice lacking the VIP gene. Herein, we demonstrate that the overall intestinal morphology and light microscopic structure is significantly altered in VIP(-/-) mice. Macroscopically there is an overall increase in weight, and decrease in length of the bowel compared to wild type (WT) controls. Microscopically, the phenotype was characterized by thickening of smooth muscle layers, increased villi length, and higher abundance of goblet cells. Alcian blue staining indicated that the latter cells were deficient in mucus secretion in VIP(-/-) mice. The differences became more pronounced from the duodenum to the distal jejunum or ileum of the small bowel but, became much less apparent or absent in the colon with the exception of mucus secretion defects. Further examination of the small intestine revealed larger axonal trunks and unusual unstained patches in myenteric plexus. Physiologically, the VIP(-/-) mice showed an impairment in intestinal transit. Moreover, unlike WT C57BL/6 mice, a significant percentage of VIP(-/-) mice died in the first postnatal year with overt stenosis of the gut.
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Hori M, Fujisawa M, Ozaki H. [Muscularis inflammation and motility disorder in enteritis]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 128:72-7. [PMID: 16943640 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.128.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Kinoshita K, Horiguchi K, Fujisawa M, Kobirumaki F, Yamato S, Hori M, Ozaki H. Possible involvement of muscularis resident macrophages in impairment of interstitial cells of Cajal and myenteric nerve systems in rat models of TNBS-induced colitis. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 127:41-53. [PMID: 16871386 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resident macrophages are distributed in the network of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and the myenteric nerve within the myenteric plexus. We evaluated changes in chemoattractant protein mRNA expression in macrophages and neutrophils, the ICC, nerve and macrophages in the myenteric plexus of model rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Chemoattractant proteins, MCP-1, GRO, MIP-2 and CINC-2alpha were upregulated in the colonic muscle layer after inflammation. Leukocyte infiltration and MPO activity were increased in the muscle layer. Electron microscopy indicated an irregular contour of the myenteric ganglia into which numerous macrophages had penetrated. Macrophages were also distributed near the ICC in the inflamed myenteric plexus. Immunohistochemistry showed that the ICC network and myenteric nerve system had disappeared from the inflamed region, whereas the number of resident macrophages was increased. TTX-insensitive, possibly ICC-mediated, rhythmic contractions of circular smooth muscle strips and enteric neuron-mediated TTX-sensitive peristalsis in the whole proximal colon tissue were significantly inhibited in the inflamed colon, indicating that the ICC-myenteric nerve system was dysfunctional in the inflamed muscle layer. Their accumulation around the myenteric nerve plexus and the ICC network suggests that macrophages play an important role in inducing intestinal dysmotility in gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kinoshita
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Guan T, Li JC, Li MJ, Tou JF. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene in Chinese familial hirschsprung’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:275-9. [PMID: 15633231 PMCID: PMC4205417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between mutations of rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene and Chinese patients with Hirschsprung’s disease (HD), and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of familial HD patient at the molecular level.
METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood of probands and their relatives in two genealogies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, which were amplified using specific primers (RET, exons 11, 13, 15 and 17), were electrophoresed to analyze the single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) patterns. The positive amplified products were sequenced. Forty-eight sporadic HD patients and 30 normal children were screened for mutations of RET proto-oncogene simultaneously.
RESULTS: Three cases with HD in one family were found to have a G heterozygous insertion at nucleotide 18974 in exon 13 of RET cDNA (18974insG), which resulted in a frameshift mutation. In another family, a heterozygosity for T to G transition at nucleotide 18888 in the same exon which resulted in a synonymous mutation of Leu at codon 745 was detected in the proband and his father. Eight RET mutations were confirmed in 48 sporadic HD patients.
CONCLUSION: Mutations of RET proto-oncogene may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Chinese patients with HD. Detection of mutated RET proto-oncogene carriers may be used for genetic counseling of potential risk for HD in the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guan
- Department of Lymphology, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang Province, China
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Suzuki T, Won KJ, Horiguchi K, Kinoshita K, Hori M, Torihashi S, Momotani E, Itoh K, Hirayama K, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Ozaki H. Muscularis inflammation and the loss of interstitial cells of Cajal in the endothelin ETB receptor null rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G638-46. [PMID: 15117676 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00077.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin receptor null rats [ETB(-/-)] are a model for long-segment Hirschsprung's disease. These animals have significant intestinal distension (megaileum) proximal to a constricted region of the gastrointestinal tract lacking enteric ganglia. Experiments were performed to determine the pathophysiological changes that occur in these animals and to examine the tunica muscularis as a unique, immunologically active compartment. We observed abnormal intestinal flora in ETB(-/-) rats, which included a marked increase in gram-negative aerobes (Enterobacteriaceae) and anaerobes (Bacteroidaceae) in the distended region of the small intestine. Histochemical observations showed that neutrophilic infiltration was rarely or not observed, but the number of ED2 positive macrophages was increased in the tunica muscularis. Expression of IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA was also significantly increased, and the level of CD14 (LPS receptors) were increased significantly in the tunica muscularis. Spontaneous phasic contractions were irregular in the distended intestinal regions of ETB(-/-) rats, and this was associated with an increased number of macrophages and damage to interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) as revealed by using Kit-like immunoreactivity and electron microscopy. These results suggest that ED2-positive resident macrophages may play an important role in the inflammation of tunica muscularis in ETB(-/-) rats. Increased numbers and activation of macrophages may result in damage to ICC networks leading to disordered intestinal rhythmicity in regions of the gut in which myenteric ganglia are intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the pathogenic mechanism of Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) at the molecular level and to elucidate the relationship between RET oncogene and Chinese patients with HD.
METHODS: Exon 13 of RET oncogene from 20 unrelated HD patients was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The positive amplifying products were then sequenced. According to the results of SSCP and DNA sequence, SSCP was done as well for the samples from the family other members of some cases with mutated RET gene.
RESULTS: SSCP analysis indicated that mobility abnormality existed in 4 unrelated HD patients. Direct DNA sequence analysis identified a missense mutation, T to G at the nucleotide 18888 and a frameshift mutation at the nucleotide 18926 insG. In a HD family, the sicked child and his father were the same heterozygous missense mutation (T to G at nucleotide 18888).
CONCLUSION: Among Chinese HD patients, RET gene mutations may exist in considerable proportion with different patterns. These new discoveries indicate that RET mutations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of unrelated HD in the Chinese population. PCR-SSCP combined with DNA sequence can be used as a tool in the genetic diagnosis of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Cheng Li
- Department of Lymphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang Province, China.
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