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Gao Y, Huang B, Qin Y, Qiao B, Ren M, Cao L, Zhang Y, Han M. Dietary supplementation with proanthocyanidins and rutin alleviates the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mice and regulates gut microbiota. Front Microbiol 2025; 15:1513935. [PMID: 39834378 PMCID: PMC11743507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1513935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and high fasting blood glucose (FBG) resulting from high-fat diets (HFDs) have emerged as significant public health concerns, garnering increasing attention. Recently, gut microbiota has been linked with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and its mediating role in dietary supplements has been confirmed. Seeking various dietary supplements to lose body weight (BW) and decrease FBG and explaining the underlying mechanism have become the research hotspots in T2DM studies. Methods In this study, rutin and proanthocyanidins (PA) were selected as dietary supplements (200 mg/kg × day, oral gavage, 6 weeks) in T2DM mice induced with HFD to assess their efficacy in weight loss, FBG reduction, gut microbiota alterations, and the associated underlying mechanisms. Results Our findings indicate that rutin was more effective than PA in relieving inflammation and fat hypertrophy, although both significantly reduced BW and FBG within 2 weeks after the intervention. Analysis of 16S rRNA amplicons revealed substantial alterations in the gut microbial community composition of mice administered with PA and rutin compared to HFD-fed mice. Importantly, several core microbes, particularly a series of probiotics, such as Akkermansia, Lactococcus, Odoribacter, Faecalibaculum, and Roseburia were identified, which were significantly correlated with the changes in BW and FBG. Conclusion Overall, our study highlights that rutin and PA can reduce BW, FBG, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiota composition, providing novel perspectives for managing and treating weight and FBG concerns in obesity and T2DM patients through dietary supplements in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Microbial Medicinal Resources Development Research Team, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunyi Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengfei Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liqing Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Maozhen Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Microbial Medicinal Resources Development Research Team, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Liu L, He X, Wang J, Li M, Wei X, Yang J, Cheng G, Du W, Liu Z, Xiao X. Exploring the associations between gut microbiota composition and SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine response in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. mSphere 2024; 9:e0038024. [PMID: 39189780 PMCID: PMC11423585 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00380-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination is crucial for protecting vulnerable individuals, yet individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often exhibit impaired vaccine responses. Emerging evidence suggests that the composition of the host microbiota, crucial in immune regulation and development, influences vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to characterize the relationships between the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine and the host microbiota (specifically, gut and lung microbiota) of C57BL/6 mice with T2DM. Employing 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we observed lower alpha diversity and distinct beta diversity in fecal microbiota before vaccination and in gut microbiota 28 days post-vaccination between T2DM mice and healthy mice. Compared with healthy mice, T2DM mice showed a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio 28 days post-vaccination. Significant alterations in gut microbiota composition were detected following vaccination, while lung microbiota remained unchanged. T2DM was associated with a diminished initial IgG antibody response against the spike protein, which subsequently normalized after 28 days. Notably, the initial IgG response positively correlated with fecal microbiota alpha diversity pre-vaccination. Furthermore, after 28 days, increased relative abundance of gut probiotics (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and higher levels of the gut bacterial tryptophan metabolite, indole acrylic acid, were positively associated with IgG levels. These findings suggest a potential link between vaccine efficacy and gut microbiota composition. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying the impact of the gut microbiome on vaccine response. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the intricate relationships among host microbiota, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and T2DM, with potential implications for improving vaccine efficacy. IMPORTANCE Over 7 million deaths attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by 6 May 2024 underscore the urgent need for effective vaccination strategies. However, individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been identified as particularly vulnerable and display compromised immune responses to vaccines. Concurrently, increasing evidence suggests that the composition and diversity of gut microbiota, crucial regulators of immune function, may influence the efficacy of vaccines. Against this backdrop, our study explores the complex interplay among SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccination, T2DM, and host microbiota. We discover that T2DM compromises the initial immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, and this response is positively correlated with specific features of the gut microbiota, such as alpha diversity. We also demonstrate that the vaccination itself induces alterations in the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. These findings illuminate potential links between the gut microbiota and vaccine efficacy in individuals with T2DM, offering valuable insights that could enhance vaccine responses in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xianzhen He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Department of Children's Medical Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Moran Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weixing Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Zhang LN, Tan JT, Ng HY, Liao YS, Zhang RQ, Chan KH, Hung IFN, Lam TTY, Cheung KS. Baseline Gut Microbiota Was Associated with Long-Term Immune Response at One Year Following Three Doses of BNT162b2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:916. [PMID: 39204040 PMCID: PMC11359560 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored neutralizing IgG antibody levels against COVID-19 decline over time post-vaccination. We conducted this prospective cohort study to investigate the function of gut microbiota in the host immune response following three doses of BNT162b2. METHODS Subjects who received three doses of BNT162b2 were recruited from three centers in Hong Kong. Blood samples were obtained before the first dose and at the one-year timepoint for IgG ELISA to determine the level of neutralizing antibody (NAb). The primary outcome was a high immune response (NAb > 600 AU/mL). We performed shotgun DNA metagenomic sequencing on baseline fecal samples to identify bacterial species and metabolic pathways associated with high immune response using linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. RESULTS A total of 125 subjects were recruited (median age: 52 years [IQR: 46.2-59.0]; male: 43 [34.4%]), and 20 were regarded as low responders at the one-year timepoint. Streptococcus parasanguinis (log10LDA score = 2.38, p = 0.003; relative abundance of 2.97 × 10-5 vs. 0.03%, p = 0.001), Bacteroides stercoris (log10LDA score = 4.29, p = 0.024; relative abundance of 0.14% vs. 2.40%, p = 0.014) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (log10LDA score = 2.15, p = 0.022; relative abundance of 0.01% vs. 0, p = 0.010) were enriched in low responders. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum (log10LDA score = 2.99, p = 0.048; relative abundance of 0.09% vs. 0.36%, p = 0.049) and Clostridium leptum (log10LDA score = 2.38, p = 0.014; relative abundance of 1.2 × 10-5% vs. 0, p = 0.044) were enriched in high responders. S. parasanguinis was negatively correlated with the superpathway of pyrimidine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis (log10LDA score = 2.63), which contributes to inflammation and antibody production. H. parainfluenzae was positively correlated with pathways related to anti-inflammatory processes, including the superpathway of histidine, purine, and pyrimidine biosynthesis (log10LDA score = 2.14). CONCLUSION Among three-dose BNT162b2 recipients, S. parasanguinis, B. stercoris and H. parainfluenzae were associated with poorer immunogenicity at one year, while B. pseudocatenulatum and C. leptum was associated with a better response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China (J.-T.T.); (R.-Q.Z.); (I.F.-N.H.)
| | - Jing-Tong Tan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China (J.-T.T.); (R.-Q.Z.); (I.F.-N.H.)
| | - Ho-Yu Ng
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yun-Shi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.L.); (T.T.-Y.L.)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection Limited, 17W Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui-Qi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China (J.-T.T.); (R.-Q.Z.); (I.F.-N.H.)
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China (J.-T.T.); (R.-Q.Z.); (I.F.-N.H.)
| | - Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.L.); (T.T.-Y.L.)
| | - Ka-Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China (J.-T.T.); (R.-Q.Z.); (I.F.-N.H.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Rossouw C, Ryan FJ, Lynn DJ. The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 39102299 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Antigen-specific B and T cell responses play a critical role in vaccine-mediated protection against infectious diseases, but these responses are highly variable between individuals and vaccine immunogenicity is frequently sub-optimal in infants, the elderly and in people living in low- and middle-income countries. Although many factors such as nutrition, age, sex, genetics, environmental exposures, and infections may all contribute to variable vaccine immunogenicity, mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is an important and targetable factor shaping optimal immune responses to vaccination. In this review, we discuss evidence from human, preclinical and experimental studies supporting a role for a healthy gut microbiota in mediating optimal vaccine immunogenicity, including the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms through which this could occur and discuss strategies that could be used to target the microbiota to boost vaccine immunogenicity where it is currently sub-optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charné Rossouw
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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Teng M, Sun J, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Xu F, Xing S, Zhao X, Wu F. Effects of BBIBP-CorV vaccine on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in mice exposed to bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dioctyl terephthalate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108851. [PMID: 38941942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has progressed, increasing evidences suggest that the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Thus, this study was aimed at investigating the influence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of organisms exposed to environmental contaminants, i.e., plasticizers: phthalate esters. We found that in mice, exposure to dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) and bis -2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) decreased the blood glucose level and white fat weight, induced inflammatory responses, caused damage to liver and intestinal tissues, and disrupted the gut microbiota composition and SCFAs metabolism. Specifically, the Bacteroidetes phylum was positively correlated with BBIBP-CorV vaccine, while acetic acid was negatively associated with the vaccine. Interestingly, the BBIBP-CorV vaccine somewhat alleviated tissue inflammation and reduced the contents of acetic acid and propionic acid in mice exposed to DEHP and DOTP. These findings were confirmed by a fecal microbiota transplantation assay. Overall, this study revealed that exposure to DEHP and DOTP adversely affects the gut microbiota and SCFAs, while the BBIBP-CorV vaccine can protect mice against these effects. This work highlighted the relationship between BBIBP-CorV vaccination, gut microbiome composition, and responses to plasticizers, which may facilitate the development and risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and environmental contaminants on microbiota health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Fangjingwei Xu
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Sixi Xing
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Norton T, Lynn MA, Rossouw C, Abayasingam A, Perkins G, Hissaria P, Bull RA, Lynn DJ. B and T cell responses to the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine are not impaired in germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice. Gut 2024; 73:1222-1224. [PMID: 37500502 PMCID: PMC11185899 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Norton
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Miriam Anne Lynn
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Charné Rossouw
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Arunasingam Abayasingam
- The Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Griffith Perkins
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Immunology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pravin Hissaria
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Immunology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Immunology Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rowena Anne Bull
- The Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David John Lynn
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Qiu Y, Mo C, Chen L, Ye W, Chen G, Zhu T. Alterations in microbiota of patients with COVID-19: implications for therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e513. [PMID: 38495122 PMCID: PMC10943180 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently caused a global pandemic, resulting in more than 702 million people being infected and over 6.9 million deaths. Patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may suffer from diarrhea, sleep disorders, depression, and even cognitive impairment, which is associated with long COVID during recovery. However, there remains no consensus on effective treatment methods. Studies have found that patients with COVID-19 have alterations in microbiota and their metabolites, particularly in the gut, which may be involved in the regulation of immune responses. Consumption of probiotics may alleviate the discomfort caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the pathophysiological process underlying the alleviation of COVID-19-related symptoms and complications by targeting the microbiota remains unclear. In the current study, we summarize the latest research and evidence on the COVID-19 pandemic, together with symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine use, with a focus on the relationship between microbiota alterations and COVID-19-related symptoms and vaccine use. This work provides evidence that probiotic-based interventions may improve COVID-19 symptoms by regulating gut microbiota and systemic immunity. Probiotics may also be used as adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunheng Mo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOEState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wanlin Ye
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and The Research Units of West China (2018RU012)West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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